Journal articles: 'Tournaments, 1885'

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Gómez López, Manuel, Salvador Angosto Sánchez, Julia López-Triviño, and Antonio Antúnez. "Eficacia de los porteros de balonmano en los últimos mundiales absolutos masculino y femenino." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.17.13.

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The performance of goalkeepers can predict the final ranking of teams in tournaments. The purpose of the study was to examine the percentages of saves by goalkeepers from 15 national teams, according to the position in the field from which the shot was taken and according to the location of the shot in the goal, and to analyze the differences according to the goalkeeper's gender. A documentary study was carried out based on the data collected by the International Handball Federation of 227 games of 30 national teams that participated in the last absolute world championships of both men's (Germany-Denmark 2019) and women's (Germany 2017) handball. The results showed that the highest percentage of both men's and women's saves was obtained from shots taken from 9 meters and to the central and middle zone of the goal, and the lowest was obtained from throws in counterattack and to the lower and lateral zones of the goal. Finally, the women obtained the highest percentage of stops both before the throws from the different locations in the field and in the different areas of the goal.

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García-de-Alcaraz, Antonio, Elena Hernández-Hernández, Enrique Ortega, and José M. Palao. "Análisis del Nivel de Satisfacción y de las Preferencias de Juego en Categorías Iniciales en Voleibol y Voley Playa." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.18.25.

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Background: Many strategies are used to introduce athletes in sport. The aim of this study was to analyse the satisfaction level and game preferences of volleyball and beach volleyball players at initial categories, regarding: (a) the execution and performance of the game actions, and (b) carrying out training tasks according to their structure and number of players. Methods: A total of 752 questionnaires were analyzed from the players who participated in Spanish tournaments of volleyball (n=492) and beach volleyball (n=260) in 2015. The variables were the satisfaction level in the execution of game actions (serve, reception, set, attack, block and dig) and training tasks, measured in a scale of 0-10 points. The age categories were: U14, U16, U19, and U21. The Mann-Whitney’s U test (p<.05) was used to determine the differences between categories. Results: A preference for attack actions in the first stages of both volleyball and beach volleyball, especially in the male category was found. Similarly, a greater satisfaction level was observed in the competition-like training tasks. Conclusions: This information allows developing teaching proposals for initial stages in volleyball and beach volleyball, attending to the preferences of the athletes according to their age category.

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Escudero-Tena, Adrián, José A. Parraca, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, Diego Muñoz, Alejandro Sánchez-Pay, Javier García-Rubio, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Analysis of the finalists smashes in professional padel." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 19, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.19.117.

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The aim was to analyze the characteristics of the finalist smashes, through the validated OASP instrument, according to their effectiveness in professional padel and according to the gender of the players. For this, 806 finalist smashes of 42 men's and 29 women's matches corresponding to six World Padel Tour tournaments of the 2021 season were analyzed, carrying out a descriptive and inferential analysis. The results indicate that, although men paly more winning smashes than women (men: 60.52%; women: 39.48%), both men and women play more winning smashes than errors smashes (men (winners: 76.66%, errors 23.34%); women (winners: 63.20%, errors: 36.8%)), decreasing their effectiveness as they move away from the net (end zones, men and error: RTC=5.0, RTC=3.7; end zones, women and error: RTC=6.5, RTC= 4.1; zones near the net, men and winner: RTC= 2.1, RTC=2.3, zones near the net, women and winner: RTC=5.3, RTC=4.2). In addition, men and women finish smashes successfully when they are flat (and topspin for men) and parallel, while they tend to finish with errors when they are sliced and crossed. Thus, padel training should take into account the characteristics of the smashes that players develop according to their gender, in order to improve the needs of the competition during training.

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Ávila Moreno, Francisco Manuel. "Influence of the pivot player on the effectiveness of back players in team-handball." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 19, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.19.91.

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In handball there is a consensus among the experts on the importance of the pivot player in the team's tactical effectiveness, not only because of his direct participation in the actions to finish off the attack, but also because of his influence on the actions of the rest of the players. In addition, playing in this specific position, most of the actions are carried out without the ball and take place inside the defensive system. These reasons make his influence on the outcome very difficult to analyze. In order to assess it, the present study has been carried out by collecting, through the observational instrument known as Influence of the pivot in the final situation, data from a sample of 1815 offensive sequences given in the medal matches of five top-level masculine tournaments. Different descriptive and correlational statistical analyzes were applied, among which the use of Chaid's decision tree technique stands out. It is concluded that the presence of the pivot in direct relation with the ball holder when the sequences are finished increases the probability that the back players will shoot, as well as increasing their effectiveness. Consequently, the influence of the pivot proves to be decisive for the game outcome.

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Hash, Phillip M. "Tournaments of the Michigan State Band Association: 1877–1884." Journal of Historical Research in Music Education 40, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536600617706362.

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This study examined the history of band tournaments governed by the Michigan State Band Association (MSBA), beginning with the first competition in 1877 and ending with the disbandment of the Association and tournaments in 1884. The research focused specifically on the (a) organization, rules, and procedures of the tournaments; (b) details surrounding the individual competitions held throughout the state; and (c) influence of the tournaments on local culture, participating ensembles, and future band activities in Michigan. The first Michigan State Band Tournament met in Port Huron in June 1877. Festivities included parades, massed performances, and competitions for prizes consisting of silver cups, cash, and new instruments. To ensure equal opportunity among the ensembles, bands were divided into classifications based at first on size and instrumentation and then on ability. Officials added a solo cornet contest in 1878 and expanded this event to other instruments the following year. In 1879, bandmasters met at Lansing to organize the MSBA to standardize rules, select the location of the annual competition, and ensure fairness among participants. The Association and tournaments ended six years later, probably because of the failure of the competitions to generate a profit for the sponsors.

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Knobling, Clemens. "Das Turnierhaus am Münchner Hofgarten." Architectura 47, no. 1-2 (July 24, 2019): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2017-0002.

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AbstractThe tournament house at the Munich Hofgarten was once a place of glittering festivals and spectacles. There, tournaments on horseback, as well as elaborately staged theater performances and court balls took place. Despite its former importance, the building is more or less forgotten, possibly because it had to give way to the urban redevelopment of Munich in 1825. The great feature of the building was its construction, especially the roofing, which held additional places for spectators. The master builder, Marx Schinnagl, created a construction that spanned over 23.30 m, without any support and without tie beams. The tournament house with its roofing system, which was exceptional for the 17th century, was reconstructed in the course of recent research and rebuilt as a model.

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Apostol, Jane. "Life in the Open with Charles Frederick Holder." Southern California Quarterly 96, no. 2 (2014): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2014.96.2.206.

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Natural scientist Charles Frederick Holder settled in Pasadena in 1885. As a prolific author, lecturer, and editor, Holder was a key promoter of the region, sport fishing, and natural science. He wrote popular children’s books as well. He is also remembered as an influential figure in education and the arts and as a founder of the Tuna Club on Santa Catalina Island and the Valley Hunt Club in Pasadena and its Tournament of Roses.

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Almonacid, Bernardo, Jorge Martínez, Adrián Escudero-Tena, Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz, and Diego Muñoz. "INFLUENCE OF THE GOLDEN ON GAME PARAMETERS IN PROFESSIONAL PADEL. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDER, SET AND TOURNAMENT ROUNDS." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 19, no. 1 (February 16, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.19.13.

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Sánchez-Ureña, Braulio, José A. Ugalde-Ramírez, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, José Trejos-Montoya, Jose Pino-Ortega, Juan C. Gutiérrez-Vargas, and Daniel Rojas-Valverde. "Comparación de inmersión en agua fría vs. Recuperación pasiva sobre indicadores de fatiga muscular en jugadores jóvenes de balonmano durante un torneo congestionado." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 19, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.19.127.

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This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of CWI and passive recovery on indicators of fatigue in handball players after three consecutive days of competition. The study was applied to 41 handball players belonging to 8 handball clubs in Costa Rica (20 men and 21 women; 20.1 ± 4.08 years; weight, 68.03 ± 13.13 kg; VO2max= 42.40 ± 5.31 ml / kg / min). Four teams were selected and randomly assigned one of the two post-game treatments, one group received immersion and another passive rest, it was developed during a handball tournament of three consecutive days on a 20x40m field. Each team played one game per day with two periods of 30 min. No significant differences were found in tensiomyography, CMJ, DOMS, TQR and CK between the treatment group and the recovery group. It is concluded that CWI seems to be more effective than PR in variables such as DOMS and in Recovery Perception and the combination of different recovery methods should be analyzed in future research to better understand which the best strategies are to accelerate recovery of athletes during competitions

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José Fernández-Cortés, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, Javier García-Rubio, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Is crowd support important in professional football’s home advantage? A systematic review based on covid-19 effect<b></b>." E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science 20, no. 2 (May 31, 2024): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.20.169.

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The COVID-19 pandemic enabled a natural experiment examining how spectator absence impacted home advantage in football. This systematic review analysed research characterizing home advantage dynamics with no fans present across diverse leagues worldwide. The aim was assessing the profile, trends, methodologies, procedures, and developments in this emerging field. Searches in specialized databases identified 50 relevant studies following PRISMA guidelines. These works were systematically assessed to extract key details related to design, country, competition level, analytic approach, performance variables, and home advantage findings. Overall methodological quality was categorized as excellent. Most research occurred in top European men's leagues, with limited attention to other levels. Predictive (58%) and descriptive (36%) investigations predominated, chiefly utilizing regression and group comparisons. Points, goals, cards, and result were the primary metrics. Results demonstrated home advantage decreases without spectators in most leagues, conforming to social facilitation theories stipulating performance declines minus audience encouragement. Additional research is warranted across female competitions, youth categories, amateur settings, and knockout tournament stages. Maintaining methodological rigor while expanding domains will solidify understanding of this intricate phenomenon to guide teams performing both home and away.

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García, Miguel Saavedra, Óscar Gutiérrez Aguilar, C. Juan Vázquez Lazo, Paulo Sá Marques, and J. Juan Fernández Romero. "Home advantage in Home Nations, Five Nations and Six Nations rugby tournaments (1883-2011)." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 13, no. 1 (April 2013): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868631.

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Kubrikova, A. S., V. V. Safronov, A. A. Babaeva, E. L. Farafontova, and E. S. Shcheblyakov. "Legal tournament on patriotic and legal education of young people - as an organizational and legal instrument of legal education." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 1 (2023): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2023_1_35.

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Henderson, Mitchell J., Bryna C. R. Chrismas, Christopher J. Stevens, Aaron J. Coutts, and Lee Taylor. "Changes in Core Temperature During an Elite Female Rugby Sevens Tournament." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0375.

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Purpose: To characterize player core temperature (Tc) across a World Rugby Women’s Sevens Series tournament day (WRWSS) and determine the efficacy of commonly employed cold-water-immersion (CWI) protocols. Methods: Tc was measured in 12 elite female rugby sevens athletes across 3 games (G1–3) from day 1 of the Sydney WRWSS tournament. Symptoms of exertional heat illness, perceptual scales, CWI details, playing minutes, external-load data (measured by global positioning systems), and wet-bulb globe temperature (range 18.5°C–20.1°C) were also collected. Linear mixed models and magnitude-based inferences were used to assess differences in Tc between periods (G1–3 and warm-ups [WU]). Results: Average Tc was “very likely” lower (effect size; ±90% confidence limit −0.33; ±0.18) in G1 than in G2. Peak Tc was “very likely” (0.71; ±0.28) associated with increased playing time. CWI did not remove the accumulated Tc due to WU and match-play activity (∼1°C–2°C rise in Tc still present compared with Tc at WU onset for players ≥6-min match play). Conclusions: Elite WRWSS athletes experienced high Tc during WU (Tc peak 37.9–39.0°C) and matches (Tc peak 37.9–39.8°C), a magnitude known to reduce intermittent high-intensity physical performance (≥39°C). The CWI protocol resulted in players (≥6-min match play) with ∼1°C to 2°C raised Tc compared with Tc at WU onset.

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Hanna, Cortney, Andrew M. Johnson, and Daniel Belliveau. "Fostering Student Motivation through Competition: How Competing in Online Tournaments in Teams Affects the Performance Related Outcomes of Participants." Ubiquitous Learning: An International Journal 7, no. 3-4 (2015): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-9795/cgp/v07i3-4/40411.

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Manchado, Carmen, Basilio Pueo, Luis Javier Chirosa-Rios, and Juan Tortosa-Martínez. "Time–Motion Analysis by Playing Positions of Male Handball Players during the European Championship 2020." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062787.

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The aim of this study was to analyze time–motion characteristics of elite male handball players during the last European Championship 2020. A total of 414 players from 24 national teams were analyzed during 65 matches using a local positioning system (LPS) for the first time in a European Championship. Players (n = 1865) covered significantly (p < 0.001; ES = 0.48) more total distance in offense (1217.48 ± 699.33 m) and in all locomotion categories (p < 0.001) than in defense (900.96 ± 538.95 m), with a similar average total time on court (13.40 ± 8.19 min in offense and 13.27 ± 8.59 min; p > 0.05). The running pace was significantly higher in offense 96.53 ± 22.57 m/min than in defense 82.72 ± 43.28 m/min (p < 0.001; ES = 0.47). By playing positions, the Left Wing players covered significantly (p < 0.001) higher distances (2547.14 ± 1309.52) and showed longer playing time (32.08 ± 17.01). Center Back was the playing position that showed the highest global running pace (98.34 m/min). Players with higher running pace in offense (p < 0.001) were Left Backs (105.95 ± 25.20) and the Center Backs in defense (95.76 ± 48.90). There were no significant differences between winners and losers or between top ranked and lower ranked teams in terms of time played, distance covered, and running pace. Specific physical conditioning is necessary to maximize performance and minimize fatigue when performing in long tournaments.

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Gutiérrez-Santiago, Alfonso, Iván Prieto-Lage, Arturo Martín, and Carlos Ayán. "Sport Injuries in Elite Paralympic Judokas: Findings From the 2018 World Championship." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0149.

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Background: To provide information regarding injury incidence, injury pattern, and associated injury risk factors in elite Paralympic judokas. Methods: Participants in this observational research were elite judokas taking part in the IBSA 2018 World Judo Championship. The entire championship was videotaped, and all injuries were prospectively documented using an all-complaints definition. Results: The tournament featured 267 judokas, (B1 = 58; B2 = 105; B3 = 104). The injury proportion was estimated at 18.9 injuries/100 fighters (B1 = 13.8; B2 = 22.3; B3 = 18.5). A total of 745 athletic exposures were registered. The overall injury rate was 68.5 (95% CI, 52.5–89.2); 62.5 (95% CI, 32–122.3); 79.6 (95% CI, 53.8–17.8); and 61.2 (95% CI, 40–93.5) for the total sample, B1, B2, and B3 judokas, respectively. When only injuries resulting in medical attention were analyzed, the overall injury rate was calculated to be 22.8 (95% CI, 14.3–36.5), and the injury proportion was estimated at 6.3 injuries/100 fighters. No significant differences were found for sex, weight, and visual class regarding injury proportion and injury rates. Conclusion: Paralympic judokas show a high injury rate. However, when only injuries that needed medical attention were taken into account, the proportion of athletes injured was low. The degree of visual impairment was not considered as an injury risk factor.

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Khrystyna, Khimenes, Briskin Yuriy, Pityn Maryan, and Malanyuk Lyubomyr. "FORMATION OF COMPETITION SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN PROFESSIONAL TENNIS BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE "TENNIS OPEN ERA"." Sport Science and Human Health 1, no. 9 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2023.111.

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The aim of the study. To systematize factual data on the formation and development of the competition system components in professional tennis before the beginning of the "tennis open era". Material and methods. Facts from the history of the formation of systematicity in professional tennis competitions and the formation of key competitions in the period up to 1968 was the main material of the research. The results. The era of modern tennis begins in the second half of the 19th century. It was found that the game began to be commercialized already in 1894, and this process began with the sale of tennis training equipment and textbooks. The first competitions, which were open to everyone, including professional tennis players, were held in Great Britain (Wimbledon tournament, 1875), but they cannot be called professional, since in British society attention was focused on the development and popularization of amateur sports. Summarizing the facts made it possible to find out that tennis began to develop as a professional sport in the United States, where were favorable economic and geopolitical conditions for this. Here, in 1926, the promoter K. Pyle held exhibition tours exclusively for professional tennis players with whom he concluded contracts. It was found that in the late 20s – early 30s of the XX century, three professional tennis majors of those times were created – U.S. Professional Championship, Wembley Professional Championships and French Pro Championship. These competitions actually set the pace for the development of the direction. It is established that characteristic for that time was a constant change in the number of participants, the format of holding and the surface of the tournament courts. The key barrier (separation between amateur and professional tennis) was overcome in 1968. In addition, the experience gained in the past in organizing professional tennis tournaments gradually received a new level of adaptation in the “Open Era tennis”. However, the period until the 1980s remained difficult to determine a unified attitude of the leading tennis organizations in the world to the process of its further professionalization. Conclusions. Tennis as a type of professional sport began to form in the US at the end of the 19th century and immediately developed dynamically, at the same time separated from the amateur (until 1968). The main tournaments (majors) of that time were the U.S. Professional Championship, Wembley Professional Championships and French Pro Championship, However, others tournaments developed too and they were even a priority for many leading professional tennis players periodically. The competition system was not stable, competition formats often changed, but professional tennis gained popularity and increasingly became a source of income for the athletes themselves and entire organizations.

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Sotiropoulos, Konstantinos, Sotirios Drikos, Sophia D. Papadopoulou, and Karolina Barzouka. "Characterizing adaptations of serve indicators in top-level male volleyball among seasons." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, December 6, 2020, 174795412097892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120978920.

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The purpose of this study was to analyse selected serve characteristics in top-level male volleyball, with a special focus on detecting adaptations of the serve skill among seasons. The indicators examined were type, position, direction and quality of serve. The sample consisted of 5482 serves from three final phases of different top-level tournaments (Olympic Games 2012, N = 1942, World League 2017, N = 1883, World Championship 2018, N = 1657). The interrelationships between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests, log-linear modelling and multiple correspondence analysis. The results showed that the interaction of all serve indicators are statistically important, but the combination of the variables’ categories that were more responsible for association alternated across the seasons under study. A 3-way association term was revealed for season 2012 (type/position/direction) and 2018 (type/position/quality), while for season 2017 multiple 2-way interactions were found (type/position, type/direction, position/quality, direction/quality). The direction of the serve to the horizontal axis of the court was correlated to the quality of serve and consequently with the advantage of the serving team, while a more tactical perspective for serve skill is formed over periods in top level male volleyball.

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Hof zum Berge, Annika, Fabian Loch, Karl Schwarzenbrunner, Alexander Ferrauti, Tim Meyer, Mark Pfeiffer, and Michael Kellmann. "Assessment of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in German national ice hockey players preparing for the world championship." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00693-4.

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Abstract Objectives Objectives were to examine subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the German ice hockey junior national team prior to the world championship to identify athletes of concern and areas of optimization with the intention of equally preventing injury and enhancing performance. Methods Twenty-one athletes (Mage = 18.5 ± 0.6 years, Mheight = 181.7 ± 4.3 cm, Mweight = 81.4 ± 7.1 kg), playing for national (n = 13) and international (n = 8) home clubs, answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before training camp (T1, day 1) and prior to tournament (T2, day 11). Results Overall, 9 players at T1 and 7 at T2 were identified as bad sleepers (PSQI > 5), while high sleepiness (ESS > 10) was found for 6 athletes at each measurement time. Group means and standard deviations reduced descriptively for PSQI (T1 = 5.38 ± 2.31, T2 = 4.57 ± 2.36) and ESS (T1 = 9.24 ± 3.74, T2 = 8.48 ± 3.28). Tendential differences were visible for PSQI in international-based players (Z = −1.7, p = 0.09) and ESS in first-national-league players (Z = −1.73, p = 0.08) over time. Higher PSQI values for international-based players (6.25 ± 2.6) were found compared to first-national-league (5.83 ± 1.60) and lower-league players (4.00 ± 2.08), with large effect sizes for lower-league compared to international (d = 0.95) and national players (d = 0.98) at T1 and small effect sizes compared to first-league players (d = 0.24) at T2. Conclusion Findings emphasize great vulnerability and individuality and underline the importance of intraindividual sleep monitoring to meet the requirements needed to equally obtain health and enhance overall performance.

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Mićović, Branimir, Bojan Leontijević, Milivoj Dopsaj, Aleksandar Janković, Zoran Milanović, and Amador Garcia Ramos. "The Qatar 2022 World Cup warm-up: Football goal-scoring evolution in the last 14 FIFA World Cups (1966–2018)." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (January 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954876.

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The aim of this study was to elucidate pattern of attacking actions leading up to goal scoring during the 14 FIFA World Cups from 1966 to 2018. The study analysed 1881 goals scored during a total of 732 matches. We employed observational methodology design. Before goal analysis began, it was developed the observing protocol in which data related to selected variables, by system of notation, was entered after reviewing each individual goal scoring action. The analysis of all video material was carried out independently by four experienced examiners (three of them are Ph.D in sports science and one is Ph.D. candidate in sports science with at least 7 years of coaching and experience as analyst in football). The inter-and intra-observer reliability presented good level of agreement. The kappa values ranged from 0.82 (goal scoring through open play) to 1.00 (action leading up to goal), showing a very high agreement for all performance variables. Interclass correlation was very high (ICC = 0.966, 95% upper and lower confidence intervals were between 0.933 and 1.00). A statistically significant trend (p < 0.05) from 1966 to 2018 was identified towards a higher relative frequency of goals scored from set play and collective actions from open play. The Chi-square did not reveal significant differences in the frequency of goal scoring patterns and goal-scoring zones. The results also revealed that the majority of goals were scored between the 76th and 90th minutes of a match (22.7%), from open play (70.5%), inside the penalty area (54.7%), one touch finishing (62.5%), and collective attacks in open play (55.8%). These findings may provide a possible strategic direction for improving goal-scoring performance in football, as well as practical implementation in World Cup tournament preparation.

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Mićović, Branimir, Bojan Leontijević, Milivoj Dopsaj, Aleksandar Janković, Zoran Milanović, and Amador Garcia Ramos. "The Qatar 2022 World Cup warm-up: Football goal-scoring evolution in the last 14 FIFA World Cups (1966–2018)." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (January 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.954876.

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The aim of this study was to elucidate pattern of attacking actions leading up to goal scoring during the 14 FIFA World Cups from 1966 to 2018. The study analysed 1881 goals scored during a total of 732 matches. We employed observational methodology design. Before goal analysis began, it was developed the observing protocol in which data related to selected variables, by system of notation, was entered after reviewing each individual goal scoring action. The analysis of all video material was carried out independently by four experienced examiners (three of them are Ph.D in sports science and one is Ph.D. candidate in sports science with at least 7 years of coaching and experience as analyst in football). The inter-and intra-observer reliability presented good level of agreement. The kappa values ranged from 0.82 (goal scoring through open play) to 1.00 (action leading up to goal), showing a very high agreement for all performance variables. Interclass correlation was very high (ICC = 0.966, 95% upper and lower confidence intervals were between 0.933 and 1.00). A statistically significant trend (p < 0.05) from 1966 to 2018 was identified towards a higher relative frequency of goals scored from set play and collective actions from open play. The Chi-square did not reveal significant differences in the frequency of goal scoring patterns and goal-scoring zones. The results also revealed that the majority of goals were scored between the 76th and 90th minutes of a match (22.7%), from open play (70.5%), inside the penalty area (54.7%), one touch finishing (62.5%), and collective attacks in open play (55.8%). These findings may provide a possible strategic direction for improving goal-scoring performance in football, as well as practical implementation in World Cup tournament preparation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tournaments, 1885'

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