Academic literature on the topic 'Tournaments, 1959'

During the last two decades the interests of scholars of early drama and of urban historians have found common ground in the study of urban celebration and ceremonial. For the student of early drama the beginnings of this interest coincided with a redefinition of the area and nature of the study of early drama, a shift in emphasis from the textual and literary problems of the few extant dramatic texts to the circumstances and conditions of their performance. Signalled in the mid-1950s by F.M. Salter's revealing study of the production of Chester's Whitsun plays, this movement gained impetus from Glynne Wickham's investigations of the development of English stagecraft between 1300 and 1660, the first volume of which appeared in 1959, which illustrated the interdependence of a range of ostensibly disparate activities, such as plays, royal entries and tournaments. Then, in the 1970s an iconoclastic challenge to traditional theories about the staging of mystery plays was mounted by Alan H. Nelson, drawing upon various local records, and from the resulting controversies was born a new initiative, the Records of Early English Drama, whose avowed purpose is ‘to find, transcribe, and publish external evidence of dramatic, ceremonial, and minstrel activity in Great Britain before 1642’. That series is still ongoing and already constitutes a major primary resource of regional documentary transcripts for all interested in early dramatic and quasidramatic activity, suggesting a hitherto unsuspected diversity and frequency of dramatic activity throughout England.

A class of modification is proposed for calculating a score for each Player/team in Unbalanced Incomplete paired Comparisons Sports Tournaments. Many papers dealing with Balanced Incomplete Paired Comparison Sports Tournaments with at most one comparison per pair have appeared since 1950. However, little has been written about unbalanced situations in which the player /the team (object) ( j ) plays unequal number of games against the player/the team( m ) in a tournament, and the results of all games can be summarized in a Win-Lose matrix Y = { Yjm } , where Yjm = 1,0,1/2, respectively, according to as the player or the team ( j ) wins, losses or draws against the player or the team (m ). Published papers by Ramanujacharyulu (1964), Cowden, D.J. (1975), and David, H. A.(1988) have concentrated on the problem of converting the results of unbalanced incomplete paired comparison tournaments into rank with little consideration of the main relative ability on each player or team. We suggest (modification) another way of quantifying the outcomes of the games/tournaments, in particular, ratings on a scales, 0 to 5, 1 to 10 .ect. It is important to consider not only the vector Vj(d) or the vectors Sj, in scoring and ranking the k teams in such tournaments, but also the vector Zj, where Zj = Sj + SjRj, to take into account the ratio of the relative ability of each team ( Rj ). The proposed modification helps to introduce these methods for use in comparisons/games (tournaments), where the player/team are quantified on a special scale. e.g. 0-5, 1-10, ..etc. We conclude the following:- The scores stabilized to three decimal places at iteration 2 in Cowden’s method Vj(d) .see table(1.4). The scores stabilized to three decimal places at iteration 2 in David’s method Sj , and it’s modification Zj. The proposed modification (Zj) has the advantage of removing ties from David’s method (Sj), and hence it is the best method.

Purpose: an analysis of the competitive activity of men's club handball teams in the final tournament of the European Champions and Champions League Cup gives you the opportunity to determine the rating of the teams on the continent and the development tendencies of the game. Material: the best men's handball clubs from 52 national federations in Europe which competed in the qualifying tournament and the group stages of the draw and were the winners and prize winners of the European Champions and Champions League Cup of 1956/1957-2017/2018. A systematic review of the available qualitative literature was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews. The “Web of Science”, “Physical Education Index (ProQuest)”, “Google Scholar” and “Scientific Periodicals Ukraine” databases were used in order to ensure, from an early stage, the scientific quality of the revised studies. The research was conducted based on ‘any field’ (e.g. title, abstract, text) and no restrictions were made regarding the language of publication. The terms used in the research were “teams scoring performance”, “elite handball”, “game location”, “players exclusions”, “home advantage”, “quality”, “opposition”, and “indicators”. The quality of the articles was assessed by a set of criteria developed by members of the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and other specialists. The initial search found 132 journal articles; for a final list of 52 publications. Results: The article covers the organizational aspects of the competitive activity of men's handball clubs in Europe at the European Champions and Champions League tournaments from 1956 to 2018. The given analysis of the highest achievements of the leading handball clubs which are not only winners and prize winners, but also the countries that they represented. The winners and prize winners are marked both between teams of different countries and teams of one country. Conclusions: Achievements and rankings of the leading handball clubs in the international arena are the main components of preparing them for official competitions: new approaches to planning the preparation of players and teams for higher sports achievements and maximum realization of individual opportunities; the integration of the individual readiness of highly skilled handball players into leading handball clubs; to the important aspects of the new rules of the game, which are developed in the theory and implemented in practice; the main tendencies in the international and European handball that systematically develop and apply to a core of players as well as the next reserve.

Purpose: an analysis of the competitive activity of men's club handball teams in the final tournament of the European Champions and Champions League Cup gives you the opportunity to determine the rating of the teams on the continent and the development tendencies of the game. Material: the best men's handball clubs from 52 national federations in Europe which competed in the qualifying tournament and the group stages of the draw and were the winners and prize winners of the European Champions and Champions League Cup of 1956/1957-2017/2018. A systematic review of the available qualitative literature was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews. The “Web of Science”, “Physical Education Index (ProQuest)”, “Google Scholar” and “Scientific Periodicals Ukraine” databases were used in order to ensure, from an early stage, the scientific quality of the revised studies. The research was conducted based on ‘any field’ (e.g. title, abstract, text) and no restrictions were made regarding the language of publication. The terms used in the research were “teams scoring performance”, “elite handball”, “game location”, “players exclusions”, “home advantage”, “quality”, “opposition”, and “indicators”. The quality of the articles was assessed by a set of criteria developed by members of the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and other specialists. The initial search found 132 journal articles; for a final list of 52 publications. Results: The article covers the organizational aspects of the competitive activity of men's handball clubs in Europe at the European Champions and Champions League tournaments from 1956 to 2018. The given analysis of the highest achievements of the leading handball clubs which are not only winners and prize winners, but also the countries that they represented. The winners and prize winners are marked both between teams of different countries and teams of one country. Conclusions: Achievements and rankings of the leading handball clubs in the international arena are the main components of preparing them for official competitions: new approaches to planning the preparation of players and teams for higher sports achievements and maximum realization of individual opportunities; the integration of the individual readiness of highly skilled handball players into leading handball clubs; to the important aspects of the new rules of the game, which are developed in the theory and implemented in practice; the main tendencies in the international and European handball that systematically develop and apply to a core of players as well as the next reserve.

Słowa kluczowe: edukacja, zapasy, współpraca, region, Obwód Kaliningradzki. Streszczenie Wkrótce po zakończeniu działań wojennych (1945) utworzono w Okręgu Mazurskim pierwsze placówki oświatowe i rozpoczął się proces edukacyjno-wychowawczy. Po przekształceniu okręgu w województwo olsztyńskie przybył na Warmię ppor. Zenon Rydziński i jako oficer-zapaśnik propagował na modnych wówczas festynach i zawodach pokazowych walory uprawianej niegdyś dyscypliny sportowej. Po utworzeniu w Olsztynie Okręgowego Związku Zapaśniczego szkolenie prowadzono także w powstających spontanicznie klubach i sekcjach Ludowych Zespołów Sportowych. Wspomniane stowarzyszenia szczególnie cenną rolę odgrywały w środowiskach wiejskich. Po zgłębieniu podstaw nawiązano współpracę z Obwodem Kaliningradzkim. Wzajemna wymiana doświadczeń skutkowała wzrostem poziomu wyszkolenia sportowego, budowaniu zrębów przyjaźni między obu społecznościami, a wyjazdy zagraniczne stwarzały możliwość bliższego poznania regionów i kultury mieszkającej tam ludności. Ekipy wyjeżdżające za granicę tworzono z najlepszych zawodników, a powołanie w skład drużyny było dla zapaśników jednocześnie wyróżnieniem i nagrodą. W wymianie sportowej uczestniczyła także młodzież uprawiająca sport w szkolnych sekcjach. W treningach brali udział również młodzi Romowie i Ukraińcy i był to wzorcowy przykład integracji społecznej. Wzrastający poziom wyszkolenia skutkował uczestnictwem w turniejach ogólnopolskich, mistrzostwach Polski, a w roku 1978 rozegrano nawet mecz z przebywającą w Polsce drużyną stanu Colorado (USA). Bibliografia Archiwum Akt – Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie, Państwowy Urząd Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego. 78, s. 22, Stan urządzeń. [Device status] 78, s. 22. Archiwum Państwowe, 1951 – Archiwum Państwowe w Olsztynie, Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1141, Protokół z posiedzenia egzekutywy KW PZPR z maja 1951 roku, k. 141. [Minutes of the executive meeting of the KW PZPR in May 1951], k. 141. Archiwum Państwowe – Archiwum Państwowe w Olsztynie, Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1141/2093, k. 80. X lat współpracy Olsztyna z Kaliningradem. [10 years of cooperation between Olsztyn and Kaliningrad], k. 80. [Poland]. Archiwum Państwowe, 1972-1973 – Archiwum Państwowe w Olsztynie, Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1141/2101, Sprawozdanie z międzywojewódzkiej współpracy partyjnej z krajami socjalistycznymi w latach 1972–1973, k. 14. [Report on interregional party cooperation with socialist countries in 1972–1973], k. 14. [Poland]. Archiwum Państwowe, 1960 – Archiwum Państwowe w Olsztynie, Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1141/2087, k. 10. Plan sportowych kontaktów przygranicznych Olsztyn – Kaliningrad na rok 1960. [The plan of sports contacts on the Olsztyn - Kaliningrad border for 1960], k. 10. [Poland]. Archiwum Państwowe, 1963 – Archiwum Państwowe w Olsztynie, Komitet Wojewódzki Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. 1141/2090, k. 1. Terminarz delegacji Olsztyn – Kaliningrad 1963. [Timetable of the Olsztyn - Kaliningrad delegation 1963], k. 1. [Poland]. Borejsza, 1964 – Czesław Borejsza. Władysław Pytlasiński i jego trening zapaśniczy. Warszawa 1964. 64 s. [Władysław Pytlasiński and his wrestling training]. Warszawa 1964. 64 s. [Poland]. Chełmecki, Głaz, Lipski, 2012 – Chełmecki Jerzy, Głaz Andrzej, Lipski Jerzy. Historia Polskich zapasów 1922 – 2012. Warszawa 2012. 345 s. [History of Polish stocks 1922 – 2012]. Warszawa 2012. 345 s. [Poland]. Dmowski, 1981 – Dmowski Zygmunt. I ty zostaniesz olimpijczykiem. Warszawa 1981. 80 s. [And you will become an Olympian]. Warszawa 1981. 80 s. [Poland]. Dmowski, Skubis, 1976 – Dmowski Zygmunt, Skubis Jacek. Zapasy judo. Warszawa 1976. 133 s. [Judo wrestling]. Warszawa 1976. 133 s. [Poland]. Tracewski, 1979 – Tracewski Janusz. Zapasy dla ciebie. Warszawa 1979. 18 s. [Stocks for you]. Warszawa 1979. 18 s. [Poland]. Filipkowski, 1979 – Filipkowski Tadeusz. Węzłowe problemy oświaty województwa olsztyńskiego po1945r. [Key problems of education in the Olsztyn voivodeship after 1945]. W: Zeszyt Pedagogiczny. 50 lat szkolnictwa polskiego na Warmii i Mazurach. Olsztyn 1979. S. 97– 128. [Poland]. Gąsiorowski, 2005 – Gąsiorowski Andrzej. Podróże historyczne i krajoznawcze na pograniczu pruskim 1466 – 1939. Olsztyn 2005. 379 s. [Historical and sightseeing trips in the Prussian borderland 1466 – 1939]. Olsztyn 2005. 379 s.[Poland]. Godlewski, 1987 – Godlewski Piotr. Mini-zapasy. [Mini-stocks]. W: Wychowanie Fizyczne i Higiena Szkolna 1987, Nr 8. Warszawa 1987. S. 5 – 12. Godlewski, 1987 – Godlewski Piotr. Rozwój organizacyjny sportu zapaśniczego w pierwszych latach Polski Ludowej. [Organizational development of wrestling sport in the first years of People's Poland]. W: Monografia AWF, Poznań, 1987, Nr 235. S. 233–242. Godlewski, 1987 – Godlewski Piotr. Aktualne problemy badań w zapasach, Warszawa 1987. 59 s. [Current research problems in stocks]. Warszawa 1987. 59 s. [Poland]. Godlewski, 1988 – Godlewski Piotr. Zarys dziejów polskiego zapaśnictwa profesjonalnego. Gorzów Wielkopolski 1988. 64 s. [An outline of the history of Polish professional wrestling]. Gorzów Wielkopolski 1988. 64 s. [Poland]. Gross, 2011 – Gross Radosław. Powszechna Organizacja „Służba Polsce” w województwie olsztyńskim w latach 1948 – 1955. Olsztyn 2011. 384 s. [The General Organization "Służba Polsce" in the Olsztyn voivodship in the years 1948 – 1955]. Olsztyn 2011. 384 s. [Poland]. Górniewicz, 2008 – Górniewicz Józef. Teoria wychowania. Olsztyn 2008. 187 s. [The theory of education]. Olsztyn 2008. 187 s. [Poland]. Jaroszewski, Połaniecka, 2019 – Jaroszewski Julian, Połaniecka Agnieszka. Sukcesy sportowe zapaśników z terenu województwa łódzkiego w latach 1945 – 1990. [Sports successes of wrestlers from the Łódź Province in 1945 – 1990]. W: Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 2019, t. 2, Nr 3. Częstochowa 2019. S. 71– 93. Księga Pamiątkowa – Księga Pamiątkowa Ludowego Klubu Sportowego „Agrokompleks” Kętrzyn. [Memorial Book of the People's Sports Club "Agrokompleks". Kętrzyn]. 52 s. [Poland]. Masztaler, Walichnowski, 1999 – Masztaler Jan, Walichnowski Feliks. Wokół stadionu Leśnego. [Around the Leśny Stadium.]. Olsztyn 1999, 38 s. [Poland]. Mistrzostwa w zapasach, 1971 – Mistrzostwa w zapasach. [Wrestling Championship]. W: Gazeta Olsztyńska 1971, Nr 33. S. 4. [Poland]. Nowocień, 2013 – Nowocień Jerzy. Studium o pedagogice kultury fizycznej. Warszawa 2013. 248 s. [A study on the pedagogy of physical culture]. Warszawa 2013. 248 s. [Poland]. Nowakowski, Grotkowski, 1955 – Nowakowski Witold, Grotkowski Józef. Zapasy klasyczne, Warszawa 1955. 90 s. [Classic stocks]. Warszawa 1955. 90 s. [Poland]. Nowe związki, 1965 – Nowe związki. [New relationships]. W: Głos Olsztyński 1965, Nr 209. S. 6. [Poland]. Piłkarze Warmii, 1956 – Piłkarze Warmii i Piszczewiko inaugurują przyjacielskie kontakty Olsztyna i Kaliningradu. [The players of Warmia and Piszczewiko inaugurate friendly contacts between Olsztyn and Kaliningrad]. W: Głos Olsztyńsk 1956, Nr 218. S. 5. [Poland]. Remis na olsztyńskim, 1956 – Remis na olsztyńskim ringu Kalioningrad – Olsztynianka 10:10. [Draw in the Olsztyn ring Kalioningrad - Olsztynianka 10:10]. W: Głos Olsztyński 1956, Nr 228. S. 4. [Poland]. Szypulski, 1991 – Szypulski Edward. Działalność sekcji zapaśniczych na terenie województwa olsztyńskiego w latach 1957 – 1990. Gorzów Wielkopolski 1991. S. 36. [Activity of wrestling sections in the Olsztyn voivodeship in 1957 – 1990]. Gorzów Wielkopolski 1991. S. 36. Tracewski, 2010 – Tracewski Janusz. Zapasy. W drodze do mistrzostwa, Warszawa 2010. 153 s. [Wrestling. On the way to the championship]. Warszawa 2010. 153 s. [Poland]. Tracewski, 2017 – Tracewski Janusz. Polska szkoła zapasów, Warszawa 2017. 128 s. [Polish school of wrestling]. Warszawa 2017. 128 s. [Poland]. Trzeba pokochać sport, 1975 – Trzeba pokochać sport. [You have to love sport ]. W: Wiadomości Sportowe 1975, Nr 48. S 4. [Poland]. Turniej piłkarski, 1965 – Turniej piłkarski w Braniewie. [Football tournament in Braniewo]. W: Głos Olsztyński 1965, Nr 159. S. 6. [Poland]. Turniej zapaśniczy, 1980 – Turniej zapaśniczy z udziałem reprezentacji Kaliningradu. [Wrestling tournament with the participation of the Kaliningrad national team]. W: Agrokompleks 1980, Nr 20-21. S. 8. [Poland]. Urniaż, 2000 – Urniaż Jerzy. Sport na Warmii i Mazurach w latach 1945 – 1975. Olsztyn 2000. 270 s. [Sport in Warmia and Mazury in the years 1945 – 1975]. Olsztyn 2000. 270 s. [Poland]. Urniaż, 2008 – Urniaż Jerzy. Współpraca sportowa w regionach warmińsko-mazurskim i kaliningradzkim w latach 1956 – 2006. Olsztyn 2008. 285 s. [Sports cooperation in the Warmian-Masurian and Kaliningrad regions in the years 1956 – 2006]. Olsztyn 2008. 285 s. [Poland]. Wójcik, Boraczyński, 2015 – Wójcik Zbigniew, Boraczyński Tomasz. Kultura fizyczna mniejszości polskiej w Prusach Wschodnich. [ Physical culture of the Polish minority in East Prussia]. W: Rozprawy Naukowe 2015, Nr 50. Wrocław 2015. S 16 – 23. [Poland]. Zapasy, 1972 – Zapasy. Olsztyniak B. Andryszczyk – mistrzem Polski. [Inventories. Olsztyniak B. Andryszczyk - the champion of Poland]. W: Głos Olsztyński 1972, Nr 50. S. 4. [Poland].

The formation of the competition system in professional golf began in the second half of the 19th century. First, tournaments were founded, which later began to be combined into tours. At the same time, the so-called majors remain the pinnacle of both the men's and women's golf calendar. Among men, in particular, there is the so-called Championship of the Professional Golf Association (PGA Championship), which is held exclusively for professional golfers. Accordingly, it has its own characteristic features, which were formed over a long historical period. The purpose of the study was to characterize the historical features of the formation of the Championship of the Professional Golf Association and its current state. Materials and methods: analysis and synthesis, historical method, systematic approach, theoretical interpretation and explanation. Results and conclusion. A key date in the history of the Championship of the Professional Golf Association is 1916, when the tournament was founded by the Professional Golf Association of America and it entered into the Championship of the Professional Golf Association Tour. The tournament is held annually and during the entire history only in 1917, 1918 and 1943, it did not take place due to the World Wars. During 1916-1958, the Championship of the Professional Golf Association was held in the format of match play (play in pairs for the elimination of one of the participants). Since 1958 until today, professional golfers play for the championship in the so-called “stroke play” format (a game for counting the number of strokes on each hole, the participant with the least number of strokes wins). The format of the playoff round, which is held on the condition that the participants in the final are equal in points, also changed during the development of the tournament. Thus, at first, the playoff took place on additional holes until one of the participants won, and today its format involves playing on three mandatory holes. In 1998, the Championship of the Professional Golf Association became a part of the Championship of the Professional Golf Association European Tour, another of golf's most prestigious tours. Today, the prize pool of the tournament is $15 million, which is the second largest award in the majors. At the same time, there have been no significant changes in the format of the Championship of the Professional Golf Association and its calendar in the last twenty years. For a long time, the tournament starts in May and is the second major among the Championship of the Professional Golf Association Tour calendar. At the same time, in 2020 and 2021, the tour experienced a decrease in total revenues as a result of measures caused by the COVID pandemic

This article is based on my personal reminiscences about the early days of computer chess tournaments, describing not only how different the technology was, but also that progress was steady and continues today in the broader field of Artificial Intelligence. The author was a participant in the 1st ACM computer chess championship (1970) and continued to compete well into the 1980s. Speaking for myself, I learned how to play chess in Junior High School (actually King Charles 1 Grammar School in Kidderminster, UK), but now only remember losing in a simultaneous game with C.H.O’D. Alexander (the UK Chess Champion) in 1950. In High School (Preston Grammar School) I played for the school’s chess team, who were undefeated in the 1954–55 school year. Naturally I played for the University of Nottingham (where I was studying Mathematics), and later for the Bedfordshire County team, before leaving to join Boeing, Seattle, in 1962. That said, I don’t think I was ever better than a Class A player. Basically, I have played chess all my life, and it has helped develop my problem-solving skills.

The aim of the paper is to present the discipline of football in the provinces of Stanisławów and Ternopil in the years 1920-1939. The area of Stanisławów and Ternopil provinces was mainly inhabited by the Poles, Ukrainians and Jews. In the years 1920-1939, the number of clubs and sports associations that ran football sections among Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian citizens grew. Initially, those clubs and sports associations belonged to Lviv Regional Football Association (OZPN). In mid 20s and in the 30s of the 20th century, football organizational structures were created: sub-region of Stanisławów, sub-region of Ternopil and Stanisławów OZPN. The football players of Rewera Stanisławów, Pogoń Stryj and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów became successful all over Poland. In the years 1934-1939, the footballers from the province of Stanisławów – as representatives of Stanisławów OZPN – took part in playoffs to get promoted to the national league. Junior football players of Rewera Stanisławów and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów took part in final tournaments of Polish junior championships in the years 1936-1939.

Wrestling became an interest in Poland only at the end of the 19th century. However, in the Olsztyn Province, among other reasons due to historical conditions, this was a much later development. The first propaganda fights took place only in 1950. Shortly afterwards, the national team of the Olsztyn voivodeship participated in the nationwide tournament ‘For the City Cup’. However, a professional section was only established seven years later. Then, Lt. Zenon Rydziński initiated the training process at RKS “Budowlani” Olsztyn. It resulted in subsequent numerous sports successes. In 1964, thanks to the efficiency of activists from the People’s Sports Teams, young people from the Giżycko province also wrestled. The most die-hard players then set up further sections in the cities they came from

After World War II, Germany was split into four occupation zones, from which two states arose in 1949: West Germany (officially called FRG) and East Germany (officially GDR). East Germany was under Soviet control until 1989. In both states, computer chess and chess computers followed interesting, but rather different paths. We give an overview of East German developments: on commercial chess computers, problem chess programs, the book of 1987, the Serfling tournaments, and correspondence chess pioneer Heinrich Burger. There exist important interrelations between topics. The starting point is a short description of the Cold War situation with its harsh economic consequences for the socialist states, including East Germany.

Abstract This chapter describes Althea Gibson’s experiences competing in tennis tournaments from 1951 to 1953, as well as her continued struggles with sexism and racism. These tournaments include the Caribbean Championship, the National Indoors at the Seventh Regiment Armory, and the Good Neighbor Tournament. The exclusivity of Miami Beach made Gibson’s entry in the Good Neighbor a landmark moment for her chroniclers in the African-American press. Being a Black woman on the White tennis circuit gave Gibson social capital but not money or independence. The chapter then turns to Gibson’s debut at Wimbledon, the oldest and most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. Other tournaments that Gibson participated in during this time include the Pennsylvania State Tennis Tournament at the famed Merion Cricket Club in Haverford and the Eastern Grass Court Championships. While Gibson’s status as the premier Black tennis player in the world earned her no latitude in academics at the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College (FAMC), her fame was still rewarded with special treatment elsewhere. Gibson experienced personal disappointment as she did not succeed in amateur tennis as quickly as she had hoped.

This chapter analyzes the press coverage of Mississippi State’s 1958-59 SEC championship season and the subsequent debate surrounding the team’s possible entry into the integrated NCAA tournament. From the team’s February 9, 1959, victory over basketball juggernaut The University of Kentucky until MSU president Ben Hilbun’s February 28, 1959, announcement that the Maroons would decline the invitation to the NCAA tournament, journalists and editors in the Magnolia State debated the merits of MSU entry into college basketball’s postseason. Despite the progressive efforts of Jackson State Times sports editor Jimmie McDowell, most journalists supported Mississippi’s white way of life and gave little credence to the athletic and, more importantly, the social justification for integration.

Principals and coaches from African American high schools in Kentucky began peppering the formerly all-white Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) with questions regarding membership. Young acted quickly, and in 1956 Lincoln Institute became one of the first KHSAL members to be accepted into the KHSAA. The KHSAA state tournament had its first African American participants in March 1957, and the KHSAL ceased operations. A dozen African American schools closed after their local school boards submitted plans for integration, and their former students strengthened the teams at some of the newly integrated schools. The Lincoln basketball team faced a rebuilding year in 1955–1956 after John Cunningham and members of the 1955 state championship team graduated. Young hired Walter Gilliard as athletic director, and he succeeded Herbert Garner as head basketball coach the following year.

This chapter discusses Gilliard's plan to build his 1957–1958 team around a group of talented sophomores that included Ben Spalding, Jewell Logan, and John Watkins. Gilliard's innovative coaching methods included having his guards wear cotton gloves in practice to improve their ball-handling skills, while his big men practiced in rubber galoshes to improve their jumping ability. The first game in Shelby County between whites and blacks occurred on November 22, 1957, when Bagdad defeated Lincoln, 47–40. Bagdad's Thurman became a popular source of information for his fellow coaches, most of whom had never played against black teams. In 1958 thirty-eight African American schools participated in twenty-nine of the sixty-four district tournaments and compiled a respectable 34–30 record while winning six district titles. Three district winners won their regional tournaments and became the first all-black teams to participate in the KHSAA “Sweet Sixteen.”

Abstract This chapter begins by describing how Althea Gibson played as much tennis as possible in the six weeks leading up to Forest Hills in 1956. She then participated in the O’Keefe Invitation Tennis Tournament in Toronto and the Pacific Southwest Tennis Championship in Los Angeles. Gibson’s status as an outsider was undeniable during her time in Los Angeles; she was the only Black player in the tournament. After Los Angeles, she played the Colorado State Championship in Denver. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s position as a Black celebrity and how World Tennis used a solo portrait of her for its November cover, her first for an American magazine. The World Tennis cover was a welcome change in mainstream media coverage of Gibson that fall. The chapter considers how the State Department found Gibson plenty suitable for its purposes in Australia. At the request of the Australian Lawn Tennis Association, Gibson played in the country’s four most important tournaments. However, Gibson drew heavy criticism in the Australian press and faced the issue of sexism.

The NCAA tournament had humble origins. Started in 1939 with eight invited teams it had grown and expanded over the years, replacing the National Invitational Tournament (NIT) as the leading college basketball tournament in the nation. There were many reasons for the growth, including the relationship between college basketball and television. NCAA executive director Walter Byers successfully managed the growth of the tournament. But there was heated debate among athletic directors and sports administrators, including Tom Scott and J.D. Morgan, about how much the tournament should grow.

Abstract The main aim of this chapter is to present an account of the work of Bose, Shrikhande, Parker and others which culminated in the 1960 proof that two mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) of order n exist whenever n ≠2 or 6. Since this has been established indirectly via Theorems 1.3.5 and 3.4.1, there is strictly no need for a further proof. However, a particularly elegant constructive one is readily available. This proof was published independently by Bose (1938) and Stevens (1939), but, remarkably, the construction is present in E.H. Moore’s long 1896 paper.

Abstract In a round robin tournament, every team plays every other team once. If there are 2n teams, and the n(2n -1) games are to be arranged into 2n -l rounds, with each team playing in one game in each round, we seek a resolvable (2n,2, 1) design. As we have already seen in sections 1.2 and 2.3, such league schedules can be obtained elegantly by the ‘circle method’ and, more generally, by the use of a difference system. For example, the Scottish Rugby Union used the design of Example 1.2.3 for its 1995 premier league, altering the home and away venues slightly (we shall discuss this further in section 8.2).

Abstract The radio crackled to life in Joe Campbell’s Marianas Diver Shop. “The water is clear, calm, everything looks O.K.” The dive was on! By 10:30 A.M., on Sunday, December 15, 1968, forty—seven divers, U.S. Navy professionals, U.S. Air Force sport divers, and civilian sport divers began the hour long boat trip along the northwestern shore of Guam to Twin Reefs. It was the site chosen for the first of many battles to open “the new Pacific war.” An island—wide “seastar tournament” was organized by the University of Guam’s Department of Marine Studies. Navy men submerged with two 90—cubic—foot tanks, the sport divers carried an array of equipment including hamburger tongs, forks, and special spears for picking up the venomous creatures.

This chapter discusses the 1958–1959 basketball season, when Lincoln Institute's chief rivals were no longer African American schools but local white schools in its KHSAA district. Gilliard was optimistic because of some new additions to the team, such as John Kavanaugh Cunningham, Clyde Mosby, and William Crayton from Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, where future Hall of Famer and Olympic champion Oscar Robertson had played. Crayton's past was something of a mystery, but he was a great player who had problems controlling his temper. Cunningham lived with his single mother and two sisters in a house without electricity or running water, but he was determined to become the first in his family to graduate from high school. Lincoln started the season slowly but finished strong, winning the Thirtieth District tournament for the first time but losing in the regional championship game to an all-white team that had never played against blacks before.