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Journal articles on the topic 'Towed Hydrophone Arrays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Cho, Yohan, Yub Je, and Weui-Bong Jeong. "A miniaturized acoustic vector sensor with PIN-PMN-PT single crystal cantilever beam accelerometers." Acta Acustica 4, no. 5 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2020017.

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Directional sound detection using vector sensors rather than large hydrophone arrays is highly advantageous for target detection in SONAR. However, developing highly sensitive and compact vector sensors for use in a system whose size is limited has been a challenging issue. In this paper, we describe a miniaturized acoustic vector sensor with piezoelectric single crystal accelerometers for the application in towed line arrays. A mass-loaded cantilever beam accelerometer with a [011] poled PIN-PMN-PT single crystal shows a better signal-to-noise ratio compared to accelerometers with other piezoelectric materials because of its superior piezoelectric properties in the 32 direction. We suggested a sufficiently compact vector sensor by using a cylindrical hydrophone with 10 mm in diameter as a housing of the single crystal accelerometers. Two single crystal accelerometers were orthogonally mounted inside the cylindrical hydrophone to detect direction of sound in the transverse plane of the line array. The receiving voltage sensitivity of the accelerometers and hydrophone was −199 and −196 dB, respectively, at 3 kHz. The directional cardioid beams generated by summing the omnidirectional beam from the hydrophone and the dipole beam from the accelerometers were validated over the entire operating frequency.

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2

Douglass, Alexander S., Warren T. Wood, Benjamin J. Phrampus, and Shima Abadi. "The effects of array design on acoustic data collected during marine seismic reflection surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011194.

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Marine seismic reflection surveys provide an abundance of acoustic data that are potentially useful for an array of analyses within and in addition to geoacoustic studies. A single cruise typically produces thousands to tens of thousands of acoustic events, with hundreds of hydrophones recording each event over towed arrays that can span up to 15 km or more. However, the structure of the airgun source arrays and the receiver arrays is typically not obvious from the data alone and the pre-processing of the data may yield misleading results if not properly accounted for. Generally, the acoustic source consists of an array of airguns configured such that the acoustic energy is focused towards the ocean floor, significantly impacting the relative intensity of the direct and reflected paths. Additionally, each array channel output typically consists of multiple hydrophone outputs, which are not individually available, averaged to generate a single channel output. Understanding the impact of these constructions is crucial for many analyses, such as mitigation of airgun pulse impacts on marine mammals. Here, we quantify the impact that these factors have on the output data and provide an analysis of this influence for an experimental case. [Work supported by ONR.]

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3

Tang Bo, 唐波, 黄俊斌 Huang Junbin, 顾宏灿 Gu Hongcan, and 毛欣 Mao Xin. "Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser Hydrophone Used in Towed Line Arrays." Chinese Journal of Lasers 43, no. 5 (2016): 0505005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201643.0505005.

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4

Gruden, Pina, Eva-Marie Nosal, and Erin M. Oleson. "Automated tracking of multiple acoustic sources with towed hydrophone arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 4 (April 2021): A17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0004387.

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5

Lapucci, Tommaso, Luigi Troiano, Carlo Carobbi, and Lorenzo Capineri. "Soft and Hard Iron Compensation for the Compasses of an Operational Towed Hydrophone Array without Sensor Motion by a Helmholtz Coil." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238104.

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Usually, towed hydrophone arrays are instrumented with a set of compasses. Data from these sensors are utilized while beamforming the acoustic signal for target bearing estimation. However, elements of the hydrophone array mounted in the neighborhood of a compass can affect the Earth’s magnetic field detection. The effects depend upon the materials and magnetic environment present in the vicinity of the platform hosting the compass. If the disturbances are constant in time, they can be compensated for by means of a magnetic calibration procedure. This process is commonly known as soft and hard iron compensation. In this paper, a solution is presented for carrying out the magnetic calibration of a COTS (Commercial Off the Shelf) digital compass without sensor motion. This approach is particularly suited in applications where a physical rotation of the platform that hosts the sensor is unfeasible. In our case, the platform consists in an assembled and operational towed hydrophone array. A standard calibration process relies on physical rotation of the platform and thus on the use of the geomagnetic field as a reference during the compensation. As a variation on this approach, we generate an artificial reference magnetic field to simulate the impractical physical rotation. We obtain this by using a tri-axial Helmholtz coil, which enables programmability of the reference magnetic field and assures the required field uniformity. In our work, the simulated geomagnetic field is characterized in terms of its uncertainty. The analysis indicates that our method and experimental set-up represent a suitably accurate approach for the soft and hard iron compensation of the compasses equipped in the hydrophone array under test.

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6

Norris, Thomas F., and Tina M. Yack. "Towing the line: Line-transect based density estimation of whales using towed hydrophone arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4900106.

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7

Hanson, M. Bradley, Marla M. Holt, Candice Emmons, Dawn P. Noren, Elizabeth L. Ferguson, Shannon Coates, Kerry Dunleavy, Corry Hom-Weaver, and Jeff Jacobsen. "The development and use of towed hydrophone arrays to inform Southern Resident killer whale Critical Habitat in outer coastal waters." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 4 (April 2021): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0004454.

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8

Gruden, Pina, Yvonne Barkley, and Jennifer L. McCullough. "Insights into acoustic behavior of false killer whales." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A74—A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010703.

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The Hawaiian Archipelago is home to three distinct populations of false killer whales ( Pseudorca crassidens), including one currently listed as endangered. These delphinids are known to interact with fishing gear, leading to whale mortality or injury. Hence, it is critical to assess the abundance of these populations typically achieved through visual-based sighting surveys. However, these surveys are complicated by a number of biases and uncertainties specific to this species. Passive acoustics could aid in monitoring of their population status, but the knowledge is limited about the patterns in their acoustic repertoire and behavior, which hinders our ability to derive reliable acoustics-based abundance estimates. Here, we discuss insights into the acoustic behaviour of false killer whales in the wild, gained by simultaneous tracking of both narrowband whistles and broadband echolocation clicks from towed hydrophone arrays. The results indicate a diverse acoustic behaviour between different subgroups within the same encounter, where 23.8% of subgroups (N total = 408) only echolocate, 18.9% only whistle, and 57.3% emit both types of vocalizations. Such increased understanding of false killer whale vocal behavior can contribute information from passive acoustic data for management and conservation purposes.

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9

Kukshtel, Natalie, Ying-Tsong Lin, and Glen Gawarkiewicz. "Localization of an acoustic autonomous underwater vehicle using multi-channel back-propagation methods." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018933.

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Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are extremely useful tools for studying the acoustics of complex ocean environments due to their ability to detect environmental changes with greater spatial resolution than fixed moorings. During the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiments in May 2021, an AUV system was deployed to collect acoustic data for investigating the local biological, physical, and geological oceanography. This acoustic AUV system was comprised of a modified REMUS 600 vehicle, a hull-mounted 3.5 kHz transducer, and a towed multi-channel hydrophone array. Along mission profiles where the AUV is fully submerged but too shallow for bottom-lock navigation, one challenge is accurate localization of the AUV. Localization was performed in post-processing using multi-channel back-propagation methods applied to AUV source signals received at mooring hydrophones in the NESBA network as well as ship-towed sound source signals received at the AUV-towed array. Uncertainty in the localization estimates due to spatiotemporal sound speed changes was investigated, and hydrophone mooring tilt angle was determined by minimizing the localization uncertainty. Following localization, this AUV acoustic data was used to investigate local seafloor sub-bottom properties and the acoustic effects of biological scattering layers and varying physical oceanography. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]

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10

Hepp, J. S. "Encapsulated hydrophone element for towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (1996): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417856.

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11

DING Peng, 丁朋, 黄俊斌 HUANG Junbin, 庞彦东 PANG Yandong, 周次明 ZHOU Ciming, 顾宏灿 GU Hongcan, and 唐劲松 TANG Jinsong. "弱反射光纤光栅水听器拖曳线列阵." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 50, no. 7 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20215007.0706004.

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12

Premus, Vincent E., Philip A. Abbot, Vitaly Kmelnitsky, Charles J. Gedney, and Ted A. Abbot. "A wave glider-based, towed hydrophone array system for autonomous, real-time, passive acoustic marine mammal monitoring." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 3 (September 2022): 1814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014169.

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An autonomous surface vehicle known as a wave glider, instrumented with a low-power towed hydrophone array and embedded digital signal processor, is demonstrated as a viable low-noise system for the passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals. Other key design elements include high spatial resolution beamforming on a 32-channel towed hydrophone array, deep array deployment depth, vertical motion isolation, and bandwidth-efficient real-time acoustic data transmission. Using at-sea data collected during a simultaneous deployment of three wave glider-based acoustic detection systems near Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary in September 2019, the capability of a low-frequency towed hydrophone array to spatially reject noise and to resolve baleen whale vocalizations from anthropogenic acoustic clutter is demonstrated. In particular, mean measured array gain of 15.3 dB at the aperture design frequency results in a post-beamformer signal-to-noise ratio that significantly exceeds that of a single hydrophone. Further, it is shown that with overlapping detections on multiple collaborating systems, precise localization of vocalizing individuals is achievable at long ranges. Last, model predictions showing a 4× detection range, or 16× area coverage, advantage of a 32-channel towed array over a single hydrophone against the North Atlantic right whale upcall are presented for the continental shelf environment south of Martha's Vineyard.

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13

Lasky, M., R. D. Doolittle, B. D. Simmons, and S. G. Lemon. "Recent Progress in Towed Hydrophone Array Research." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29, no. 2 (April 2004): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2004.829792.

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14

Hull, Andrew J. "A Technique to Measure the Breathing Wave Speed in a Towed Array." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930419.

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A method is developed for measuring the breathing wave speed in a towed array. The front of the array is longitudinally vibrated, producing aft-traveling wave energy that is detected by measuring the transfer function of a hydrophone channel and a forward bulkhead-mounted accelerometer. The transfer function is composed of two distinct wave types: an extensional wave and a breathing wave. The breathing wavelengths are much shorter than the extensional wavelengths; therefore, the local minimum associated with the first breathing wave null across the hydrophone channel can be identified. Because the frequency at which this null occurs and the length of the hydrophone channel are known, the breathing wave speed can be calculated.

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15

Bruno, F. A., M. Janneh, A. Gunda, R. Kyselica, P. Stajanca, S. Werzinger, G. Gruca, et al. "Fiber Optic Hydrophones for towed array applications." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 160 (January 2023): 107269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2022.107269.

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16

Meng, Zhou, Wei Chen, Jianfei Wang, Xiaoyang Hu, Mo Chen, and Yichi Zhang. "Recent Progress in Fiber-Optic Hydrophones." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0618-5.

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AbstractFiber-optic hydrophone (FOH) is a significant type of acoustic sensor, which can be used in both military and civilian fields such as underwater target detection, oil and natural gas prospecting, and earthquake inspection. The recent progress of FOH is introduced from five aspects, including large-scale FOH array, very-low-frequency detection, fiber-optic vector hydrophone (FOVH), towed linear array, and deep-sea and long-haul transmission. The above five aspects indicate the future development trends in the FOH research field, and they also provide a guideline for the practical applications of FOH as well as its array.

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17

Huang, Xiaodi, and Desheng Chen. "A novel architecture of fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928301001.

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The fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone has been widely used in ocean acoustic applications. There are many different hydrophone systems in use. They can generally be classified as hull mounted, towed, or fixed (bottom mounted and vertical) array systems. Different optical architectures have evolved for each of the areas, which make a good case study on what aspects of a particular application influence the optical architecture. A novel architecture of fibre-optic hydrophone based on PMDI is theoretically and experimentally discussed in this paper. A novel optical configuration is proposed, and the modulation and demodulation system is built. A series of experiments are designed to analyse the characteristics of this system. The results of the experiments show that this type of fibre-optic interferometric hydrophone array has many advantages such as low noise, a large dynamic range.

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18

Wu, Qisong, and Youhai Xu. "A Nonlinear Data-Driven Towed Array Shape Estimation Method Using Passive Underwater Acoustic Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020304.

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Large-aperture towed linear hydrophone array has been widely used for beamforming-based signal enhancement in passive sonar systems; however, its performance can drastically decrease due to the array distortion caused by rapid tactical maneuvers of the towed platform, oceanic currents, hydrodynamic effects, etc. In this paper, an enhanced data-driven shape array estimation scheme is provided in the passive underwater acoustic data, and a novel nonlinear outlier-robust particle filter (ORPF) method is proposed to acquire enhanced estimates of time delays in the presence of distorted hydrophone array. A conventional beamforming technique based on a hypothetical array is first used, and the detection of the narrow-band components is sequentially carried out so that the corresponding amplitudes and phases at these narrow-band components can be acquired. We convert the towed array estimation problem into a nonlinear discrete-time filtering problem with the joint estimates of amplitudes and time-delay differences, and then propose the ORPF method to acquire enhanced estimates of the time delays by exploiting the underlying properties of slowly changing time-delay differences across sensors. The proposed scheme fully exploits directional radiated noise targets as sources of opportunity for online array shape estimation, and thus it requires neither the number nor direction of sources to be known in advance. Both simulations and real experimental data show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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19

Shi Sheng-Guo, Yu Shu-Hua, Shi Jie, and A Gen-Mao. "Flow-induced noise calculations for vector hydrophones in towed arrays." Acta Physica Sinica 64, no. 15 (2015): 154306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.154306.

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20

Taweesintananon, Kittinat, Martin Landrø, Jan Kristoffer Brenne, and Aksel Haukanes. "Distributed acoustic sensing for near-surface imaging using submarine telecommunication cable: A case study in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (August 18, 2021): B303—B320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0834.1.

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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) transforms submarine telecommunication cables into densely sampled seismic receivers. To demonstrate DAS applications for seismic imaging, we have used an optical cable on the seafloor in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway, to record seismic data generated by a controlled seismic source. The data are simultaneously recorded by a towed hydrophone array and the fiber-optic cable. Following our data processing methods, we can produce seismic images of the seafloor and underlying geologic structures from the hydrophone array and DAS data. We find that the hydrophone and DAS data have a comparable signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, DAS images can be improved by using a seismic source that has sufficiently large energy within the frequency range matching the spatial resolution of DAS. The temporal resolution of the DAS images can be improved by minimizing the crossline offset between seismic sources and the DAS cable. The seismic images from DAS can be used to support geohazard analysis and various subsurface exploration activities.

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21

Yun Zhaoqing, 运朝青, 罗洪 Luo Hong, 胡正良 Hu Zhengliang, and 胡永明 Hu Yongming. "A Fiber Optic Hydrophone Used for Thin Line Towed Array." Acta Optica Sinica 32, no. 12 (2012): 1206004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201232.1206004.

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22

TANG Bo, 唐波, 黄俊斌 HUANG Jun-bin, 顾宏灿 GU Hong-can, and 毛欣 MAO Xin. "Experimental Research on DFB Fiber Laser Hydrophone Towed Line Array." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 46, no. 4 (2017): 406004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20174604.0406004.

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23

Odom, Jonathan, and Jeffrey Krolik. "Heading and hydrophone data fusion for towed array shape estimation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806339.

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24

Joh, Chi Young. "Supporting structure of hydrophones for towed array sonar system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 5 (2003): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1584116.

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25

Schinault, Matthew E., and Purnima Ratilal. "An end-capped lead zirconate titanate broadband hydrophone theoretical calculation and electroacoustic measurement for towed array applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016333.

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Hydrophone transducers for towed array applications require low self-noise, small form factor and a linear frequency response below 50 kHz for general purpose long-range ocean sensing. The design specification for this hydrophone application has several aspects including acoustic sensitivity, frequency response, dissipation factor, and physical size. A comprehensive noise model informs filter design for pre-amplifiers after the piezoelectric element. Theoretical calculation of pressure to voltage conversion is made here by estimating the Free-Field Voltage Sensitivity (FFVS) using methods from R.A. Langevin and G.W. McMahon. Using these methods to achieve the desired design specification, we use two cylindrical ceramics with a split electrode poled in the radial direction with series stacked ceramics using end caps with air backing to increase sensitivity and reduce overall size. An experiment is carried out to measure the resonant modes using a simple impedance measuring circuit which then can be used to estimate FFVS linearity. These results are compared with theoretical calculation for hydrophone response of resonant modes and results from measurement circuit.

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26

Peng, Chengyan, and Xueliang Zhang. "A dynamic depth estimation method for towed optical fiber hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 5 (May 2018): EL399—EL404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5039414.

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27

Duncan, Alec J., Darryl McMahon, and Alessandro Ghiotto. "Acoustic tracking of towed-array hydrophone positions during tow-vessel maneuvers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, no. 5 (2002): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778195.

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28

Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, James F. Lynch, Arthur E. Newhall, and Amy Kukulya. "An autonomous underwater vehicle towed hydrophone array for ocean acoustic measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4778383.

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29

Wu, Qisong, Hao Zhang, Zhichao Lai, Youhai Xu, Shuai Yao, and Jun Tao. "An Enhanced Data-Driven Array Shape Estimation Method Using Passive Underwater Acoustic Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091773.

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Beamforming-based signal enhancement technologies in passive sonar array processing often have poor performance due to array distortion caused by rapid tactical maneuvers of the towed platform, oceanic currents, hydrodynamic effects, etc. In this paper, an enhanced data-driven shape array estimation formulation is proposed using passive underwater acoustic data. Beamforming based on a hypothetically ideal array is firstly employed to perform the detection of narrow-band components from sources of opportunity, and the corresponding phases of these detected narrow-band components are subsequently extracted to acquire time-delay differences. Then, a weighted outlier-robust Kalman smoother is proposed to acquire enhanced estimates of the time-delay differences, since the underlying properties of slowly changing time-delay differences in the hydrophone array and diverse signal to interference and noise ratios in multiple narrow-band components are explored; and its Cramer–Rao Lower Bound is also provided. Finally, the hydrophone array shape is estimated based on the estimated time delay differences. The proposed formulation fully exploits directional radiated noise signals from distant underwater acoustic targets as sources of opportunity for real-time array shape estimation, and thus it requires neither the number nor direction of sources to be known in advance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in simulations and real experimental data.

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30

Holt, Scott A. "Distribution of Red Drum Spawning Sites Identified by a Towed Hydrophone Array." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137, no. 2 (February 2008): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t03-209.1.

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31

Guo Zhen, 郭振, 高侃 Gao Kan, 杨辉 Yang Hui, 代志国 Dai Zhiguo, 吴昺炎 Wu Bingyan, and 张俊 Zhang Jun. "20-mm-Diameter Interferometric Hydrophone Towed Array Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings." Acta Optica Sinica 39, no. 11 (2019): 1106003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201939.1106003.

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Ferguson, Brian G. "Beamforming towed array data when knowledge of the hydrophone positions is imperfect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406136.

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MA, Yuanliang. "Matched field noise suppression: Principle with application to towed hydrophone line array." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 12 (2003): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03ww0006.

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Thode, Aaron M., Thomas Norris, and Jay Barlow. "Rapid estimation of dolphin whistle bearings using a sparse towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 4 (October 1999): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.427417.

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Ma, Yuanliang, Shefeng Yan, and Kunde Yang. "Matched field noise suppression: Principle with application to towed hydrophone line array." Chinese Science Bulletin 48, no. 12 (June 2003): 1207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183938.

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36

Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, and James F. Lynch. "Shallow‐water waveguide characterization using an autonomous underwater vehicle‐towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786457.

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37

Real, Gaultier, Kay L. Gemba, Kathrine Lamy, and Thomas Kacel. "ALMA 2022 experiment : Source paramater estimation comparison betweenLFM and MLS waveforms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019226.

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For underwater source localization, accurate estimation of the time of flight (or travel time) is required and the observed waveform may include Doppler (waveform dilation). The source waveform, thus, needs to be sensitive to estimate both time of flight and Doppler. In this study, we compare two waveforms : Linear Frequency Modulated sweeps (LFMs) and Maximum Length Sequences (MLSs) with identical center frequency (6 kHz) and bandwidth (2 kHz). During an at-sea experiment conducted in March 2022 near in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of Toulon, a mobile source transmitted the two waveforms, recorded by a 192-hydrophone moored bilboard array. The source-array distance ranged from 2.5 to 8 km, and the source was towed at a constant speed (∼1.5 m/s) and depth (∼50m). The analysis of the gathered data shows that the MLS waveform outperforms the LFM waveform for estimating time of flight (uncertainty reduced by a factor 4) and radial velocity (uncertainty reduced by a factor 20). Preliminary results focus on single hydrophone processing, but possible applications to 2D array processing are discussed for localizing the source in range-dependent environments.

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Yang, Meijiao, Dong Han, and Ning Li. "Noise Suppression of Towed Line Array Sonar Platform Based on Spatial Filtering Technique." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2363, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2363/1/012005.

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The problem of interference caused by the radiated noise of the towed line array sonar platform to the hydrophone line array and the formation of detection blind area in the direction of the end head of the line array is addressed. In this paper, the optimal spatial matrix filter is designed using the plane wave array manifold, the platform radiation noise copy vector, and the weighted coefficient matrix. Through iteration of the weighted coefficient matrix, the null matrix filter achieves the effect of equalizing the response of each direction of the far-field plane wave signal under the condition of zero response constraint of the platform radiation noise. The method of generalized singular value simplified decomposition is used to analyze and check the correctness of the optimal solution of the filter in theory. From the simulation results, the filter with iterative calculation is more effective in processing far-field plane waves and the signal has lower distortion.

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39

Knight, Andrew. "Flow noise calculations for extended hydrophones in fluid‐ and solid‐filled towed arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 1 (July 1996): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415891.

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40

Yang, Kunde, Qiulong Yang, Peng Xiao, Xuegang Li, Rui Duan, and Yuanliang Ma. "Flow Noise Calculation and Experimental Study for Hydrophones in Fluid-Filled Towed Arrays." Acoustics Australia 45, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40857-017-0086-7.

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41

Yack, Tina M., Jay Barlow, and John Calambokidis. "Real‐time detection and tracking of beaked whales using a towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (April 2011): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3588406.

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42

Holmes, Jason D., William M. Carey, D. Keith Wilson, James F. Lynch, and D. Keith Wilson. "Results from an autonomous underwater vehicle towed hydrophone array experiment in Nantucket Sound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 2 (August 2006): EL15—EL21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2219106.

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Weglein, Arthur B., and Bruce G. Secrest. "Wavelet estimation for a multidimensional acoustic or elastic earth." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 7 (July 1990): 902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442905.

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A new and general wave theoretical wavelet estimation method is derived. Knowing the seismic wavelet is important both for processing seismic data and for modeling the seismic response. To obtain the wavelet, both statistical (e.g., Wiener‐Levinson) and deterministic (matching surface seismic to well‐log data) methods are generally used. In the marine case, a far‐field signature is often obtained with a deep‐towed hydrophone. The statistical methods do not allow obtaining the phase of the wavelet, whereas the deterministic method obviously requires data from a well. The deep‐towed hydrophone requires that the water be deep enough for the hydrophone to be in the far field and in addition that the reflections from the water bottom and structure do not corrupt the measured wavelet. None of the methods address the source array pattern, which is important for amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) studies. This paper presents a method of calculating the total wavelet, including the phase and source‐array pattern. When the source locations are specified, the method predicts the source spectrum. When the source is completely unknown (discrete and/or continuously distributed) the method predicts the wavefield due to this source. The method is in principle exact and yet no information about the properties of the earth is required. In addition, the theory allows either an acoustic wavelet (marine) or an elastic wavelet (land), so the wavelet is consistent with the earth model to be used in processing the data. To accomplish this, the method requires a new data collection procedure. It requires that the field and its normal derivative be measured on a surface. The procedure allows the multidimensional earth properties to be arbitrary and acts like a filter to eliminate the scattered energy from the wavelet calculation. The elastic wavelet estimation theory applied in this method may allow a true land wavelet to be obtained. Along with the derivation of the procedure, we present analytic and synthetic examples.

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Douglass, Alexander S., Warren T. Wood, Benjamin J. Phrampus, and Shima Abadi. "Effects of sub-seabed characteristics on acoustic transmission loss in seismic reflection surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016049.

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Marine seismic reflection surveys are used to study the composition of the seabed and sub-seabed by recording reflections of the field generated by an airgun array from the seafloor with a towed horizontal streamer. The abundance of data within a single survey and the number of publicly available surveys provides substantial opportunity for data-driven acoustic analysis. Here, we consider data from surveys that were conducted off the coasts of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, covering portions of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the Queen Charlotte Fault. Throughout the experiments, data was collected at depths ranging from 200 m to 3 km, typically using a 15 km long towed streamer containing 1200 hydrophone groups with 12.5 m spacing. With these datasets, there is a breadth of opportunity for studying the impacts of various seabed features on acoustic propagation. This talk will explore the impacts of seabed and sub-seabed characteristics, bathymetry, reflectivity, etc., on acoustic transmission loss. The data from these experiments, corrected for array design impacts, will be compared directly with computational propagation models. [Work supported by ONR.]

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Kukshtel, Natalie, Ying-Tsong Lin, Andone C. Lavery, Scott Loranger, Jason Chaytor, and Glen Gawarkiewicz. "Sound propagation measurements using an autonomous underwater vehicle acoustic array in the New England shelf break acoustics network." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015425.

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The New England shelf break is a highly dynamic region, which experiences complex spatial and temporal water-column variations due to interactions with warm core rings originating from the gulf stream. This widely varying ocean environment leads to changes in sound speed and acoustic propagation. Acoustic payload-equipped autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are advantageous for sound propagation measurements in such environments due to their ability to detect changes with greater spatial resolution compared to fixed moorings. An AUV-towed acoustic array was tested and deployed in the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiment in May 2021. The acoustic AUV system was comprised of a modified REMUS 600 vehicle, a hull-mounted 3.5 kHz transducer, and a towed multi-channel linear hydrophone array. The AUV sound source was tested at the Dodge Pond Naval Facility to characterize the effect of AUV body resonance, and the resulting calibration was incorporated into the data processing. Propagation paths between the AUV, acoustic moorings, and a ship-towed sound source were studied to investigate the acoustic effects of varying physical oceanographic conditions and biological scattering layers. These measurements also enabled investigation of the local seabed conditions and sub-bottom layering structure. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]

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Abadi, Shima H., Maya Tolstoy, and William S. Wilcock. "Baleen whale localization using a dual-line towed hydrophone array during seismic reflection surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (September 2015): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4933569.

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Sonnemann, Tim, Jan Dettmer, Charles W. Holland, and Stan Dosso. "Trans-dimensional Inversion in two spatial dimensions for geoacoustic parameters." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015972.

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We test a series of model parametrizations to invert a two-dimensional (2-D) seabed transect going from simple fixed-dimensional to more complex trans-dimensional configurations. Inverting spherical-wave reflection coefficient datasets independently as one-dimensional layered models for a 2-D section is less efficient than applying a more parsimonious 2-D parametrization while also carrying out full uncertainty quantification. We approach the problem by proposing different fixed and dynamically inferred parametrization schemes, and discuss implementation, computational cost and resulting accuracy. We demonstrate the application in geoacoustics using a dataset of 1711 source transmissions recorded on a 32-element linear hydrophone array with both source and array towed by an autonomous underwater vehicle along a 12 km transect on the Malta Plateau in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Douglass, Alexander S., Warren T. Wood, Benjamin J. Phrampus, and Shima Abadi. "Impacts of seabed characteristics on short-range acoustic propagation in seismic surveys." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018169.

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An abundance of marine seismic reflection surveys with publicly available datasets have been collected over the last several decades to study the composition of the seabed up to multiple kilometers below the sea floor. In these surveys, a loud impulsive airgun source broadcasts sound into the seabed and the reflections from the seafloor and seabed layers are measured on a long (up to ∼15 km) towed hydrophone array. In these surveys, both the shallow seabed layers (several hundred meters below the seafloor) and deeper layers (multiple kilometers below the seafloor) can significantly impact the acoustic field in the water column at close ranges. Experimental data have shown instances of sound exposure levels (SEL) at ranges between ∼8 and 15 km that exceeded levels predicted by cylindrical spreading models by nearly 15 dB. This work aims to use the abundance of seismic data available to explore the relationship between seabed and sub-seabed characteristics and the acoustic field in the water column. Inversion results that provide seabed sound speed profiles and reflection characteristics will be used to understand the seabed characteristics and its potential effects on SELs or sound pressure levels evaluated along the towed array. [Work supported by ONR.]

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Dossot, Georges A., James H. Miller, Gopu R. Potty, Edmund J. Sullivan, Jason D. Holmes, James F. Lynch, and Scott Glenn. "An investigation of the capabilities of a short hydrophone array towed by an ocean glider." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942749.

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DeAngelis, Annamaria Izzi, Robert Valtierra, Sofie M. Van Parijs, and Danielle Cholewiak. "Using multipath reflections to obtain dive depths of beaked whales from a towed hydrophone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 2 (August 2017): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4998709.

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