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1
Clarke, Jacqueline R. "Sustainable tourism : marketing of farm tourist accommodation." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261392.
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Kasahara, Hidekazu. "Activity Support Based on Human Location Data Analysis with Environmental Factors." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215678.
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Poria, Yaniv. "Clarifying heritage tourism : distinguishing heritage tourists from tourists in heritage places." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1001/.
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Observing visitors' behaviour in places presenting heritage and reviewing the tourism literature dealing with 'heritage tourism', led to this research that aimed to clarify the core of heritage tourism. In this research the common approach that tourists visiting heritage sites is called "heritage tourism", was challenged. The relationship between four groups of variables (1- the tourists' personal characteristics, 2- the tourists' awareness of the history of the site, 3- the tourists' perception of the site in relation to their own heritage and, 4 - the site attributes) and the tourists' visitation patterns (before the visit, during the visit, and after the visit) as the outcome variables was investigated. The actual study was conducted in Israel, due to its attributes as an area containing a variety of heritage sites in a relatively short distance, which relate to different tourists on different grounds, mainly looking at two sites: the Wailing Wall and Massada. The results indicate that the relationship between the tourists and the heritage site attributes is at the core of this social phenomenon. Specifically it was revealed that the tourists' perception of the site as part of their own heritage is associated with the tourists' visitations patterns at the site. The understanding of this relationship is useful for the study of heritage related behaviour including heritage tourism and has also potential contribution for the management of sites presenting historic and heritage artefacts. The approach used in this research could also be useful for challenging the existence of other sub-groups of tourism, and for the understanding of tourism as a general phenomenon. The study also suggests new approaches for the understanding of social behaviour in the context of heritage-related behaviour, which could be useful for other social research disciplines.
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Edensor, Tim. "Touring the Taj : tourist practices and narratives at the Taj Mahal and in Agra." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308989.
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Akrawi, Narin, and Michelle Ciechowicz. "Fotbollsturism : En studie om fotbollsturisters upplevelse och tillfredställelse." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30863.
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Denna studie utförs av två studenter för deras examensarbete i Turismvetenskap vid Södertörns högskola, Sverige. I studien undersöks huruvida de påvisade karaktäristiska dragen för en sportturist stämmer överens med verkligheten. I studien undersöks även vilka faktorer fotbollsturisten anser viktiga för uppnå en tillfredsställande upplevelse under en fotbollsresa. Ämnet är viktigt att belysa för främjandet av turismnäringen när det kommer till resor för sportsliga syften. Genom identifieringen av specifika element inom fenomenet ökar kunskapen och utvecklingen av sportturism. Metoden som användes för att undersöka problematiken kring fenomenet i denna studie utfördes av intervjuer med tjugo potentiella respondenter. Dessa respondenten utgörs av individer som reste till Lissabon, Portugal för att delta i kvartsfinalen i Champions League mellan SL Benfica och FC Bayern München den 13 april 2016. Intervjuerna tog plats i München, Tyskland och Lissabon, Portugal. Respondenterna gav värdefullt bidrag genom åsikter, känslor och erfarenheter från tidigare sportresor. Det material som samlades in av intervjuerna sammanfogades sedan med tidigare forskning och teorier inom forskningsområde för att på så sätt undersöka och identifiera fenomenet. Resultatet i studien visar att trots de karaktäristiska dragen för en sportturist som påvisats av bland annat teoretikerna Harrison-Hill & Chalip (2005) stämmer inte överens eller stämmer delvis med respondenterna i studien. Trots detta går det att uppnå en tillfredsställande upplevelse genom att de faktorer som sportturisten anser vara viktiga för att uppnå en tillfredställande upplevelse. Faktorer som identifierats som tillfredsställande gentemot respondenternas behov och begär i denna studie, utgörs av bland annat: bra väder, bra sittplatser, en bra match, att laget vinner, säkerhet, transport, bra sällskap, att allting går smidigt, en bra resa, bra priser, bra atmosfär, att det ska finnas öl, att vara på plats i tid, att stå på rätt sida av planen tillsammans med andra supportar, att det inte förekommer brister i kommunikationen samt bra boende/ hotell och restauranger. På så sätt uppnås positiva, tillfredsställande och minnesrika resor. De karaktäristiska dragen som påståtts identifiera en sportturist, stämde delvis överens med verkligheten. Verkligheten i studien baseras på respondenternas svar vid intervjutillfällena. De karaktäristiska dragen (baserade på teorierna i studien och de som uppkommit genom respondenternas svar under intervjuerna) av en sportturist och faktorerna för att uppnå en tillfredsställande upplevelse går hand i hand. En tillfredsställande upplevelse för sportturisten utgörs till stor del av de specifika faktorer som identifierats i studien som påverkar fotbollsmatchen som turisten reser dit för.This is a study made by two students for their bachelor theses in Tourism at Södertörn University, Sweden. The study investigates weather the theoretical characteristic features of a sport tourist is inconsistent with reality. The study also investigates factors that sport tourist consider important during a football trip to achieve a satisfying experience. By identifying specific element of the phenomenon increase knowledge and development of sport tourism. The method chosen for the study was qualitative interviews which where performed with twenty respondents, each respondent travel to Lisbon, Portugal to attend the quarter- finals of Champions League between SL Benfica and FC Bayer München, 13 April 2016. The interview material was interpreted and later merges with previous research and theories in order to investigate and identify the phenomenon. The result of the study showed that the theoretical and previous research that have been presented on characteristic features of a sport tourist do not or partly match the respondents in this study. This study also showed that factors that sport tourist consider important as e.g. good seats, security, transport, good company, good atmosphere, other supporters and supporting their favourite football team, are the factors that contribute and makes a satisfying, memorable and positive experience trip.
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Kim, Jae Hak, and n/a. "EXPLORING MOTIVATION AND TOURIST TYPOLOGY: THE CASE OF KOREAN GOLF TOURISTS TRAVELLING IN THE ASIA PACIFIC." University of Canberra. Business & Government, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081128.145648.
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Koreans are increasingly participating in overseas golf holidays in the Asia Pacific region and this trend is expected to continue. The popularity of golf holidays has been linked to the growing demands of special interest tourism and sport tourism where tourists seek to satisfy specific travel needs and wants to meet their travel motivations. Research into travel motivation using the concept of the push and pull framework is therefore a focus of study in tourism research.
To date, little or no research has examined travel motivation and tourist typology using the push and pull framework in the markets of special interest tourism, sport tourism, or golf tourism. This thesis fills the gap in the literature and contributes to knowledge of tourist motivation and typology. The aims of the research were therefore three-fold: to identify the push and pull factors of golf travel motivation, to classify heterogeneous golf tourists into homogeneous groups, and to profile the clusters with respect to socio-demographics, golf related behaviour and travel characteristics, destination attributes, and destination preferences. This was achieved by collecting empirical data on Korean golf tourists travelling in the Asia Pacific region.
The methodology comprised both qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews and quantitative research based on self-completed questionnaires. A principal component factor analysis was employed to identify five push based socio-psychological motivations and seven pull based destination attributes. A cluster analysis was then conducted to classify golfers into three different clusters, namely, Golf-intensive Golfers, Multi-motivated Golfers, and Companion Golfers. The golf clusters were then profiled based on the findings in respect to socio-demographics, golf related behaviour and travel characteristics, destination attributes,
and destination preferences. A cross tabulation with chi-square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses of this thesis.
Results revealed that golf tourists were not homogeneous in their push based socio-psychological travel motivations. Their profiles are theoretically and statistically feasible because the research tested hypotheses indicate that each cluster had both similarities and differences in socio-demographics, golf related behaviour and travel characteristics, destination attributes, and destination preferences. This suggests that marketing strategies should target both the different and similar aspects of golf travel behaviour.
The research is of benefit not only to academics and practitioners in the study of travel motivations and tourist typology in the field of special interest tourism, sport tourism, and, in particular, golf tourism, but also to tourism marketers and tour operators in the development, promotion and packaging of golf holiday products.
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Stone, Christopher J. "Tourism associations and tourism development, with special reference to rural tourism." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1994. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20408/.
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The thesis presents the results of a critical investigation of the work and role of 'tourism associations' (TAs) as part of the tourism development system at the local scale in England and Wales. Local tourism development groups existed for a century or more before recent notions of community involvement in visitor industry initiatives came to prominence as part of the debate about 'green' tourism, and the study represents the first in-depth investigation of these groups, aimed at offering some guidance for the community tourism organisations advocated by several tourism authors. Guided by systems analysis methodology, the study presents original data on the nature and role of TM and develops theoretical consideration of such groups. Based upon these contributions to understanding, a critical assessment of the potential contribution of TM towards the development of small-scale local visitor industries as part of the local economies in qualitative terms is made. A review of relevant literature establishes that government policy has sought to develop tourism as a component of local economies in urban and rural areas. The sparse literature on tourism associations generally ascribes them lower-order publicity roles rather than the developmental functions that they could perhaps more usefully fulfil. Visitors represent a major economic opportunity for local communities, and economic multiplier studies show that local economies could benefit from becoming more visitor-oriented. However, relatively few areas benefit from conventional tourism development initiatives, particularly in the countryside, and voluntary effort may be necessary for communities to capitalise upon the visitor market. A postal questionnaire survey of a large sample of tourism associations in England and Wales established that these groups exist as a response to a perception of need for such organisations. During the 1970s and '80s there was a surge in the formation rate of TM. They were found to vary in many respects but shared common characteristics, and were classified into four basic types. While most members were businesses, many had representatives from the public sector and other organisations in membership. They undertook a broad range of useful activities, and certain public sector bodies provide financial assistance for aspects of their work. Some operated mainly as trade associations, but there are grounds for regarding all as community tourism groups to some degree. Measures of sophistication based upon the survey data and analyses are proposed, but the level of sophistication appropriate for any individual group depends upon local circumstances. An interview-based case study of four TAs working in rural Herefordshire reflected and validated many of the questionnaire survey conclusions. Each group had different approaches and priorities, particularly regarding the relative balance struck between promotion and development of the south Herefordshire visitor industry. They worked alongside tourism-oriented public sector bodies to varying degrees, and some received financial assistance for certain activities. While quantification of the effects that the TAs had on the visitor industry proved impossible, interviewees' opinions indicated that the work of the groups was valuable and that, without them, the contribution of the visitor industry to the local economy would be reduced. Analysis of the data collection stages showed that the goals of tourism associations are essentially the same as those of the more formal elements of the tourism development system, with marketing as a key focus. The work of TM can produce positive economic benefits for local economies in urban, coastal and rural locations. Recommendations for best practice are made for the associations and their roles, and the public sector is urged to help establish and help support TM. Conclusions drawn are that tourism associations have a valuable developmental role to play alongside their publicity function, and that the broad-membership association type is probably more appropriate for visitor industry development in lesser-known areas than sectoral types.
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Fairley, Sheranne, and n/a. "Sport Fan Tourism: Understanding Those Who Travel To Follow Sport Teams." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070716.153940.
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Sport events and attractions which encourage both participants and spectators are seen as significant contributors to the tourism economy (Delpy, 1998; Glyptis, 1991; Standeven & DeKnop, 1999). Further, Gratton and Taylor (2000) note that sport related travel accounts for 7% of total expenditure on sport. To date, the main focus of event sport tourism research has been on the economic impact of large-scale sport events (Burgan & Mules, 1992; Crompton, 1995; Mules & Faulkner, 1996; Walo, Bull, & Breen, 1996). However, Higham (1999) posits that smaller scale events such as regular season games may be of greater benefit to the host community as these events are hosted within existing infrastructure and therefore limit the need for public expenditure. However, fans who travel to regular season competition are a market segment that has been largely ignored by both sport and tourism marketers. Sport marketers have focused on home game attendance, media viewership and product purchases, while tourism marketers have focused on leveraging the destination. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fans who travel organise a substantial proportion of their discretionary time and income around this activity. Recent research by Gibson, Willming and Holdnak (2002, 2003) has begun to understand the behaviours of sport fans who travel to home games. This study seeks to understand the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to attend away games. In particular the study asks: What motivates fans to travel to follow professional sport teams, what experiences fans have and seek during the travel, and what place does travelling to follow a sport team have in the overall consumption behaviour of sport fans. This study examined the motives and experiences of six fan groups travelling interstate to follow their Australian Football League (AFL) team in the 2001 season. As the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to follow sport teams have not previously been explored, exploratory analysis using an iterative process of constant comparison between data colleted from the research setting and the existent literature. Using this method the researcher was able to describe the social world under investigation without preconceived hypotheses. The researcher travelled interstate with each fan group, and collected data via participant observation and interviews with key informants. Data were coded using standard protocols for analysis of qualitative data (Spradley, 1980). The researcher read through the transcripts and field notes and coded all phrases and opinions from the manuscript. Data were analysed through the process of data reduction, selective sampling of the literature, and selected sampling of the data (Stern, 1980). From the initial codes, data reduction identified core variables and emergent themes. Through this grounded theory methodology, a conceptual model was developed which illustrates the motives and experiences of those who travel to follow professional sport teams. Three distinct types of groups were identified, each garnering a distinctive sport tourism experience. The groups identified were: supporter groups, long-term travel groups, and temporary travel groups. While travel to follow the team is the stated rationale for all three groups, the game experience for each is substantially different, four major themes emerged which distinguished the groups and the experiences that they had. These were: (1) group structure, (2) trip characteristics, (3) socialisation, and (4) game experience and reaction to game outcome. Each type of group was found to have a distinct group structure, communication pattern, but differed in terms of the objects to which they identified. Findings suggest that sport fans do not necessarily identify with the team or related object, but can identify with a smaller social group, which has a shared interest in the team. These elements of group structure and point of identification were found to have a reciprocal relationship with various travel elements that were utilised by each group including the mode of transport, temporal elements, choice of destination, and activities at the destination. In particular, the travel elements were chosen so that each group type could best express and experience that which is core to each group. Further analysis suggested that the experience of each of the groups was influenced by the continual development of the group both before and during the travel experience. For the supporter groups and long-term travel groups, rituals, symbols, and folklore played a key role in the experience. These elements of performance were used to continually shape and interpret the travel experience. One would expect that the game would have elevated importance, as it is the activity that legitimates each group. However, the on-field game did not have prime importance. Instead the different points of identification of each group were used as a basis through which the game was experienced. Key implications for sport and tourism marketing suggest that the sport tourism experience is more than an experience of place or an experience of watching the sport. Identification with a small social group is sufficient to generate travel to follow a team. By providing a setting which immerses participants in a particular identity for a prolonged period of time, the act of travelling itself can create a social climate that encourages participants to undertake the trip week after week, and form deep connection to the team. Implications for practice and future research directions are also discussed.
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Fairley, Sheranne. "Sport Fan Tourism: Understanding Those Who Travel To Follow Sport Teams." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366608.
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Sport events and attractions which encourage both participants and spectators are seen as significant contributors to the tourism economy (Delpy, 1998; Glyptis, 1991; Standeven & DeKnop, 1999). Further, Gratton and Taylor (2000) note that sport related travel accounts for 7% of total expenditure on sport. To date, the main focus of event sport tourism research has been on the economic impact of large-scale sport events (Burgan & Mules, 1992; Crompton, 1995; Mules & Faulkner, 1996; Walo, Bull, & Breen, 1996). However, Higham (1999) posits that smaller scale events such as regular season games may be of greater benefit to the host community as these events are hosted within existing infrastructure and therefore limit the need for public expenditure. However, fans who travel to regular season competition are a market segment that has been largely ignored by both sport and tourism marketers. Sport marketers have focused on home game attendance, media viewership and product purchases, while tourism marketers have focused on leveraging the destination. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fans who travel organise a substantial proportion of their discretionary time and income around this activity. Recent research by Gibson, Willming and Holdnak (2002, 2003) has begun to understand the behaviours of sport fans who travel to home games. This study seeks to understand the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to attend away games. In particular the study asks: What motivates fans to travel to follow professional sport teams, what experiences fans have and seek during the travel, and what place does travelling to follow a sport team have in the overall consumption behaviour of sport fans. This study examined the motives and experiences of six fan groups travelling interstate to follow their Australian Football League (AFL) team in the 2001 season. As the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to follow sport teams have not previously been explored, exploratory analysis using an iterative process of constant comparison between data colleted from the research setting and the existent literature. Using this method the researcher was able to describe the social world under investigation without preconceived hypotheses. The researcher travelled interstate with each fan group, and collected data via participant observation and interviews with key informants. Data were coded using standard protocols for analysis of qualitative data (Spradley, 1980). The researcher read through the transcripts and field notes and coded all phrases and opinions from the manuscript. Data were analysed through the process of data reduction, selective sampling of the literature, and selected sampling of the data (Stern, 1980). From the initial codes, data reduction identified core variables and emergent themes. Through this grounded theory methodology, a conceptual model was developed which illustrates the motives and experiences of those who travel to follow professional sport teams. Three distinct types of groups were identified, each garnering a distinctive sport tourism experience. The groups identified were: supporter groups, long-term travel groups, and temporary travel groups. While travel to follow the team is the stated rationale for all three groups, the game experience for each is substantially different, four major themes emerged which distinguished the groups and the experiences that they had. These were: (1) group structure, (2) trip characteristics, (3) socialisation, and (4) game experience and reaction to game outcome. Each type of group was found to have a distinct group structure, communication pattern, but differed in terms of the objects to which they identified. Findings suggest that sport fans do not necessarily identify with the team or related object, but can identify with a smaller social group, which has a shared interest in the team. These elements of group structure and point of identification were found to have a reciprocal relationship with various travel elements that were utilised by each group including the mode of transport, temporal elements, choice of destination, and activities at the destination. In particular, the travel elements were chosen so that each group type could best express and experience that which is core to each group. Further analysis suggested that the experience of each of the groups was influenced by the continual development of the group both before and during the travel experience. For the supporter groups and long-term travel groups, rituals, symbols, and folklore played a key role in the experience. These elements of performance were used to continually shape and interpret the travel experience. One would expect that the game would have elevated importance, as it is the activity that legitimates each group. However, the on-field game did not have prime importance. Instead the different points of identification of each group were used as a basis through which the game was experienced. Key implications for sport and tourism marketing suggest that the sport tourism experience is more than an experience of place or an experience of watching the sport. Identification with a small social group is sufficient to generate travel to follow a team. By providing a setting which immerses participants in a particular identity for a prolonged period of time, the act of travelling itself can create a social climate that encourages participants to undertake the trip week after week, and form deep connection to the team. Implications for practice and future research directions are also discussed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Zima, Kamil. "Event Tourism Economical and tourstic impacts on regional economy : A study of Polish regions preparations for UEFA EURO 2012." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-11803.
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The aim of the study was to examine what the economic and touristic impacts of the sports event - UEFA EURO 2012 - will have on Polish regions. The essay was limited to some specific regions in Poland. Those regions were Gniewino, Malbork, Kalisz, Legionowo, Pommerian Province, Cracow, Olsztyn and Zamosc. The Football Championships that will be held in 2012 are dependent of the big amount of football fans that will came and spend their money in Polish regions. Thanks to the increased consumption this creates demand for local services and products. The generator of spending is the tourism multiplier that is the main link to the touristic expenditure.The multiplier is a catalyst of the region that creates jobs, growing yield, promotion of the region and improvement of its infrastructure and leisure facilities. This is considered as an advantage from an economical and touristic point of view. The economical and tourstic benefits are different for every mentioned region in the study because of their location and link to the UEFA EURO 2012. This study shows only how the different eight regions prepare for the UEFA EURO 2012 and what they think that the negative and positive economical and touristic impacts will gain them. The study gives only a short brief of the football event of what can happen.
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Thornton, Paul Robert. "Tourist behaviour on holiday : a time-space approach." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294480.
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Swart, Kamilla Rhodes Dent. "A curriculum design for sport tourism studies in South Africa." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3064504.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 2001.Title from title page screen, viewed March 14, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Dent M. Rhodes (chair), Adel Al-Bataineh, Ken F.Jerrich, Douglas M. Turco. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-154) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Lanza, Alessandro. "Tourism specialisation and economic growth." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317918/.
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This thesis focuses on the relationship between tourism policy and economic growth. Primarily it evaluates the effects of specialising in tourism on the growth performance of small economies and in particular the effects of tourism specialisation based on natural resources. A secondary but related question is how do changes in the quality of natural resources affect the relationship between specialisation and growth? These questions are considered in the framework defined by recent literature on endogenous growth theory [EG]. Consider a two-sector economy, where growth is driven by the accumulation of sector-specific human capital. The two sectors differ in their associated rates of potential learning. If the low- (no-) learning sector is defined as Tourism and the other as Manufacturing, the condition for balanced growth, under complete specialisation (i.e., equal per capita growth rate in both countries), is the presence of homothetic preferences are those spelled out in Lucas (1988). This approach provides a rather promising outlook for economies characterised by a comparative advantage in the tourist sector - as long as the elasticity of substitution between tourism and other goods, produced under decreasing marginal costs, is low. However, this result is based on a characterisation of the demand side that ignores an important feature of the market for tourist services: the income elasticity of the tourist may be other than one. To take account of a non-unitary income elasticity, the EG conditions for balanced growth should be redefined under a non-(quasi) homothetic utility function. After presenting the model, two empirical analyses, using different techniques, are provided. If consumers allocate a constant share of their (increasing) income toward financing their holidays and two, different types of tourist goods exist - one based on natural resources and the other on activities unrelated to natural resources and supplied at decreasing marginal costs - then a reduction in the quality of a country's natural resources may weaken the capacity of the country's tourist sector to retain a non-decreasing share of the market. This idea is based on the hypothesis that the two tourist goods are vertically differentiated. Quality, however, depends on the rate of exploitation. Lowering the quality lessens the value of the luxury good attached to the resource-based good. This framework should allow for a description of the relationship between the rate of exploitation of natural resources and the conditions which allow economies specialising in tourism to reach a balanced growth path, in a market where more than one tourist good is offered.
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Kerr, W. R. "A study of the attitudes of tourism industry professionals towards the future of Scottish tourism." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20359.
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Davis, Pamela Benham. "Wilderness visitor management and Antarctic tourism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363864.
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Syriopoulos, Theodoros Constantinos. "Modelling tourism demand for Mediterranean destinations." Thesis, University of Kent, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256844.
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Palmer, Catherine A. "Heritage tourism and English national identity." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287623.
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Kennelly, Millicent. "Developing Sport Tourism: A Multiple Case Study of Interaction Between Australian National Sport Organisations and a Sport Tour Operator." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366210.
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This multiple case study revealed that national sport organisations can play a role in
facilitating and developing sport tourism by interacting with sport tour operators. It
investigated why and how four Australian national sport organisations (NSOs) interacted with
a sport tour operator (STO). The four NSOs featured in this research are Tennis Australia, the
Australian Rugby Union, Cricket Australia, and Football Federation Australia. These four
NSOs play a role in hosting major international sport events in Australia, and also send
Australian representative teams to major events hosted overseas. FanFirm, an Australian
based STO, sells tour packages to many of these events. The four NSOs often interact with
FanFirm in the provision of this service and in doing so play a role in encouraging sport event
tourism.
This research responds to a lack of research on the role, or potential role, of the NSO–
STO nexus in delivering tourists to major sport events. To inquire into the NSO–STO nexus,
this qualitative case study sought to ascertain the perspectives of four NSOs on the evolution,
logistics, benefits, and pitfalls of interacting with STOs. Underpinned by stakeholder theory,
the research asked why the NSOs initiated interactions with FanFirm, how they managed the
interactions, and why the interactions were maintained. A comparison of the four cases identified four major themes which encapsulate why
and how the NSOs and STOs interact. The factors motivating and facilitating collaboration
between the NSOs and FanFirm are multifaceted and the themes reflect this. Broad contextual
factors in the NSOs’ operating milieus, or “distal preconditions”, first led the NSOs to
recognise the benefits of sport event tourism. The decision to collaborate was further
influenced by “proximal preconditions”, or factors that directly facilitated or impeded the
NSO–STO interactions. NSO–STO collaborations commenced when the preconditions were
favourable. The collaborations were then managed through a process of “resource
interactions”, whereby both parties contributed to the development and sale of sport tour
packages. Finally, the sharing of resources produced “relational outcomes”; in particular,
interaction produced financial and intangible benefits for the NSOs. This led to the conclusion
that the NSOs maintained their relationships with STOs for instrumental reasons.
The findings of this research suggest that STOs are not the most salient of the many
stakeholders with whom NSOs interact in the delivery of major events. However, the NSO–
STO interaction was utilitarian for the NSOs: it provided each NSO with a means to increase
the commercial value of its tickets; it facilitated the provision of a tour service to loyal fans; it
ensured that Australian athletes were supported during international contests; and it
encouraged sport event tourism.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Yu, Vivian Teping. "Family decision-making in tourist behaviour : a case study of Taiwan." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275899.
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Osborne, Bruce E. "Tourism and the Sussex Downs : an evaluation of the nature, impact and management of tourism on the Sussex Downland." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262336.
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Fournier, Dorothée. ""La glisse réinventée". La construction d'un territoire de sports et de loisirs : l'Oisans des années 1960 à nos jours." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS001/document.
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La définition de l’Oisans ne renvoie pas seulement à un ensemble cohérent de hauteurs mais plutôt à une symbolique autour de la montagne. L’avènement de l’alpinisme au XIXe siècle offre à ce territoire sa renommée. Processus engagé depuis le début du XXe siècle, la diffusion d’une culture de masse, transforme en profondeur les usages et la structuration économique et sociale de cette terre de pastoralisme. Elle s’accentue à partir des années 1960, faisant des pratiques de loisirs sportifs une ressource majeure de l’Oisans. Les retombées économiques des sports d’hiver incitent en parallèle l’État à mettre en œuvre une politique d’aménagement rationnel pilotée par le Plan neige. En Oisans, l’attractivité de nouveaux sites contribue à inverser les rapports de force entre les « hauts lieux » et les vallées. L’intérêt pour l’alpinisme s’étiole au profit du ski. Celui-ci, avec l’accroissement du temps libre, devient une nouvelle norme sociale et culturelle, un levier d’innovation, certes, mais qui se déploie ni de manière uniforme, ni homogène. Derrière un discours convenu, véhiculé par les agents de la transformation, se laissent entrevoir des conflits, des coopérations et des négociations à propos de la gestion des terrains de jeu. Un contexte de crise permanente s’installe, il freine bientôt les velléités de développement. La conception du progrès est contrariée dans les années 1970 par l’expression d’un courant annonciateur de nouvelles transformations. Dans le même temps, des voix s’élèvent contre l’urbanisation de la montagne, illustrant les controverses portées par ces mutations. À l’aube des années 1980 « l’esprit de la glisse » dont le snowboard, le VTT ou encore le vol libre sont des emblèmes, apporte un nouveau souffle à l’Oisans. Les représentations posées sur ces pratiques influencent les différents acteurs. Ainsi leurs contributions remodèlent l’Oisans de manière asymétrique en fonction d’une dynamique d’innovation inégalement répartie sur le territoireThe definition of Oisans does not only refer to a coherent system of heights, but to symbolism around the mountains. The arrival of mountaineering in the 19th century is what made this area famous. The spread of a mass culture began in the beginning of the 20th century and transformed deeply the uses and the economic and social structuration of this land where pastoralism prevails. This intensifies in the 1960s, when recreational sports practices became a major resource in the Oisans economy. The economic fallout of winter sports thus encouraged the State to implement a policy of rational planning managed by the Plan neige (the snow plan). In Oisans, the attractiveness of new sites contributes to reversing the ratio of power between ski resorts at high altitudes and enclosed valleys. The interest for mountaineering withers in favor of skiing. With the increase of spare time, skiing becomes a new social and cultural norm, an innovation lever which does not spread out in a similar or homogeneous way. Indeed, behind the conventional speech conveyed by the agents of the transformation, one can find conflicts, cooperation and negotiations about the administration of the playing fields. A context of permanent crisis takes hold and stops the slight hope for development. In the 1970s, the conception of progress is thwarted by the expression of a trend annunciating new transformations. Simultaneously, some concerns are expressed against the urbanization of the mountains, which illustrates the controversies carried by these mutations. In the beginning of the 1980s, the spirit of winter and board sports, including snowboarding, mountain biking or hang-gliding, bring a breath of fresh air to Oisans. The representations based on these uses influence the different actors. Thereby, their contributions remodel the Oisans area in an asymmetric way, according to an innovation dynamic, which is unevenly shared within the area
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Dewhurst, Peter David. "England's most visited tourist attractions : an evaluation of success & taxonomic review." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307108.
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Saxena, Gunjan. "An examination of relationships and networks in sustainable tourism : issues related to tourism provision in the Peak District National Park." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247453.
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Curry, S. "Tourism and underdevelopment in Tanzania : An analysis of the origins, expansion and consequences of international tourism in Tanzania to 1977." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233636.
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Godfrey, Kerry Baxter. "Tourism and sustainable development towards a community framework." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335877.
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Kelly, Lisa Rosalind. "Motivations and experiences of tourists at English cathedrals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250377.
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Liu, Zhen-Hua. "The environment of tourism development : a systems study." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20390.
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Tourism is an open system. Tourism development is conducted in an ever-changing environment. The central task of development is to maintain a dynamic fit between the development opportunities determined by its external environment and industrial capabilities conditioned by its internal one. This dissertation aimed to study the environment of tourism development at national level with a global perspective. By adopting the systems approach and inter-disciplinary methods, the nature, functioning, evolution and spatial distribution of the tourism system were first analysed in Chapter 2. The environment of tourism was partitioned into three distinct but interlocking levels: the internal environment, the operating environment, and the macro environment. The study then focused on the examination of the macro environment, which was divided into five dimensions: economic, political, socio-cultural, geographical and technological. These interrelated dimensions were analysed respectively in Chapters 3 to 7 in the following fashion: first, the main variables in the special dimension were identified and categorised; secondly, the causes and extents of their influences on tourism were interpreted; thirdly, the patterns of environmental change and their future trends were contemplated and predicted; and finally, the consequent implications for tourism development were highlighted. Chapter 8 provided a comparative analysis of the various environmental factors and a holistic view about the interrelations between the tourism system and its environments. In Chapter 9, the key ideas and main findings of the study were reiterated and further developed into a integrated discussion of the principles of tourism development. The study found that a pro-active approach to environmental management is essential in successful tourism development. Among the important issues to be researched in the future are: the codification and quantification of environmental variables, the reliable forecasting of environmental changes, and the dynamic interaction between the three levels of environment.
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Baldwin, Deborah. "Experiencing heritage : making sense of industrial heritage tourism." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/3f0ad6ae-03b0-4d0f-8bee-a1b8c4e45be4.
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Allen, Justine B. "Social motivation in sport." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4813.
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Reeves, Martin R. "Evidencing the sports tourism interrelationship : a case study approach." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7335.
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Sport and tourism have received considerable attention in the research literature, but until recently as separate spheres of activity. However, an international review of sports-tourism literature conducted by Jackson and Glyptis (1992) revealed much evidence of a significant interrelationship, and identified the need for more empirical work. This research contributes to the more detailed and systematic quantification of the significance of sport as a tourism generator, which cannot be effectively established from existing tourism statistics, and towards the more effective analysis of the volume of sports-related tourism, and associated behaviour. The research provides a number of detailed primary case studies of what are now increasingly typical, yet under-researched, styles of sports-related tourism behaviour. The first study focuses on research with Butlins Holiday Worlds and provides evidence of sports-related tourism behaviour in a traditional holiday setting. Activity holidays represent another growing area of sports-related tourism. Twr-Y-Felin is one of the largest outdoor activity holiday organisations in Wales, in terms of volume and diversity of courses offered. This second case study reviews the holiday motivations, activity styles, holiday patterns etc. of a large sample of sports activity holiday takers. Analysis of the 1994 World Athletics Cup, the third case study, provides significant data on sports spectator behaviour, including the significance of the event in generating tourist trips, associated activity whilst travelling for sports spectating, distances travelled, length of stay, spending patterns etc. The final case study focuses on the most dedicated and committed of sports tourists; those representing their Country in international sport. A detailed case study of international athletes examines the generation of tourism through elite level sports participation, competition and training. The thesis proposes that sports-related tourism behaviour can be conceived as a continuum from, at one extreme, incidental and sporadic sports activity whilst on holiday, to tourism behaviour driven exclusively by the needs of, and interest in particular sports activities. This research has synthesised the findings from the four case studies and draws overall conclusions regarding sports tourism behaviour. In attempting to more clearly conceptualise this field and broaden understanding, this work highlights the various behavioural types and also identifies where other research contributions can be made.
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Khatib, Ahmada Hamadi. "Tourism in small island development : the case of Zanzibar." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249027.
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Greenwood, Paul Brian. "Sport Fan Team Identification in a Professional Expansion Setting." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010703-110532.
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GREENWOOD, PAUL BRIAN. Sport Fan Team Identification in a Professional Expansion Setting. (Under the direction of Michael A. Kanters.) This study assessed the relationship between team identification of sport fans and a number of different variables including but not limited to: the reasons for initially becoming a fan, specific sport knowledge, and purchasing behavior. A non-random sample of spectators (N = 356) at an Arena Football League (AFL) game completed a survey designed to identify or measure the aforementioned variables. A t-test revealed that males reported significantly higher levels of team identification than females. Analysis using a Pearson correlation matrix showed a positive correlation between team identification and sport knowledge, attendance rate, and purchasing behavior. Likewise, a positive correlation was found between team identification and the following reasons for initially becoming a fan: closest team, born and/or live in the city and/or state, team success, the players and/or coaches, parents and/or family influence, and the tailgating and party atmosphere. The findings have important implications for professional sport franchises in terms of tailoring marketing efforts for potential fans.
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Miller, Graham A. "The development of indicators for the promotion of sustainable tourism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1025/.
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Araujo, Lindemberg Medeiros de. "Stakeholder participation in regional tourism planning : Brazil's Costa Dourada project." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3160/.
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Many developing countries are increasingly using tourism as a tool for regional development. While it is expected that tourism can bring substantial benefits, there is also evidence that it can entail negative social, cultural and environmental impacts, and clearly tourism at the regional scale requires careful planning in order to promote sustainable development. While tourism has been planned for decades, there has been relatively little research on how to plan for tourism development at the regional scale in either developing or developed countries. There is growing acceptance that tourism planning at all geographical scales ought to involve broad participation so that the affected stakeholders are engaged in the decision-making. However, research on stakeholder participation in tourism planning has only very recently begun to draw on the valuable insights offered by collaboration theory. This research examines stakeholder participation in tourism planning based on a case study of the Costa Dourada project, a regional tourism initiative involving ten very poor municipalities in Alagoas State in north-east Brazil. The project sought to combine regular collaborative planning meetings involving a range of key stakeholders with consultation with a much larger number of parties affected by the project. The study examines the participation processes involved in the collaborative planning process, the extent to which collaboration fully emerges in the planning process, and the views of stakeholders not involved in the collaborative planning about the project and the planning process. Additionally, consideration is given to the extent to which the planning process was likely to promote co-ordinated planning and concern for the varied issues affecting the sustainable development of the region. The approach to the study was based on a conceptual framework that will be of use to other researchers, this being developed from literature on collaboration theory, stakeholder participation in tourism planning, regional tourism planning and sustainable tourism planning. Importantly this framework can be applied to other regional tourism planning contexts. Data for the study was collected from primary documents related to the project, two semi-structured interviews and two structured questionnaires, and from observation of planning activities. The planning issues and the planning process were evaluated from the perspectives of both participants in the regular collaborative planning meetings and also other stakeholders affected by the project. The results suggest that the approach to regional tourism planning adopted in the Costa Dourada project encouraged a reasonably co-ordinated response from a 'broad range of stakeholders whose interests were largely focused either at local, state and national geographical scales. The regional planning process adopted by the project helped the federal government to share power and decision-making with state and local governments. Participants in the collaborative planning were engaged in negotiation, shared decision-making and consensus building and most were broadly supportive of the project aims, decision-making, and decisions. However, some participants had significant concerns, such as about the extent to which everyone's views were taken into account. The way in which collaborative and consultative approaches to participation were combined was relatively successful in helping to identify key stakeholders and issues, in raising awareness about the project and building external support for the project. The range of participants in the project planning was also likely to promote consideration of many of the issues of sustainable development, although there was only limited involvement of environmental groups and of private sector interests. The study develops a new conceptual model of the collaborative process in regional tourism planning which was developed deductively from relevant academic literature and also inductively from the Costa Dourada case study. The model integrates collaborative and consultative approaches to tourism planning and relates these to broader influences. One contribution of the study is that it identifies stages in the collaborative process but stresses that these substantially overlap and there are dynamic and iterative links between them. Key issues for a theoretical understanding of collaborative regional tourism planning are also evaluated.
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Bauer, Christian. "Tourism in Football: Exploring Motivational Factors and Typologies of Groundhoppers : An example of a German Groundhopper Online Community." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Turismvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29530.
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This thesis aims to examine the motivational factors and to explore possible typologies of groundhoppers. Groundhopping as a special form of sports tourism which has grown rapidly over the last couple of decades. Given the fact, that there has been a lot of research in the field of sports tourism it is quite interesting to see that up to this day, there is hardly any in-depth research about groundhopping in particular. Groundhoppers are a very interesting group to both sport and tourism industry. For the latter, groundhoppers might be a potential target group especially when it comes to the promotion and marketing of certain destinations. Just like other types of tourists, groundhoppers bring money to the destinations, spend it at different occasions and hence contribute to the destinations’ development. Having an exploratory character, this quantitative research wants to contribute to the lack in current literature, focussing on a German groundhopper online community and its members. A web-based questionnaire has been conducted which had a total number of 909 respondents. Demonstrating the outcomes of the survey, this thesis looks into the individual statistics of the questionnaire and visualises the answers with descriptive tables. Furthermore, with the use of an exploratory factor analysis and a two-step cluster analysis, three potential groups of groundhoppers could be explored. The findings from this study should be seen as a starting point, an inspiration for further research, as groundhopping is likely to keep growing in numbers. While quantitative studies like this thesis can contribute to get an overall picture, qualitative research will also be required to get an insight on the more individual and personal level of groundhopping. This again could lead to new ideas and concepts for advanced quantitative research. Until then, groundhopping will remain a mostly unknown niche in the field of sports tourism.
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Luk, Yim-mei Kiano. "Sport tourism and public health the implications of the 4th East Asian Games for Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39559075.
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Theuma, Nadia. "Identifying the cultural tourism product in Malta : marketing and management issues." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21193.
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The Maltese Islands, traditionally renowned for their mild Mediterranean climate and sea, are a mass tourist destination. Recent tourism policy has increasingly aimed at promoting the extensive historical and cultural heritage of the islands as a market diversification tool; resulting in the development of cultural tourism. Literature on cultural tourism focused on its relationships to cultural tourists and the local community, and on its marketing and management. A macroscopic study on cultural tourism was conducted using a Grounded Theory approach which looked at the understanding and interactions of a number of stakeholders (MTA, tour-operators, cultural providers and the local community) as they promoted the local cultural tourism product through marketing and management practices. The research findings showed that the Maltese cultural product on offer needed consistent renewal as there was a lack of consensus amongst stakeholders, on what should be promoted as culture a nd consequently what were cultural tourism and the cultural product. These perspectives often resulted in stereotypical Mediterranean imagery which detracted from proactive marketing campaigns. Furthermore, the study showed that the institutional organisation of culture was fragmented, with limited collaboration amongst stakeholders, which effectively hindered a comprehensive management of cultural tourism. The study called for a comprehensive definition of Maltese culture, widely endorsed by stakeholders, reflected in an extensively diversified cultural tourism product that would introduce elements such as gastronomy and crafts to complement the already established heritage and festivals. Moreover, the fact that many aspects of the cultural product were closely identifiable with localities suggested that the eventual success of its marketing and management depended to a large extent, on getting local communities more involved and/or to claim ownership. Finally, there was a need for 'cultural intermediaries', intent on promoting a cultural product via a quality service with a solid education in cultural-related matters.
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Mak, Lui Ming Barry. "The politics of tourism development in the People's Republic of China." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21414.
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This study aims to develop a holistic view of the politics of tourism development in China. It examines how political ideology intertwines with tourism development and the same time identifies factors which are relevant to the issue. From the political science point of view, international tourism may be regarded as part of foreign affairs. This study adopted the case study approach linked to a chronological framework. China's tourism industry has been transformed from a political activity to an economic activity. In Mao Zedong era (1949-1976), international tourism was virtually non-existent. The phenomenon was a result of both internal factors, including the dominant role of dogmatic socialist ideology, and external factors, such as the Cold War. China's rapid development in tourism since 1978 was under the pragmatic leadership of Deng Xiaoping. With the shifts of internal and external environments, China's tourism industry and development is now based on market-driven policy instead of ideological-driven policy. The development of international tourism in China is the evolution of development theories from underdevelopment theory to modernisation theory and now globalisation theory. Based on the findings of this study, an explanatory framework was formulated by incorporating factors including perspective on the external and internal environments, and economic and tourism issues. The future of China's tourism seems to be a movement from the socialist market economy model to a more capitalistic model.
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Karamustafa, Kurtulus. "Tourism development and international tour operators : a case study of Turkey." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21302.
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This study has three main objectives. The first is to examine the role of international tourism corporations in determining the direction and volume of international tourism development in developing countries. The second is to consider one type of international corporation - tour operators - in the context of Turkey; the focus is on the economic opportunities and problems that arise as a result of the activities of international tour operators in their relations with the accommodation sub-sector in Turkey. Finally, the third is to suggest policies which will increase the benefits of international tourism to developing countries and reduce the negative aspects of dependency on international tour operators. In order to achieve these objectives, the study was carried out in two main stages. The first was an extensive literature survey to provide a background to the field research, which provided information mainly on 'Tourism in Developing Countries' and 'International Corporations in International Tourism'. The second stage was the field research. Two surveys were conducted; the first was the tour operators survey in the UK and the second was the accommodation sub-sector survey in Turkey. During the accommodation sub-sector survey in Turkey, both primary data and secondary data were collected. While the secondary data was used to make a general analysis of Turkish tourism development, the primary data helped to determine the international tour operators' relationships with the accommodation sub-sector in Turkey. In conclusion, a number of suggestions are made as to ways to reduce the negative aspects of dependency on international tour operators.
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Orbasli, Aylin. "Historic towns : tourism, conservation, development with particular reference to Turkish towns." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2524/.
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Capper, David. "The effects of terrorism on the decision-making process of tourists." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288643.
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Kiobel, Barinem Nubari. "Comparative analysis of tourism planning and development in Nigeria and India." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339075.
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Nesti, Mark Stephen. "Anxiety and sport : time to ask what rather than why." Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8055.
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Approaches to the study of anxiety in sport have tended to rely on the use of questionnaires to assess levels of competitive anxiety. The development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (Martens et aI., 1982) has according to Jones (1995) led to considerable research investigating the relationship between anxiety and sport performance. Study 1 reported here utilised the CSAI-2 with an additional directional scale to examine individual differences and competitive state anxiety in sport. Results revealed that there were no significant differences (p<.05) between three achievement levels of competitive swimmers (n=89) for intensity scores, however, significant differences were found for cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety directional scores across levels. Further, unexpected correlations between CSAI-2 intensity and directional scores for several items, highlighted the importance of considering individual differences in the interpretation of anxiety symptoms. Study 2 was based on Davidson and Schwartz's (1976) Matching Hypothesis which claims that interventions, to be effective, must be matched to the individual's dominant mode of experiencing anxiety. Female high level skaters (n=15) were assigned to a control group (n=5), a cognitive anxiety group or a somatic anxiety group based on interview data, CSAI-2 scores, coach reports, and performance at a simulated competitive event. Results revealed that there was no support for the Matching Hypothesis, and that greater attention should be devoted to using methods that allow for a more individualised approach to understanding anxiety in sport. A diary-based methodology incorporating Watson and Tellegen' s (1985) concept of mood, was employed in study 3 with high level Netballers (n=8) and Super League Rugby League Referees (n=8), to examine the relationships between anxiety, mood and sport and other life events for a 4 week period. Results suggested that this methodology can be used to allow data to be analysed ideographically and from an inter-individual basis as well, and helps to place sport anxiety into a broader context in relation to other mood states and life events. Finally, study 4 further developed the use of the diary based methodology by investigating the relationship between mood, anxiety and performance in International Student Rugby players (n=Il). Whilst no clear relationship was found between anxiety, mood states and match performance scores, several interesting findings revealed that much more could be achieved by re-directing focus at what anxiety means to an individual both before and after sport performance. The findings from the diary-based studies are discussed in terms of the need to address the meaning of anxiety in sport, in part, by drawing on the approach taken within existential-phenomenological psychology.
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Dieke, Peter U. C. "The development of tourism in Kenya and The Gambia : a compartive analysis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25320.
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The purpose of this study is to examine tourism development planning in Kenya and The Gambia; to compare and contrast their relative approaches to tourism development, and to assess their implications; to use the syntheses to identify hypotheses which might be used to stimulate tourism in developing countries. Concepts from tourism management (planning) and political economy (development) provide the theoretical framework for the investigation. Three hypotheses are put forward: Unless the tourism sector is managed well, problems are unavoidable. Second, because of weight of collective experience, management cannot obviate the problems but can help to solve them. Third, although planning for the sector may be good, this is only the input. Questions may be asked about structure, or about implementation. To test the hypotheses, Africa and the United Kingdom are chosen as field-work areas. The target is at two levels - demand and supply. The demand focuses on U.K. tour operators 'selling' East and West African tourist destinations. A short questionnaire, consisting of various factors considered important in choosing destinations, is constructed. The questionnaire seeks to ascertain tour operators' opinions on the competitiveness of Kenya and The Gambia as tourist destinations, relative to other African rivals. The results of the survey are incorporated into actual field-work in Africa. The supply side concentrates on a range of the travel trade operating in Kenya and The Gambia. It includes airlines, hoteliers, government officials. The purpose is to obtain sellers' view - the image the countries want to present overseas. The interview technique is used to generate field-work data. In both cases, the emphasis is to find out the problems of development as seen by the countries themselves and also the problems and difficulties experienced by tour operators in 'selling' the destinations. The thesis concludes on three notes: that the success of tourism in developing countries will depend largely on the need for planning, the need for flexibility, and the need for caution. It is argued that to disregard these propositions could spell a disaster for the tourism industry. The implication for developing countries is that if tourism is to provide the springboard for a realisation of the 'basic needs' cry of their citizens, in terms of an improvement of opportunity and quality of life, then the tourism sector needs to be planned. There have to be slack and selective tendencies built into it. These three factors are the main ingredients of success.
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Desforges, L. C. "Travelling to Peru : representation, identity and place in British long-haul tourism." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317646/.
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This thesis focuses on contemporary British travellers visiting Peru. It examines the investments in and uses of long-haul travel in the construction and narration of self-identity, in particular exploring the relationship between representations of place, travel practices and identities. Using literatures based in post-colonial theory and tourism studies, the thesis argues for the contribution which a study of the desires of 'First World' consumers can make to the wider project of understanding and intervening in tourism's socio-economic role in the modern world. The qualitative methodologies used in the thesis reflect the need to conceptualise tourists as actively constructing the 'imaginative geographies' of tourism. The use of both participant observation at tourist sites in Peru, and a series of in-depth interviews with returned travellers, provide an account of the important role of travel in the participants lives and the consequences for their travel practices. The empirical research undertaken for the thesis shows that travel is an important part of the ongoing construction of an 'autobiography' of the self by the travellers who took part in the project. In particular travel practices are associated with, and used to narrate, a sense of living a fulfilled life. The projects of travel to Peru are based in an 'authorisation' of travel as set of practices which provide 'direct' and 'unmediated' access to spatial difference, such as the 'authentic' Peru. In their material travel practices in Peru, travellers therefore have a very clear sense of the 'proper conduct' which they have to enact on the ground if they are to achieve this sense of fulfilment. The thesis concludes that by understanding the 'fetishisations' of place invested in by travellers, studies of tourist consumption open up new spaces for thinking about and intervening in the politics of travel.
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Kneafsey, Moya Ruth. "Tourism and place identity : change and resistance in the European celtic periphery." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387449.
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Indriana, Marcelli, and 麥瑟莉. "Applying Data Mining Techniques for Tourist Spot Recommendations." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44860577782092342084.
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碩士中國文化大學
資訊管理學系
102
Recommender systems have become an important research area in past few years. They have been developed for a variety of domains, especially e-commerce. Recommender systems also can be applied in tourism industry to help tourists organizing their travel plans. Recommender systems can be developed by a variety of different techniques such as Content-Based filtering (CB), Collaborative Filtering (CF), and Demographic Filtering (DF). However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, many previous researches used several mixed methods with an aim to reduce the disadvantages of using a single method and get more accurate recommendations. In this research, we proposed a hybrid recommender system that combines the results of different recommendation methods using data mining techniques. Data mining technique is a method to dig out hidden knowledge and rules among the various items from large number of information and establish the relationship between model data attributes and categories in order to get more effective relationship model predictions. The experimental results showed that the proposed hybrid recommendation method outperforms each individual recommendation method in terms of five evaluation metrics.
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Shun-SiangHsu and 許舜翔. "Automatic Hot Spot Determination and Icon Selection for Tourist Maps." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50103798710153567428.
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碩士國立成功大學
測量及空間資訊學系碩博士班
98
Tourist maps are designed for tourists to visit popular hot spots such as scenic places and landmarks in unfamiliar areas. A well-designed tourist map can provide sufficient and intuitive information about hot spots for tourists. Thus, determining hot spots and their icons are important in generating tourist maps. In this paper, an automatic hot spot and icon determination approach is introduced. Compared to the general digital tourist maps that use text, simple shapes, and 3D models as symbols to represent hot spots and simply rebuild from the existing digital maps, we select photos offering abundant visual features of hot spots as image icons and in tourist maps. The photos are automatically extracted from a repository of photos downloaded from online photo-sharing communities, such as Google Earth, Panoramio, and Flickr. Hot spots and their corresponding image icons are determined by a voting strategy and a photo quality assessment approach. The basic idea is to regard each user-uploaded photo as a vote for a popular hot spot. Based on this assumption, an area with many uploaded photos is selected as a hot spot, and a view is captured frequently is regarded as a representative view. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can successfully extract hot spots and visually pleasant images to represent these spots. It demonstrates that our approach is feasible in automatic tourist map generation.
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Tung, Ya-Ling, and 童雅鈴. "The Study of Travelling Motivation and Satisfaction to Tourist Spot-Take Nei-Wan Scenic Spot for An Example." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07590383492205593364.
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碩士世新大學
經濟學研究所(含碩專班)
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This research surveyed the traveling motivation and satisfaction to a sightseeing scenic spot and took Nei-Wan for an example, we try to analyzed various factors to enhance tourist’s traveling motivation and satisfaction for providing local township or administrative department some improvements of economical and sightseeing activities. This research first collection related theories and distributed questionnaires to the tourist. Using statistical analysis methods such as T-test, One-way ANOVA and chi-square method by SPSS. The results showed tourists were female mostly, the age was between 20-30 years old, the occupation was student, the educational background was college, the mean monthly income was below 20,000 NTD and tourists inhabited in Xin-Zhu in the majority. In the 12 items of travelling motivation, “Enjoy scenery”,“Enjoy animals and plants”, and ”Photograph and sketch “ were not significant difference to different tourist characters, but the other were significant. In the 8 items of travelling satisfaction, “Parking space in Nei-Wan ” was not significant difference to different tourist characters, but the others were significant. This research had the following suggestion： 1.To attract more male and other counties tourists to visit Nei-Wan. 2.The Xin-Zhu county government efficiently utilized mass media and internet to introduce Nei-Wan, and combined the near tour resources to increase Nei-Wan travelling Motivation. 3.To build more parking spaces, clean the environment of Nei-Wan and plan the street vendors. Developing the characteristic famous products and mementos to increase Nei-Wan travelling satisfaction.
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Jui-Hung, Hung, and 洪瑞鴻. "A Study on Social Carrying Capacity and Willing to Pay at the Kinmen Tourist Spot." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j62esv.
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