Journal articles: 'Towards 6G'

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Hasan, Nawaid Hasan, Azlan Abd Aziz, Azwan Mahmud, Nur Asyqin Hamzah, and Noor Ziela Abd Rahman. "Localization Techniques Overview Towards 6G Communication." Journal of Informatics and Web Engineering 1, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jiwe.2022.1.1.5.

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Worldwide Researchers and scientist have started the investigation of the sixth generation (6G) while the fifth generation (5G) cellular system is being deployed. Under this main investigation the main aim of 6G is to provide intelligent and ubiquitous wireless connectivity with Terabits per second (Tbps) data rates. Accurate location information of the mobile devices is very much useful to accomplish these aims with the improvements of various parameters of wireless communication. The development in communication technology often creates new opportunities to improve the localization efficiency as demonstrated by the expected centimetre-level localization accuracy in 6G. While there are comprehensive literatures separately on wireless localization or communications, the 6G study is still in its inception. This article is therefore intended to provide an overview of localization techniques towards 6G wireless networks. Finally, some interesting future localization technique research directions are highlighted.

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Ahmed, Rezwana, and Mohammad Abdul Matin. "Towards 6G wireless networks-challenges and potential technologies." Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0040.

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AbstractAs 5G technology is advancing towards its final phase of development and the deployment of 5G networks is underway, academic, development and industrial communities are already moving towards the research and development of 6G wireless networks. While 5G technologies had been hauled as an enabler for Internet of Everything, many limitations of such cellular systems are coming to light as they are being deployed. These drawbacks of 5G networks have motivated worldwide interest on developing the next generation wireless system, 6G, with the capability to fully incorporate wide-ranging applications from virtual reality to autonomous systems. In this paper, an overview of the first five generations of wireless systems has been shown, followed by a survey on 6G wireless network along with a discussion on the possible requirements and challenges of 6G.

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Zhao, Zixiao, Qinghe Du, Dawei Wang, Xiao Tang, and Houbing Song. "Overview of Prospects for Service-Aware Radio Access towards 6G Networks." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2022): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081262.

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The integration of space–air–ground–sea networking in 6G, which is expected to not only achieve seamless coverage but also offer service-aware access and transmission, has introduced many new challenges for current mobile communications systems. Service awareness requires the 6G network to be aware of the demands of a diverse range of services as well as the occupation, utilization, and variation of network resources, which will enable the capability of deriving more intelligent and effective solutions for complicated heterogeneous resource configuration. Following this trend, this article investigates potential techniques that may improve service-aware radio access using the heterogeneous 6G network. We start with a discussion on the evolution of cloud-based RAN architectures from 5G to 6G, and then we present an intelligent radio access network (RAN) architecture for the integrated 6G network, which targets balancing the computation loads and fronthaul burden and achieving service-awareness for heterogeneous and distributed requests from users. In order for the service-aware access and transmissions to be equipped for future heterogeneous 6G networks, we analyze the challenges and potential solutions for the heterogeneous resource configuration, including a tightly coupled cross-layer design, resource service-aware sensing and allocation, transmission over multiple radio access technologies (RAT), and user socialization for cloud extension. Finally, we briefly explore some promising and crucial research topics on service-aware radio access for 6G networks.

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Kaushik, Himanshu. "Shifting Towards 6G from 5G Wireless Networks – Advancements, Opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, no. 26 (November 25, 2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.26.20.29.

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Radio waves are used in wireless communication to transmit information from one location to another. Beginning in the twenty-first century, the advancement of electronic chips, antenna, and microcontrollers caused radio wave communication to proceed more quickly, which led to the widespread use of wireless voice communication. While 6G communications gained a lot of attention from the business and academic worlds, 5G communications are still being universally adopted. Compared through 5G, 6G will have a wider frequency band, greater transmission speed, spectrum efficiency, higher connection ability, lesser delay, broader exposure, and more strong anti-interference capacity to gratify a range of network necessities. This survey presents an perceptive understanding of 6G wireless communications via introducing necessities, features, serious technologies, challenges, opportunities and applications. 6G is estimated to do better than existing wireless communication systems concerning the transmission speed, latency, global coverage etc. Even though the 5G standard have obtained various advancements, there are still a few limits within it. 6G along will provide the necessities of a entirely related planet and offers ubiquitous wireless connectivity designed for everyone. The analysis of the existing condition of wireless communication in various states, together with the projection of future research potential, are both included in this study.

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Padhi, Prafulla Kumar, and Feranando Charrua-Santos. "6G Enabled Industrial Internet of Everything: Towards a Theoretical Framework." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4010011.

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Currently, the deficiencies of the 5G mobile system as an enabler of Internet of Everything (IoE) applications are stimulating global research activities to focus on the sixth generation (6G) wireless system. The potential of IoE is enormous and growing exponentially. With the dawn of the fifth industrial revolution, IoE is transposing into industrial Internet of Everything (IIoE) projects which are complex and are eventuating to become a prominent technology for all industries offering new opportunities. This study embodies a synthesis of 6G, IoT, IoE, IIoE exhaustive literature review advancing knowledge to facilitate theory development. For the first time, a novel theoretical framework for the 6G-enabled IIoE (henceforth referred to as 6GIIoE) system was developed. Judiciously, sequential methodology is best suited for this emerging discipline research to create significant new knowledge in the literature contributing eternal insights to expound valuable contexts to ruminate significant findings. The theoretical framework developed recognizes 6GIIoE priority areas, challenges, and applications bestowing a guide for 6G-enabled IIoE initiatives divulging opportunities for future research activities.

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Mao, Bomin, Fengxiao Tang, Yuichi Kawamoto, and Nei Kato. "AI Models for Green Communications Towards 6G." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 24, no. 1 (2022): 210–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3130901.

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Jiang, Wei, Bin Han, Mohammad Asif Habibi, and Hans Dieter Schotten. "The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey." IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2 (2021): 334–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3057679.

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Ekudden, Erik. "Five Network Trends: Towards the 6G Era." Ericsson Technology Review 2021, no. 9 (September 2021): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/etr.2021.9904663.

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Alraih, Saddam, Ibraheem Shayea, Mehran Behjati, Rosdiadee Nordin, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Asma’ Abu-Samah, and Dalia Nandi. "Revolution or Evolution? Technical Requirements and Considerations towards 6G Mobile Communications." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030762.

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Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommunications industry has been debating whether 5G is an “evolution” or “revolution” from the previous legacy mobile networks, but now that 5G has been commercially available for the past few years, the research direction has recently shifted towards the upcoming generation of mobile communication system, known as the sixth generation (6G), which is expected to drastically provide significant and evolutionary, if not revolutionary, improvements in mobile networks. The promise of extremely high data rates (in terabits), artificial intelligence (AI), ultra-low latency, near-zero/low energy, and immense connected devices is expected to enhance the connectivity, sustainability, and trustworthiness and provide some new services, such as truly immersive “extended reality” (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and a new generation of entertainment. Sixth generation and its vision are still under research and open for developers and researchers to establish and develop their directions to realize future 6G technology, which is expected to be ready as early as 2028. This paper reviews 6G mobile technology, including its vision, requirements, enabling technologies, and challenges. Meanwhile, a total of 11 communication technologies, including terahertz (THz) communication, visible light communication (VLC), multiple access, coding, cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) zero-energy interface, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), and infusion of AI/machine learning (ML) in wireless transmission techniques, are presented. Moreover, this paper compares 5G and 6G in terms of services, key technologies, and enabling communications techniques. Finally, it discusses the crucial future directions and technology developments in 6G.

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Bojkovic, Zoran, Dragorad Milovanovic, Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, and Mussawir Ahmad Hosany. "What 5G has been and what should 5G+ be?" Athens Journal of Τechnology & Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajte.8-1-2.

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In this work we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the most inspiring aspects of 5G mobile networks. In addition, we present the latest findings on the promising 6G technology towards a world of fully digital connectivity. The key determinants are extreme system performance and combinations of requirements for new use cases. We study new performance targets beyond 5G in two stages: 5G+ evolution and new 6G step. Relevant technologies considered too immature for 5G or outside the defined scope are outlined. To justify our vision of future mobile networks, we point out the need for closer collaborations of academia, standardizing bodies, industrial organizations and governments. The contribution strategy is gradual evolution and performance enhancement of mobile communications. Finally, we identify challenges and directions on network technology roadmap toward 6G. Keywords: wireless communication, mobile broadband, low-latency communi-cation, 5G network, 3GPP, 6G vision

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Guan, Ke, Haofan Yi, Danping He, Bo Ai, and Zhangdui Zhong. "Towards 6G: Paradigm of realistic terahertz channel modeling." China Communications 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.2021.05.001.

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Sergiou, Charalampos, Marios Lestas, Pavlos Antoniou, Christos Liaskos, and Andreas Pitsillides. "Complex Systems: A Communication Networks Perspective Towards 6G." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 89007–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2993527.

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Johnson-Groh, Mara. "Ultrathin LED technology helps advance 6G." Scilight 2022, no. 18 (May 6, 2022): 181107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0010496.

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Rui Qiao, Rui Qiao, Hai Yun Fan Hai Yun Fan, Cui Bing Bai Cui Bing Bai, Ling Dai Ling Dai, Lin Zhang Lin Zhang, Jie Zhang Jie Zhang, and Shui Sheng Chen and Hui Miao Shui Sheng Chen and Hui Miao. "Using Heterocycle to Improve the Selectivity of Rhodamine-6G Dye: Synthesis of Pyrrole-Modified Rhodamine-6G and its Recognition to Zn2+." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 2 (2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000732/jcsp/41.02.2019.

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The fluorescent sensor XQN for Zn2+ based on rhodamine-6G have been designed and synthesized. XQN showed fluorescent specific selectivity and high sensitivity for Zn2+ against other metal ions such as Fe3+, Cr3+, Hg2+, Ag+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mg2+ in CH3CN-PBS(phosphate buffer saline) (10 mM, v/v=7:3, pH = 7.4) solution. The distinct color change and the rapid emergence of fluorescence emission provided naked-eyes detection for Zn2+. The test strip results showed that these sensors could act as a convenient and efficient Zn2+ test kit. The recognition mechanism of the sensor toward Zn2+ was evaluated by IR and the Job’s plots. The detection limits of XQN towards Zn2+ was calculated as 2.39 and#181;M. In addition, XQN-Zn2+ fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence quantum yield were also measured.

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Khuntia, Mitrabinda, Satya Ranjan Das, Koushik Sinha, and Bhabani P. Sinha. "State-of-the-Art Strategies and Research Challenges in Wireless Communication for Building Smart Systems." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, no. 03 (June 30, 2022): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14304.

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The upcoming 6G communication network will revolutionize the scenario of customer services and related applications by building smart, autonomous systems. We first discuss here about 6G enabled smart applications like healthcare, smart city building, industrial IoTs, etc. We next provide a brief survey of the enabling technologies for achieving the required goals of 6G, such as terahertz communication, cell-free communication, holographic communication using beamforming, wireless power transfer, ultra-low latency communication, etc., with a view to tackle very large amounts of data traffic from several billions of smart interconnected devices while supporting ultra-low end-to-end communication latency. Finally, we present various research challenges involved in 6G communication towards building such smart systems.

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Salameh, Ahmed I., and Mohamed El Tarhuni. "From 5G to 6G—Challenges, Technologies, and Applications." Future Internet 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14040117.

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As the deployment of 5G mobile radio networks gains momentum across the globe, the wireless research community is already planning the successor of 5G. In this paper, we highlight the shortcomings of 5G in meeting the needs of more data-intensive, low-latency, and ultra-high-reliability applications. We then discuss the salient characteristics of the 6G network following a hierarchical approach including the social, economic, and technological aspects. We also discuss some of the key technologies expected to support the move towards 6G. Finally, we quantify and summarize the research work related to beyond 5G and 6G networks through an extensive search of publications and research groups and present a possible timeline for 6G activities.

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Pinchera, Daniele, Marco Donald Migliore, and Fulvio Schettino. "Optimizing Antenna Arrays for Spatial Multiplexing: Towards 6G Systems." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 53276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3070198.

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Moya Osorio, Diana Pamela, Ijaz Ahmad, Jose David Vega Sanchez, Andrei Gurtov, Johan Scholliers, Matti Kutila, and Pawani Porambage. "Towards 6G-Enabled Internet of Vehicles: Security and Privacy." IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 3 (2022): 82–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3143098.

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Sharma, Vishal. "Functional Security and Trust in Ultra-Connected 6G Ecosystem." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eetinis.v9i4.2846.

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Security and trust are the entangled role players in the future generation of wireless networks. Security in 5G networks is currently supported using several functions. Given the advantages of such a system, this article explores the functional security and trust for the 6G ecosystem with ultra-connectivity. Several associated challenges, application-specific domains, and consumer issues related to 6G security are discussed. The article highlights the network security-by-design and trust-by-design principles and performance expectations from the security protocols in supporting handover in an ultra-connected scenario. Finally, potential research directions are presented for a road towards the 6G ecosystem.

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Girão, A. V., P. C. Pinheiro, M. Ferro, and T. Trindade. "Tailoring gold and silver colloidal bimetallic nanoalloys towards SERS detection of rhodamine 6G." RSC Advances 7, no. 26 (2017): 15944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00685c.

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Ali, Sher, Muhammad Sohail, Syed Bilal Hussain Shah, Deepika Koundal, Muhammad Abul Hassan, Asrin Abdollahi, and Inam Ullah Khan. "New Trends and Advancement in Next Generation Mobile Wireless Communication (6G): A Survey." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (December 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9614520.

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As the commercial implementations of 5G networks have been initiated in different regions of the world, the focus of the researchers is bending towards the next generation of wireless communication. This research study intends to investigate the requisites of the fast establishment of the theoretical and practical measures for sixth generation (6G) wireless communication. To this end, this paper first outlined the existing research works that have considered different aspects of 6G, and then based on this existing works, the future vision is established. Then, the 6G vision is based on four types of connectivity and is summarized as “Wherever you think, everything follows your heart.” To fill the gap between the market requirements after one decade and the limited capabilities of 5G, different specifications of 6G that make it an appropriate replacement are discussed. Furthermore, different candidate technologies that can potentially realize the 6G communication are studied, followed by discussion on different challenges in the realization and possible research directions to cope with these challenges. By exploring the vision of future, its specification, and key candidate technologies, this paper attempts to summarize the general 6G framework. In addition, with mentioned challenges in realization of 6G, the aim of this paper is to guide the researcher and attract their interest to consider them.

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Riccardo Bassoli, Frank H.P. Fitzek, and Emilio Calvanese Strinati. "Why do we need 6G?" ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 2, no. 6 (September 13, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/iror5894.

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The study and design of 5G seems to have reached its end and 5G communication systems are currently under deployment. In parallel, 5G standardization is as Release 16, which is going to complete the definition and the design guidelines of the 5G radio access network. Because of that, the interest of the scientific and industrial communities has already started focusing on the future 6G communication networks. The preliminary definition of future technology trends towards 2030, given by major standardization bodies, and the flagship 6G projects worldwide have started proposing various visions about what 6G will be. Side by side, various scientific articles, addressing the initial characterisation of 6G, have also been published. However, considering the promises of 5G, can 6G represent a significant technological advancement to justify a so-called new generation? In fact, now, 5G softwarized networks may just imply continuous network software upgrades (as it happens for the Internet) instead of new generations every ten years. This article starts describing the main characteristics that made 5G a breakthrough in telecommunications, also briefly introducing the network virtualisation and computing paradigms that have reformed telecommunications. Next, by providing rigorous definition of the terminology and a survey of the principal 6G visions proposed, the paper tries to establish important motivations and characteristics that can really justify the need for and the novelty of future 6G communication networks.

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Chen, Zhi, Xinying Ma, Chong Han, and Qiye Wen. "Towards intelligent reflecting surface empowered 6G terahertz communications: A survey." China Communications 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.2021.05.007.

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Calvanese Strinati, Emilio, and Sergio Barbarossa. "6G networks: Beyond Shannon towards semantic and goal-oriented communications." Computer Networks 190 (May 2021): 107930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.107930.

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Wang, Kunye, Zheng Ma, Yao Zhao, Yunkai Deng, Yunhua Luo, Mang He, and Haitao Xu. "Design of Irregularly Distributed Antenna Array towards Smart 6G Networks." Electronics 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193150.

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The integration of sensing, computing, storage, and communications is one of the main research directions of current network development. To achieve the integration, an innovative design in the antenna array is essential. This paper presents a novel design of an irregularly distributed antenna array for smart 6G networks. Firstly, to solve the problem of fast amplitude and phase distribution of conformal arrays, the fast electromagnetic code of the multilevel fast multipole (MLFMA) based on volume surface integral equations (VSIE) is used to simulate the radiation characteristics of the irregularly distributed antenna arrays. Secondly, another stochastic global optimization algorithm, Simulated Annealing (SA), has been widely used to solve multiscale nonlinear problems. Finally, the performance of the proposed antenna array is given by simulation results and tests, to prove the effectiveness and correctness.

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Moubayed, Abdallah, Abdallah Shami, and Anwer Al-Dulaimi. "On End-to-End Intelligent Automation of 6G Networks." Future Internet 14, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14060165.

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The digital transformation of businesses and services is currently in full force, opening the world to a new set of unique challenges and opportunities. In this context, 6G promises to be the set of technologies, architectures, and paradigms that will promote the digital transformation and enable growth and sustainability by offering the means to interact and control the digital and virtual worlds that are decoupled from their physical location. One of the main challenges facing 6G networks is “end-to-end network automation”. This is because such networks have to deal with more complex infrastructure and a diverse set of heterogeneous services and fragmented use cases. Accordingly, this paper aims at envisioning the role of different enabling technologies towards end-to-end intelligent automated 6G networks. To this end, this paper first reviews the literature focusing on the orchestration and automation of next-generation networks by discussing in detail the challenges facing efficient and fully automated 6G networks. This includes automating both the operational and functional elements for 6G networks. Additionally, this paper defines some of the key technologies that will play a vital role in addressing the research gaps and tackling the aforementioned challenges. More specifically, it outlines how advanced data-driven paradigms such as reinforcement learning and federated learning can be incorporated into 6G networks for more dynamic, efficient, effective, and intelligent network automation and orchestration.

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Pal, Moumita, Susanta Bera, and Sunirmal Jana. "Sol–gel based simonkolleite nanopetals with SnO2 nanoparticles in graphite-like amorphous carbon as an efficient and reusable photocatalyst." RSC Advances 5, no. 92 (2015): 75062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12322d.

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Sol–gel based simonkolleite nanopetals/SnO₂ nanoparticles embedded in graphite-like amorphous carbon is described as a photocatalyst towards degradation of rhodamine 6G dye under UV illumination.

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Webb, William. "Designing a 6G System That Users Want." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.309702.

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This paper argues that the process adopted to design 5G was not fully successful, with few of the design goals being met, and with more limited deployment and lower consumer enthusiasm than previous generations. This was because of undue influence from manufacturers and politicians and insufficient input from mobile operators and users. Hence, it is appropriate to question whether a different approach should be adopted to deliver 6G. The question is timely; within a year or two the approach towards 6G and its key targets will become increasingly hard to change.

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Joseph Kirubaharan, C., Zhen Fang, Chong Sha, and Yang-Chun Yong. "Green synthesis of Ag and Pd nanoparticles for water pollutants treatment." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (October 14, 2020): 2344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.498.

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Abstract Silver (Ag) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were synthesized via a green synthesis route, which was mediated with the extract of Daucus carota leaves. The morphological, crystalline and structural nature of the synthesized nanoparticles was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and TEM, XRD and FT-IR analyses. High antibacterial activities of the prepared Ag and Pd nanoparticles were observed towards different water-borne pathogens of Klebsiella pneumonia, Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli. The catalytic efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles for the removal of rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) dye was also evaluated. Nearly 98% of the Rh-6G dye was decolorized by the synthesized Pd nanoparticles within 2 min, and the synthesized Ag nanoparticles took 30 min for 89.4% decolorization. This work provided greener nanocatalysts for pollutant treatment and demonstrated the power of green biosynthesis for metallic nanoparticles.

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Ikram, Muhammad, Kamel Sultan, Muhammad Faisal Lateef, and Abdulrahman S. M. Alqadami. "A Road towards 6G Communication—A Review of 5G Antennas, Arrays, and Wearable Devices." Electronics 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010169.

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Next-generation communication systems and wearable technologies aim to achieve high data rates, low energy consumption, and massive connections because of the extensive increase in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable devices. These devices will be employed for many services such as cellular, environment monitoring, telemedicine, biomedical, and smart traffic, etc. Therefore, it is challenging for the current communication devices to accommodate such a high number of services. This article summarizes the motivation and potential of the 6G communication system and discusses its key features. Afterward, the current state-of-the-art of 5G antenna technology, which includes existing 5G antennas and arrays and 5G wearable antennas, are summarized. The article also described the useful methods and techniques of exiting antenna design works that could mitigate the challenges and concerns of the emerging 5G and 6G applications. The key features and requirements of the wearable antennas for next-generation technology are also presented at the end of the paper.

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Liu, Guangyi, Jinkang Zhu, Yongming Huang, Jianhua Zhang, and Xiaoming Tao. "Guest editorial: 6G towards 2030: From key technology to network architecture." China Communications 19, no. 3 (March 2022): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.2022.9745421.

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Soldani, David. "On Australia’s Cyber and Critical Technology International Engagement Strategy Towards 6G." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n4.340.

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In response to the call by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for submissions on the development of Australia’s Cyber and Critical Technology International Engagement Strategy, this paper reviews the most critical technologies; related risks and opportunities; best practices, policies and security frameworks in other countries; relevant government, industry, civil society and academia cooperation initiatives; and proposes how Australia may became a leader in the global Cyberspace. To realise this vision, Australia should play a major role among selected international organizations; support the continuous evolution of critical technologies; adopt a proper technology security assurance scheme; and enforce a certification and accreditation process – against a predetermined set of appropriate security standards and policies – for security authorisation in Australia. This could be achieved with the formulation and implementation of an Australia’s defence-in-depth strategy, augmented by a Zero-Trust model, which enhances security for untrusted domains, and within trusted domains, and meets the baseline requirements of cyber security for the Internet of Things.

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Ji, Xinsheng, Jiangxing Wu, Liang Jin, Kaizhi Huang, Yajun Chen, Xiaoli Sun, Wei You, Shumin Huo, and Jing Yang. "Discussion on a new paradigm of endogenous security towards 6G networks." Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 23, no. 10 (October 2022): 1421–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2200060.

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Goud, Nerella S., Mahammad S. Ghouse, Jatoth Vishnu, Jakkula Pranay, Ravi Alvala, Venu Talla, Insaf A. Qureshi, and Mallika Alvala. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Heterocyclic Imines Linked Coumarin- Thiazole Hybrids as Anticancer Agents." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666190207140120.

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Background: Human Galectin-1, a protein of lectin family showing affinity towards β-galactosides has emerged as a critical regulator of tumor progression and metastasis, by modulating diverse biological events including homotypic cell aggregation, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune escape. Therefore, galectin-1 inhibitors might represent novel therapeutic agents for cancer. Methods: A new series of heterocyclic imines linked coumarin-thiazole hybrids (6a-6r) was synthesized and evaluated for its cytotoxic potential against a panel of six human cancer cell lines namely, lung (A549), prostate (DU-145), breast (MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231), colon (HCT-15 & HT-29) using MTT assay. Characteristic apoptotic assays like DAPI staining, cell cycle, annexin V and Mitochondrial membrane potential studies were performed for the most active compound. Furthermore, Gal-1 inhibition was confirmed by ELISA and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: Among all, compound 6g 3-(2-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene) hydrazineyl) thiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2- one exhibited promising growth inhibition against HCT-15 colorectal cancer cells with an IC50 value of 1.28 ± 0.14 µM. The characteristic apoptotic morphological features like chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation were clearly observed with compound 6g on HCT-15 cells using DAPI staining studies. Further, annexin V-FITC/PI assay confirmed effective early apoptosis induction by treatment with compound 6g. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced ROS generation were confirmed with JC-1 and DCFDA staining method, respectively by treatment with compound 6g, suggesting a possible mechanism for inducing apoptosis. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed that compound 6g blocked G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6g effectively reduced the levels of Gal-1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. The binding constant (Ka) of 6g with Gal-1 was calculated from the intercept value which was observed as 1.9 x 107 M-1 by Fluorescence spectroscopy. Molecular docking studies showed strong interactions of compound 6g with Gal-1 protein. Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate the anticancer potential and Gal-1 inhibition of heterocyclic imines linked coumarin-thiazole hybrids.

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Ismail, Leila, and Rajkumar Buyya. "Artificial Intelligence Applications and Self-Learning 6G Networks for Smart Cities Digital Ecosystems: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directions." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 5750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155750.

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The recent upsurge of smart cities’ applications and their building blocks in terms of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), federated and distributed learning, big data analytics, blockchain, and edge-cloud computing has urged the design of the upcoming 6G network generation, due to their stringent requirements in terms of the quality of services (QoS), availability, and dependability to satisfy a Service-Level-Agreement (SLA) for the end users. Industries and academia have started to design 6G networks and propose the use of AI in its protocols and operations. Published papers on the topic discuss either the requirements of applications via a top-down approach or the network requirements in terms of agility, performance, and energy saving using a down-top perspective. In contrast, this paper adopts a holistic outlook, considering the applications, the middleware, the underlying technologies, and the 6G network systems towards an intelligent and integrated computing, communication, coordination, and decision-making ecosystem. In particular, we discuss the temporal evolution of the wireless network generations’ development to capture the applications, middleware, and technological requirements that led to the development of the network generation systems from 1G to AI-enabled 6G and its employed self-learning models. We provide a taxonomy of the technology-enabled smart city applications’ systems and present insights into those systems for the realization of a trustworthy and efficient smart city ecosystem. We propose future research directions in 6G networks for smart city applications.

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Asghar, Muhammad Zeeshan, Shafique Ahmed Memon, and Jyri Hämäläinen. "Evolution of Wireless Communication to 6G: Potential Applications and Research Directions." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 6356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106356.

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The fifth-generation mobile network (5G), as the fundamental enabler of Industry 4.0, has facilitated digital transformation and smart manufacturing through AI and cloud computing (CC). However, B5G is viewed as a turning point that will fundamentally transform existing global trends in wireless communication practices as well as in the lives of masses. B5G foresees a world where physical–digital confluence takes place. This study intends to see the world beyond 5G with the transition to 6G assuming the lead as future wireless communication technology. However, despite several developments, the dream of an era without latency, unprecedented speed internet, and extraterrestrial communication has yet to become a reality. This article explores main impediments and challenges that the 5G–6G transition may face in achieving these greater ideals. This article furnishes the vision for 6G, facilitating technology infrastructures, challenges, and research leads towards the ultimate achievement of “technology for humanity” objective and better service to underprivileged people.

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Taghvaee, Hamidreza, Akshay Jain, Xavier Timoneda, Christos Liaskos, Sergi Abadal, Eduard Alarcón, and Albert Cabellos-Aparicio. "Radiation Pattern Prediction for Metasurfaces: A Neural Network-Based Approach." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082765.

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As the current standardization for the 5G networks nears completion, work towards understanding the potential technologies for the 6G wireless networks is already underway. One of these potential technologies for the 6G networks is reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. They offer unprecedented degrees of freedom towards engineering the wireless channel, i.e., the ability to modify the characteristics of the channel whenever and however required. Nevertheless, such properties demand that the response of the associated metasurface is well understood under all possible operational conditions. While an understanding of the radiation pattern characteristics can be obtained through either analytical models or full-wave simulations, they suffer from inaccuracy and extremely high computational complexity, respectively. Hence, in this paper, we propose a neural network-based approach that enables a fast and accurate characterization of the metasurface response. We analyze multiple scenarios and demonstrate the capabilities and utility of the proposed methodology. Concretely, we show that this method can learn and predict the parameters governing the reflected wave radiation pattern with an accuracy of a full-wave simulation (98.8–99.8%) and the time and computational complexity of an analytical model. The aforementioned result and methodology will be of specific importance for the design, fault tolerance, and maintenance of the thousands of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that will be deployed in the 6G network environment.

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Rathinam, Balamurugan, Vajjiravel Murugesan, and Bo-Tau Liu. "Fluorescent “OFF–ON” Sensors for the Detection of Sn2+ Ions Based on Amine-Functionalized Rhodamine 6G." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020069.

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These structurally isomeric rhodamine 6G-based amino derivatives are designed to detect Sn2+ ions. The receptors exhibit rapid fluorescent “turn-on” responses towards Sn2+. The absorption (530 nm) and fluorescent intensity (551 nm) of the receptors increase when increasing the concentration of Sn2+. The hydrazine derivative exhibits more rapid sensitivity towards Sn2+ than the ethylene diamine derivative, indicating that the presence of an alkyl chain in the diamine decreases the sensitivity of the receptors towards Sn2+. The presence of carbonyl groups and terminal amino groups strongly influences the sensitivity of the chemosensors toward Sn2+ by a spirolactam ring-opening mechanism. The receptors exhibit 1:1 complexation with Sn2+ as evidenced by Job plot, and the corresponding limit of detection was found to be 1.62 × 10−7 M. The fluorescence images of the receptors and their complexes reveal their potential applications for imaging of Sn2+ in real/online samples.

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Kovvali, Raja Sravan Kumar, and Gopikrishnan Sundaram. "CETS: Enabling Sustainable IoT with Cooperative Energy Transfer Schedule towards 6G Era." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 6584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176584.

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The large scale of the Internet of Things necessitates using long-lasting physical layer devices for data collection. Deploying large numbers of Wi-Fi-enabled devices is expensive, so the Internet of Everything (IoE) is equipped with multiple communication modules to collect data where Wi-Fi is unavailable. However, because of their extended communication capabilities, IoE devices face energy limitations. As a result, IoE devices must be provided with the necessary energy resources. This paper introduces a novel multi-hop cooperation communication mechanism for Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) in the Wireless Powered-Internet of Everything (WP-IoE). IoE devices are outfitted here with various communication devices such as RF, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. This research proposes a two-phase energy transmission schedule to address the energy requirements. For data collection, the first phase provides a distributed tree-based data communication plan. The proposed model’s second phase used the reverse data collection protocol to implement wireless energy transmission. By combining these two phases, an optimized WET framework was created without unmanned aerial vehicles or robots. The experimental findings show that the proposed method in this research increases the average lifetime of the network and has a more significant charge latency and average charge throughput than other models.

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Juwono, Filbert H., and Regina Reine. "Future OFDM-based Communication Systems Towards 6G and Beyond: Machine Learning Approaches." Green Intelligent Systems and Applications 1, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/gisa.v1i1.34.

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The vision towards 6G and beyond communication systems demands higher rate transmission, massive amount of data processing, and low latency communication. Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) has been adopted in the current 5G networks and has become one of the potential candidates for the future communication systems. Although OFDM offers many benefits including high spectrum efficiency and high robustness against the multipath fading channels, it has major challenges such as frequency offset and high Peak to Power Ratio (PAPR). In 5G communication network, there is a significant increase in the number of sensors and other low-power devices where users or devices may create large amount of connection and dynamic data processing. In order to deal with the increasingly complex communication network, Machine Learning (ML) has been increasingly utilised to create intelligent and more efficient communication network. This paper discusses challenges and the impacts of embedding ML in OFDM-based communication systems.

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Zhang, Shunliang, and Dali Zhu. "Towards artificial intelligence enabled 6G: State of the art, challenges, and opportunities." Computer Networks 183 (December 2020): 107556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107556.

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Vergütz, Andressa, Nelson G. Prates, Bruno Henrique Schwengber, Aldri Santos, and Michele Nogueira. "An Architecture for the Performance Management of Smart Healthcare Applications." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 5566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195566.

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The sixth-generation (6G) network intends to revolutionize the healthcare sector. It will offer smart healthcare (s-health) treatments and allow efficient patient remote monitoring, exposing the high potential of 6G communication technology in telesurgery, epidemic, and pandemic. Healthcare relies on 6G communication technology, diminishing barriers as time and space. S-health applications require strict network requirements, for instance, 99.999% of service reliability and 1 ms of end-to-end latency. However, it is a challenging task to manage network resources and applications towards such performance requirements. Hence, significant attention focuses on performance management as a way of searching for efficient approaches to adjust and tune network resources to application needs, assisting in achieving the required performance levels. In the literature, performance management employs techniques such as resource allocation, resource reservation, traffic shaping, and traffic scheduling. However, they are dedicated to specific problems such as resource allocation for a particular device, ignoring the heterogeneity of network devices, and communication technology. Thus, this article presents PRIMUS, a performance management architecture that aims to meet the requirements of low-latency and high-reliability in an adaptive way for s-health applications. As network slicing is central to realizing the potential of 5G–6G networks, PRIMUS manages traffic through network slicing technologies. Unlike existing proposals, it supports device and service heterogeneity based on the autonomous knowledge of s-health applications. Emulation results in Mininet-WiFi show the feasibility of meeting the s-health application requirements in virtualized environments.

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Gradoni, Gabriele, and Marco Di Renzo. "Smart Surface Radio Environments." Reviews of Electromagnetics 1 (November 7, 2022): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53792/roe/2022.1/21012.

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This Roadmap takes the reader on a journey through the research in electromagnetic wave propagation control via reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Metasurface modelling and design methods are reviewed along with physical realisation techniques. Several wireless applications are discussed, including beam-forming, focusing, imaging, localisation, and sensing, some rooted in novel architectures for future mobile communications networks towards 6G.

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Czímerová, A., and A. Ceklovský. "Resonance energy transfer between rhodamine dyes in saponite thin films: a step towards novel photofunctional nanohybrids." Clay Minerals 52, no. 2 (June 2017): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2017.052.2.06.

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AbstractResonance energy transfer (RET) in hybrid polymer/inorganic/organic layers in saponite films, prepared using the ‘layer-by-layer’ (LBL) method, was studied. This method allows the fabrication of a multicomposite molecular assembly based on electrostatic and/or other intermolecular interactions between the interacting species. The LBL films were designed by sequential deposition including positively charged polycations ( poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium), PDDA) and negatively charged saponite dispersions with donor molecules (rhodamine 6G) and saponite dispersions with acceptor molecules (rhodamine 3B). In this sequence, the layer of saponite donor molecules was placed on an adjacent layer of saponite acceptor molecules, while the layers were separated by inserting a PDDA polycationic layer. The adsorption process was studied using absorption spectroscopy. The linear deposition regime was completed when ten layers had been deposited. The process of REF was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. In this case the donor molecules – rhodamine 6G – play the role of lightharvesting antennae and transfer the energy to the next layer covered by energy acceptor, i.e. rhodamine 3B molecules. The insertion of polycation layers is rationalized by the adhesion of negatively charged underlying layers and the stabilization of multicomponent systems. The energy transfer efficiency was affected heavily by changing the distances between the adjacent layers.

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Sejan, Mohammad Abrar Shakil, Md Habibur Rahman, Beom-Sik Shin, Ji-Hye Oh, Young-Hwan You, and Hyoung-Kyu Song. "Machine Learning for Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Based Wireless Communication towards 6G: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 5405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145405.

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An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a programmable device that can be used to control electromagnetic waves propagation by changing the electric and magnetic properties of its surface. Therefore, IRS is considered a smart technology for the sixth generation (6G) of communication networks. In addition, machine learning (ML) techniques are now widely adopted in wireless communication as the computation power of devices has increased. As it is an emerging topic, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art on ML, especially on deep learning (DL)-based IRS-enhanced communication. We focus on their operating principles, channel estimation (CE), and the applications of machine learning to IRS-enhanced wireless networks. In addition, we systematically survey existing designs for IRS-enhanced wireless networks. Furthermore, we identify major issues and research opportunities associated with the integration of IRS and other emerging technologies for applications to next-generation wireless communication.

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Adeogun, Ramoni, Gilberto Berardinelli, Preben E. Mogensen, Ignacio Rodriguez, and Mohammad Razzaghpour. "Towards 6G in-X Subnetworks With Sub-Millisecond Communication Cycles and Extreme Reliability." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 110172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3001625.

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Mogyorósi, Ferenc, Péter Revisnyei, Azra Pašić, Zsófia Papp, István Törös, Pál Varga, and Alija Pašić. "Positioning in 5G and 6G Networks—A Survey." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134757.

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Determining the position of ourselves or our assets has always been important to humans. Technology has helped us, from sextants to outdoor global positioning systems, but real-time indoor positioning has been a challenge. Among the various solutions, network-based positioning became an option with the arrival of 5G mobile networks. The new radio technologies, minimized end-to-end latency, specialized control protocols, and booming computation capacities at the network edge offered the opportunity to leverage the overall capabilities of the 5G network for positioning—indoors and outdoors. This paper provides an overview of network-based positioning, from the basics to advanced, state-of-the-art machine-learning-supported solutions. One of the main contributions is the detailed comparison of machine learning techniques used for network-based positioning. Since new requirements are already in place for 6G networks, our paper makes a leap towards positioning with 6G networks. In order to also highlight the practical side of the topic, application examples from different domains are presented with a special focus on industrial and vehicular scenarios.

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Pattnaik, Sushant Kumar, Soumya Ranjan Samal, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya, Kaliprasanna Swain, Subhashree Choudhury, Jitendra Kumar Das, Albena Mihovska, and Vladimir Poulkov. "Future Wireless Communication Technology towards 6G IoT: An Application-Based Analysis of IoT in Real-Time Location Monitoring of Employees Inside Underground Mines by Using BLE." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 3438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093438.

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In recent years, the IoT has emerged as the most promising technology in the key evolution of industry 4.0/industry 5.0, smart home automation (SHA), smart cities, energy savings and many other areas of wireless communication. There is a massively growing number of static and mobile IoT devices with a diversified range of speed and bandwidth, along with a growing demand for high data rates, which makes the network denser and more complicated. In this context, the next-generation communication technology, i.e., sixth generation (6G), is trying to build up the base to meet the imperative need of future network deployment. This article adopts the vision for 6G IoT systems and proposes an IoT-based real-time location monitoring system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for underground communication applications. An application-based analysis of industrial positioning systems is also presented.

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Ouyang, Dahua, Pingzhi Shangguan, Xinyong Huangfu, Zenggang Linghu, Haiyang Zhuge, Haoliang Situ, Shangwu Sima, et al. "Deep Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Network Assisted by Intelligent Reflecting Surface." ICST Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications 7, no. 3 (January 11, 2023): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eetmca.v7i3.2750.

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The intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) symbiotic communication technology is expected to enhance the access performance, energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency of the communication network, and is regarded as an important candidate technology to support the evolution of the sixth-generation (6G) towards large-scale, high-capacity and sustainable development. However, the relevant research of this technology is still at the initial stage, and many key challenges have not been fully studied. Therefore, it is urgent to open up relevant research ideas and methods to promote its development and early implementation, so as to make it an effective 6G technology. In view of this, this paper intends to carry out the research on the theory and method of IRS assisted NOMA symbiotic transmission, starting from the analysis of the active and passive symbiotic mechanism of NOMA transmission protocol. Based on this, we further study the efficient symbiotic modulation transmission technology and multi-dimensional resource optimization allocation method. The research content of this paper is to explore the transmission theory and technology of high energy efficiency and high frequency spectrum efficiency for 6G, and break through the bottleneck problem of spectrum and energy consumption encountered by wireless communication, which has important practical significance for the wireless communication.

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Tarik Taleb, Chafika Benza�d, Miguel Bordallo Lopez, Konstantin Mikhaylov, Sasu Tarkoma, Panos Kostakos, Nurul Huda Mahmood, et al. "6G System architecture: A service of services vision." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 3, no. 3 (December 8, 2022): 710–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/dgko1067.

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The architectures of mobile networks have seen an unprecedented techno-economic transformation, fusing the telcommunications world within the cloud world, adding the spices of Software Engineering to the overall system design, and ultimately yielding the concept of Telco Cloud. This has brought significant benefits in terms of reducing expenditure and operational costs, flexibility in deployment, and a faster time to market. The key enablers are network function virtualization, software-defined networking, and edge/cloud computing. Artificial intelligence is also kicking in this arena. When all these technologies are well integrated, the creation and life-cycle management of fully programmable, flexible, service-tailored, and automated end-to-end network slices/services become possible. This will support diverse 5G and beyond 5G services, spanning from tactile IoT to pervasive robotics and immersive services. This paper introduces an unprecedented and disruptive vision for 6G that shifts the perception of future mobile networks from the old-fashioned concept of "network of networks" towards a new vision of "service of services." The paper then introduces the functional model of the envisioned system architecture, along with its components. It then provides a high-level description of the logical architecture.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Towards 6G'

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