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1
Kolaj, Michal, and John Adams. "Dynamic characteristics of Canada's Parliament Hill towers from ambient vibrations and recorded earthquake data." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 48, no. 1 (January 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0474.
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The dynamic properties of Parliament Hill’s buildings (Ottawa, Canada) are of particular interest due to their important heritage value and because of the seismic retrofit project currently underway. To measure the dynamic properties directly, ambient vibration data were collected within the Peace Tower of Centre Block and the South-West Tower of East Block and processed together with weak to strong ground motions from six earthquakes. Both datasets found the fundamental mode to be 1.0–1.15 Hz for the Peace Tower and 2 Hz for the South-West Tower. The 2010 magnitude 5 Val-des-Bois earthquake induced peak accelerations of 49% g and 18% g in the top floors of the Peace and South-West towers, respectively, triggering a nonlinear response, causing the frequencies of the dominant modes to be reduced by 10%–15%. The reduction in frequency was temporary and the frequencies returned to baseline values, suggesting that there was no permanent structural damage.
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Rothman, D. "The Waterfall A Fire Tower Upon A Hill." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/13.2.257.
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D'Costa, D. M., P. Edney, A. P. Kershaw, and P. De Deckker. "Late Quaternary Palaeoecology of Tower Hill, Victoria, Australia." Journal of Biogeography 16, no. 5 (September 1989): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845109.
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Matchan, Erin L., David Phillips, Fred Jourdan, and Korien Oostingh. "Early human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes." Geology 48, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47166.1.
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Abstract In Australia, the onset of human occupation (≥65 ka?) and dispersion across the continent are the subjects of intense debate and are critical to understanding global human migration routes. New-generation multi-collector mass spectrometers capable of high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of young (<500 ka) samples provide unprecedented opportunities to improve temporal constraints of archaeological events. In southeastern Australia, a novel approach to improving understanding of occupation involves dating key volcanic eruptions in the region, referenced to stone artifacts and Aboriginal oral traditions. The current study focuses on two monogenetic volcanoes in the Newer Volcanic Province of southeastern Australia: Budj Bim (previously Mount Eccles) and Tower Hill. Budj Bim and its surrounding lava landforms are of great cultural significance and feature prominently in the oral traditions of the Gunditjmara people. Tower Hill is of archaeological significance due to the occurrence of a stone tool beneath tephra. 40Ar/39Ar eruption ages of 36.9 ± 3.1 ka (95% confidence interval) and 36.8 ± 3.8 ka (2σ) were determined for the Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanic complexes, respectively. The Tower Hill eruption age is a minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria, consistent with published optically stimulated luminescence and 14C age constraints for the earliest known occupation sites in Tasmania, New South Wales, and South Australia. If aspects of oral traditions pertaining to Budj Bim or its surrounding lava landforms reflect volcanic activity, this could be interpreted as evidence for these being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.
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Verdiani, Giorgio, Martina Carrara, and Stefano Lami. "Destroyed Places and Ancient Wars. Digital Tools for the Montecastrese Fortress." Studies in Digital Heritage 1, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 518–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23221.
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In the XX century, after being forgotten for centuries, a series of archaeological excavations have brought to light the settlement, named “Montecastrese”, a system of Medieval fortifications organized on the top of a hill near the town of Camaiore, on the Tirreno sea. The archaeologists brought back to light the traces of the fortress and of the village, exploring the monumental ruins of the northern tower, still in place and tumbled down in two main large parts. In the first half of the XIII century, the castle of Montecastrese was conquered and destroyed by the army of Lucca. At the time of its major development the small fortress was organized around two main towers, with walls and various houses. A quite extended village was placed on the southern side of the hill. In 2015 the municipality of Camaiore commissioned a complete digital survey to the Dipartimento di Architettura in Florence. The general survey plan has seen the use of aerial photogrammetric survey, 3D laser scanner survey and terrestrial photogrammetry. The use of 3D modeling of all the lost parts, from the houses to the defense walls, to the system of towers was one of the focal point in this work, using the modeling process from the survey and supporting the reconstruction hypothesis with previous archaeological data, while matching the missing parts with similar architectures and the needs of the medieval defense/attack techniques. For the northern tower a specific operation based on the use of 3D printed models was brought on to bring to an end the debate about the sequence of the fall of the tower, quite important to the digital reconstruction of this building, the direct manipulation of a scaled model turned out to be a fundamental step for the completion of this part of the research.
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Jensen, Oskar Cox. "Joseph Johnson's Hat, or, The Storm on Tower Hill." Studies in Romanticism 58, no. 4 (2019): 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/srm.2019.0030.
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Romakkaniemi, Sami, Zubair Maalick, Antti Hellsten, Antti Ruuskanen, Olli Väisänen, Irshad Ahmad, Juha Tonttila, Santtu Mikkonen, Mika Komppula, and Thomas Kühn. "Aerosol–landscape–cloud interaction: signatures of topography effect on cloud droplet formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 12 (June 30, 2017): 7955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7955-2017.
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Abstract. Long-term in situ measurements of aerosol–cloud interactions are usually performed in measurement stations residing on hills, mountains, or high towers. In such conditions, the surface topography of the surrounding area can affect the measured cloud droplet distributions by increasing turbulence or causing orographic flows and thus the observations might not be representative for a larger scale. The objective of this work is to analyse, how the local topography affects the observations at Puijo measurement station, which is located in the 75 m high Puijo tower, which itself stands on a 150 m high hill. The analysis of the measurement data shows that the observed cloud droplet number concentration mainly depends on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. However, when the wind direction aligns with the direction of the steepest slope of the hill, a clear topography effect is observed. This finding was further analysed by simulating 3-D flow fields around the station and by performing trajectory ensemble modelling of aerosol- and wind-dependent cloud droplet formation. The results showed that in typical conditions, with geostrophic winds of about 10 m s−1, the hill can cause updrafts of up to 1 m s−1 in the air parcels arriving at the station. This is enough to produce in-cloud supersaturations (SSs) higher than typically found at the cloud base of ∼ 0.2 %), and thus additional cloud droplets may form inside the cloud. In the observations, this is seen in the form of a bimodal cloud droplet size distribution. The effect is strongest with high winds across the steepest slope of the hill and with low liquid water contents, and its relative importance quickly decreases as these conditions are relaxed. We therefore conclude that, after careful screening for wind speed and liquid water content, the observations at Puijo measurement station can be considered representative for clouds in a boreal environment.
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Bronkhorst, Remco, and Jorn Seubers. "La Torretta della Bufalotta: stille getuige van een verdwenen landschap." Paleo-aktueel, no. 30 (December 14, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.30.31-38.
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La Torretta della Bufalotta: silent witness to a lost landscape. In the 1890s, the Dominican Father Peter Paul Mackey located the remains of the protohistoric settlement of Crustumerium, on a small hill ca. 15 km north of Rome crowned by picturesque ruins, amongst which the medieval so-called Torretta (tower) della Bufalotta. His identification was close yet incorrect. As was shown in the 1970s, Crustumerium lay some 450 m to the northwest. In this article, we delve into the remains of this torretta – which in fact was never a tower – and its surrounding surface materials which, taken together, testify to a complicated history spanning more than 2000 years.
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Sorić, Sofija. "Kaštel Sv. Mihovila na otoku Ugljanu." Ars Adriatica, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.441.
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The fort of St Michael is situated on the prominent hill of the island of Ugljan off the coast of Zadar. This position is strategically important because it enables control of navigation in the entire Zadar archipelago, and this was the fort’s main role throughout history, especially during the period of conflict between Zadar and Venice. The fort owes its name to the Benedictine monastery which stood within the fort until the fifteenth century. The exact time of the founding of the monastery, or the construction of the fort, are not known. The fort is first mentioned in the Venetian chronicles of 1345 and 1346, when it was conquered during the siege of Zadar. After partial destruction, the fort underwent an intense renovation campaign in the second half of the fourteenth century. Late fourteenthcentury documents provide evidence about the building works on the main tower and houses for the crew which were carried out by the local builders: the Bilšić brothers and Nikola Arbusjanić. Fortification walls with five regularly-spaced towers form an irregular polygonal ground plan which was adapted to the terrain of the hill. The fort walls have been preserved to the height of the walkway with partially preserved castellations. The best-preserved parts are two south-western square towers with Gothic vaults composed of pointed arches, and the south-eastern portion of the walls with a walled-up entrance, defended by a massive main tower. The church of St Michael which stood at the centre of the fort was completely destroyed in bombing raids during the Second World War. Its modest remains, together with extant drawings and descriptions, show a small single-cell structure with a semicircular apse and indications of Gothic style evident in the pointed arches of the portal and windows. Its construction has been dated to the mid-fourteenth century. The fort has been well-preserved to date and represents the largest medieval fort on the Zadar islands.
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Roy, L. Somi. "A Window on the World: A Remote Corner of Asia Puts on a Play about 9/11." TDR/The Drama Review 48, no. 2 (June 2004): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420404323063409.
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This installment of Critical Acts tours the apartment of Marvin Carlson, where Helen Paris, Leslie Hill, and Lois Weaver offer On the Scent, a piece of installation-theatre of smell-filled rooms; a sumaang leela performance about the events of 9/11 that toured the isolated state of Manipur, India, the home of one of the Trade Tower victims who worked at Windows on the World; and iMumbo Jumbo, a production by Third World Bunfight, a South African theatre troupe.
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Witt, W. K. "Tower Hill gold deposit, Western Australia: An atypical, multiply deformed Archaean gold‐quartz vein deposit." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00844.x.
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How, Chris, Marie Jackson, and Catherine Woolfitt. "Tuff Stone Masonry near Tower Hill in Victoria: Fragmentary Remains of Pioneer Settlement in Australia." Journal of Architectural Conservation 16, no. 3 (January 2010): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2010.10785077.
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Barrera Maturana, José Ignacio. "Grafitos de presos, de los siglos XVIII-XIX, en la Torre del Homenaje de la Alhambra." De Arte. Revista de Historia del Arte, no. 15 (November 30, 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/da.v0i15.3577.
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<p>In the Homage tower the Alhambra palace. The prisioners graffitis between XVIII-XIX centuries. </p><p>RESUMEN</p><p>Algunos autores han visto por la forma en que se dispone el recinto de La Alhambra en la colina de la Sabika, a un barco varado cuya proa es la Alcazaba. Es en esta proa y concretamente en el interior de la Torre del Homenaje, donde localizamos un numeroso grupo de grafitos, mayoritariamente barcos, que son objeto de nuestro estudio. Creemos que fueron realizados por presos, quizás algunos de ellos ingleses, alojados en este espacio durante los siglos XVIII-XIX.</p><p>PALABRAS CLAVE: Prisión, Torre del Homenaje, grafitos, barcos, pingue, presos ingleses, Isla de Menorca.</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Some authors have seen by the way the grounds of the Alhambra is available in Sabika Hill, a stranded boat whose bow is the Alcazaba. It is in this bow and specifically in side of Homage Tower, where we located a large group of graffiti, mostly ships, which are the subject of our study. We believe they were made by prisoners, perhaps some of them British, housed in this space during the XVIII-XIX” centuries.</p><p>KEY WORDS: Prison, Homage Tower, graffiti, ships, pingue, British prisoners, Island of Minorca.</p>
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Hutt, Michael. "Revealing What Is Dear: The Post-Earthquake Iconization of the Dharahara, Kathmandu." Journal of Asian Studies 78, no. 03 (June 24, 2019): 549–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911819000172.
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On April 25, 2015, central Nepal was struck by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake that killed over 9,000 people and displaced 2.8 million. The image of the Dharahara, a nineteenth-century minaret that collapsed during the quake, quickly became for many Nepalis an iconic representation not only of the disaster but also of a national determination to recover and rebuild. Drawing upon media and literary discourse in the Nepali language, this article asks why the Dharahara tower, rather than the country's severely damaged World Heritage sites, loomed so large in the Nepali imagination in the immediate aftermath of the April 2015 earthquake, and why it became a rallying point for a resurgence of Nepali hill nationalism.
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Kocańda, Paweł, Michał Pisz, Bernadetta Rajchel, and Michał Filipowicz. "The Castle Hill in Biecz and fortified stronghold in Kobylanka. The results of interdisciplinary research from 2019." Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 15 (2020): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2020.15.8.
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In 2019, new research was initiated at two archaeological sites located on the Ropa River, in Gorlice County, in the southeastern part of Małopolska Province. The first site was the Castle Hill in Biecz, and the second one was the fortified stronghold in Kobylanka. The research consisted of three stages. Firstly, extensive archival and library queries were conducted in order to gather basic information about both sites. Secondly, surface research was performed in order to collect any movable monuments. During the third stage, a reconnaissance by means of GPR, electrical resistivity imaging and geo-magnetic survey was carried out. These provided plenty of new valuable information on the spatial layout of both sites. In the case of the Castle Hill, the analysis of the discovered anomalies allowed for the interpretation of some of the finds as remnants of the brick elements of the castle, e.g. the tower, which corresponds with the plan from 1877. The results of the analyses of the anomalies from the fortified stronghold in Kobylanka, with its ramparts made of stone and earth as well as inner circular housing, were far more ambiguous. Its chronology may date back to the early Middle Ages.
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Rockett, William. "Tyranny ?" Moreana 49 (Number 189-, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2012.49.3-4.9.
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Thomas More may or may not have been a victim of Henry VIII’s tyrannical vengeance, but what is certain is that he was indeed a victim of a constitutional revolution. He would not allow himself to subordinate loyalty to the Church to loyalty to the Crown, and the Crown would not allow him to maintain loyalty to the Church if it meant making the Church his highest allegiance and the Crown subordinate. More’s options were to endorse either royal sovereignty or the sovereignty of the Church. More chose the second option, which under English law made him a traitor. He was put on trial on a charge of capital treason, convicted, and executed on Tower Hill on the sixth of July 1535.
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Karlsson, Lars, Jesper Blid, and Olivier Henry. "Labraunda 2010. A preliminary report on Swedish excavations." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 4 (November 2011): 19–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-04-03.
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The campaign of 2010 continued the work which was initiated last year. The excavations in the fortress on the Tepesar Hill were completed. The fortress consists of a large, early Hekatomnid tower where two black-gloss vessels indicated a dating of the tower to about 380–350 BC. In the two additions to the tower, several wellpreserved vessels dating from the 3rd century BC were uncovered. The latest fragment was a painted piece from a lagynos from around 200 BC, but there were no fragments of Megarian bowls. The test probe of last year in the West Church Complex was extended to a larger trench measuring c. 9 × 12 m. Evidence for three major phases could be established by J. Blid: (1) a Late Classical stoa; (2) the stoa colonnade is rebuilt into a Christian basilica of the 5th century AD; (3) a Middle Byzantine building of possibly 12th–13th-century date. Many marble pieces were retrieved from the marble furniture of the church, as well as three sections of white and polychrome mosaics. During the necropolis excavations 29 tombs were investigated, of which 11 were unplundered, in a newly discovered burial ground dating back to the 5th century BC. Although the tombs of this area were modest in shape and in terms of associated deposits, they provide a new insight for understanding the history of the necropoleis of Labraunda. Finally, architect Chet Kanra continued working on the plans for the restoration of Andron A, and marble conservator Agneta Freccero conducted trial conservation on an Ionic capital from Andron A. Thomas Thieme and Pontus Hellström gathered further information for their publication of the andrones.
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Pearson, Mike Parker. "Uffington White Horse and its Landscape: Investigations at White Horse Hill, Uffington, 1989–95, and Tower Hill, Ashbury, 1993–4. By DavidMiles, SimonPalmer, GaryLock, ChrisGosdenand A. M. Cromarty." Archaeological Journal 161, no. 1 (January 2004): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2004.11020584.
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Colvin, Mary Kathryn, Kevin Dunbar, and Jordan Grafman. "The Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesions on Goal Achievement in the Water Jug Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 8 (November 1, 2001): 1129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901753294419.
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Patients with prefrontal cortex lesions are impaired on a variety of planning and problem-solving tasks. We examined the problem-solving performance of 27 patients with focal frontal lobe damage on the Water Jug task. The Water Jug task has never been used to assess problem-solving ability in neurologically impaired patients nor in functional neuroimaging studies, despite sharing structural similarities with other tasks sensitive to prefrontal cortex function, including the Tower of Hanoi, Tower of London, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Our results demonstrate that the Water Jug task invokes a unique combination of problem-solving and planning strategies, allowing a more precise identification of frontal lobe lesion patients' cognitive deficits. All participants (patients and matched controls) appear to be utilizing a hill-climbing strategy that does not require sophisticated planning; however, frontal lobe lesion patients (FLLs) struggled to make required “counterintuitive moves” not predicted by this strategy and found within both solution paths. Left and bilateral FLLs were more impaired than right FLLs. Analysis of the left hemisphere brain regions encompassed by the lesions of these patients found that poor performance was linked to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage. We propose that patients with left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions have difficulty making a decision requiring the conceptual comparison of nonverbal stimuli, manipulation of select representations of potential solutions, and are unable to appropriately inhibit a response in keeping with the final goal.
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Kiew, Ruth. "Checklist of vascular plants from Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia." Check List 10, no. 6 (December 9, 2014): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1420.
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The vascular plant flora of Batu Caves, a tower karst limestone formation, includes 269 species; 51 species (19%) are Peninsular Malaysian endemics and 80 species (30%) are calciphiles of which 56 (21%) are obligate calciphiles and 26 species are obligate calciphiles endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Four taxa are endemic to Batu Caves itself. That Batu Caves harbours a sizeable fraction (21.4%) of Peninsular Malaysia’s limestone flora underlines the need for detailed checklists of each and every limestone hill to enable adequate planning of conservation programmes to support biodiversity. Because botanical collecting began in the 1890s, Batu Caves is important as the type locality of 24 plant species. Land-use pressures have over time eliminated the surrounding native vegetation, leaving the flora vulnerable to aggressive weedy and alien species. Although designated as a Public Recreation Area, its protection status needs to be enforced and the boundaries clearly marked.
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Case, Kim. "Insider Without: Journey across the Working-Class Academic Arc." Journal of Working-Class Studies 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v2i2.6081.
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Patricia Hill Collins (1986) labels herself as an ‘outsider within’ due to her intersectional standpoint as a Black woman sociology professor in the ivory tower. In contrast to the ‘outsider within’ lens, I theorize my own social location as an ‘insider without’ due to a complex matrix of identities within the classed academic cultural context. Using counter storytelling, I explore my insider without location through analysis of my journey across the ‘working-class academic arc.’ In the working-class academic arc described below, I apply intersectional theory (Collins 1990; Crenshaw 1989) by connecting my personal experiences with existing working-class studies scholarship. The arc process culminates in my development of critical intersectional class consciousness and actions of resistance. By introducing this three-phase arc, I hope to raise awareness of the invisible academic class culture which invalidates working-class ways of being and knowledge production.
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Mendes-Lopes, José M. C., João M. P. Ventura, and José M. P. Amaral. "Flame characteristics, temperature - time curves, and rate of spread in fires propagating in a bed of Pinus pinaster needles." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 1 (2003): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02063.
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An extensive set of experiments was carried out in order to collect data to validate fire propagation models being developed in the context of an European research project. The experiments were performed in a dedicated burning tray (2.0 m × 0.70 m working section), where wind velocity, fuel moisture content and slope were varied to study fire propagation in beds of Pinus pinaster needles. All the runs were videotaped and, from the recordings, information on flame geometry (i.e. flame height, flame length and flame angle) and rate of spread was obtained. Temperature measurements were also carried out by a small tower of six thermocouples at different heights above the fuel bed. Results show that headfire rate of spread increases steeply with wind speed for wind-driven fires but does not depend on wind speed for backing fire spread rates. Rate of spread increases slightly with slope for up-hill propagation, and is not slope dependent for down-hill cases. Rate of spread decreases when fuel moisture content increases. Flame angle and flame height are also dependent on wind velocity, slope, and fuel moisture content. The importance of temperature for fire propagation is discussed, emphasizing the role of radiation heat transfer in the process. Correlations between temperature and other indicators of fire behaviour (namely the rate of spread) are presented. Results are discussed and compared. The results obtained provide a good database for the assessment of fire propagation models.
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Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 21 (November 17, 2014): 28483–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-28483-2014.
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Abstract. The characteristics of stably stratified canopy flows in complex terrain are investigated by employing the Renormalized Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. In this two-dimensional simulation, we imposed persistent constant heat flux at ground surface and linearly increasing cooling rate in the upper canopy layer, vertically varying dissipative force from canopy drag elements, buoyancy forcing induced from thermal stratification and the hill terrain. These strong boundary effects keep nonlinearity in the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations high enough to generate turbulent behavior. The fundamental characteristics of nighttime canopy flow over complex terrain measured by a few multi-tower advection experiments can be produced by this numerical simulation, such as: (1) unstable layer in the canopy, (2) super-stable layer associated with flow decoupling in deep canopy and near the top of canopy, (3) upward momentum transfer in canopy, and (4) large buoyancy suppression and weak shear production in strong stability.
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Carey, Stephen P., John E. Sherwood, Megan Kay, Ian J. McNiven, and James M. Bowler. "The Moyjil site, south-west Victoria, Australia: stratigraphic and geomorphic context." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 130, no. 2 (2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs18004.
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Shelly deposits at Moyjil (Point Ritchie, Warrnambool), Victoria, together with ages determined from a variety of techniques, have long excited interest in the possibility of a preserved early human influence in far south-eastern Australia. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the stratigraphy of the host Bridgewater Formation (Pleistocene) at Moyjil and provides the context to the shelly deposits, evidence of fire and geochronological sampling. We have identified five superposed calcarenite–palaeosol units in the Bridgewater Formation, together with two prominent erosional surfaces that may have hosted intensive human activity. Part of the sequence is overlain by the Tower Hill Tuff, previously dated as 35 ka. Coastal marine erosion during the Last Interglacial highstand created a horizontal surface on which deposits of stones and shells subsequently accumulated. Parts of the erosional surface and some of the stones are blackened, perhaps by fire. The main shell deposit was formed by probable mass flow, and additional shelly remains are dispersed in the calcareous sand that buried the surface.
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Mikhail, A. S. "Height Extrapolation of Wind Data." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267645.
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Various models that are used for height extrapolation of short and long-term averaged wind speeds are discussed. Hourly averaged data from three tall meteorological towers (the NOAA Erie Tower in Colorado, the Battelle Goodnoe Hills Tower in Washington, and the WKY-TV Tower in Oklahoma), together with data from 17 candidate sites (selected for possible installation of large WECS), were used to analyze the variability of short-term average wind shear with atmospheric and surface parameters and the variability of the long-term Weibull distribution parameter with height. The exponents of a power-law model, fit to the wind speed profiles at the three meteorological towers, showed the same variability with anemometer level wind speed, stability, and surface roughness as the similarity law model. Of the four models representing short-term wind data extrapolation with height (1/7 power law, logarithmic law, power law, and modified power law), the modified power law gives the minimum rms for all candidate sites for short-term average wind speeds and the mean cube of the speed. The modified power-law model was also able to predict the upper-level scale factor for the WKY-TV and Goodnoe Hills Tower data with greater accuracy. All models were not successful in extrapolation of the Weibull shape factors.
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Oney, B., S. Henne, N. Gruber, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, and D. Brunner. "The CarboCount CH sites: characterization of a dense greenhouse gas observation network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 4, 2015): 12911–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-12911-2015.
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Abstract. We describe a new rural network of four densely placed (< 100 km apart), continuous atmospheric carbon (CO2, CH4, and CO) measurement sites in north-central Switzerland and analyze their suitability for regional-scale (~ 100 to 500 km) carbon flux studies. We characterize each site by analyzing surrounding land cover, observed local meteorology, and sensitivity to surface fluxes, as simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-COSMO. The Beromünster measurements are made on a tall tower (212 m) located on a gentle hill. At Beromünster, regional CO2 signals (measurement minus background) vary diurnally from −4 to +4 ppmv on average, and are simulated to come from nearly the entire Swiss Plateau, where 50% of surface influence is simulated to be within 130 to 260 km distance. The Früebüel site measurements are made 4 m above ground on the flank of a gently sloping mountain. Nearby (< 50 km) pasture and forest fluxes exert the most simulated surface influence, except during convective summertime days when the site is mainly influenced by the eastern Swiss Plateau, which results in summertime regional CO2 signals varying diurnally from −5 to +12 ppmv and elevated summer daytime CH4 signals (+30 ppbv above other sites). The Gimmiz site measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) in flat terrain. Here, strong summertime regional signals (−5 to +60 ppmv CO2) stem from large, nearby (< 50 km) crop and anthropogenic fluxes of the Seeland region, except during warm or windy days when simulated surface influence is of regional scale (< 250 km). The Lägern-Hochwacht measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) on top of the steep Lägern crest, where simulated surface influence is typically of regional scale (130 to 300 km) causing summertime regional signals to vary from −5 to +8 ppmv CO2. Here, considerable anthropogenic influence from the nearby industrialized region near Zurich cause the average wintertime regional CO2 signals to be 5 ppmv above the regional signals simultaneously measured at Früebüel site. We find that the suitability of the datasets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites. The current version of the atmospheric transport model captures these dynamics well, but it clearly reaches its limits at the sites in steep topography, and at the sites that generally remain in the surface layer. Trace gas transport and inverse modeling studies will be necessary to determine the impact of these limitations on our ability to derive reliable regional-scale carbon flux estimates in the complex Swiss landscape.
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Oney, B., S. Henne, N. Gruber, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, and D. Brunner. "The CarboCount CH sites: characterization of a dense greenhouse gas observation network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 19 (October 7, 2015): 11147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11147-2015.
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Abstract. We describe a new rural network of four densely placed (< 100 km apart), continuous atmospheric carbon (CO2, CH4, and CO) measurement sites in north-central Switzerland and analyze its suitability for regional-scale (~ 100–500 km) carbon flux studies. We characterize each site for the period from March 2013 to February 2014 by analyzing surrounding land cover, observed local meteorology, and sensitivity to surface fluxes, as simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-COSMO (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model-Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling). The Beromünster measurements are made on a tall tower (212 m) located on a gentle hill. At Beromünster, regional CO2 signals (measurement minus background) vary diurnally from −4 to +4 ppmv, on average, and are simulated to come from nearly the entire Swiss Plateau, where 50 % of surface influence is simulated to be within 130–260 km distance. The Früebüel site measurements are made 4 m above ground on the flank of a gently sloping mountain. Nearby (< 50 km) pasture and forest fluxes exert the most simulated surface influence, except during convective summertime days when the site is mainly influenced by the eastern Swiss Plateau, which results in summertime regional CO2 signals varying diurnally from −5 to +12 ppmv and elevated summer daytime CH4 signals (+30 ppbv above other sites). The Gimmiz site measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) in flat terrain. Here, strong summertime regional signals (−5 to +60 ppmv CO2) stem from large, nearby (< 50 km) crop and anthropogenic fluxes of the Seeland region, except during warm or windy days when simulated surface influence is of regional scale (< 250 km). The Lägern-Hochwacht measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) on top of the steep Lägern crest, where simulated surface influence is typically of regional scale (130–300 km) causing summertime regional signals to vary from −5 to +8 ppmv CO2. Here, considerable anthropogenic influence from the nearby industrialized region near Zurich causes the average wintertime regional CO2 signals to be 5 ppmv above the regional signals simultaneously measured at the Früebüel site. We find that the suitability of the data sets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites. The current version of the atmospheric transport model captures these dynamics well, but it clearly reaches its limits at the sites in steep topography and at the sites that generally remain in the surface layer. Trace gas transport and inverse modeling studies will be necessary to determine the impact of these limitations on our ability to derive reliable regional-scale carbon flux estimates in the complex Swiss landscape.
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Pietrzak-Renaud, Natalie J. "Sedimentary and metamorphic lithofacies of the Lower Negaunee Iron Formation, Marquette District, Michigan, USA." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 2013): 1165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0163.
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The base of the Proterozoic Negaunee Iron Formation is exposed in the open pit at Tilden Mine, Marquette, Michigan. Juxtaposed against the Archean-aged Palmer Gneiss, it is bounded by the regional-scale Southern Shear Zone and cut by two sets of dykes: an older chloritic and schistose set and a younger 1.1 Ga Keweenawan set. Tilden Mine is dominated by a 100 m scale plunging northwest-anticline and is cut by a growth fault locally termed the Tower Hill Fault that intersects the Southern Shear Zone. The base of the exposed iron formation is composed of three lithofacies, including lower clastics that grade into the overlying banded iron formation that in turn grades upward into granular iron formation. This succession is capped by chloritic metadiabases locally termed the Summit Hill Sill and Pillar Intrusive. Petrographic and mineral chemical investigations document primary or early diagenetic hematite, siderite and possibly ferri-hydrite, metamorphic and related hydrothermal magnetite, chlorite, late martite overgrowing earlier magnetite and growth of specularite. All three lithofacies are cut by brittle fractures and late quartz veins. Brittle fractures are coated with chlorite, carbonate minerals, fluor-apatite, and sparse Cu-sulphides. These lithofacies document initial clastic sedimentation of strained detrital quartz into a subsiding fault trough. Over time, as subsidence slowed or sea level fluctuated, clastic deposition competed with quiescent chemical sedimentation, leading to deposition of the banded iron formation facies. As a stable shelf platform emerged, the granular iron formation facies was deposited via wave reworking of hardgrounds. Subsequent diagenesis initiated dissolution of carbonate and chert and promoted diagenetic replacement of primary iron minerals and chert. Regional metamorphism during Penokean orogeny at 1875–1835 Ma produced a suite of secondary metamorphic and related hydrothermal minerals. Metamorphism and hydrothermal flux related to the 1750 Ma development of the Republic Metamorphic Node overprinted the iron formation at Tilden to greenschist facies and infilled brittle fractures with a unique mineral assemblage. This unique mineral assemblage exhibits some striking similarities to Mn, Au, and Cu-sulphides documented at Champion Mine, west of Tilden, and proximal to the core of the Republic Node.
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Tatton-Brown, Tim. "The topography of Anglo-Saxon London." Antiquity 60, no. 228 (March 1986): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00057586.
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One of the few things to have remained very little changed in the City of London for nearly one thousand years was the position of most of its streets and lanes. Unfortunately this is no longer true, and in the past few decades large numbers of medieval streets have disappeared from the map for ever to be replaced by characterless dual-carriageways that now slice through the City. Not only do these new routes replace the earlier ones, but at the same time they swallow up and destroy all the surrounding side lanes and many of the old alignments disappear. Equally, property boundaries which may also have survived for at least 800 years now disappear for ever in very large redevelopments, and nowhere is this whole process more clearly seen than in the vast swathe cut for the new southern dualcarriageway that has replaced Thames Street. The whole of the western part of Upper Thames Street, with its adjoining side lanes, has been physically removed, to be replaced by a tunnelled dualcarriageway further to the south. For well over half a mile the central part of Thames Street is now so wide that it has engulfed properties on its north side, while the eastern end from the Custom House to Tower Hill, with its surrounding redevelopments, has had all signs of the medieval topography removed except for All Hallows church with its unique Anglo-Saxon arch (Taylor & Taylor, 1965, 39-400)
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Marke, Tobias, Susanne Crewell, Vera Schemann, Jan H. Schween, and Minttu Tuononen. "Long-Term Observations and High-Resolution Modeling of Midlatitude Nocturnal Boundary Layer Processes Connected to Low-Level Jets." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 5 (May 2018): 1155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0341.1.
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AbstractLow-level-jet (LLJ) periods are investigated by exploiting a long-term record of ground-based remote sensing Doppler wind lidar measurements supported by tower observations and surface flux measurements at the Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE), a midlatitude site in western Germany. LLJs were found 13% of the time during continuous observations over more than 4 yr. The climatological behavior of the LLJs shows a prevailing nighttime appearance of the jets, with a median height of 375 m and a median wind speed of 8.8 m s−1 at the jet nose. Significant turbulence below the jet nose only occurs for high bulk wind shear, which is an important parameter for describing the turbulent characteristics of the jets. The numerous LLJs (16% of all jets) in the range of wind-turbine rotor heights below 200 m demonstrate the importance of LLJs and the associated intermittent turbulence for wind-energy applications. Also, a decrease in surface fluxes and an accumulation of carbon dioxide are observed if LLJs are present. A comprehensive analysis of an LLJ case shows the influence of the surrounding topography, dominated by an open pit mine and a 200-m-high hill, on the wind observed at JOYCE. High-resolution large-eddy simulations that complement the observations show that the spatial distribution of the wind field exhibits variations connected with the orographic flow depending on the wind direction, causing high variability in the long-term measurements of the vertical velocity.
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Chandra, Vijay, Anthony L. Ricci, Paul J. Towell, and Keith Donington. "Landmark Cable-Stayed Bridge over the Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1845, no. 1 (January 2003): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1845-03.
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Boston, in the forefront of the American Revolution two centuries ago, is now in the forefront of another revolution in the field of cable-stayed bridge technology. New technologies and innovations have become hallmarks of the Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge—a structure unique in the world. This crossing of the Charles River brought the community, engineers, and architects together to create a “signature bridge” and a “gateway” to the city. Located at a preeminent point where Paul Revere crossed in 1775, the bridge took on special meaning from a historical perspective. Numerous alternatives were studied for the crossing and the interchange configurations on both sides of the river. Based on significant community input and evaluation of costs for different alternatives, the option known as the “non-river tunnel” alternative was chosen, which required a 10-lane crossing of the river. The 10 lanes include 4 lanes each for I-93 northbound and southbound and a 2-lane ramp on the east side. Some impediments the bridge had to contend with included the Orange Line subway adjacent to and below the bridge; the close proximity of the Charles River lock and dam and the need to maintain navigation; a major water main in the area of the south tower footing; a cantilevered 2-lane ramp on only one side of the structure; the existing Storrow Drive ramps at the south end, dictating the arrangement of the stay cables in the back spans; and a new tunnel at the south end of the structure.
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Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (July 10, 2015): 7457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7457-2015.
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Abstract. Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain has been considered a difficult condition for measuring net ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water vapor, and energy. A long-standing advection error in eddy-flux measurements is caused by stably stratified canopy flow. Such a condition with strong thermal gradient and less turbulent air is also difficult for modeling. To understand the challenging atmospheric condition for eddy-flux measurements, we use the renormalized group (RNG) k–&varepsilon; turbulence model to investigate the main characteristics of stably stratified canopy flows in complex terrain. In this two-dimensional simulation, we imposed persistent constant heat flux at ground surface and linearly increasing cooling rate in the upper-canopy layer, vertically varying dissipative force from canopy drag elements, buoyancy forcing induced from thermal stratification and the hill terrain. These strong boundary effects keep nonlinearity in the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations high enough to generate turbulent behavior. The fundamental characteristics of nighttime canopy flow over complex terrain measured by the small number of available multi-tower advection experiments can be reproduced by this numerical simulation, such as (1) unstable layer in the canopy and super-stable layers associated with flow decoupling in deep canopy and near the top of canopy; (2) sub-canopy drainage flow and drainage flow near the top of canopy in calm night; (3) upward momentum transfer in canopy, downward heat transfer in upper canopy and upward heat transfer in deep canopy; and (4) large buoyancy suppression and weak shear production in strong stability.
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Douillet, G. A., B. Taisne, È. Tsang-Hin-Sun, S. K. Müller, U. Kueppers, and D. B. Dingwell. "Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of deposits from dilute pyroclastic density current: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves." Solid Earth 6, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-553-2015.
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Abstract. Soft-sediment deformation structures can provide valuable information about the conditions of parent flows, the sediment state and the surrounding environment. Here, examples of soft-sediment deformation in deposits of dilute pyroclastic density currents are documented and possible syn-eruptive triggers suggested. Outcrops from six different volcanoes have been compiled in order to provide a broad perspective on the variety of structures: Soufrière Hills (Montserrat), Tungurahua (Ecuador), Ubehebe craters (USA), Laacher See (Germany), and Tower Hill and Purrumbete lakes (both Australia). The variety of features can be classified in four groups: (1) tubular features such as pipes; (2) isolated, laterally oriented deformation such as overturned or oversteepened laminations and vortex-shaped laminae; (3) folds-and-faults structures involving thick (>30 cm) units; (4) dominantly vertical inter-penetration of two layers such as potatoids, dishes, or diapiric flame-like structures. The occurrence of degassing pipes together with basal intrusions suggest fluidization during flow stages, and can facilitate the development of other soft-sediment deformation structures. Variations from injection dikes to suction-driven, local uplifts at the base of outcrops indicate the role of dynamic pore pressure. Isolated, centimeter-scale, overturned beds with vortex forms have been interpreted to be the signature of shear instabilities occurring at the boundary of two granular media. They may represent the frozen record of granular, pseudo Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Their recognition can be a diagnostic for flows with a granular basal boundary layer. Vertical inter-penetration and those folds-and-faults features related to slumps are driven by their excess weight and occur after deposition but penecontemporaneous to the eruption. The passage of shock waves emanating from the vent may also produce trains of isolated, fine-grained overturned beds that disturb the surface bedding without occurrence of a sedimentation phase in the vicinity of explosion centers. Finally, ballistic impacts can trigger unconventional sags producing local displacement or liquefaction. Based on the deformation depth, these can yield precise insights into depositional unit boundaries. Such impact structures may also be at the origin of some of the steep truncation planes visible at the base of the so-called "chute and pool" structures. Dilute pyroclastic density currents occur contemporaneously with seismogenic volcanic explosions. They can experience extremely high sedimentation rates and may flow at the border between traction, granular and fluid-escape boundary zones. They are often deposited on steep slopes and can incorporate large amounts of water and gas in the sediment. These are just some of the many possible triggers acting in a single environment, and they reveal the potential for insights into the eruptive and flow mechanisms of dilute pyroclastic density currents.
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Douillet, G. A., B. Taisne, È Tsang-Hin-Sun, S. K. Müller, U. Kueppers, and D. B. Dingwell. "Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of dilute pyroclastic density current deposits: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves." Solid Earth Discussions 6, no. 2 (December 16, 2014): 3261–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-3261-2014.
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Abstract. Soft-sediment deformation produces intriguing sedimentary structures and can occur in diverse environments and from a variety of triggers. From the observation of such structures and their interpretation in terms of trigger mechanisms, valuable information can be extracted about former conditions. Here we document examples of syn-eruptive deformation in dilute pyroclastic density current deposits. Outcrops from 6 different volcanoes have been compiled in order to provide a broad perspective on the variety of structures: Ubehebe craters (USA), Tungurahua (Ecuador), Soufrière Hills (Montserrat), Laacher See (Germany), Tower Hill and Purrumbete lake (both Australia). Isolated slumps as well as sinking pseudonodules are driven by their excess weight and occur after deposition but penecontemporaneous to the eruption. Isolated, cm-scale, overturned beds with vortex forms have been interpreted to be the signature of shear instabilities occurring at the boundary of two granular media. They may represent the frozen record of granular, pseudo Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Their recognition can be a diagnostic for flows with a granular basal boundary layer. The occurrence of degassing pipes together with basal intrusive dikes suggest fluidization during flow stages, and can facilitate the development of Kelvin–Helmholtz structures. The occurrence at the base of flow units of injection dikes in some outcrops compared with suction-driven local uplifts in others indicates the role of dynamic pore pressure. Variations of the latter are possibly related to local changes between depletive and accumulative dynamics of flows. Ballistic impacts can trigger unconventional sags producing local displacement or liquefaction. Based on the deformation depth, these can yield precise insights into depositional unit boundaries. Such impact structures may also be at the origin of some of the steep truncation planes visible at the base of the so-called "chute and pool" structures. Finally, the passage of shock waves emanating from the vent may be preserved in the form of trains of isolated, fine-grained overturned beds which may disturb the surface bedding without occurrence of a sedimentation phase in the vicinity of a vent. Dilute pyroclastic density currents occur contemporaneously with seismogenic volcanic explosions. They are often deposited on steep slopes and can incorporate large amounts of water and gas in the sediment. They can experience extremely high sedimentation rates and may flow at the border between traction, granular and fluid-escape boundary zones. These are just some of the many possible triggers acting in a single environment, and reveal the potential for insights into the eruptive mechanisms of dilute pyroclastic density currents.
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Whittle, Alasdair. "Uffington White Horse and its Landscape: Investigations at White Horse Hill, Uffington, 1989-95, and Tower Hill, Ashbury, 1993-4. By David Miles, Simon Palmer, Gary Lock, Chris Gosden and Anne Marie Cromarty. 310mm. Pp xxi + 331 + CD-ROM, 121 b&w and col ills. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 18, 2003. ISBN 0947816771. £24.95 (hdbk)." Antiquaries Journal 85 (September 2005): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500074588.
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Elliott, D. L., and J. C. Barnard. "Effects of Trees on Wind Flow Variability and Turbulence." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929942.
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This paper describes the results of a field experiment at the Goodnoe Hills, Wash. site to examine the effects of trees on wind flow variability and turbulence. Although vegetation at the site consisted primarily of grass, scattered areas of trees that penetrated the site provided an excellent opportunity to evaluate the effects of surface roughness changes on the wind flow characteristics. Wind data collected at nine towers across the site revealed that surface roughness changes in the upwind fetch caused pronounced variations in the wind flow over site. At two towers that were frequently 200 m to 300 m downwind of a grove of 10-m to 18-m trees, 20–30 percent reductions in wind speed and a factor of two to three increase in turbulence were measured at a height of 32 m. A substantial increase in the magnitude of the wind gusts, as well as a considerable decrease in the mean wind speed, was observed when a tower was downwind of the trees. Implications for a wind turbine located downwind of the trees, with a hub height near 30 m, would be reduced power output, more variable power output, more start/stop cycles, and increased stress caused by the tree-induced turbulence. The effects of the trees on the wind flow characteristics were considerably reduced at heights of 60 m and at distances greater than 500 m.
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Finney, Jon. "David Miles, Simon Palmer, Gary Lock, Chris Gosden & Anne Marie Cromarty et al. Uffington White Horse and its landscape: investigations at White Horse Hill, Uffington, 1989-95, and Tower Hill, Ashbury, 1993-4 (Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph No. 18). xxi+331 pages, 158 b&w & colour figures, 88 tables, CD-ROM. 2003. n.p.: Oxford Archaeology; 0-947816-77-1 hardback £24.95." Antiquity 79, no. 304 (June 2005): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114395.
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Nockles, Peter. "The Making of a Convert: John Henry Newman's Oriel and Littlemore Experience." Recusant History 30, no. 3 (May 2011): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200013030.
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‘The flood is round thee, but thy towers as yetAre safe, and clear as by a summer’s sea…Lo! On the top of each aerial spireWhat seems a star by day, so high and brightIt quivers from afar in golden light.But ‘tis a form of earth, though touched with fireCelestial, raised in other days, to tellHow, when they tired of prayer, Apostles fell’.John Henry Newman's poem ‘On Oxford’ published within a section called ‘Champions of the Truth’ in the verse collection, Lyra Apostolica, which he edited in 1836, encapsulates Newman's vision of Oxford and its colleges. Oxford was portrayed in the poem as an embattled but triumphant ‘city on a hill’ (in spite of its valley location surrounded by hills); a bulwark against contemporary forces, religious, and political, which for Newman, seemed to threaten it in the 1830s. The poem reminds us that the Oxford Movement, the great movement of religious revival within the Church of England commonly dated from 1833, the movement which Newman famously led and inspired, was rooted in Newman's keen and abiding sense of place (genius loci, as he put it), of memory, tradition, ethos, and association.
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Pellegrini, Cláudio C., and Gustavo C. R. Bodstein. "A Modified Logarithmic Law for Neutrally Stratified Flow over Low-Sloped Hills." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 900–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2207.1.
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Abstract The study of the atmospheric boundary layer flow over two-dimensional low-sloped hills under a neutral atmosphere finds numerous applications in meteorology and engineering, such as the development of large-scale atmospheric models, the siting of wind turbines, and the estimation of wind loads on transmission towers and antennas. In this paper, the intermediate variable technique is applied to the momentum equations in streamline coordinates to divide the flow into regions, with each characterized by the dominance of different terms. Using a simple mixing-length turbulence closure, a simplified form of the x momentum equation is solved for the fully turbulent region, resulting in a modified logarithmic law. The solution is expressed as a power series correction to the classical logarithmic law that is valid for flat terrain. A new parameter appears: the effective radius of curvature of the hill. The modified logarithmic law is used to obtain new equations for the speedup, the relative speedup, the maximum speedup, and the height at which it occurs. A new speedup ratio is proposed to calculate the relative speedup at specific heights. The results are in very good agreement with the Askervein and Black Mountain field data.
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Watson, Bruce. "The Dublin King: the true story of Edward, Earl of Warwick, Lambert Simnel and the ‘Princes in the Tower’. By John Ashdown-Hill. 234mm. Pp 223, 40 ills, plus maps and other figures in the text. The History Press, Stroud, 2015. isbn9780750960342. £17.99 (hbk)." Antiquaries Journal 95 (August 6, 2015): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581515000359.
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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of Prosthetopine water beetles from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 1864, no. 1 (September 3, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1864.1.1.
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New species of Hydraenidae are described in the genera Prosthetops Waterhouse (1), Pterosthetops Perkins (1), Parasthetops Perkins & Balfour-Browne (13), and Mesoceration Janssens (24). New collecting locality data are given for the following species described by Perkins & Balfour-Browne (1994): Parasthetops aeneus, P. nigritus, P. spinipes, P. curidius, Mesoceration distinctum, M. rivulare, M. jucundum, M. splendorum, M. rubidum, M. fusciceps, M. languidum, M. dissonum, M. rufescens, and M. brevigranum. High resolution digital images of the holotypes of new species are presented (online version in color), and male genitalia are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for all prosthetopine species in the genera Prosthetops, Pterosthetops, Parasthetops, and Mesoceration. The following 39 new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Prosthetops gladiator (Eastern Cape Province, summit of Prentjiesberg); Pterosthetops hawequas (Western Cape Province, Hawaquas radio tower); Parasthetops benefossus(Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm), P. buunicornus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. confluentus (Eastern Cape Province, Little Karroo, Baviaanskloof N valley), P. lemniscus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. namibiensis (Namibia: Windhoek, Eros Mt.), P. pampinus (Western Cape Province, Dorps River into Prins Albert, Swartbergpas), P. parallelus (Northern Cape Province, Richtersveld, Oemsberg), P. propitius (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. retinaculus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. sebastiani (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. semiplanus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. striatus (Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Kamieskroon), P. unicornus (Eastern Cape Province, Naudes Nek, 12 miles ENE Rhodes); Mesoceration barriotum (Western Cape Province, Cape-Swartberg, Seweweekspoort Kloof), M. bicurvum (Eastern Cape Province, Wildebees River), M. bispinum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Weza, Impetyene Forest), M. compressum (Eastern Cape Province, S. coast, Dwesa forest reserve), M. concavum (Mpumalanga Province, Blyderiver Canyon), M. curvosum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umtamvuna River), M. disjunctum (Eastern Cape Province, Nature's Valley Reserve), M. drakensbergensis (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. durabilis (Western Cape Province, 2 miles SW of Citrusdal), M. granulovestum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. incarinum (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. integer (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Busheladi Stream on Lundy's Hill near Deepdale), M. littlekarroo (Western Cape Province, Little Karroo, Rus-en-vredewaterf), M. longipennis (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), M. maluti (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. natalensis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umkomaas River, where crossed by Himeville to Impendhle road), M. periscopum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. piceum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. rapidensis (Western Cape Province, S. W. Cape Mts., Hawequas SE), M. repandum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. reticulatum (Western Cape Province, Nuweberg Forest Station), M. semicarinulum (Western Cape Province, Groot Toren farm), M. tabulare (Western Cape Province, Platteklip Gorge, north face of Table Mountain), M. umbrosum (Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm).
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Swinbanks, David. "Japan builds ivory towers among its windswept hills." Nature 366, no. 6453 (December 1993): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366292a0.
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Perkins, Linda M. "AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN HISTORIANS TELL THEIR STORIESDeborah Gray White, Telling Histories: Black Women Historians in the Ivory Tower. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2008. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. Pp. 304. Cloth $62.95. Paper $22.95.Mary Jo Maynes, Jennifer L. Pierce, and Barbara Laslett, Telling Stories: The Use of Personal Narratives in the Social Sciences and History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. Pp. 186. Cloth $57.95. Paper $19.95." Journal of African American History 95, no. 3-4 (July 2010): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.3-4.0424.
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Kanui, Titus, Jacob Kibwage, and Mwobobia Murangiri. "Water Tower Ecosystems Services and Diversification of Livelihood Activities to Neighbouring Communities; A Case Study of Chyulu Hills Water Tower in Kenya." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 6, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2016/26620.
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Sun, Yi, Xiang Dong Shu, Wen Qi Yang, and Qiao Rong Zhao. "Finite Element Analysis of Structural Safety of a Steel TV Tower." Advanced Materials Research 421 (December 2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.421.217.
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The steel truss TV tower structure, the height is 183.1 m, which is built in 1970, was corroded obviously. In order to ensure its structural safety, completely detection and security analysis have been implement. The tower is located in the top of the ridge, and hilly terrain effect was included in the whole structure analysis. Finite element analysis of bar elements was done to inspect whole structure safety. The results show, most of the members were safe, but with the height of 120 m, stress ratio of columns and diagonal braces is large than 1, and can’t meet the requirement of current codes. Additional solid finite element analysis of joint zone shows that, stress in very local area of connection plates reached to the yield stress, but they were safe enough after plastic stress redistribution. According to the results of corrosion depth test, the finite element analysis of structure after corrosion is done. After corrosion, the bearing capacity of columns almost reaches the limitation. The increase of any load or corrosion depth may lead to the failure of columns.
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Nicholson, Paul J. "Bernd and Hilla Becher, Winding Towers, Germany, France, Britain, 1988." Occupational Medicine 68, no. 7 (September 13, 2018): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqy044.
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Seto, Tri Handoko, and Erwin Mulyana. "USULAN PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI MODIFIKASI CUACA DENGAN GROUND-BASED GENERATOR UNTUK MENAMBAH DEBIT ALIRAN SUNGAI MAMASA, SULAWESI." Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca 14, no. 2 (December 20, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmc.v14i2.2685.
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IntisariTelah didesain sebuah usulan pemanfaatan teknologi modifikasi cuaca (TMC) dengan ground-based generator (GBG) untuk menambah debit aliran sungai Mamasa di Sulawesi guna meningkatkan produksi listrik dari Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA) Bakaru. GBG adalah metode alternatif operasi penyemaian awan dari darat menggunakan menara. Penelitian tentang GBG telah selesai dilakukan di kawasan Puncak Bogor yang merupakan bagian dari sistem orografik Gunung Gede-Pangrango. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Mamasa memiliki kemiringan lereng antara 25%-40%. Topografi dengan kelerengan curam berada di bagian tengah, sebagian kecil di bagian hulu serta di bagian hilir DAS. Faktor orografi sangat dominan dalam pembentukan awan di DAS Mamasa. Uap air yang masuk ke DAS dipaksa naik oleh pebukitan di batas DAS sehingga terjadi pembentukan awan. Bagian tengah DAS sisi sebelah barat (Sikuku dan Sumarorong) memiliki curah hujan paling banyak sedangkan bagian tengah sisi sebelah timur (Rippung, Tabone, Tatoa dan Salembongan) memiliki curah hujan paling rendah. Hasil kajian topografi merekomendasikan wilayah Sikuku, Makuang dan Sumarorong sebagai lokasi menara GBG. Sementara itu, Polewali direkomendasikan untuk lokasi radar. Karena DAS Mamasa adalah daerah yang rawan longsor maka pembangunan menara GBG disarankan dilakukan pada bulan bulan tidak banyak hujan yaitu pada bulan Juni sampai dengan Agustus.AbstractA proposed use of weather modification technology (TMC) with ground-based generator (GBG) to increase Mamasa river flow in Sulawesi to increase electricity production from Bakaru hydropower was designed. GBG is an alternative method of cloud seeding operations from the ground using towers. Research on GBG has been completed in the area of Puncak, Bogor, which is part of the orographic system Gunung Gede-Pangrango. Mamasa Watershed has a slope of between 25% -40%. Topography with steep slopes are in the middle, a small portion in the upstream and in the downstream of watershed. Orography is very dominant factor in the formation of clouds in the Mamasa watershed. Water vapor that enters the watershed is forced up by the hills in the watershed resulting in the formation of clouds. The middle part of west side (Sikuku and Sumarorong) have the most rainfall, while the central part of the eastern side (Rippung, Tabone, Tatoa and Salembongan) has the lowest rainfall. Results of the assessment of topography recommend the area of Sikuku, Makuang and Sumarorong as GBG tower locations. Meanwhile, Polewali recommended for radar location. Because Mamasa watershed is an area that is prone to landslides, the construction of the GBG tower suggested carried out during June to August.
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Guerra, Viviane Da Silva, Otávio Costa Acevedo, and Pablo Eli Soares de Oliveira. "A influência da complexidade da superfície terrestre no fluxo através de uma análise espectral de quantidades turbulentas na camada de limite estável." Ciência e Natura 40 (April 18, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x30851.
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Two micrometeorological towers located in the experimental site of Pedras Altas in the region of Pampa Gaúcho were separated by a distance of about 500 m from each other, enabling a small scale horizontal variability, due to the complexity of the terrain. Such variability favors distinct contributions in the modes of flow. This work points out a relation between classes of maximum wind measured in the station of the top of the hill with obstructions provoked by the heterogeneity of the terrain. Through a spectral analysis it was possible to find encouraging results for future work, as the study shows a pertinent relation between non-turbulent low frequency motions with surface heterogeneity and how this implies in the horizontal and vertical turbulent velocity.
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Suardi, Alessandro, Francesco Latterini, Vincenzo Alfano, Nadia Palmieri, Simone Bergonzoli, Emmanouil Karampinis, Michael Alexandros Kougioumtzis, Panagiotis Grammelis, and Luigi Pari. "Machine Performance and Hog Fuel Quality Evaluation in Olive Tree Pruning Harvesting Conducted Using a Towed Shredder on Flat and Hilly Fields." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071713.
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Pruning residues from olive groves represent an important biomass source. Until now, the management of pruning residue has generally represented a disposal problem rather than an opportunity for additional revenue. The main problem is the lack of a well-organized pruning biomass supply chain. In particular, harvesting is a key stage that influences the product quality, the type of logistics chain, and the economic sustainability of the pruning supply chain. The aim of the present paper was the evaluation of the machine performance of the Facma Comby TR200 towed shredder. The harvesting tests took place in Agios Konstantinos, Fthiotida, Central Greece. Two different experimental fields were used for the evaluation of this harvesting system; these fields were characterized by different slopes to check the convenience of using such a towed shredder on both hilly slopes and flat terrains. Analysis was conducted focusing on both the work productivity and costs. Moreover, an evaluation of the obtained hog fuel quality was performed. The Facma Comby TR200 showed good work performances on both flat (2.60 tdm·h−1) and hilly (2.74 tdm·h−1) land, even if a consistent influence of the pruning biomass yield on the work performances was reported. The biomass quality could be consistently improved by modifying the pick-up systems to avoid the collection of inert materials (soil and rocks). In fact, the analysis showed a high ash content in the comminuted material (4% dry basis). Finally, the economic aspects of this study’s results were in line with those reported in the literature. The applied harvesting system showed a cost equal to 29.88 and 16.59 €·tfm−1 on flat and hilly land, respectively.
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Urziceanu, Mihaela, Paulina Anastasiu, Laurentiu Rozylowicz, and Tatiana Eugenia Sesan. "Local-scale impact of wind energy farms on rare, endemic, and threatened plant species." PeerJ 9 (May 19, 2021): e11390. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11390.
Full textAbstract:
Background Wind energy farms have become a popular solution to produce green energy worldwide. Their development within protected areas has increased dramatically in the past decade, and the effects on the rare, endemic and threatened plant species (i.e., protected plant species), essential for habitat conservation and management, are little known. Only a few studies directly quantify the impacts of wind energy farms on them. Our study analyzes the impact of wind energy farms on rare, endemic, and threatened plant species in steppic habitats and their recovery potential over a ten-year period on a wind energy farm within the Dealurile Agighiolului Natura 2000 site (Dobrogea Region, SE Romania). Methods We surveyed the rare, endemic, and threatened plant species within a radius of approximately 50 m around each of the 17 wind towers during the wind farm operational phase. We selected 34 plots to allow the investigation of two types of areas: (1) a disturbed area overlapping the technological platform, where the vegetation was removed before construction, and (2) an adjacent undisturbed area. To understand the effects of the wind energy farm on the rare, endemic, and threatened plant species diversity and the differences between the disturbed and undisturbed areas, we calculated under both conditions: (1) plant species richness; (2) sample-size-based rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers parameterized by species richness; (3) non-metric multidimensional scaling of Jaccard dissimilarity index; (4) functional diversity; (5) beta-diversity (including replacement and nestedness of species). Results As a result of the disturbances caused by the wind energy farm’s development, we identified a sharp contrast between the diversity of rare, endemic, and threatened plants inhabiting disturbed and undisturbed areas near the wind towers. Our research showed that less than 40% of the total inventoried rare, endemic, and threatened species colonized the disturbed sites. Species turnover within undisturbed plots was higher than disturbed plots, implying that the plant community’s heterogeneity was high. However, a higher richness in rare, endemic, and threatened plant species was found in the plots around the wind towers in grasslands of primary type. Sample-size-based rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers by observed species richness indicated an accurate estimation of species richness in disturbed habitats, demonstrating that recovery after wind energy farm construction was incomplete after ten years of low-intensity plant restoration and conservation activities. Thus, we consider that operating activities must be reconfigured to allow the complete recovery of the communities with rare, endemic, and threatened plant species.