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Masuku, Gabriel Mthokozisi Sifiso. "Harmonization of SACU Trade Policies in the Tourism & Hospitality Service Sectors." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1740_1280359750.
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The general objective of the proposed research is to do a needs analysis for the tourism and hospitality industries of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. This will be followed by an alignment of these industries with the provisions of the General Agreement of Trade in Services, commonly known as GATS, so that a Tourism and Hospitality Services Charter may be moulded that may be used uniformly throughout SACU. The specific objectives of the research are: To analyze impact assessment reports and studies conducted on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries for all five SACU member states with the aim of harmonizing standards, costs and border procedures. To ecognize SACU member states&rsquo
schedule of GATS Commitments, especially in the service sectors being investigated, by improving market access, and to recommend minimal infrastructural development levels to be attained for such sectors&rsquo
support. To make recommendations to harness the challenges faced by the said industries into a working document. To calibrate a uniformity of trade standards in these sectors that shall be used by the SACU membership. To ensure that the template is flexible enough for SACU to easily adopt and use in ongoing bilateral negotiations, for example.
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Taveira, Marcelo da Silva. "Pol?ticas de turismo e comunidade local no litoral potiguar." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18861.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-30This research focuses on raise the discussion of existance tourism policies in Rio Grande do Norte and its contributions to the integration of local communities in the coastal tourist activity. Guided by the background of the neoliberalism and its influence on the model of tourism development adopted in Rio Grande do Norte. For that, were surveyed the concrete realities of coastal localities of the municipalities of Cear?-Mirim, Extremoz, Parnamirim and N?sia Floresta covered by Prodetur-RN I and II, by being part of the tourist portion of the state that have received domestic and international investment and, because are located in the geographical area of the Potiguar capital, Natal. We interviewed the municipal managers and the residents of local communities who live in municipalities more than ten years. Also, was raised a discussion on the role of the state as the main agent of public policies and hegemonic facilitator in the attraction of domestic and foreign investments, with the main scenario the neoliberal model of economic development. Here discuss ways and strategies of socio-political organization of local communities, with regard to the inclusion in the tourist and, pointing to the critical development model in question and signaling other concepts of development model, such as local basis, for example. By the ending of the research, was concluded that the model of development of the tourism in the Rio Grande do Norte is reflected of the way of life of the society, that the communities live in precarious conditions and that the way of inclusion in the tourism is almost incipient. Also, it was possible to detect the inexistence of public politics of tourism that promoted the planning of the tourist activity, as well as, the inclusion of the communities in the decision processes and that, searched the development on the basis of the principles of sustainable and local autonomy
A presente pesquisa tem como foco central levantar a discuss?o sobre as pol?ticas de turismo vigentes no Rio Grande do Norte e suas contribui??es para a inser??o das comunidades locais litor?neas na atividade tur?stica. Tendo como pano de fundo, o neoliberalismo e sua influ?ncia no modelo de desenvolvimento do turismo adotado no Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, foram pesquisadas as realidades concretas das localidades litor?neas dos munic?pios de Cear?-Mirim, Extremoz, Parnamirim e N?sia Floresta contemplados pelo Prodetur-RN I e II; por fazerem parte da por??o tur?stica do Estado que j? receberam investimentos de ordem nacional e internacional e; por se localizarem no entorno geogr?fico da capital potiguar, Natal. Foram entrevistados os gestores p?blicos municipais e os moradores das comunidades locais que residem nos munic?pios a mais de dez anos. Tamb?m, foi levantada uma discuss?o sobre o papel do Estado como principal agente hegem?nico de pol?ticas p?blicas e facilitador na atra??o de investimentos nacionais e estrangeiros, tendo como principal cen?rio o modelo neoliberal de desenvolvimento econ?mico. Aqui ser?o abordadas as formas e estrat?gias da organiza??o s?cio-pol?tica das comunidades locais, no que diz respeito, ? inser??o na atividade tur?stica, bem como, apontando cr?ticas ao modelo de desenvolvimento em quest?o e sinalizando outros conceitos de modelo de desenvolvimento, como o de base local, por exemplo. Ao t?rmino da pesquisa, concluiu-se que o modelo de desenvolvimento do turismo no Rio Grande do Norte ? reflexo da forma de vida da sociedade, que as comunidades vivem em condi??es prec?rias e que o modo de inclus?o no turismo ? quase que incipiente. Tamb?m, foi poss?vel detectar a inexist?ncia de pol?ticas p?blicas de turismo que promovessem o planejamento da atividade tur?stica, bem como, a inclus?o das comunidades nos processos de decis?o e que, buscasse o desenvolvimento com base nos princ?pios da sustentabilidade e da autonomia local
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Nogueira, MaÌrio G. "Tourism development management : policies and strategies." Thesis, University of Derby, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418670.
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Karlsson, Henrik, and Jesper Karlsson. "Coffee Tourism : a community development tool." Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1740.
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Smallholder coffee farmers in Tanzania today are facing a deep financial crises. This is the result of several different reasons but one important factor is the political and economic reforms Tanzania has experienced from being one of the strongest socialist states in Africa to one of the most liberalized. For smallholder coffee farmers this has meant dealing with difficult challenges such as big fluctuations in the coffee bean price but it has also meant opportunities. The purpose for this study is to see if, and to what extent coffee tourism can help in community development and be a leverage to the living standard for people who are dealing with this business. In order to do this the authors have conducted a minor field study in the northern part of Tanzania. We argue that coffee tourism can increase and help stabilize income for smallholder coffee farmers through diversification, contribute to community development and work as a counter-force to the structural changes and the crisis that rural areas in Tanzania are dealing with today.
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Devine, Jonathan Hugh. "Rural Community Attitudes Towards Tourism." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DevineJH2006.pdf.
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Godfrey, Kerry Baxter. "Tourism and sustainable development towards a community framework." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335877.
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Andriotis, Konstantinos. "Local community perceptions of tourism as a development tool." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2000. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/401/.
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In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete, this study recognises tourism as a highly visible and controversial component of change. The existence of the necessary infrastructure, the natural beauty, the climate, the culture and the history have contributed to tourism expansion, with Crete now attracting approximately 25 percent of foreign tourist arrivals and 55 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of Greece. The perceptions of the local community in tourism were studied using personal interviews with three community groups: local authority officials, residents and tourism business owners and managers. The aim was to examine their views on tourism development, in an attempt to establish overall desired directions for tourism development and to suggest effective tourism strategies and policies to reinforce positive outcomes and alleviate problems resulting from previous unplanned tourism development. The research findings identify much agreement among the three community groups suggesting that it is feasible to further develop tourism with the support of the community. Although the areas used in the sample were in the maturity stage of Butler's (1980) life cycle model and therefore it might be expected that the community would be at the antagonism stage of Doxey's (1975) model, this was not suggested by the findings. Tourism is viewed positively as a development option, and further tourism development, with conditions attached, is supported. The expansion of tourism has brought economic gains, employment creation, increased population, enhanced community infrastructure and cultural and environmental preservation. However, there is limited co-ordination of tourism activities and insufficient collaboration between the public and private sector. In addition, the island is dependent on foreign tour operators, and the tourism industry is uneven geographically and seasonally. Tourism has modified traditions and has affected the environment and society. Since community perceptions match reality (what is on the ground from development), problems are real and it is necessary to find solutions for their amelioration. As a result, policy implications emerging from the results presented in this thesis are discussed and future strategies are suggested.
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Choi, Hwan-Suk. "Measurement of sustainable development progress for managing community tourism." Connect to resource online, 2003. http://ulib.iupui.edu/utility/download.php?file=AAT3102494.pdf&ipfilter=campus_cas.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Texas A&M University, 2003.Title from screen (viewed on July 23, 2009). Includes vita. Department of Recreation and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-214).
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Bah, Adama. "Essays on Development Policies : Social Protection, Community-Based Development and Regional Integration." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10441.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse de certaines des politiques considérées actuellement comme étant des éléments-clé de toute stratégie de développement, avec l’objectif de contribuer au récent débat sur le développement international. Je considère en particulier l’élaboration, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation des politiques de protection sociale, de développement participatif et d’intégration régionale. Le premier chapitre repose sur l’idée que, pour être efficaces en matière de réduction de la pauvreté, les politiques de protection sociale doivent avoir pour double objectif de permettre aux ménages pauvres d’accéder à des ressources suffisantes pour satisfaire leurs besoins de base, ainsi que de réduire le risque auquel les ménages non pauvres sont confrontés de voir leur niveau de bien-être diminuer sous le seuil de pauvreté. Je propose une méthode permettant d’estimer le degré de vulnérabilité à la pauvreté des ménages. La vulnérabilité est ici définie comme la probabilité pour un ménage de se trouver sous le seuil de pauvreté dans le futur, étant données ses caractéristiques actuelles. Dans le second chapitre, je me place dans un contexte de ciblage des programmes de protection sociale par un score approximant le niveau de vie (proxy-means testing). La précision, et donc l’efficacité, de cette approche pour identifier les ménages pauvres dépendent de la capacité à prédire avec exactitude le niveau de bien-être des ménages, laquelle découle de la sélection de variables pertinentes. Je propose une méthode basée sur l’estimation d’un échantillon aléatoire de modèles de consommation, pour identifier les variables dont la corrélation avec le bien-être des ménages est à la fois élevée et robuste. Ces variables appartiennent à différentes catégories, y compris la possession de biens durables, l’accès aux services d’énergie domestique et d’assainissement, la qualité et le statut d’occupation du logement, et le niveau d’éducation des membres du ménage. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres de cette thèse proposent une analyse ex-post des politiques de développement, et portent en particulier sur les conséquences inattendues d’un programme de développement participatif et les raisons de l’insuffisante performance de politiques d’intégration régionale, respectivement. Le troisième chapitre évalue dans quelle mesure la réaction des deux groupes rebelles présents aux Philippines face à la mise en oeuvre d’un programme participatif d’aide au développement est compatible avec l’idée que ces deux groupes ont différentes idéologies, caractéristiques et raisons pour lutter contre le gouvernement. Il utilise une base de données collectées en utilisant les reportages d’un journal local concernant les épisodes de guerre impliquant ces deux groupes, ainsi que les prédictions d’un modèle d’insurrection basé sur la recherche de rente (rent-seeking). Les résultats sont conformes à la classification proposée de ces deux groupes rebelles ; leur réaction face au projet dépend de leur position idéologique. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact des guerres civiles en Afrique sur la performance des communautés économiques régionales, approximée par la synchronisation des cycles économiques des différents partenaires régionaux. Les résultats montrent que la synchronisation des cycles économiques diminue avec l’occurrence de guerres civiles, non seulement pour les pays directement affectés, mais également pour leurs voisins en paixIn this thesis, I aim to contribute to the recent international development debate, by providing an analysis of some of the policies that are considered key elements of a development strategy. Focusing on social protection, community-based development and regional integration, I consider aspects related to their design, implementation and evaluation. In the first chapter, I propose a method to estimate ex ante vulnerability to poverty, defined as the probability of being poor in the near future given one’s current characteristics. This is based on the premise that effective social protection policies should aim not only to help the poor move out of poverty, but also to protect the vulnerable from falling into it. In the second chapter, I consider the issue of identifying the poor in a context of targeting social protection programs using a Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) approach, which precision, and therefore usefulness relies on the selection of indicators that produce accurate predictions of household welfare. I propose a method based on model random sampling to identify indicators that are robustly and strongly correlated with household welfare, measured by per capita consumption. These indicators span the categories of household private asset holdings, access to basic domestic energy, education level, sanitation and housing. The third and fourth chapters of this thesis provide an ex-post analysis of development policies and focus in particular on the unintended consequences of a community-driven program and on the reasons for the lack of progress in regional economic integration. The third chapter assesses whether the reaction of the two distinct rebel groups that operate in the Philippines to the implementation of a large-scale community-driven development project funded by foreign aid is consistent with the idea that these two groups have different ideologies, characteristics and motives for fighting. It is based on a unique geo-referenced dataset that we collected from local newspaper reports on the occurrence of conflict episodes involving these rebel groups, and on the predictions of a rent-seeking model of insurgency. The findings are consistent with the proposed classification of the rebel groups; the impact of the foreign aid project on each rebel group depends on their ideological stance. In the last chapter, I analyze how civil conflicts affect the economic fate of African regional economic communities through its effect on the synchronicity of regional partners’ economies. I find that conflict decreases business cycle synchronicity when it occurs within a regional economic community, both for the directly affected countries and for their more peaceful regional peers
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Bhattarai, Amit. "Sustainable tourism: benefits for the local community?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31261218.
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Erskine, Louise M. "Tourism projects for community development : influences of tour operators and development organisations." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19628/.
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This study compares tour operators and development organisations, by analysing their role in three differently funded and operated tourism projects in Ecuador. Additionally, the study identifies links between micro level livelihood outputs of the projects, the meso level operational contexts, and macro level influences. The study reviews general assumptions that the tourism private sector is not as capable of contributing to poverty reduction to the same extent that the development sector is. Guided by a political economy approach, whilst also considering Giddens' concept of structuration theory, the study examines whether traditional structuralist views of tourism development in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) are applicable within the context of three externally-led tourism projects. Elements of critical ethnography and livelihoods analysis were employed to gather primarily qualitative data, which was obtained by interviewing, observing, carrying out ranking exercises, and analysing documents. Results of the study revealed that the tour operator project was considerably more successful in contributing to the livelihoods of residents surrounding the project. The tour operator was well equipped to respond to operational challenges of the project, and well networked with a range of organisations which provided technical expertise, and small grants. The projects supported by development organisations had notable positive outputs, but failed to create adequate networks with the private sector to sell the projects, and hence were suffering from over-supply and lack of demand. The study showed that development organisations were more confined to operating within bureaucratic processes of head offices than tour operators, which also had detrimental effects on project outputs. Development organisation projects suffer from a lack of tourism expertise, and must adhere to strict regulations regarding project design and operations, echoing the power of institutional structures over agency. Although tour operators must comply with service and product standards to satisfy their international buyers, they appear to be more influential in altering traditional structures, such as networking between the private and development sectors, thus demonstrating the potential power of agency. The evidence concluded that tour operators are better equipped to fund and operate sustainable tourism projects which contribute to community development, and that development organisations would significantly benefit from enlisting the assistance of tour operators in project design, operations, and sales outlets.
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Rust-Ryan, Alan. "A comparative analysis of housing action trust community development policies." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442496.
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McGehee, Nancy Gard. "Effects of tourism-related cooperatives on community development in Appalachia /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063350/.
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Paddison, Brendan. "Governance and community advocacy in tourism development : an international comparison." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10099/.
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Different types of governance structures exist and operate in tourism, with these approaches always changing as they develop into more suitable or effective forms by adjusting to specific contexts and situations. Consequently, collaboration and partnerships have become a key element of destination management, with an increased recognition of the range of stakeholders who have an interest in tourism planning and development. Ideally, these partnership arrangements would ensure relevant stakeholders from government, business and voluntary sectors are engaged in decision making. However, difficulty in accommodating a wide variety of interests within collaborative governance structures is apparent, often culminating in conflict and power imbalances between stakeholder groups. The structures and representation mechanisms in place appear to be crucial in enabling a balanced perspective and effective representation of the destination community. Therefore, collaborative approaches need to be examined within broader notions of governance, with an examination of the appropriate role of government and the changing relationships and expectations between government and communities. The purpose of this study was to analyse and interpret governance approaches in tourism from an international perspective, addressing the need to understand the relevant structures, processes and the implications for stakeholder representation in the different approaches of governance. This study employed a qualitative comparative case study methodology, with case studies explored from York (United Kingdom) and Seville (Spain), involving a total of 42 interviews with key informants. Two approaches to tourism governance were examined and were found to differ in their representation and participation of stakeholders. The research identified a framework for stakeholder collaboration centred on the engagement of networks and associations within a destination governance approach. Finally, and as a consequence of the analysis, a framework for evaluating tourism governance structures is outlined and contributes both a method and a perspective that is available to evaluate governance arrangements in other tourist destinations.
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Broadaway, Sally. "Bicycle tourism and rural community development: an asset based approach." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13651.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional Community Planning
Stephanie A. Rolley
As bicycle tourists seek interesting experiences along low traffic roads, rural communities are poised to embrace bicycle tourism as a community development strategy. Asset based community development provides a methodology for communities to utilize assets that already exist within their communities to meet the needs of these tourists. The community capitals framework then provides a platform for analyzing and discussing the existing assets, as well as helping hone in on ways communities can develop further. The Sunken Lands region of Northeast Arkansas is one such rural region seeking to embrace bicycle tourism. Two case studies of communities that have capitalized on their existing assets to accommodate bicyclists were completed to explore potential for using the community capitals framework to guide pursuit of bicycle tourism. A snowball approach to interviewing community members in Collinwood, Tennessee and Farmington, Missouri was used to discover the details of bicycle accommodations, the processes of pursuing bicycle tourism, the people and groups involved, the types of assets used, and any challenges faced in implementation. Additionally, existing literature was used to substantiate each case and provide a more robust community picture. Emerging from the case studies were commonalities that aligned with the community capitals framework and Emery and Flora’s (2006) theory that community change is driven by social capital. The result is a tool that aligns community assets with the needs of bicycle tourists with the community capitals framework.
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McGehee, Nancy G. "Effects of tourism-related cooperatives on community development in Appalachia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43444.
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Rising poverty rates, increases in joblessness, and the depletion of traditional means of livelihood (such as agriculture and large industry), are all forces working to diminish the ability for the rural Appalachian to make a living (Appalachian Regional Commission, 1993). Many rural development professionals interested in cultivating new options are including the concept of the cooperative as a tool for economic development. However, there is some controversy over whether the cooperative form of organization is an optimal method of economic development for rural America. The same had been said about tourism as a contributor to economic development. This thesis uses case study analysis to examine three current cooperatives and their contributions to the community, using a Weberian lens of formal versus substantive rationality. Results indicated a tentative relationship between amount and type of contributions of the tourism-related cooperative organization and type of rationality for its existence.Master of Science
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Prang, Davina. "Tourism and its relationship to community development in Chamarel, Mauritius." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2016. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1140/.
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This study focuses on the Creole village of Chamarel in the south of Mauritius. It examines trends in Mauritian tourism and how this has changed to include ecologically sensitive areas. It will discuss the historical context of Mauritius and the relevance of a plural society to tourism, with a particular focus on the representation of Mauritian culture, the Creole identity and the relevance of this to community development. The research explores community tourism in Chamarel, utilising a multifaceted qualitative approach involving an ethnographic investigation intertwined with data from other techniques. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews, participant observation, casual conversations, narratives, social events and netnographic sources. The data was expanded over a ten year period to identify patterns and themes in community tourism during 2004 to 2014. This multifaceted approach represents a new methodology for the study of Mauritian tourism. There has been a significant change in Chamarel to cater for ecotourism and community tourism. The findings shed light on community participation. This is achieved through the analysis of Government reports and development plans. The range of sources used enables a very rich, multi-perspectival account of community tourism through ‘native eyes.’ The research suggests that interpretations of being Mauritian take on new meanings through the development of community tourism and reveals that ethnicity amongst other factors influenced the success of development in Chamarel.
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Ounvijit, Chooglin. "Contesting tourism development of alternative tourism in a hill-tribe community in Chiang Rai, Thailand /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18217.pdf.
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Coimbra, Maria Inês Xavier. "Pro poor tourism for community development on Atauro Island, Timor-Leste." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9595.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThis work intends to understand to what extend is tourism in Atauro pro poor and what measures can be applied for it to generate higher benefits to local communities. On TVC analysis it is found that tourism on already works in a community-integrated manner and delivers positive impacts, the focus will be on how to enhance tourism. Two focal questions direct this research: How to increase the size and performance of the tourism sector; How to increase the proportion of tourism spending reaching the poor. They are used as support for formulating practical suggestions for tourism enhancement and benefits generation.
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Nhantumbo, Emídio Samuel. "Tourism development and community response : the case of the Inhambane Coastal Zone, Mozambique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2458.
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Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tourism development is a complex process which many researchers have attempted to understand from various social science perspectives. This study adopts a geography approach to analyse tourism development in the Inhambane Coastal Zone (ICZ) by using the Miossec (1976) and the Butler (1980) models as basic frameworks for analyses. Although both models were found to be useful, they require more accurate data than what was generally available for the ICZ. Before the country’s independence in 1975, Mozambique was considered one of many premier tourism destinations in Southern Africa and the tourism sector had played an important role in the economy of the country. The 16 years period of internal conflict (1976- 1992) resulted in a rapid decline in the performance of the sector. Since the end of the armed conflict in 1992 and the democratic transition, a slow recovery of the tourism sector in Mozambique has set in. Tourism facilities for accommodation and leisure activities have increased considerably over the last ten years, despite the absence of any integrated tourism planning. In this study questionnaire surveys of tourist establishment representatives and local residents as well as focus group discussions and interviews were conducted to acquire primary data to analyse the evolution of the ICZ as a tourist destination during the period 1992 to 2008. In addition, secondary sources such as reports, tourism plans, tourism statistics and maps of the study area were used. It was found that tourism is developing slowly in the ICZ and the opening up (or rediscovering) of the zone as a destination remains limited due to the slow development of infrastructure in general. The tourism nodes are in different stages of their destination life cycle and the local residents living in the seven communities react differently toward tourism development. The ICZ has not progressed further than phase two in Miossec’s model. The Miossec model was found a suitable tool for analysing tourism development in the ICZ but it remains a challenge to identify both the evolutionary stage of the ICZ as a destination and the stage of each tourism node. The study also found that local residents in the ICZ expressed positive views about tourism development but they are still not satisfied with the current benefits they acquire from the current development status of tourism in the zone.
AFRIKAANS SUMMARY: Baie navorsers het reeds gepoog om die komplekse proses van toerisme-ontwikkeling vanuit verskeie sosiaal-wetenskaplike benaderings te verstaan. Hierdie studie volg ʼn geografiese benadering ten einde toerisme-ontwikkeling in die Inhambane Kussone (ICZ) met behulp van die Miossec (1976) en Butler (1980) modelle as basiese raamwerke te analiseer. Alhoewel beide modelle as bruikbaar bevind is, benodig hierdie modelle meer akkurate data as wat algemeen vir die ICZ beskikbaar is. Voor die land se onafhanklikheid in 1975, was Mosambiek gereken as een van vele vername toerisme bestemmings in Suidelike Afrika en die toerisme sektor het ʼn belangrike rol in die ekonomie van die land gespeel. Die 16 jare lange interne konflik (1976-1992) het tot ʼn snelle agteruitgang van die sektor se prestasie gelei. Sedert die einde van die gewapende konflik in 1992 en die oorgang na ʼn demokrasie, het die toerisme sektor in Mosambiek ʼn stadige herstel beleef. Toerisme fasiliteite vir akkommodasie en ontspanningsaktiwiteite het, ten spyte van die afwesigheid van geïntegreerde toerisme beplanning, aansienlik toegeneem. In hierdie studie is daar deur middel van ‘n vraelysopname aan verteenwoordigers van toerisme verwante besighede en plaaslike inwoners, asook fokus-groep besprekings primêre data in gesamel ten einde die evolusie van die ICZ as toeriste bestemming gedurende die tydperk vanaf 1992 tot 2008 te analiseer. Daarbenewens is sekondêre bronne soos verslae, toerisme planne, toerisme statistieke en kaarte van die studiegebied gebruik Daar is bevind dat toerisme in die ICZ stadig ontwikel en dat die herontdekking van die sone as bestemming beperk bly as gevolg van die stadige ontwikkeling van die infrastruktuur in die algemeen. Die toerisme nodusse is in verskillende stadia van hulle individuele bestemmingsiklusse, en die plaaslike inwoners in die sewe gemeenskappe reageer verskillend teenoor toerisme ontwikkeling. Die ICZ het nie verder as fase twee van die Miossec model gevorder het nie. Daar is ook vasgestel dat die Miosec model ʼn gepaste instrument is vir die analise van toerisme ontwikkeling in die ICZ, maar dit bly ʼn uitdaging om die evolusionêre stadium van die ICZ as ‘n bestemming in geheel asook die stadium van elke toerisme-nodus te kan identifiseer. Die studie het ook bevind dat plaaslike inwoners van die ICZ positiewe menings oor toerisme ontwikkeling het, maar nog steeds nie tevrede is met die huidige voordele wat hulle uit die huidige ontwikkelingstatus van toerisme in die sone ontvang nie.
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Yamashita, Shihomi. "Community-Based Associations for Sustainable Tourism Development : Fostering Sustainable Development in Developing Countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-163942.
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Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is a bottom-up approach to sustainable developmentused in developing countries to enhance the conservation of natural resources, preservetraditional culture, and generate income at the local level. The study aims to understandthe effectiveness of community associations for CBT development in developingcountries. Ghana is selected as the primary case of this study. Published data on CBTassociations in Namibia, Uganda, Kyrgyzstan and Costa Rica are used as supporting casesof the study. The research was conducted primarily, using library resources, incombination with fieldwork conducted by the author. The findings describe a viciouscircle of poverty in Ghana’s CBT development as well as describe successes andchallenges of supporting cases. It is clarified that the studied CBT associations haveplayed a significant role in creating networks and making linkages among the variousstakeholders involved. Further, these efforts increase the possibility of expanding CBTbenefits to the whole country, especially by creating interaction with governmentalagencies. However, obtaining a sustainable funding source for their activities is still agreat challenge, facing the associations. The study concludes that the establishment ofCBT associations can solve some of the problems identified as limiting Ghana’s CBTdevelopment. In particular, CBT associations could be useful for enhancing collaborationamong stakeholders. Unfortunately, the study could not identify any concrete solutionsfor the many financial issues which many developing countries face. An empirical studyon introducing microfinance or other soft loan system to CBT associations could be avaluable subject for further studies.
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Le, Tuan Anh (Andrew). "Community-based Tourism and Development in the Periphery/Semi-periphery Interface of Viet Nam." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366327.
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Community-based tourism (CBT) is widely accepted as an effective facilitator of sustainable development that reduces exploitation and brings about benefits for local communities in the least developed and remote areas. However, whilst CBT can be a catalyst for local income and employment generation, its contribution to improving local development is often overestimated and inaccurately identified. This is in part because development and its measurement are mainly assessed by non-locals who do not adequately take into account the opinions of residents. There is increasing concern that most of the impetus and funding for CBT, and its ongoing product viability, is attributable to Western “experts” and development agencies, and that far too little attention has been paid to local perspectives, empowerment, and knowledge. With regard to a CBT context, there is presently no study that adequately explores the local community’s perception of “development”; how CBT contributes to achieving that development; what factors facilitate or inhibit CBT to this effect; and how CBT can be improved so that it serves more effectively to promote development.
Additionally, most studies focus on destinations in the classic periphery and neglect the fact that many CBT projects are found in the dynamic interface between the periphery and the rapidly expanding semi-periphery regions that represent the frontier of contemporary economic development in emerging economies such as Viet Nam. Importantly, this interface functions as a gateway to large tourist numbers, indicating a potential relationship between CBT – traditionally considered a manifestation of alternative tourism – and mass tourism.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Huxford, Kirsten Maree Lake. "Tracing Tourism Translations: Opening the black box of development assistance in community-based tourism in Viet Nam." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5989.
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Tourism is a lens that provides unique insights into the social, cultural, political and economic processes operating in specific environments. In this study, the lens is directed at community-based tourism initiatives in northern Viet Nam that have been ‘facilitated’ by international development agencies. The potential of tourism as a tool for development is gaining increased recognition and popularity around the globe, despite widespread criticism in the academic literature based on the poor record of success. In Viet Nam, community-based tourism initiatives are increasingly being established with assistance from international development agencies, as a means of diversifying agricultural livelihoods in the hope of alleviating poverty. Based on six weeks of ethnographic fieldwork in northern Viet Nam, this research joins only a handful of tourism studies that have used actor-network theory (ANT) as a methodological approach for studying tourism. This thesis therefore provides an important contribution to the emerging dialogue on the potential of ANT to inform new understandings about tourism, as well as opening the black box of development-assisted community-based tourism in Viet Nam.
This research uses Callon’s (1986b) phases of translation to identify the actors in community-based tourism in Viet Nam, exploring the roles, relationships and strategies (per)formed by these actors as they attempt to enact CBT actor-networks. A discourse analysis shows how dominant discourses around knowledge and power homogenize groups such as host communities and tour operators, in ways that legitimise the interventions and actions of other actors, such as development agencies and government institutions. Exploring the dominant discourses around CBT opens a window into spaces within the actor-network of CBT where the workings of the actor-network are prescribed, taken for granted, and thus appear stable. However there are also spaces where the actor-networks are constantly negotiated, where meaning is contested and relationships between actors are fluid and dynamic. Out of these negotiated spaces agency emerges, and actor-networks are reconfigured as power relations shift and actors are transformed. This thesis explores some of these prescribed and negotiated spaces, showing the impact of specific power relations on material CBT outcomes and providing new understandings to inform development policy and practice.
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Nelson, Erika Denise. "A Community Perspective on Volunteer Tourism and Development in South Africa." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1279848801.
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Isaacs, E. M. "Community development, tourism and the Sustainable Development Fund within the Brecon Beacons National Park." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2017. http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1971/.
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This research is situated within the Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP), it explores the role of community driven initiatives in encouraging sustainable rural communities, whilst assessing the relevance of tourism to such schemes. The National Park (NP) provide funding for community led sustainability programmes, known as the Sustainable Development Fund, the examination of this funding led to findings which challenge the common assumption that funding for community led schemes will be of net benefit at the local level. Through the use of a survey, focus groups and interviews it was observed that certain components reflected in most rural development programmes such as the integration of tourism, participation and the development of social capital are still barriers to rural development and continue to hamper the effectiveness of not only the Sustainable Development Funding (SDF) schemes, but the communities striving for sustainability. There is evidence to suggest that community development with a significant emphasis on tourism may be an important element in the survival and revival of the economy of the BBNP as traditional agriculture continues to decline. Tourism, in policy terms, is perceived as a suitable form of economic development for rural areas within the NP. However, as communities turn to tourism as a means to raising income and employment, a lack of understanding of tourism and its impacts has been identified as a barrier to a holistic and cohesive development strategy for communities. Consequently, the use of publicly funded schemes that strive towards community development have failed to embrace the opportunities that tourism offers. Overall, this thesis concludes that, whilst funding via the SDF scheme was facilitating one-off individual community projects, the wider geographic community was not being enhanced or made more sustainable or developed either as a policy output or an output of the SDF projects. The knowledge and skills necessary to acquire funding enabled expert communities to participate and develop isolated pockets of social capital. However, this was at the exclusion of the wider geographic community, who were not as practised at such techniques and processes, consequently, denying them of such opportunities for development. As such, it questions whether current mechanisms of funding for isolated, community driven sustainability initiatives coupled with a lack of integration within the existing tourism structures and policies are assisting sustainable community development within the NP. The research concludes with a model which seeks to identify the key elements that may help develop sustainable communities within the NP and the relationship between these elements. The model could be tested, in future research, and other national parks in the UK that implement the SDF scheme to assess its wider applicability.
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Moayerian, Neda. "Exploring the Connections between Community Cultural Development and Sustainable Tourism in Central Appalachia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105145.
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During the past several decades, globalization forces in general and mechanization of coal mining jobs more specifically have sharply changed the economic and social conditions of many of the coal towns in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. Efforts to identify and seek alternatives to replace the ongoing decline of their traditional way of life are deeply entangled with community identity and culture due to the historical hegemonic role and power of coal mining and other extractive industries and their critical role in forming residents' identities.
Many of the small communities in this region are pursuing initiatives to highlight their natural and cultural assets in efforts to develop tourism as a new foundation for their economies. However, to avoid tourism simply becoming another extractive industry, researchers and practitioners have suggested that these communities must develop capacity to participate in and take ownership of tourism-related decision-making processes. In an effort to examine the dynamics of one such effort in detail this study drew on Community Capacity theory as interpreted by Chaskin (2001a) to explore the relationships between Community Cultural Development (CCD) and the sustainability of tourism in a small town located in Central Appalachia seeking to transition to a visitor-based economy.
This dissertation explored whether and in what ways engaging in CCD projects and community capacity are related and identified ways such interactions influence the sustainability of tourism. Along with personal observation and a review of relevant archival data, I conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with a sample of individuals from a community cultural development organization regarding their efforts to build possibilities for sustainable tourism in their rural jurisdiction.
This study's findings contribute to the existing literature by suggesting Chaskin's framework of community capacity as an apt model for charting progress towards sustainable community-based tourism. Moreover, this research found that employing CCD methods can enhance community capacity by encouraging a sense of shared identity among the group's members and through them among a broader cross-section of residents. Lastly, this inquiry suggested that CCD contributed to the sustainability of tourism in the case study community by increasing residents' effective participation in decision-making processes concerning such efforts, encouraging locals' partnership and ownership of tourism development projects and providing space for negotiating the tourist gaze in guest-host relationships.Doctor of Philosophy
Since at least the late 1960s and the advent of the ongoing decline of mining, the populations of many small coal-dependent towns in Central Appalachia have fallen into economic hardship (e.g., high rates of poverty, too few and/or inadequate jobs and public services), now confront a range of social issues arising from that harsh reality (e.g., youth out-migration, rapidly aging populations, the current opioid epidemic). In response to those conditions, many affected communities are investing in their wealth of natural resources and unique cultural assets to promote tourism as a palliative, if not replacement, for their previous economies. Tourism has the potential to reduce poverty and to boost shared prosperity among host communities, but it also, if poorly managed, could become another extractive industry. This study focused on the ways that residents in one Central Appalachian community have individually and as groups sought to assume ownership of their area's tourism-related efforts. I specifically analyzed participation in that jurisdiction's cultural activities (e.g., community theatre and story circles) to understand whether and how involvement in them affected participants' awareness of their capability to address the conditions in their community. My interviews with 10 active participants in my sample community's collective cultural projects revealed that residents did come to perceive themselves as possessing capacity as individuals and as groups to address the challenges that have arisen in their community as its traditional economy has declined. This study also found that participants in culture-based group activities were better prepared to participate effectively in tourism-related decision-making processes in their community. Indeed, many of those I interviewed have become owners and/or partners in tourism development projects because of the information and networks they developed during their participation in cultural activities. Finally, this analysis found that community cultural activities created a space for residents to interact regardless of their socio-economic status, ideological predisposition or other characteristics; an outcome that interviewees indicated they had come to cherish.
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Joseph, Brian A. "Tourism and economic development in the Caribbean comparative advantage deferred /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1313917941&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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MORELLATO, MASSIMO. "Reputational capital and olympic events: a case study of whistler live!" Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29578.
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Mega events such as the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games present unique opportunities to increase the economic and social capital required by destinations to be competitive on the global tourism stage. Engaging Games and community stakeholders in the networks needed to organize and deliver such events is central to creating sustained and positive legacies. Network building and maintenance can occur at a variety of levels and scales. Effective and sustained networks depend on and are shaped by the social and reputational capital created through the process of managing various dimensions of the event. One of the more recent Games’ dimensions used as a vehicle for creating social capital is the Cultural Olympiad.
This dissertation creates and tests the utility of a conceptual model in identifying how event organizers strategically select stakeholders and nurture network relations to build the reputational capital needed for sustained competitiveness. It builds this model based on premises and principles emerging from literature related to corporate social responsibility, social capital development, reputational capital creation, Olympic mega-event legacies, tourism destination branding and community based sustainability planning. The study tests the model’s usefulness through a case study of the stakeholders, networks, and outcomes created in the development and delivery of Whistler’s portion of the 2010 Winter Games Cultural Olympiad – ‘Whistler Live!’. It explores the ways in which Whistler engaged its stakeholders and partners so as not only to meet its immediate Olympic goals, but also to contribute the longer term reputation and sustainability of the resort community.
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Zimba, Godfrey Joe. "The management of south luangwa national park towards sustainable tourism development." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Geography, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-933.
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This thesis explores communities’ participation and involvement in both wildlife-based and tourist activities in south Luangwa national park with particular focus on local participation/ devolution. Specifically, it assesses whether the legal provisions for community participation in wildlife management spelt out in the wildlife policy take into account various factors which enhances the effectiveness of local participation in CBNRM. It then examines various forms of community participation in wildlife management and small scale tourism activities. Finally, the study examines sources of conflict which may occur over natural resources in SLNP and adjacent GMA.
The study uses political ecology and protected area management paradigm as the theoretical frameworks. The former comprises four major elements, which include the politicization of the environment, a focus on actors as the contestants in this politicization, inequality in distribution of power between and among actors in the park, and the dynamic involvement of natural environment in this process. The latter, uses a CBC framework that is based on: allowing people living near the protected lands to participate in land-use policy and management decisions; giving people proprietorship or ownership over wildlife resources; and, giving local people economic benefit from wildlife conservation. A case study approach is adopted involving qualitative research method. Data were collected through personal observation, formal and informal interviews, focus groups and document review. In a case study approach, an empirical inquiry, which investigates contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context such like wildlife, is analyzed and interpreted through the selected theoretical frameworks.
The data reveal that, local people living near SLNP and in the Lupande GMA do not per se actively participate in land-use policy and management decisions. Further, data indicate that community resource boards in the three chiefdoms have not been given ownership over wildlife resources. ZAWA has continued appropriating all the revenues accruing from wildlife utilization in the area since its inception. This is contrary to what is stated in the wildlife policy and wildlife Act 1998. Also, data shows that many local people do not individually benefit from wildlife-based and tourist activities. Additionally, data indicates that different interest groups expect different types of participation to achieve their own goals. Accordingly, participation varied among various interest groups although much of it as reported by respondents concentrated in the two lower levels of Pretty’ typology. The findings are significant because they offer a framework for understanding challenges and conflicts related to wildlife conservation and tourism development.
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Ellis, Sotear. "Community based tourism in Cambodia : exploring the role of community for successful implementation in least developed countries." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/451.
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Sustainable tourism has been identified as a potential tool for development in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Specifically, at the community level, Community Based Tourism (CBT) has emerged as an effective model to promote the development of sustainable tourism which produces meaningful benefits for all sectors of the community while protecting the longevity of the tourist product, and encouraging environmental and cultural conservation. The practical implementation of sustainable tourism in LDCs via CBT models faces many challenges. The source of these challenges is the complex stakeholder environment in which the theoretical and practical elements of CBT exist. Stakeholders have influenced the theoretical understanding of CBT through the multitude of definitions further hindered by the variations in terminology that abound within the theoretical literature. Internal stakeholders further complicate the implementation of CBT in communities, through misinterpretation and their different agendas. The potential negative outcomes of these external stakeholder influences include the persistence of poor quality theoretical models and inadequate information sources for practitioners. Internal influences can result in increasing power imbalances within the community, and the establishment of conflicting goals for CBT. Cambodia presents a unique opportunity to explore CBT as the model utilised to implement sustainable tourism for development in an LDC. Cambodia, identified as an LDC in 2001, has focused on the use of tourism to stimulate development, with recent attention being given to the opportunities for CBT. The aim of this research gives consideration to developing informed best practice for the implementation of CBT in LDC communities by finding a means to minimise these potential negative outcomes. To do so, the case studies of two rural communities in Cambodia utilising CBT to stimulate community development have been explored –Banteay Chhmar, Banteay Meanchey Province, and Banlung, Ratanakiri Province. The research was conducted in two phases, consisting of semi-structured and structured interviews with members of the community directly participating in tourism, the tourism committee, and non-participants in tourism. A total of 67 residents participated in both phases of the research. The key findings of this research.The key findings of this research show a strong positive perception of tourism by both communities which is supported by the perception of a range of positive economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts which dominate any minor perceived negative impacts. The research revealed the importance of the role of perception in the successful implementation of CBT. In particular, the research revealed that the perception of self,perception of community, and perception of the tourism committee have a considerable effect on the development of community support for tourism, which enhances meaningful participation for effective implementation of CBT. This alludes to social capital as an idea which can benefit the theoretical understanding of CBT, and therefore, inform practice. This research informs the practical implementation of CBT by highlighting the importance of open communication as a facilitator of education and awareness of CBT, which supports tolerance and support of CBT during and after implementation. Also highlighted was the importance of community pride, collaboration and commitment to community activities, represented as community cohesion. This cohesion is essential for the implementation of CBT in the LDC context, as it serves to mitigate some of the challenges encountered in disadvantaged communities. Finally, the foundations for a considered approach for the establishment of effective CBT committees are established. In addition to the assumption that CBT committees ensure community control of tourism and fund development goals, there is also a need to focus on the continued support of community cohesion as being essential for the continued success of CBT in the long term. From this exploration of two sites in Cambodia, this research makes meaningful theoretical contributions regarding the foundations of understanding how to implement CBT effectively in the Cambodian LDC context. The practical solutions identified will facilitate this implementation process, and can potentially be extrapolated to other similar LDC settings, and into general community development scenarios.
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Blejwas, Emily K. Bailey L. Conner. "Social capital, cultural capital, and the racial divide community development through art in Alabama's Black Belt /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Theses/BLEJWAS_EMILY_35.pdf.
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Baker, Janet. "Sustainable community tourism development and conditions for application in the Mexican context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0014/MQ26772.pdf.
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Ahmed, Mohamed. "Actor-network theory, tourism organizations and the development of sustainable community livelihoods." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2899.
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Research on existing actor-networks has focused traditionally on outcomes, achievements and success at the expense of a detailed consideration of their formation and ability to function. In recognition of this lacuna, this study examined the formation and functioning of tourism-related actor-networks involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in the coastal city of Hurghada, Egypt. More specifically, it applied the actor-network theory (ANT). In particular, the study applied its four moments of translation – problematization, interessement, enrolment and mobilization – and used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse the influencing factors, whether positively or negatively, and the degree to which the creation and operations of such collaborations were successful. This study employed a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 510 employees of tourism-related organizations involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. Also, the researcher conducted fourteen semi-structured interviews with the managers and assistant managers of tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism. The SEM’s findings revealed the existence of a number of tourism-related actor-networks which were attempting to safeguard local community livelihoods through environmental protection, and of four key factors – trust, coordination, commitment, and communication – which were damaging their formation, functioning and outcomes. This study contributed to theory since it enhanced our knowledge and understanding of the relationships between four previously unconnected bodies of literature. These were, namely, ANT, tourism-related organizations, environmental governance, collaboration, and environmental protection. The study highlighted, also, the factors, both positive and negative, which influenced the formation and functioning of tourism actor-networks involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. In practical terms, this study analysed the role of tourism-related organizations in order to identify their main strengths and weaknesses In addition, the researcher considered how partnership networks could consolidate the strengths and overcome the weaknesses of the tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in Hurghada. Also, this study will help these tourism-related organizations, through such networks, to adopt suitable activities, policies, strategies and laws for protecting the assets relating to the local community’s livelihoods. Therefore, knowing the key success factors of collaborative networks and good governance will help these networks of tourism-related organizations to improve their performance in terms of assisting Hurghada’s local community and the poor people in particular.
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Cau, Luciano. "Tourism and recreation in urban waterfront redevelopment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297424.
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Dobson, Suzanne L. "Coastal community development in the Caribbean via small boat cruising tourism, an examination of sustainable tourism development in George Town, Exuma, Bahamas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ57219.pdf.
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Nsabimana, Emmanuel. "The extent of community involvement in tourism development and conservation activities in Eastern Rwanda." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1604.
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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010This study investigated the extent of local community involvement in tourism development and conservation activities in eastern Rwanda by using Akagera National Park as a case study. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect data from local residents, while face-to-face interviews were conducted with key informants from Rwanda National Tourism and Conservation Agency and local government officials as means to obtain deeper insights. Tosun (2000:626) contends that community involvement in tourism can be considered from at least two viewpoints, namely the decision-making process that would involve community participation and the benefits of tourism development such as employment and business opportunities. Results of this research suggest that community participation in Akagera National Park has been recognised by Rwanda National Tourism and Conservation Agency and the government of Rwanda only in the sense of helping local people to obtain economic benefits via employing them as workers within industry [though, still at a low rate], whilst encouraging them to operate small scale businesses such as curio shops, rather than create opportunities for them to have a say in the process of decision making of tourism management and conservation policies. Although Rwanda has opted for a decentralised system in its rural development plans, it is evident that it has failed to do so in the areas of tourism and conservation - at least in Akagera National Park. The researcher believes that in the light of the research results, the decision making system for Akagera National Park tourism and conservation development plans is still highly centralised, which, conversely, work against participatory development approach. The study recommends that local communities in the Akagera area should be consulted and involved in development programmes within their villages from the start, as this process will present a significant step towards ensuring more adequate participation in conservation and tourism. Finally, the researcher recommends that further studies should be conducted to engage in evaluation of impacts and successes of governmental policy of 5% revenue sharing, which should be implemented in communities around Akagera National Park.
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Thompson, Christopher Ryals. "The Community-Based Homestay Project: A Case Study in Small-Scale Sustainable Tourism Development in the Commonwealth of Dominica." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1278175581.
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Dick, Rebecca. "Wildlife Tourism and Community-Based Conservation Towards Tanzania Vision 2025." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41922.
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This research goes beyond the traditionally studied intricacies and contentions within northern Tanzania’s community-based conservation by looking at how the state’s engagement, through wildlife tourism, with local communities in and around protected areas impacts the country’s development and conservation of its wildlife. It draws heavily on Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025 and how the wildlife tourism industry feeds into achieving its objectives. This research looks through the theoretical lens of political ecology, the theory of access, and the powers of exclusion. It applies a qualitative content analysis by coding different types of existing literature in NVivo, and includes semi-structured interviews with key respondents. The research concludes that the government’s recentralization of wildlife management is working opposite to its development ambitions as per Vision 2025, and it is doing very little to address the crisis within its ecosystems and to enhance wildlife conservation. Ultimately, it is through the government’s efforts to protect Tanzania’s ecological uniqueness that both conservation and development have faced increased challenges in its efforts to improve.
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Taylor, E. "Culture, tourism and sustainability : an ethnographic study of rural community development in Jamaica." Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/60a9aaa7-b934-4e5d-83e2-558355971e8d/1.
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This novel ethnographic study investigates the role of culture and tourism in the sustainable development of rural communities in Jamaica. It focuses on two distinctive Jamaican groups, the Charles Town Maroon and the Seaford Town German descendants. The objectives of the study are to examine the meanings culture holds for local people in relation to identity, sense of place and community development; assess the extent to which they capitalise on their intangible and tangible culture in pursuit of sustainable rural community tourism and make recommendations for local people and policymakers. The basis for the research is the economic and social crisis facing rural communities in Jamaica due to the demise of their traditional agriculture base. This has been precipitated by international trade liberalisation rules, which removed the preferential access of Jamaican produce to European Union countries. With small-scale Jamaican sugar and banana farmers unable to compete with major producers from the United States of America and South America, rural communities have been left devastated. For many, farming is now an unreliable source of income. More than half of local farmers are in serious economic and social difficulties and 80 per cent of the 1.1 million people living below the poverty line in Jamaica, live in the countryside. With few alternative livelihood strategies, many rural inhabitants are attempting to exploit their culture resources by way of rural community tourism. This coincides with research, which shows an increasing desire by tourists to capture diverse and ordinary social experiences in destinations such as Jamaica. They want authentic contact with host communities away from resorts. However, with tourism on the island predicated on the sand, sun and sea all-inclusive resort model and poor rural infrastructure, local people face tough challenges to exploit their culture resources. The study is conducted in the real world setting of rural Jamaica and is underpinned by an integrated conceptual framework developed from ideas taken from different literatures and preliminary fieldwork. The framework is applied to the findings of the study to analyse the different development paths taken by Charles Town and Seaford Town. It argues that Ray’s (1998) culture economy approach helps to capture this, but the complex and contested nature of ideas relating to development, identity, sense of place, community and culture commoditisation mean it does not do so holistically. However, a more comprehensive picture of the development paths of the two communities emerges by integrating notions of the culture economy with ideas relating to cultural connectedness and plurality of commoditisation. The concepts reflect a sense of ‘rootedness’ in place (vertical linkages) and same-level locally bounded relationships (horizontal linkages). Plurality of commoditisation refers to the differentiated and diversified tactics being deployed by locals to meet tourists’ demands for actual interactions and co-creative experiences with them. The research approach consists of a constructivist paradigm, relativist ontology, subjectivist epistemology, ethnographic methodology and qualitative methods. The focus is, therefore, not only on who, why, what, when, and how, but also on meanings, human action, identity, sense of place, interactions, emotions and behaviour. Thick detailed descriptions are used to capture the articulations of local people and the circumstances in which they occur. The study finds that the role of culture and tourism in the sustainable development of rural communities in Jamaica marks the transition from a primarily agriculture mode of production to one that places greater emphasis on the use of local culture resources. However, while it is clear that communities such as Charles Town and Seaford Town are rich in culture resources, the extent to which they capitalise on them are somewhat limited. The reasons are socio-economic, historical and deep-seated. Adopting the modified culture economy approach, proposed in this study, could increase understanding of the challenges faced by locals and offer a way forward. This is because the framework is holistic in that it considers the socio-economic, cultural and emotional dimensions of rural communities.
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Tosun, Cevat. "Local community participation in the tourism development process : the case of Urgup, Turkey." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21319.
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This research was an attempt to understand the concept of community participation as a tourism development approach. Four main objectives were established; 1) to examine the current practice of, and potential for community participation in the tourism development process in Urgup, 2) to determine views of interest groups on various issues of community participation, 3) to explore the expectations of the local community from the tourism development; and 4) to develop policy suggestions to facilitate community participation in the tourism development process (TDP). This study has adopted an inductive research approach, rather than a deductive one. The pre-determined research objectives have led and structured the study. Both theoretical discussions and empirical field research are employed to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the study. Several general conclusions are drawn from this study: 1) There is a theoretical gap in the knowledge of participatory tourism development which may be closed from an understanding gained in other community participation areas such as health, housing, etc. 2) Many local tourist destinations are at different levels of development; thus, it may be naive to claim that one form of participatory tourism development approach will provide a universal model. 3) This study has revealed that there are three main groups of limitations to the participatory tourism development approach. These limitations can be classified as operational limitations, structural limitations and cultural limitations. 4) Implementation of a participatory tourism development approach requires the re-structuring of the public administration system, and re-distribution of power and wealth, for which hard political choices and logical decisions are a sine qua non. 5) Adoption of contemporary approaches to tourism development emerged and refined in developed countries is not a panacea for poor planning in developing countries that do not have the basis of the pre-industrial phase experienced last century in Europe and North America. Thus, a cautionary approach is needed to follow what developed countries are doing in the context of tourism development.
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Ivanescu, Yvonne. "Merging Market with Community: Balancing Community Development and Commercial Viability within Community-Based Tourism Projects, A Possibility? An Analysis of Brazil." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/312002.
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Community-based tourism (CBT), according to Dodds, R. Ali, A. & Galaski, K. (2016), has historically been developed based on a host community’s assets and objectives due to the fact that the "core of CBT planning has been to determine how best to use it as a development tool." As a result, the established CBT development model typically prioritizes community potential as supply at the expense of the market potential of tourism (demand), disregarding to a certain extent the commercial aspects of tourism. From this perspective, questions regarding product strategy, idea generation, business analysis, and how cross-sectoral knowledge production and exchange can strengthen the sustainability and viability of the CBT product have not yet been fully answered in academic literature. This paper builds on the academic literature regarding market access and is further supported by interviews and participant observation conducted in Brazil. This research indicates that these analyses should be complemented with additional questions about product development, capacity-building, knowledge co-production, collaborative networking, and more. The business life cycle of CBT could be considered a foundational pillar in understanding the business viability of community-based tourism projects, and therefore, the expected findings of this study include the proposal of an amended CBT model and practical recommendations that may be implemented into existing CBT projects.Le tourisme communautaire (CBT), selon Dodds, R. Ali, A. et Galaski, K. (2016), a été largement développé sur la base des atouts et des objectifs d'une communauté en raison du fait que le en raison du fait que “le cœur de la planification de le tourisme communautaire a été de déterminer la meilleure façon de l'utiliser comme outil de développement” (p. 16). En conséquence, le développement du CBT a donné la priorité au potentiel communautaire (offre) au détriment du potentiel touristique (demande), sans tenir compte, dans une certaine mesure, des aspects commerciaux du tourisme. Dans cette perspective, les questions concernant la stratégie de produit, la génération d'idées, l'analyse commerciale et les moyens par lesquels la production et l'échange de connaissances intersectorielles peuvent renforcer la durabilité et la viabilité du produit CBT n'ont pas encore trouvé de réponse complète dans la littérature universitaire. Bien que les analyses concernant l'accès aux marchés soient abondantes dans la littérature (Dodds et al. 2016; Mitchell & Hall, 2005; Mitchell & Muckosy, 2008; Forstner, 2004; Iorio & Corsale, 2014), cet article, informé par des entretiens semi-structurés et l'observation des participants menée pendant le séjour de deux ans de l'auteur au Brésil, soutient que ces analyses devraient être complétées par des questions supplémentaires sur le développement de produits, la formation des capacités, la coproduction de connaissances, le réseautage collaboratif et plus encore. Le cycle de vie des entreprises du tourisme communautaire pourrait être considéré comme un pilier fondamental de la compréhension de la viabilité commerciale des projets de tourisme communautaire, et par conséquent, les conclusions attendues de cette étude incluent la proposition d'un modèle CBT modifié et des recommandations pratiques qui pourraient être mises en œuvre. dans les projets CBT existants.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Grekin, Jacqueline. "Understanding the community-level impacts of tourism development : the case of Pond Inlet, NWT." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68096.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to provide a better understanding of the economic and socio-cultural impacts associated with small scale tourism development in the Inuit community of Pond Inlet, Baffin Island. A brief history and economic profile of the community illuminate the reasons underlying its adoption of tourism as a source of income and employment. I then proceed to review past attempts to understand the relationship between tourism and community development. Despite the merits of these studies, they are shown to have largely failed to supply a theoretical framework capable of explaining the underlying factors that influence the scale and nature of the resulting impacts. I then propose that recent theoretical developments, based on the 'flexible specialization' approach, may better assist our attempts to understand the dynamic relationship between tourism and the communities that host it.The empirical section of the thesis is based on surveys of several key actors: residents, tourists, and the tourist industry. When combined with a simplified multiplier analysis, the findings indicate that the community's current tourism strategy is largely consistent with local economic objectives and that as a result residents support tourism development. Nevertheless, the results suggest certain weaknesses in the current approach to tourism development. They include: the potential for conflicts to develop between local hunters and wildlife watchers; a failure to link tourism to other sectors of the local economy; and difficulties reaching consumers in the context of a restructured travel industry increasingly dominated by computer technology. I then proceed to provide some policy and planning recommendations. This is followed by a brief evaluation of the theoretical approach adopted. I conclude by outlining some areas for future research.
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Cheng, Yu-Heng, and 程于恆. "EU Tourism Development Policies – A Study case of “Aude” Sustainable Tourism Development in France." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e6ycd4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
104
Tourism development is largely contributing to world''s economy as an industrial sector; it is bringing economic growth and liveliness to every country, city and region. It constitutes many new tourism markets in all continents: Europe (France,…), America (USA,…), Asia (China,…), the Middle East, Africa. Under the booming of tourism industry, top touristic areas are facing over crowded monuments, endangered natural landscapes, which are bearing possible irreversible impact changes. They need to prevent their cultural heritage damaged risks. Historical France is benefiting of geographical environment, varied natural landscape and romantic culture, it does attract large waves of visitors to France, and has become the preferred destination for majority of tourists. As well, more remote regions would think to develop tourism and rely on more visitors to develop their economy. However, the United Nations World Tourism Organization noticed that tourism assets need to be maintained, sustainable and protected, and wait till late 1980s, when WTO brought awareness to sustainable development concept and the implications of industrial operations. Sustainable development of tourism industries focus on the protection of natural and cultural tourism resources, it should repair, maintain, and prevent intensive raise of tourists number, water and energy demands, traffic jams, accompanied by saturation of facilities, or wastes recycling and fast building. Against these critical situations, the EU support member states for diverse sightseeing tours. The case study of Aude department in France has been chosen, as it represents a typical example; for its natural landscape and cultural relics suffered damages and call French government to focus on the development of sustainable tourism development to support these more remote areas in both ways: attract tourists’ visit around the year.Although their historic or natural resources not renown and, protect, maintain their resources in the meantime. Aude accessed to EU and French government joint support to become a popular touristic destination, with regional development in the respect of sustainable development. This study of the development of tourism in France Aude region also analyses localities and National or European coordination and supports for sustainable tourism development in France. This study is divided into four parts: The first chapter explains the motivation and purpose of research, research methods, scope and limits; The second chapter discusses the origin and development of tourism with explained definitions of sustainable tourism; the third chapter described the EU''s Tourism Policy history and development; the fourth chapter discusses the advantages and status of tourism in France and evaluate France Aude sustainable tourism policy measures and useful experiences for other countries regional development.
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Huang, Jun-Lin, and 黃俊霖. "A Study of Swiss Tourism''s Development and Policies." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42786514319356105538.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所
92
Switzerland is one of the most well known tourism countries in the world. However, because of the effects of more and more competition from other countries, the prominent destruction of the environment and ecosystem caused by development of tourism, and the depression of Switzerland’s tourism industry, the Swiss government has taken its active role as a planner to respond to all the challenges they are confronted. The purpose of this paper is to study the Swiss government’s concrete measures on promoting Switzerland’s tourism industry, through the development of Swiss tourism policies. To inquire into the questions of internal and external environment, with the whole process of policies making by the Swiss government, the Public Policy theory’s analytical framework and system of policy decision model were used in the study frame. On the whole, there are two general ideas taken into consideration by the Swiss government while promoting their tourism industry. One is to create advantageous tourism quality and surroundings for promoting Swiss tourism. The other is to preserve the environment, and to avoid the damage to nature, landscape, and cultural heritage while developing tourism. In other words, the Swiss government urges to ensure that a harmonious balance is sought among society, economy, and environment. In this case, Tourism Promotion Policy and Ecotourism and Sustainable Development Policy are drafted. This thesis discovered that the successful factors of development of Swiss tourism policies lie in the flexibilities of the administrative operation of the Swiss government and the cooperation of the Swiss people. In analysis of Swiss government’s tourism policies, there are several characteristics, such as innovation, cooperation, networking, bringing awareness and focusing on education, promoting quality, and protecting the environment. After adaptation of these Swiss government’s prospective tourism policies, the Swiss tourism competitive capability has improved greatly.
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Chang, Shoou-hsien, and 張守賢. "A Study of Taiwan Tourism''s Development and Policies." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38279133734988082170.
Full textAbstract:
碩士義守大學
管理研究所碩士班
93
Taiwan earns the name “Formosa” because of its exceptionally rich in natural and humane resource with abundance and diversity. During the economic market reforming, numbers of industries move out from Taiwan gradually, so developing the “non-smokestack” tourism industry to stride forward international market is the important step. The international environment, however, is more competitive. Developing tourism industry has caused the strike on environment and ecology, the effects on the feat gliding of tourism industry as well; our government should be a planner positively to face the challenges brought by Taiwan’s tourism industry development. This study mainly demonstrates the concrete actions of our government in promoting the development of tourism industry by the interaction between development and policy of Taiwan’s tourism industry. The framework is to investigate the intra- and extra- environmental problems as well as the entire actions encountered with our government in enacting the tourism policy by using analytical structure of public policy and system decision model. By reviewing the past bibliographies, most tourism studies are still quantitative; however, there are still remain many defects in the quantitative studies involving representative of samples and the results of discursiveness. Furthermore, the qualitative study is an advanced research. In addition, fewer problems appeared in the data collection in a small number of qualitative studies. In the data analysis and conclusion, however, usually remains in the explanation of questionnaire data and is lack of integration of data venation. This study deeply tries to excavate the connotation which can’t be involved in quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interview with integration analysis. The result of research analyzes that our government should divide the tourism industry development into two parts. One is creating the beneficial quality and environment to popularize Taiwan tourism industry; the other one, for the environment preserving, is avoiding to strike against the natural scene and cultural heritage while developing the tourism industry. The most important is that our government should keep the balance in society, economy, and environment in the meanwhile; then helping Taiwan’s tourism industry development toward sustainable development and Tourism Island. So merging Taiwan’s spirit and culture to create the unique Taiwan is very important. In international publicity, the government have to do international marketing well, strive to international tourism marketing and broaden tourism investment The tourism policy established by our government should include creativity, cooperation, coordination, education, quality, and protecting environment. The international competitiveness of Taiwan’s tourism business will be enhanced under these tourism policies.
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Lee, Yung-Kang, and 李永康. "Hot Spring Tourism Community Development in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05684040392287897943.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理大學
觀光事業管理系
105
Each nation with hot spring considers it as a crown jewel ever since hot spring is found. Taiwan possess numerous hot spring resources, its importance goes without saying. Due to the improved life standard and social atmosphere in recent years, the idea of leisure and entertainment has been greatly changed. With the prevailing trend of hot spring bath and Spa, immersing in hot springs has become a brand new enjoyment for everyone. While having a hot spring tour, we can not only have fun in hot water but also appreciate nature beauty. Beside, hot spring provides multifunction such as convalescence and relaxation. Hot spring surely has the potential becoming the most representative resource in the tourism industry. Therefore, the development of hot spring community is not just part of the tourism industry, it is the key whether hot spring tourism can be sustainable development or not. This research consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 provide the whole idea about this research throughout literature review. Then the second chapter explore the development of hot spring tour in Taiwan. By analyzing the features and the distributions of hot springs, look back into the hot spring usage from time to time and further dig into the evolution of hot spring tour nowadays. The next chapter investigates the meaning, image and the regional status of tourism community, and conduct a deeper image classification on hot spring community in order to find out obstruction and development potential. Follow up the last chapter focus on the planning and development of hot spring community. Generalize the governmental policies on tourism industry, then analyze the main strategy on the development of hot spring community, lastly provide suggestions on domestic development program.
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Wang, Chiung-Hui, and 王瓊慧. "Sustainable Development of Community Tourism –A Case Study of Linbei Community." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tf2ne8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
休閒運動研究所
104
Recent years, many communities had combined local tourism resources, empowerment and active local features in order to promote the local tourism industry, enhancing the attraction to tourists. However, there is still no research about if there is the sustainability of community tourism. This research used Linbei Community as the study object, exploding how to achieve community sustainability. Using purposive sampling, Linbei’s locals as study object, take 12 samples, depth interviews, use field study, secondary data as supplemen, evaluating Linbei’s motivation of eco system, economic and culture. The research results shows that Linbi’s core resources are the cultivation of wang-shi papaya and tomato, Hakka tribe’s culture resources, Osaka form tobacco barns cultural construction, Purple Crow Butterflies’ stop while they are migrating, positively doing low carbon community, Spirit of Community Building.Community could only reach the suitable allocation through the cooperation and competition relationship between the integration of community tourism resources and stakeholders’ conflicts of interests and motivation. And through the empowering of the public sector, we can active the community tourism development and promote the quality of life of the local resident. Secondly, enhance the local tourism, resources such as the Purple crow butterflies’ season which is a famous eco-tourism at Linbei. We can reach sustainability development if natural resources combined human resources. Last, the research promote academic and operational levels of management implications and the suggestion of the further research.
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Valle, Juan Antonio Reina del. "Social and economic impacts of community based tourism projects : a case study of the Mehloding Community Tourism Project." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10463.
Full textAbstract:
Tourism and its spin-offs have been acknowledged as possible means for
development. When the main target of this development is the local community,
solutions such as community based tourism projects have been implemented. This is the
case analysed in this study, The Mehloding Community Tourism, a community based
tourism project that is being developed in the Alfred Nzo district of the Eastern Cape
province in the Republic of South Africa.
Through the study of the existing literature, to establish a solid framework, and a
deep analysis of the project; using the project documentation, interviews with key
informants, and other information obtained in the field visits; it has been tried to reach a
better understanding of the scope of the main social and economic impacts of the
project, using as benchmark the original goals stated in the project documents.
The results show a well initiated project with some weaknesses in the area of
planning process, which are trying to be corrected at the moment. In the area of the
project operations the management seems to be quite positive but there are problems in
the participation and capacity of the trustees as well as a shortage of tourist. The core
section of the analysis, i.e., the social and economic impacts is on the whole positive,
with the social impacts appearing to be achieved in a higher degree than the economic
ones. Although considering the small scale of the project and the relatively early stage
of it, and despite of the general optimism of its members, the economic sustainability of
the project is still uncertain.
The study, with it scope and limitations, concludes that community based
tourism projects, if well planned and developed, could have positive impacts over the
local communities, in particular over those members directly involved, such is the case
of the Mehloding Community Tourism. However it has raised some questions about the
suitability of the initiative to achieve poverty alleviation in the area. It is suggested that,
other than solving the major problems of economic sustainability and Trust capacity, the
platform created at a human and institutional levels should be used for further
developmental initiatives of the area.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Van, Rooyen C. J. (Cornelius Johannes). "Synergy of agriculture, community development, and eco-tourism Agri-tourism Farm complex." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29898.
Full textAbstract:
The meaning of a place results from accumulated interactions between an individual's life history and a setting. Place experiences often include some feeling of ownership. Ownership in this case is a psychological phenomenon that does not require legal title to a piece of land or a building, but rather, a sense that the person has some uncommon, special relationship with that particular setting. Although much of what characterizes a place may be very personal. Groups and even entire communities can develop place attachments. The objective of the study is the design of agri-tourism facilities within the realm of local community development. These facilities need to meet a variety of criteria to fulfil the expectations of the three main stakeholders, being agriculture, tourism and local community. A design that is context, and energy conscious, with a sympathy to existing ecological systems and self-sustainability, will determine the success of this project. The design, including before mentioned criteria, of an agri-tourism complex , incorporates local skills training which form part of the activities on the farm Madi A Thava, Makhado district in the Limpopo province. These facilities must meet the needs of the different clientele for each of the three entities. Each facility has its own identity arising from its specific function. The agri-tourism complex will have a dominant agricultural character, as this facility houses the main activity to ensure self-sustainability of the farm as a whole.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Architecture
unrestricted
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Doh, Minsun. "Change through tourism: resident perceptions of tourism development." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1195.
Full textAbstract:
Many view tourism as a tool for community development. Especially in the rural areas experiencing economic hardships, tourism often is considered an instrument for revitalization of a local economy helping to improve quality of life and protect natural and cultural resources. However, many researchers have raised concerns about an overly optimistic view by asserting that tourism development inevitably affects the corresponding community. Empirical studies suggest that development of tourism brings environmental, sociocultural, and economic changes to the community where it is developed. Thus, it is important that planners look at the attitudes of local people towards tourism development in their community before an actual development takes place. The conceptual basis of this study is development and change theory and empirical findings of tourism impact research. This study provides information to assist in understanding questions related to the rural communities’ tourism planning process in a development context, and residents’ perceptions of the impact of tourism and its further development. A self-administered mail-back survey was administered to see how the residents of Brewster County, Texas perceive tourism development in the region. Considering the 43% of the Hispanic population in the area, both English and Spanish versions of the questionnaires were sent to the possible respondents. The overall response rate was 37% after two rounds of survey administered during January and February of 2006. The structural model confirmed that people’s value orientation regarding nature was an important variable that explained residents’ community attachment, which influenced their attitudes toward tourism through attitudes toward local participation. The results indicated that residents’ values were oriented toward nature and that they were highly attached to their communities. In addition, their tourism attitudes were varied based on the types of tourism impacts they were expecting. Although they were supportive of tourism related development, they felt that certain types of tourism development were more appropriate for their community. Specifically, “medium impact” tourism development were perceived to be desirable for the northern part of the region, whereas low impact development options were perceived to be more acceptable for the southern part of the region by their residents.