Dissertations / Theses: 'Tourism organisations'

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Cramer, Dorothea Elisabeth Angelica. "Consumer perceptions and experiences of relationships with service organisations : financial, travel and tourism organisations." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2009. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/16058/.

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The theory and practice of marketing has encountered some fundamental changes in the past and will continue to do so in the future. In the last two decades organisations have increasingly been focussing on how to relate to their markets. One response to this complexity of the marketing environment has been Relationship Marketing (RM). While the benefits of long-term and trusting relationships with consumers have generally been accepted, many organisations struggle to establish and/or maintain relationships with their consumers. One of the reasons for this is that the implications of the consumers' perspective with regards to their relationships with organisations have not been investigated and are missing from the current literature. In acknowledgement, this research explored consumers' perspectives and experiences of their relationships with organisations, in particular, with reference to financial and travel and tourism organisations. The study employed an interpretive approach to research using qualitative methods to identify the key dimensions involved in interactions with organisations from a consumer's perspective. Discussion groups and in-depth interviews were carried out with members of staff of educational institutions and clubs and societies of Bournemouth. Key findings showed that the word 'relationship' caused confusion in meaning with respect to organisations due to the personal connotations that consumers associate with the word. Consumers distinguish between relationships at an emotional level (relational) and at a behavioural level (transactional). The latter was perceived to occur in relationships with organisations as opposed to the more emotional level taking place in personal relationships. In addition, a relationship moves through different phases (relationship flower) which are interlinked and involves key dimensions like trust (emotional and logical). Consumers' needs and requirements change throughout life resulting in adjustments of their relationships. The focus on the two different industry sectors (financial and travel/tourism) aided to outline the two different levels of relationships (emotional and behavioural/transactional) even further and enabled a relationship matrix to be developed highlighting the degree of relational involvement and the degree of risk involved in the different type of relationships. To conclude, this research suggests that due to the confusion concerning the word 'relationship' organisations need to incorporate key dimensions of a relationship in to their management strategies. In particular, focus should be on newly established or less mature relationships because consumers expect less personal contact in more mature relationships. In fact, an understanding of the changing lifestyle needs and requirements a consumer has will give organisations the opportunity to amend their relationship strategies accordingly. This will then allow their consumers to choose the type of relationship (relational or transactional) they wish to have. In order to help organisations this research offers a relationship model (flower) which feeds into the after sales/purchase stage of the consumer decision-making process (CDP) by highlighting the different phases of a relationship lifetime indicating the key elements that are involved in each phase. Further research may be carried out in how organisations have responded to the increased uncertainty with regards to their relationship strategies and compare it to consumer perceptions of how the economic crisis has affected their relationships with organisations.

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Bartis, Hugh Henry. "Local tourism governance of destination marketing organisations." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17799.

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Globally tourism is one of the biggest industries and its role is considered key in economic development. In South Africa, tourism is one of the main economic drivers. Thus, tourism contributes to the gross domestic product, generates foreign exchange and provides sustainable employment opportunities. In order to facilitate local economic development (LED), local destination marketing organisations (DMOs) need to ensure that their operations are geared towards optimising the economic advantages related to tourism growth and development. As a result the DMOs must be strategic and well-managed. One way of achieving this is to ensure that the board of directors and specifically the non-executive directors (NEDs) practise good governance. In South Africa, three (3) types of DMOs are found, namely those that are funded by local government and incorporated into the municipality. The second type of DMOs is funded by the private sector. The third type of DMOs is those funded by both the local government and the private sector. In this case, the DMO has an agreement with the local government in terms of what their mandate is and what the agreed outcomes would be. A board of directors, comprising both executive directors (EDs) and nonexecutive directors (NEDs) is responsible for the governance of the local DMO. The main research problem of the study is the attributes and experience of the nonexecutive directors that serve on the boards of DMOs in accordance with developmental standards of best practices. In order to address the main problem, the following research objectives were formulated: To identify best practice by examining the literature as to how NEDs are prepared to serve on boards of both listed and non-listed organisations. To determine whether any policy frameworks provide guidance to NEDs serving on DMOs in South Africa. To examine whether any training or preparatory programmes exist specifically for NEDs in DMOs. To investigate whether NEDs should have specific attributes that would improve their governance of DMOs. To develop a set of recommendations that would assist NEDs to play a more effective role when executing their responsibilities. In order to address these research objectives, a quantitative research methodology was adopted sampling all the DMOs in South Africa that could be identified and were governed by a board of directors. For this purpose, a self-completed questionnaire was distributed to the board of directors of DMOs and specifically the non-executive directors. The results of the study indicated that no guidelines existed that DMOs could follow to better prepare the NEDs of local DMOs. Furthermore, no policy frameworks provide guidance to NEDs serving on local DMOs. The only guidelines that exist are generic guidelines of the King IV Report for NEDs of listed and non-listed organisations. In addition, Pike (2016:108) listed a number of characteristics of good governance. The study also revealed that no training or preparatory programmes exist for the NEDs of local DMOs. Finally, the study highlighted five (5) attributes that NEDs consider as critical in fulfilling their obligations. These include the empowerment of NEDs, the commitment of NEDs, communication with NEDs, job satisfaction of the NEDs and the need for NEDs to understand policy frameworks relevant to their tasks.

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Panyik, Emese. "A governance approach to integrated rural tourism: factors influencing organisational performance and tourism support of local development organisations." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10309.

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Doutoramento em Gestão em Turismo
Ao longo das últimas três décadas, o envolvimento das comunidades na formulação de políticas locais tem vindo a ganhar cada vez mais atenção como uma abordagem sustentável para o desenvolvimento rural na União Europeia (UE) e no mundo. Emergendo da globalização, novas estruturas de governação têm desafiado a base territorial restricta da autoridade do Estado soberano através do envolvimento de uma rede complexa e de autoorganização de atores governamentais e não-governamentais na tomada de decisões coletivas. A reestruturação territorial e institucional das zonas rurais, associada à expansão da governança rural, ganhou atenção considerável na literatura. No entanto, o potencial de empregar princípios de governança como fatores que determinam as direções de desenvolvimento rural através de desempenho organizacional e apoio no turismo não tem sido amplamente explorado na literatura. Deste modo, o principal objetivo desta tese consiste no emprego de ‘integração’, ‘participação’ e ‘empowerment’ como fatores críticos que influenciam os rumos do desenvolvimento rural (1) através do desempenho organizacional das organizações de governança rural e (2) apoio no turismo de organizações de desenvolvimento rural tendo em vista a validação da abordagem de governança para o turismo integrado. Ao longo deste duplo objectivo geral, a tese é dividida numa componente qualitativa de ‘desempenho’ e numa componente quantitativa de ‘apoio’. Seguindo uma abordagem sistemática baseada num sistema conceptual, foram realizadas 38 entrevistas em profundidade com pessoas chave envolvendo gestores do programa LEADER da UE na Hungria (34% do número total de Grupos de Ação Local [GAL]), seguido por um levantamento de campo transversal realizado através de um sistema de recolha de dados na Internet, tendo resultado em 662 questionários válidos para uma taxa de resposta de 63.6%. Os resultados da componente “desempenho” revelaram padrões na implementação dos princípios de governança, que por sua vez permitiram a identificação de fatores que permitem e restringem o desempenho organizacional. Os resultados da componente “apoio” permitiram destacar que o ponto de vista de redes de desenvolvimento local nos princípios de governança não é homogéneo. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre organizações responsáveis pelo planeamento e os grupos de aconselhamento. Contudo, os resultados sugeriram que a dimensão sustentável de turismo rural integrado é um prognosticador da contribuição do turismo para o desenvolvimento global da comunicade e para o apoio do turismo ao longo das redes de desenvolvimento local. Este estudo responde a uma necessidade crescente de investigação, que resulta da proliferação à escala mundial de formações de governança em sistemas de administração pública, tanto no lado dos investigadores como no lado dos praticantes.
Over the past three decades, community involvement in local policy-making has gained increasing attention as a sustainable approach to rural development in the European Union (EU) and worldwide. Emerging from globalisation, new governance structures have challenged the strict territorial base of sovereign state authority by involving a complex, self-organising network of governmental and non-governmental actors in collective decisionmaking. The territorial and institutional restructuring of rural areas associated with the expansion of rural governance has gained considerable attention in the literature. However, the potential of employing governance principles as factors determining the directions of rural development through organisational performance and tourism support has not been the focus of analyses. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to employ ‘integration’, ‘participation’ and ‘empowerment’ as critical factors influencing the directions of rural development through (1) organisational performance and (2) tourism support of rural governance organisations in order to validate a governance approach to integrated tourism. Along this two-fold general objective, the thesis is divided into a qualitative ‘performance’ component, and a quantitative ‘support’ component. Following a systematic approach based on a conceptual framework, 38 indepth, key-informant interviews were conducted with programme managers of the EU LEADER initiative for participatory rural development in Hungary (34% of the overall number of LEADER Local Action Groups [LAGs]), followed by a cross-sectional field survey undertaken by Internet-based data collection from four local development networks including the LAGs, resulting in 662 usable questionnaires for a 63.6% response rate. Findings of the ‘performance’ component revealed patterns in the implementation of governance principles, which in turn allowed for the identification of enabling and restricting factors of organisational performance. Results of the ‘support’ component highlighted that the view of local development networks on governance principles is not homogenous. Significant differences have been found between organisations with a planning competence and the advisory offices. However, the results suggest that the sustainable dimension of integrated rural tourism is a predictor of the contribution of tourism to overall community development and tourism support across local development networks. This investigation responds to an increasing need of research resulting from the worldwide proliferation of governance formations in public administration systems on both the researchers and the practitioners’ side.

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Othman, Nor'Ain. "Strategic alliances and network relationships between a national tourist organisation and profit and non-profit organisations in Malaysia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19345.pdf.

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Kirdar, Ismail Umit. "Tourism market segmentation for national tourism organisations and its practical importance for national tourism offices abroad." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/846/.

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Spyriadis, Thanasis. "Performance evaluation framework for destination management organisations : managers' perpectives." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2014. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/21384/.

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This study aims to develop a performance evaluation framework for Destination Management Organisations (DMOs). Although tourism researchers (Ritchie and Crouch 2005; Pike 2005; Bornhorst et al. 2010; Morrison 2013; Pike and Page 2014) acknowledge that the organisational performance of a DMO is a key determinant of destination development and competitiveness, existing studies in this area are scarce. Therefore, the major contribution of this study is towards the advancement of knowledge and understanding of the construct of DMO effectiveness, and ultimately the development of a robust DMO performance evaluation framework (PEF). A stronger focus on evaluation of DMO effectiveness is particularly relevant in light of the recent public sector funding cuts in England that have significantly affected DMOs. The thesis is informed by a critical review of the existing tourism destination development and performance management literature. The discussion focuses on the strategic and operational roles of DMOs as key development agents within the contemporary context of destinations in England. Moreover, the study is informed by relevant performance management theories applied in wider private, public and non-profit organisational contexts. The principles of organisational effectiveness in this study are examined by a synthesis of multiple theoretical lenses: goal theory, stakeholder theory and competing values approach. Particular emphasis is placed on existing theory and practice of evaluating organisational effectiveness in the context of small and medium organisations, as well as development agencies, as they are pertinent to the organisational nature of DMOs. The study’s research design is underpinned by an interpretive social sciences paradigm and employs a qualitative methodology. A total of twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior DMO managers across England. Emphasis is on identifying senior DMO managers’ perspectives on the concept of effectiveness and organisational performance. Furthermore, the interviews focus on exploring the key determinants of DMO performance evaluation. The thematic analysis and critical discussion of DMO managers’ views with the relevant literature has led to relevant conclusions that informed the performance evaluation framework as presented in the final chapter of the thesis. The theoretical contributions of the study include the identification of key performance perspectives that enable the comprehensive evaluation of operational effectiveness and strategic impact of DMOs. The findings of this study suggest that DMO effectiveness is defined by the organisation’s rationale for existence and non-profit strategic impetus, which includes supporting the visitor economy by means of strategic value creation and co-creation, strategic leadership for tourism development, and advancing the collaborative governance structures for tourism development. The study ascertains that several features of the specific destination context determine the complexity of destination development and ultimately the emphasis of DMOs in particular performance evaluation perspectives. Nevertheless, it was found that a holistic approach to DMO performance evaluation requires a focus on two key interrelated perspectives: outward-looking and internal. From an outward-looking perspective, DMO performance evaluation primarily focuses on the achievement of strategic tourism development results that the DMO creates or co-creates with its stakeholders. These strategic results (or value) is underpinned by the DMO’s rationale for existence, and is associated with its supporting and leadership role in four destination development areas: identifying the rationale for intervention; designing action plans for the strategic support of tourism; administering the implementation of destination development activity; and, monitoring the impact of development interventions. Internal performance perspectives focus on internal value creation within a DMO in terms of business planning and organisational capability. The former relates to evaluation of business objectives and functions, as well as structures and processes; while, the latter relates to evaluation of resources, skills and competences. Importantly, the interface between outward-looking and internal perspectives of DMO effectiveness is elusive, as internal and external stakeholders co-create value with various levels of contribution at different stages of the process of development. The study specifies the nature and mechanisms of value creation and co-creation across outward-looking and internal perspectives of DMO performance; therefore, it supports an advanced understanding of the dynamics that determine the elusiveness between DMO and destination success. The study has several practical applications for DMO managers and policy makers. The study can help DMO managers conduct systematic and robust performance evaluations of their organisation by combining both outward-looking and internal perspectives of DMO effectiveness. This can help them identify areas for improvement of economy, efficiency, capacity and effectiveness in achieving strategic and operational results. Ultimately, this can lead to improvements in return on investment for DMOs and their resource providers (e.g. funders). The study can help DMO managers and stakeholders determine each other’s contribution to the value creation and value co-creation in destination development activities. This can assist DMOs evaluate their added value or additionality in destination development initiatives, which in turn can support or clarify the rationale for the DMO’s existence. Moreover, the study supports improvements in destination development initiatives by promoting the need for DMO managers to work in partnership with stakeholders and advance unified theories of change and impact chain models for destination development. This way, DMO managers can improve effectiveness in monitoring and controlling the processes of project and programme implementation. The study also helps DMO managers identify gaps in skills and competences for performance monitoring and evaluation. Demonstrating commitment in developing performance evaluation capability, as well being able to demonstrate return on investment can be valuable for DMOs. It enables them to gain credibility, trust and legitimacy, which can lead to improved capacity to develop successful partnerships with key stakeholders. This is then particularly important in the contemporary context of DMOs in England, where they work as key partners within LEPs. In addition, it is valuable in times of scarce public sector funding as strengthening partnerships with key stakeholders can lead to opportunities for revenue generation. Finally, the study can enable policy makers to evaluate DMO performance and rationalise their existence and their roles in the context of sustainable destination development.

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SeppaÌˆlaÌˆ-Esser, Raija. "Resource dependence of tourism enterprises : a study of dependence of tourism SMEs on the resources of national tourism organisations." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435292.

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Irvin, Katherine. "Volunteer tourism and development : an impact assessment of volunteer tourists from two organisations in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3834.

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Benson, Angela Maria. "An emerging niche in sustainable tourism : the dynamics between organisations and volunteers in the Research Tourism Sector." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2007. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/574/.

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Concern for the degradation of the environment has seen the emergence of a small but steadily increasing number of UK organisations. These organisations bring together paying volunteers and research projects to support sustainable development, which has given rise to an emerging niche within the sustainable tourism framework - Research Tourism. The study evaluates the dynamics between the organisations (Research Tourism Sector) and its customers (Research Volunteers). Independent studies were conducted of both the organisations and the volunteers. Seventy six interviews with research volunteers were undertaken and a survey was used for the organisations in the research tourism sector. The survey of organisations used a SPACE Analysis distributed to fifteen companies, of which nine were returned. The findings of the study on research volunteer's captures the socio-demographic profile that indicates sixty percent of the research volunteers are British, mainly single and are either currently studying or had previously studies at university. It continues by identifying a volunteer typology indicating three different types of volunteers and finally, a conceptual framework (research tourism systems model) which displays the components of travel in the sector. At the same time the analysis of the business environment suggests that the SPACE factors are not strong enough to depress profits and, therefore, the balance sheets should be healthy. The financial analysis suggests that this is not always the case. Organisations recognise that relying on volunteers' contributions could make them vulnerable and a growing number of alternatives are identified. It is argued that the sector has the potential to delivery the sustainable development agenda in terms of capacity building, policy advice and knowledge management the extent to which individual organisations deliver these concepts varies. Consequently, the 'sustainable difference' that the organisations in the research volunteer sector requires more consistent implication and therefore greater levels of monitoring. Evaluation of the dynamics between the organisations and colunteers identifies eight interrelated items. The framework of a spider's web demonstrates that when one dynamic is exposed, reverberations across all eight are inevitable. A connection between the eight dynamics and the volunteer typology indicate an even greater complexity. Further, when the strategic implications of the volunteer typologies were examined, it was found that the two discrete segments, Sepcific Research Volunteers and Corporate Research Volunteers, are not any more lucrative than the General Research Volunteer. The specialisation of these segments has largely come about through monopolisation of a particular funding source rather than the derivation of unique product offering. The thesis argues that a symbiotic relationship exists between the organisations and volunteers, in that volunteers contribute money that normally might not be spent on sustainability. However, this funding source is contingent on meeting a variety of non profit based criteria. This study is a contribution to the literature on volunteer tourism and further research directions are identified.

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Palmer, Adrian J. "An analysis of the determinants of successful horizontal collaborative marketing organisations." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4170.

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Nelson, Silvia Azevedo, and N/A. "Making Fun: Work and Organisational Practices in Australian Aquatic Theme Parks." Griffith University. Department of Management, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070823.153208.

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The Australian aquatic theme park segment is a vibrant and significant part of the Australian tourism industry because as a tourism generator it is a direct contributor to the economy and to employment growth. Research in this area can provide a deeper understanding of the complexities of the industry and its future effectiveness. Tourism organisations, such as aquatic theme parks, need to rely on the commitment and performance of a well-trained, multi-skilled workforce in order to achieve a competitive position, especially in terms of providing high quality customer service. This suggests that tourism organisations need to adopt effective organisational practices that enhance the motivation of employees and improve organisational effectiveness by providing the level of quality customer service required to become and remains competitive. Although the tourism industry in general and the theme park segment in particular make an important contribution to the Australia economy, minimal research has been undertaken to determine the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of organisational practices that influence work-related outcomes (commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance). As a related issue, no research has been undertaken to examine the perception of professionalism of employees undertaking marine science activities within Australian aquatic theme parks. Accordingly, one of the objectives of the present research was to examine the impact of organisational practices (training and communication) on affective commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance within the Australian aquatic theme park segment. The second objective was to examine whether the impact of such organisational practices on these work-related outcomes varies between employees designated to undertake marine science related activities and other theme park employees (salespersons, food and beverage and administrative). The final objective of this research was to examine whether employees designated to undertake marine science related activities perceive themselves as professionals. The Meaning of Working Theoretical Framework (based on the Meaning of Working (MOW) model developed by Westwood and Lok, 2003) is used in this research as a conceptual framework to enable a better understanding of the meanings and significance that aquatic theme park employees attach to their work roles. Understanding the basic meanings that individuals attach to their work roles provides relevant insights into the nature of employee commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance, given the apparent impact of perceived work significance on employee attitudes and behaviours. Application of the Meaning of Working Theoretical Framework therefore broadened the conceptual framework of the present research to include and clarify the central constructs of commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance in Australian aquatic theme park workplaces. The present study was undertaken with employees from three Australian aquatic theme park companies, including 'marine science employees' and 'other theme park employees', with a particular emphasis on the former group of employees. The nature of the current study suggested the value of using both quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed methods methodology) and so, the adoption of the pragmatist paradigm was appropriate in framing and answering the thesis research questions. Quantitative and qualitative methods in this study were conceptualized, designed and implemented sequentially. Quantitative methods (e.g. survey) were conducted first in order to develop a level of generalisation that not only added knowledge to the theory but also enabled a prediction in understanding levels of commitment, job satisfaction and employee performance. Qualitative methods (indepth interviews and focus group discussions) then provided in-depth information and insights into the link between organisational practices (e.g. training and communication) and work-related outcomes and perceptions of professionalism for marine science employees. The findings of this study have broadened the scope of the MOW model developed by Westwood and Lok (2003) in a number of significant and original ways. In particular, consideration of the relationship between employees and customers and analysis of the values maintained by the organisational culture and their influence on the particular subcultures within the organisations studied proved to be essential in understanding the work meanings patterns in this study. The present study further developed the MOW model by clearly demonstrating the critical role played by training and communication in influencing patterns of work meanings. In addition, this study also expanded the Westwood and Loks (2003) MOW model by including issues related to professionalism. The findings of the present study highlighted the pivotal role played by a key HRM practice (on-the-job training), which is more relevant in influencing work-related outcomes than the impact of communication processes, as demonstrated in the study data and analysis. Contrary to expectations, the findings suggested that communication processes play an indirect role in influencing organisational effectiveness, in terms of providing high quality service because of an identified gap in beliefs and behaviours regarding customer service. Both training and communication processes appeared to be relatively ineffective in reducing this ambiguity regarding customer service for both group of employees within the aquatic theme parks studied. This should lead to a re-thinking of both training and communication practices to enhance the focus on, and delivery of quality customer service. A number of suggestions are canvassed. Another major finding of this thesis indicates that marine science employees not only perceive themselves as professionals but their status (job/occupation) within the tourism community supports a perception of emerging professionalism. The results revealed in the present study have the potential to impact positively on the tourism industry in general and on the aquatic theme park segment in particular. However, it is clear from the present research that the vibrancy of the tourism industry and the aquatic theme park segment can only be enhanced with more attention to communication and training, with an emphasis on improving employee self-efficacy, especially in the area of customer service.

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Lenehan, Anthony. "A study of management practices and competences within effective organisations in tourism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/811/.

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Erskine, Louise M. "Tourism projects for community development : influences of tour operators and development organisations." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19628/.

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This study compares tour operators and development organisations, by analysing their role in three differently funded and operated tourism projects in Ecuador. Additionally, the study identifies links between micro level livelihood outputs of the projects, the meso level operational contexts, and macro level influences. The study reviews general assumptions that the tourism private sector is not as capable of contributing to poverty reduction to the same extent that the development sector is. Guided by a political economy approach, whilst also considering Giddens' concept of structuration theory, the study examines whether traditional structuralist views of tourism development in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) are applicable within the context of three externally-led tourism projects. Elements of critical ethnography and livelihoods analysis were employed to gather primarily qualitative data, which was obtained by interviewing, observing, carrying out ranking exercises, and analysing documents. Results of the study revealed that the tour operator project was considerably more successful in contributing to the livelihoods of residents surrounding the project. The tour operator was well equipped to respond to operational challenges of the project, and well networked with a range of organisations which provided technical expertise, and small grants. The projects supported by development organisations had notable positive outputs, but failed to create adequate networks with the private sector to sell the projects, and hence were suffering from over-supply and lack of demand. The study showed that development organisations were more confined to operating within bureaucratic processes of head offices than tour operators, which also had detrimental effects on project outputs. Development organisation projects suffer from a lack of tourism expertise, and must adhere to strict regulations regarding project design and operations, echoing the power of institutional structures over agency. Although tour operators must comply with service and product standards to satisfy their international buyers, they appear to be more influential in altering traditional structures, such as networking between the private and development sectors, thus demonstrating the potential power of agency. The evidence concluded that tour operators are better equipped to fund and operate sustainable tourism projects which contribute to community development, and that development organisations would significantly benefit from enlisting the assistance of tour operators in project design, operations, and sales outlets.

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Zahra, Anne. "Regional Tourism Organisations in New Zealand from 1980 to 2005: Process of Transition and Change." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2554.

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This thesis is a historical case study tracing the establishment and evolution of Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs) in New Zealand. It describes their role, structure and functions and the political processes that have influenced how they have operated and changed from 1980 to 2005. RTOs are examined in the context of government policies, local and national politics and tourism private and public sector relationships. RTOs were central to many of the key recommendations of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (NZTS 2010) released in 2001. The NZTS 2010 attempted to address a range of tourism policy gaps created by a policy vacuum in the 1990s whereby the public and private tourism sectors focused mainly on international marketing. This strategy shaped government policy during this decade. The research findings show that although public and private sector institutional arrangements impacting on RTOs have changed, there remains, as in the past, no uniformity in their role, structure, functions and their future financial and political viability remains insecure. The NZTS 2010 raised destination management and its alignment with destination marketing as a major policy issue that needed to be addressed in the decade leading up to 2010 with RTOs having a pivotal role. A generic regional destination management model is presented. Structures and processes incorporated into this model include: a national destination management tourism policy; support for tourism by local government at the national level; a well defined destination management team; community collaboration; and tourism being integrated into the wider planning processes of local government. The model identified requisite building blocks to support regional destination management such as: the provision of staff and financial resources for regional tourism; the building of a high tourism profile in the community; the availability of statistics and research data at the regional level; local government planners acknowledging the impacts of tourism; and the existence of a legal mandate for tourism at the regional and/or local government level. When applying this model to the New Zealand context, it was found that a number of the structures and processes required for effective regional destination management were lacking, such as regional statistics and research data, staffing and financial resources for both RTOs and local government, the ability of council planners to understand and integrate tourism into the wider planning processes and a legislative mandate for tourism. The thesis concluded that a vacuum remains in the alignment of destination marketing and management. The historical and political processes of RTO change were also examined in the context of chaos and complexity theory. Chaos and complexity theory provided a complementary and different means to view change. This thesis also presented the opportunity to reflect upon the research process which led to the adoption of a multi-paradigmatic and bricoleur research methodology. Further reflexivity and reflection towards the end of the research process articulated ontological and epistemological philosophical investigations that underlay the multi-paradigmatic approach. A model is presented emphasising that a multi-paradigmatic research approach rests on ultimate reality (metaphysics) which informs the ontology. The model then highlights that ontology precedes and directs epistemology and that both inform the multi-paradigmatic research framework.

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Piekarz, Mark J. "Tourism in an unstable and complex world? : searching for a relevant political risk paradigm and model for tourism organisations." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4018.

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This work has a single aim, focusing on developing a political risk model relevant for tourism organisations, which are operating in an increasingly complex and turbulent international environment. It pays particular attention to the language of risk (how risks are articulated and described), the culture of risk (how risks are viewed), and the risk process (how they are analysed and assessed). The work critically evaluates a variety of methods that can be utilised to scan, analyse and assess political hazards and risks. It finds that many of the existing methods of political and country risk assessment are limited and not sufficiently contextualised to the needs of the tourism industry. Whilst many models can have an attractive façade of using positivistic methods to calculate political risks, in practice these are fraught with problems. The study also highlights a more complex relationship between tourism and political instability, whereby tourism can be characterised as much by its robustness, as its sensitivity. A model is developed which primarily adapts a systems theory approach, whereby a language, culture and practical process is developed through which the analysis of various factors and indicators can take place. The approach adopted has a number of stages, which vary in the amount of data necessary for the analysis and assessment of political risks. The model begins by utilising existing travel advice databases, moving onto an analysis of the frequency of past events, then to the nature of the political system itself, finishing with an analysis and assessment of more complex input factors and indicators which relate to notions of causation. One of the more provocative features of the model is the argument that it is more than possible to make an assessment of the risks that the political environment can pose to a tourism organisation, without necessarily understanding theories of causation.

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Piekarz, M. J. "Tourism in an unstable and complex world? Searching for relevant a political risk paradigm and model for tourism organisations." Thesis, Department of Applied Sciences, Security and Resilience, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4018.

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This work has a single aim, focusing on developing a political risk model relevant for tourism organisations, which are operating in an increasingly complex and turbulent international environment. It pays particular attention to the language of risk (how risks are articulated and described), the culture of risk (how risks are viewed), and the risk process (how they are analysed and assessed). The work critically evaluates a variety of methods that can be utilised to scan, analyse and assess political hazards and risks. It finds that many of the existing methods of political and country risk assessment are limited and not sufficiently contextualised to the needs of the tourism industry. Whilst many models can have an attractive façade of using positivistic methods to calculate political risks, in practice these are fraught with problems. The study also highlights a more complex relationship between tourism and political instability, whereby tourism can be characterised as much by its robustness, as its sensitivity. A model is developed which primarily adapts a systems theory approach, whereby a language, culture and practical process is developed through which the analysis of various factors and indicators can take place. The approach adopted has a number of stages, which vary in the amount of data necessary for the analysis and assessment of political risks. The model begins by utilising existing travel advice databases, moving onto an analysis of the frequency of past events, then to the nature of the political system itself, finishing with an analysis and assessment of more complex input factors and indicators which relate to notions of causation. One of the more provocative features of the model is the argument that it is more than possible to make an assessment of the risks that the political environment can pose to a tourism organisation, without necessarily understanding theories of causation.

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17

Rita, Paulo. "A knowledge-based system for promotion budget allocation decisions by national tourism organisations." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294369.

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18

Chuk, Chumno. "Les contributions des organisations de la société civile au développement soutenable : le cas du tourisme du Cambodge." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22006.

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Depuis la dernière décennie, l’économie du Cambodge a connu un taux de croissance élevé, ce qui a entraîné une amélioration de conditions de vie et du bien-être social. Toutefois, la pauvreté est encore très répandue. La corruption, les abus de pouvoir et les inégalités sociales constituent des défis majeurs pour la croissance économique, ce qui passe par une gouvernance efficiente et une gestion soutenable des ressources naturelles. Par ailleurs, la forte croissance du nombre de touristes représente d'importantes recettes en devises et des possibilités d'emploi au pays. Mais, son développement a eu un coût, en affectant l'environnement et les valeurs sociales et culturelles dans les destinations touristiques. Dans cette mesure, ce travail de thèse se base sur l’hypothèse que les organisations de la société civile produisent des effets favorables à une gouvernance efficiente compatible avec le développement soutenable. Au Cambodge, ces organismes ont réussi à jouer, et continue à jouer un rôle positif, dans certaines limites, pour la gouvernance du développement soutenable. Elles ont contribué principalement à la surveillance et à la limitation de l'exercice du pouvoir du gouvernement, à encourager la responsabilisation, la formation et l'autonomisation des communautés locales ainsi qu’à la fourniture de l’assistance technique et financière nécessaire pour le développement du pays.Des études de terrain et des enquêtes empiriques auprès de 1.860 personnes ont été menées dans trois sites touristiques importants du Cambodge. Les principales conclusions de ces études et enquêtes révèlent que les organisations de la société civile jouent un rôle très important dans l’application du principe du développement soutenable dans les destinations touristiques. Sans leur participation, il est difficile d'imaginer que ces destinations touristiques pourraient être développées de manière soutenable. Le résultat de ces études a également souligné que le principe du développement soutenable pourrait être appliqué dans tout type du tourisme, que ce soit un tourisme de masse ou un tourisme alternatif comme l’écotourisme, même si le niveau de soutenabilité varie d’une destination à l'autre.La conclusion générale fait des recommandations en matière de gouvernance touristique. L’établissement d'un comité national pour le développement soutenable du tourisme, en se basant sur l'approche participative, est considéré comme nécessaire. Le rôle et la responsabilité de chaque membre seront clairement indiqués
Over the last decade, Cambodia's economy has experienced a high growth rate, resulting in an improvement in living standard and social welfare. However, poverty is still a major problem. Corruption, abuse of power and social inequality are major challenges for economic growth, which requires effective governance and sustainable management of natural resources. In addition, the growth of tourist number is significant foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities. But so far, the development had a cost, affecting the environment, social and cultural values in the tourist destinations. In this sense, this thesis is based on the assumption that civil society organizations produce favourable effects for efficient governance compatible with sustainable development. In Cambodia, these organizations were able to play and continue to play a positive role, within certain limits, for the governance of sustainable development. They have mainly contributed to the monitoring and limiting the exercise of government power, encouraged accountability, training and empowerment of local communities as well as providing necessary technical and financial assistance for country development.Field studies and empirical surveys of 1,860 people are pursued in three main tourist destinations of Cambodia. The main findings of these field studies and surveys revealed that civil society organizations play a very important role in implementing the principle of sustainable development in tourist destinations. Without their participation, it is difficult to imagine that these tourist destinations could be developed in a sustainable manner. The results of these studies also point out that the principle of sustainable development could be applied in any type of tourism, regardless of mass or alternative tourism, especially ecotourism, although the level of sustainability varies from one destination to others.The conclusion makes recommendations for tourism governance. The establishment of a national committee for the sustainable development of tourism, based on the participatory approach, is considered necessary. The role and responsibility of each member shall be clearly indicated

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19

Furusa, Rutendo. "Cross cultural understanding and volunteer tourism : the role of sending organisations in fostering cross-cultural understanding." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13670.

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Volunteer tourism has become a popular phenomenon worldwide and questions have been raised about the work that international volunteers do in Third World countries. Scholars have debated the possibility of a cross-cultural ‘misunderstanding’ developing between international volunteers and local community members. This research is based on the idea that there can be a possibility for cross-cultural understanding to take place. This thesis aims to gain better insight into the role that volunteer tourism organisations (VTOs) play in fostering cross-cultural understanding between the volunteers and the local community members that they work with. A framework suggested by tourism expert Eliza Raymond (2007) was used to assess how exactly organisations play a part in encouraging this type of understanding. The research focuses on two VTOs, Projects Abroad and Coaching for Hope as case studies. Both these organisations are involved in the facilitation of development programmes in disadvantaged communities in Cape Town.

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20

Tian, Xiaoran. "An investigation of the current system of destination management organisations : the case of China." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2990.

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This research investigates Destination Management Organisation (DMOs) in China, and looks at their functions and their adoption of Performance Measurement Systems (PMSs). A two-stage questionnaire survey has adopted to achieve the pre-determined aims of the research. Finally, ninety-three DMOs took part in the first stage survey and thirty-four DMOs were involved in the second stage survey. The key findings from the research are as follows. (1) Irrespective of their nature and level, Chinese DMOs attached most importance to the functions of “economic-driver”, “marketing” and “coordination & collaboration”. (2) DMOs attached a second level of importance to the functions of “operator”, “administrator”, “statistics” and “training”; however, particularly at municipality and city levels; also Chinese public DMOs paid more attention to these aspects. (3) Chinese public DMOs, particularly at provincial and city level, placed more emphasis on the functions of “regulator” and “legitimacy”. (4) Chinese higher-level public DMOs paid less attention to the function of “public awareness”, “funding” and “international relations”, however they did performed much better than non-public lower-level DMOs to these tasks. (5) Chinese governmental DMOs at higher-level, and private DMOs, were the best at adopting PMSs in their organisations. (6) The PMSs of Chinese DMOs paid greatest attention to measuring the aspects of “visitor”, “earning” and “marketing”, and medium levels of attention to the aspects of “stakeholder”, “operation” and “event”, and relatively low attention to evaluating their performance of the aspects of “employment” and “innovation” in their organisations. Finally, a refined PMS model that could be adopted by Chinese DMOs in the future was developed at the end. Based on the above findings, the refined model aimed to measure the performance of “stakeholders”, “employees” and “customers” by assessing the outcomes of the aspects of “management” and “marketing” for Chinese DMOs. The refined PMS model was developed and based on the top-down operation system that currently existed in China and was supposed to pursue every major aspect of the system for each stakeholder in the DMOs.

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21

Carvalho, Susan Belinda. "Film-induced tourism: the case of Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12391.

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Mestrado em Gestão e Planeamento em Turismo
The following dissertation discusses the topic of film-induced tourism in Portugal from the perspective of the Portuguese destination marketing organisations. As research concerning film tourism in Portugal was unavailable due to the novelty of the topic, primary research was developed through online survey questionnaires, case studies and interviews. The primary research conducted found that Portugal has all the necessary resources and attributes required to develop film tourism; however DMOs and film commissions need to work together to ensure that films are promoted in a way which can be beneficial to both the tourism sector and the film industry.
O presente trabalho aborda o tema do cineturismo em Portugal pela perspetiva das associações de promoção turística portuguesas. Dada a escassez de investigação sobre cineturismo em Portugal, devido à novidade do tema, foi desenvolvida investigação primária através de inquéritos por questionário, estudos de caso e entrevistas. A investigação primária conduzida concluiu que Portugal detém todos os recursos e atributos necessários para desenvolver o cineturismo, no entanto as associações de promoção turística e as film commissions necessitam de trabalhar em conjunto para garantir que os filmes são promovidos de uma forma que pode ser benéfica para o setor do turismo e para a indústria do cinema.

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22

Doody, Sarah-jane P. "High-involvement work systems : their effect on employee turnover and organisational performance in New Zealand organisations." Diss., Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/271.

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Organisations can create a competitive advantage through the way they design their human resource systems. High involvement work systems are considered to be a way to increase organisational performance and decrease employee turnover. However, the components involved are difficult and complex to define, and the synergy amongst the different components hard to evaluate. The literature suggests that the research is not uniform in its approach, and most research does not clearly define the variables involved or agree on the expected results of such systems. This research looks at high involvement work systems in the New Zealand organisational context, and relating these systems to employee turnover and organisational performance. The results of the study suggest that there does not appear to be a relationship between high involvement work systems, and employee turnover and organisational performance; but high involvement systems may contribute to increased labour productivity in New Zealand organisations.

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23

Lizotte, Martine. "Évolution de la communication promotionnelle des organisations de gestion de la destination à l'ère des nouvelles technologies de la communication : le cas de Tourisme Montréal." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL034/document.

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L'arrivée d'Internet dans le quotidien de la population des pays industrialisés comme le Canada et la France a eu des effets sur les stratégies de communication externe adoptées par les gestionnaires d'organisations. Plus récemment, grâce au Web 2.0, c'est le Web social qui fait son apparition et qui transforme les façons de communiquer. Les destinations touristiques et plus précisément les organisations de gestion de la destination qui les gèrent et qui en font la promotion sont touchées par ces changements. Cette thèse a comme objectif de répondre à la question de la problématique de départ : comment les organisations de gestion de la destination s'adaptent-elles à ce nouvel environnement communicationnel?Dans cette thèse, la communication externe des organisations de gestion de la destination est explorée à travers le prisme de théories et de modèles de la communication. Le sujet a été étudié dans son contexte, où les médias traditionnels sont bouleversés autant par Internet que par de nouveaux outils disponibles grâce aux nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication. C'est à l'aide d'observations provenant de l'étude d'un cas, celui de Tourisme Montréal, une organisation privée à but non lucratif qui regroupe quelques 750 membres (hôtels, restaurants, attraits touristiques, etc.) que des hypothèses posées en lien avec la problématique de départ ont été vérifiées.Le travail de recherche est divisé en deux grandes parties. La première partie établit les bases de référence pour la construction de la thèse. La seconde partie est dédiée à l'étude d'un cas qui permet de comparer les connaissances théoriques à celles provenant de la réalité d'une organisation de gestion de la destination. La méthodologie de recherche pour l'étude de cas inclut une collecte de données issues de différentes sources, dont l'entretien compréhensif, l'observation et l'analyse de documents
The arrival of Internet in the daily life of people in industrialised countries like Canada and France has affected organizations' external communication strategies. More recently, the emergence of social media brought forward by Web 2.0 is transforming how people and organizations are communicating. Tourism destinations and more specifically destination management organizations that manage and promote them are affected by these changes. The objective of this thesis is to answer the initial research question: How are destination management organizations adapting to this new communication environment?In this thesis, the external and promotional communication of destination management organizations is studied through the prism of communication models and theories. The subject has been observed in its context where traditional media is challenged by new tools available with new communication and information technology. The case of Tourisme Montréal, a non-profit private organization counting some 750 members (hotels, restaurants, attractions, etc. ) was analysed and the observations participate in the verification of the initial questioning.The work is divided into two major parts. The first part establishes the reference basis for the construction of the thesis. The second part is dedicated to the study of our chosen case, Tourisme Montréal. It compares theory knowledge to the reality of destination management organizations. The methodology used in our research includes data collection from different sources including interviews, observation and the analysis of various types of documents

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24

Barton, Susan. "Why we're all going on a summer holiday : the role of the working-class organisations in the development of popular tourism, 1850-1950." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10736.

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Costa, Carlos Manuel Martins. "Towards the improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism planning and development at the regional level : planning, organisations and networks; the case of Portugal." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/657/.

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26

Feighery, William G. "(Re)membering England : a discourse analysis of the governance of diversity." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/319932.

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Studies on the representation of 'local' populations, in and through tourism, have tended to focus on 'traditional' peoples in 'developing' countries. In this study of the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in the discourse of Official Tourism Organisations (OTOs), by contrast, I focus on a 'developed' West European country: England. This study was carried out in order critically to inspect the representation/signification of 'minority' ethnic populations in the text and talk of OTOs in England within the period 2000-2003. The study is framed within an anti foundational dialogue of social constructionism. In analysing OTO discursive practices I use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in a number of 'interview', 'operational' and 'promotional' texts. The CDA framework employed is designed to reveal patterns of discourse in the text as well as to provide a basis for understanding the micro context (for 'operational' and 'promotional' texts) of text production and distribution. Also, the framework facilitates a consideration of the macro institutional context within which OTOs in England operate. From the analysis of OTO texts carried out in this study I propose a number of interpretative findings, including 'discourses' of denial, equality and otherness. Overall, the 'interpretative findings' suggest that OTO texts are produced and circulated within a discourse of silence on matters of ethno-cultural diversity in England. I conclude this study by suggesting a number of transforrnative actions for the development by OTOs in England of an ethical 'politics of articulation'. In addition I identify a number of problematic arenas within which tourism studies scholars might pursue future research agendas and to that end I propose some potentially useful points of entry into the broader social science literature.

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Moriarty, John. "A theory of benchmarking." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1085.

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Benchmarking is a well established and respected mechanism that contributes to organisational improvement. Its epistemology demonstrates it to be theoretically underdetermined with literature focusing on pragmatism and praxis. Benchmarking's critics hold it to be a-theoretical; failing to provide its practitioners with a reliable basis for distinguishing between effective and ineffective efforts. The purpose of this thesis is to review Benchmarking's epistemology and identify the necessary or sufficient methodological elements contributing to its effectiveness and to establish them within an acceptable theoretical framework. A causal approach is applied to the objectives of organisational benchmarking's current definitions and implementation frameworks. The resulting theoretical framework is then validated against current exemplary benchmarking praxis to explain its effectiveness and satisfy historical criticisms. Central to the approach is the application of supervenience and entailment relationships between benchmarking parties within the umbrella of Peircean Causation to determine the feasibility of a benchmarking proposition. Benchmarking's a priori effectiveness (sufficiency) can be established from an organisational axiom and five logical conditions. This research establishes a new encompassing definition of benchmarking reduces its typology to a single consistent form and establishes an Effective Benchmarking Process that explains current practices and addresses historical criticisms. These logical conditions also explain the effectiveness of empirical frameworks such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and ISO 9000. A theoretical foundation for benchmarking provides a platform for extending the theory of organisational improvement. It also has significant potential to enhance organisational sustainability by reducing wasted effort. This research focuses on the causal linkages between benchmarking and organisational sustainability. The research establishes a new definition of benchmarking, specifies necessary and sufficient conditions for its application and frames practitioner efforts within an Effective Benchmarking Process (EBP).

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Erdem, Almac F. Irem. "Tourism Development And Spatial Organisation: Antalya." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606086/index.pdf.

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The rapid development in tourism sector in Turkey after 1980s led to an uncontrolled and unplanned development in the small settlements close to the tourism development areas. This is the result of the incrementalist tourism planning understanding emerged as the consequence of not considering the small settlements as a part of tourism development scenarios. Within the thesis, the tourism development areas and the economic, social, cultural and spatial relations of small settlements surrounding are discussed. It is emphasized that the concept of tourism is quite comprehensive and it is claimed that tourism legislation and tourism planning should be prepared taking into account that comprehensive tourism description. The questions, whether a role is described for small settlements in the tourism development scenarios in the course of tourism planning experiences of Turkey after 1980s or not, and what kind of approaches the tourism policies include about the development of small settlements are tried to be answered referring to the Tourism Encouragement Law Code: 2634 and Amended Law on Tourism Encouragement Law Code: 4957. The claims that tourism planning in Turkey after 1980s has not been carried out with a comprehensive planning approach and no part is reserved for the small settlements in tourism development scenarios are looked through over Antalya -Belek Tourism Centre and the hypothesis put forward in the thesis are proved through the mentioned sample areas. Moreover, within the scope of this thesis, recommendations and proposals on the legal regulations for the solution of problems determined and on the content of &ldquo
tourism development plans&rdquo
are given.

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Bertin, Cletus Kennedy. "Information systems implementation and IT-enabled organisational change in the Eastern Caribbean tourism sector : an examination of factors impacting on the successful adoption and use of the Internet and web-based systems in national tourist offices and the Caribbean Tourism Organisation." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7658/.

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This research project addresses the adoption of the Internet and implementation of webbased systems by quasi-governmental organisations responsible for the management of tourism in the small island developing states (SIDS) in the Eastern Caribbean. The key aspects of this work entail the examination oft the factors which impact upon the systems implementation process and IT-enabled organisational change, levels of Internet adoption and maturity, the extent to which the implementation of web-based systems and e-business activities are being conducted within a strategic framework and the impacts and outcomes of the e-business activities in the tourism sector in these islands. Four in-depth case studies were conducted and data collected from a wide range of sources, across five of the islands, focusing primarily on the National Tourist Offices - and the regional tourism body, the Caribbean Tourism Organisation. Several models were used to address the key aspects of this study. It was found that while Internet penetration is relatively high, most web sites and web-based systems still have a limited focus on basic information provision and communication, as opposed to distribution and transaction oriented activities. The web-based systems in the National Tourist Offices are, for the most part, not being implemented within a broader strategic framework. The central aspect of this work deals with the analysis of factors which impact upon the successful implementation of web-based systems. A conception-reality (CR) gap model was used in the assessment of the organisational context variables in the information systems implementation process. The most significant factors affecting the implementation of webbased systems, indicated by wide CR gaps, were: financing constraints, a low level of emphasis placed on these initiatives and the limited integration of IT with related business processes. A distinct `organisational lag' was noted between technological innovation and administrative or process innovations. The critical impact of the wide gap in levels of management understanding is also addressed. The technology gap was moderate, and narrow gap levels were found for communication and user participation, which correlated with narrow gaps for clarity of objectives, staff acceptance and motivation. The broader context of this work is the phenomenon often referred to as the `Digital Divide'. Based on the findings of this work, it is argued that the wide chasms between countries of the North and those of the South cannot be defined only, or indeed primarily, in `technological terms'. The utilization of the new information and communications technology (ICT), as a means of social and economic advancement in developing countries, clearly requires firstly, the successful adoption and implementation of the relevant technologies. The overriding focus, however, must be on bridging key dimensions of the `conception-reality' gap, of which `technology' is but one aspect. This would result in fundamental changes, at the individual, organisational and national levels, fostering greater levels of social and economic progress, as well as in the process, narrow the `digital divide'.

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Guerrero, Gandhi Gonzalez. "Community organisation for tourism : A Mexican case study." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514253.

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Raisi, Varkani Hossein. "Inter-organisational transfer of knowledge in tourism." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2214.

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Knowledge is widely recognised as the primary source of competitive advantage. Efficient transfer of knowledge within a tourism destination can improve the innovative capabilities and competitiveness of the destination. However, tourism scholarly research and industry practice have both been slow to import and apply knowledge management (KM) concepts. This research explored the transfer of knowledge between tourism organisations in Western Australia (WA). A conceptual framework was developed based on social capital theory and KM constructs. The developed research framework comprised four dimensions of ‘structural’, ‘relational’, ‘organisational’ and ‘knowledge’ properties, which encompass the major antecedents of knowledge transfer. Two types of data were collected in two stages within WA, and network analysis (NA) was central in the methodology and analyses of the data. In the first stage of the study, hyperlink data were collected, and the online web network of the destination was analysed. Tourism websites were considered online sources of information whose connections could affect the online visibility of the destination and its performance. A network of 1515 WA tourism websites was analysed via NA techniques. Results showed that the hyperlink network of the WA destination had a sparse, centralised and hierarchical structure. In addition, the websites tended to form communities based on their geographical locations. Public tourism organisations and information services played a central and significant role in the destination network. For the main stage of data collection, an online questionnaire was developed based on the research conceptual framework. A total of 166 valid questionnaires were returned, which resulted in a network of 510 nodes (organisations) and 1054 ties (transfer of knowledge). A rich variety of network measures were used to analyse the topological properties of the network. The results indicated that the WA network has low connectivity and is highly centralised around public bodies. The network also showed very few reciprocal relationships and limited boundary spanners that connect the network to external sources of knowledge. In addition, results confirmed the similarity of the network characteristics with the virtual hyperlink network of the destination. Structural analyses of the knowledge network cannot sufficiently explain the complex process of knowledge transfer. Thus, the last stage of the study proposed and applied a weighted diffusion model that used the major antecedents of knowledge transfer, including trust, tie strength, proximity, absorptive capacity and knowledge ambiguity. The diffusion model provided a quantitative tool to measure the efficiency of the knowledge transfer in the destination network. The result of the model for WA tourism provided evidence of the very low efficiency of knowledge transfer in this destination. Overall, this study analysed the network of knowledge flow in WA and showed the destination network is not efficient enough and needs improvement. Network analysis provided a detailed map of knowledge flow, which destination management organisations can benefit from to improve their understanding of the network, its weaknesses and strengths, and to determine what actions will improve it. This study is among the very few to take a comprehensive approach to measure and quantify the efficiency of knowledge transfer within a tourism destination. In addition, this research provided a model for future research of how to explore and analyse the interorganisational transfer of knowledge within a tourism destination.

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Nguyen, Hoang Kim, and Amanda Weichbrodt. "Rural tourism in Vietnam : Value co-creation possibilities within rural tourism." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160197.

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Background: Customers’ easy access to information and communications technology has increased the pressure for firms to deliver good experiences within tourism. This is due to that customers can now easily compare tourism services between different firms online. The quality of experiences is affected by good service delivery that can be improved by several actors within a service ecosystem. Furthermore, service delivery leads to value co-creation between all the actors that are involved. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how firms can create good experiences via service ecosystems and how they can co-create value with local service providers. Methodology: The study follows a qualitative research approach. Findings are based on an embedded case study consisting of interviews, observation participation and information from secondary sources such as official documents and documents from the case firm. Findings: Travel firm scan create good experiences by having an organisational culture and structure that increases commitment within the organization and service ecosystem. This can be achieved by aligning organisational goals with the goals of the actors within the service ecosystem. Furthermore, experiences can be improved by technology since it allows for smoother communication within the ecosystem. Good experiences can lead to brand value, which can result in positive electronic word of mouth and more customers. More customers increase economic value within the service ecosystem, which can increase the standard of living for local service providers. In addition, service ecosystems can yield intangible value from social and environmental aspects.

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Papatheodorou, Andreas. "Evolutionary patterns in tourism : a spatial industrial organisation approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324294.

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Mahlangu, Nosiphiwo. "Destination management organisational functions in advancing business tourism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65498.

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One of the sectors within the tourism industry which is considered to be large and continuously expanding is the business tourism sector, also known as MICE tourism (meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions). Countries and cities rely heavily on investment in infrastructure to support the development of this sector and to ensure sustained growth, many destinations use destination management organisations (DMOs) and convention bureaus to provide leadership. These organisations are also tasked to actively promote the destination for leisure travel and it is necessary to understand the distinct requirements that set business tourism development and promotion apart from leisure tourism. This study employed multi-method qualitative research to investigate the roles and functions that DMOs perform in order to develop business tourism in a destination. This included understanding the challenges faced within varied destinations. Data was collected through interviews with a sample of nine major DMOs at various levels and four major conference centres across South Africa. Strategic documents and website content was also analysed as supplement to the primary data. The study shows the importance of especially DMO stakeholder engagement, marketing, identification of opportunities to host business tourism events within the destination, as well as bidding support as the main roles and functions that need to be performed to ensure sustained growth of business tourism. A framework is presented depicting the interaction between DMOs at the national, regional and local levels, as well as with the various industry stakeholders.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Tourism Management
MCom
Unrestricted

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Handtrack, Christian. "Aude sapere - knowledge management and its implications for strategic management in organisations : an analysis of small and medium enterprises in New Zealand and the United Kingdom based on an original knowledge management model." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1089.

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This study set out to provide important empirical evidence on the role of knowledge management (KM) within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in New Zealand and the United Kingdom and to explore how such companies handle their planning and strategic choices. In today’s knowledge economies the management of knowledge has become vital. In the context of SMEs, this is even more critical because they often operate under difficult conditions and are subject to global pressures from large corporations and demanding customers. In spite of the significance of SMEs as essential for any nation’s growth and success, and even though many scholars and business managers claim that knowledge management is highly relevant for SMEs, there has been little research about this concept in SMEs, in general, and in New Zealand, in particular. The few studies in the literature conclude that this concept is mostly neglected by SMEs even though it is vital and has high potential benefits for them. A quantitative research method approach was adopted. Self-completion questionnaires were sent to the senior management of firms with 100 employees or less, from a cross-section of industries. As part of this process an original knowledge management model was developed. The basic research questions were deduced from this model and the items in the questionnaire were created to answer these research questions. In New Zealand, a total of 417 SMEs were contacted by mail and 180 useable questionnaires were returned. In the United Kingdom, 1268 SMEs were contacted and 241 useable responses were received. The response rates of 43.2% in New Zealand, of 19% for the United Kingdom and of 25% in total, are satisfactory. Therefore, the basis of this study was a large (421 responses) and high quality transnational sample, which allowed for sound quantitative analyses. The claim by previous researchers that knowledge management in the SME sector is not yet fully developed appears to be supported by the results of this research. The large majority of respondents regard themselves as not familiar enough with the concept of knowledge management to actually benefit from it in practice. Even though the respondents in both countries seem to appreciate knowledge management as a relevant and useful concept with potential, many do not seem to be sufficiently informed about this concept. Few have a knowledge management initiative in place or are planning or in the process of setting up one. The responses, which vary little between the two sub-samples, point to a short-term rather than a long-term management perspective being dominant. Major barriers in terms of the deliberate creation and sharing of knowledge are a lack of time and higher importance given to daily operational activities. The respondents - predominantly senior managers - indicate that they primarily consider themselves to be responsible for ensuring that knowledge is captured and shared and relatively little responsibility is given to other employees or specialists. SMEs do apply several aspects of knowledge management, however, this is generally informal and with an operational rather than a strategic focus. From the responses it is apparent that knowledge is shared internally mostly via people-based mechanisms. More advanced measures such as the systematic collection, organisation and storage of knowledge are less common. The results indicate a number of differences between the respondents. In this regard it is most evident that the more familiar respondents are with the concept of knowledge management the more proactive they are in terms of managing knowledge on an operational and strategic level. This transnational research strongly links knowledge management to strategy and it clarifies how this concept can impact the formulation of strategy and the strategic competence of SMEs. Therefore, the results add new knowledge to the areas of SME research and strategic knowledge management.

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Ricaurte-Quijano, Carla. "Self-organisation in tourism planning : complex dynamics of planning, policy-making, and tourism governance in Santa Elena, Ecuador." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2013. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f54fbb7a-29a5-4b95-a0ee-9732850cbea8.

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This research explores the dynamic interplay between self-organised tourism planning and formal, linear and institutionalised tourism governance structures in the Santa Elena province, Ecuador. Complexity theory provides a framework and a language to understand actor-led, non-linear, bottom-up, and highly contextualised self-organised planning efforts that can change the future of tourism destinations amidst unstable and changing tourism governance conditions.

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Milano-Mayan, Elise. "Micro-fondations de la capacité dynamique d’organisations écotouristiques communautaires : une analyse des ressorts de l’implication individuelle." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR0029.

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L’implication active, effective et durable des membres des organisations écotouristiques communautaires dans la prise de décision stratégique et sa mise en œuvre, est un défi majeur mais difficile à relever en pratique. Il l’est d’autant plus qu’elles opèrent dans un environnement évolutif qui les contraint à faire preuve d’adaptation et de résilience, et que leurs membres sont traditionnellement peu familiers des savoir-faire entrepreneuriaux et managériaux requis pour développer un projet écotouristique. Ainsi, comprendre comment l’implication individuelle s’opère en pratique et peut être facilitée, pour en identifier les principaux ressorts, devient central dans trois domaines de recherche voisins que sont le tourisme durable, l’écotourisme communautaire, et la community-based enterprise (ou CBE). Cela l’est également dans la littérature récente en management stratégique, principalement celle centrée sur le niveau individuel des micro-fondations de la capacité dynamique. Dès lors, l’implication dans la prise de décision et mise en œuvre stratégiques s’étudie relativement aux activités de sensing, seizing et transforming. La littérature a catégorisé trois types de ressorts (motivationnel, cognitif et identitaire) – ou déterminants de l’implication individuelle – et commencé à les étudier en lien avec le rôle facilitateur du design organisationnel et/ou du leadership. Ses résultats restent toutefois encore limités quant à la question de savoir comment ces déterminants s’activent et s’articulent précisément en contexte, pour expliquer l’implication individuelle des membres des organisations écotouristiques communautaires. Notre travail de thèse s’intéresse donc à la question suivante : comment l’implication individuelle dans la mise en œuvre des activités de sensing, seizing et transforming, s’opère-t-elle et s’explique-t-elle, au sein d’organisations écotouristiques communautaires ? Cette recherche est menée au sein de deux CBE écotouristiques mexicaines: la CBE La Selva del Marinero et la CBE Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicauani. Elle développe une étude de cas comparative réaliste critique pour étudier les micro-fondations de la capacité dynamique d’organisations écotouristiques communautaires, sous l’angle spécifique de l’implication individuelle de leurs membres dans les activités de sensing, seizing et transforming et des mécanismes qui la sous-tendent. Les résultats obtenus identifient les mécanismes générateurs de cette implication et précisent leurs modes d’articulation et d’activation, au sein de structures organisationnelles dédiées développant des types d’apprentissage et de leadership spécifiques, tout au long du développement stratégique de l’organisation
The active, effective and sustainable involvement of the members of community-based ecotourism organizations in strategic decision-making and its implementation is a major challenge that is difficult to meet in practice. This is even more difficult when those organizations operate within an evolving environment where adaptation and resilience are necessary, while their members are not acquainted with the entrepreneurial know-how and managerial prerequisite that are needed for the development of an ecotourism project. Hence understanding how individual involvement operates in practice and how it can be facilitated is central for three neighboring research domains: sustainable tourism, community-based ecotourism and community-based enterprise (CBE). This is also central for the recent literature in strategic management, especially regarding the individual level of dynamic capabilities’ microfoundations. Within this broad research context, the study of strategic decision-making and strategic implementation bear on the activities of sensing, seizing and transforming. Three main determinants of individual implication (motivational, cognitive and identity-based) have been categorized in the literature and studies have started to explore their link with the facilitating role of organizational design and/or leadership. Existing results are nevertheless limited regarding how these determinants are activated and articulated in context to explain the individual implication of the members of ecotourist CBE. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on the following question: how does individual implication in the implementation of sensing, seizing and transforming activities operate and can be explained within ecotourism CBE ? This research is conducted within two Mexican ecotourism CBE: La Selva del Marinero and Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicauani. We develop a critical realist comparative case study to analyze the dynamic capabilities' microfoundations in ecotourism CBE from the perspective of the individual implication of their members in the sensing, seizing and transforming activities, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Our results identify the generative mechanisms of this implication and specify their modes of articulation and activation within dedicated organizational structures developing specific types of learning and leadership along the strategic development of the organization

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Long, Philip E. "Approaches and organisational forms adopted by local tourism development partnerships in England." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3102/.

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A number of partnership arrangements involving public and private sector and community representation have been created in many countries in recent years with local and regional economic development, place marketing and regeneration remits. This research examines partnerships that are concerned specifically with the development of tourism in England. Various forms of partnership for tourism development in England and elsewhere continue to emerge and evolve in the early years of the 21 st century. This study investigates the pre-conditions, processes and outcomes of such partnership arrangements. The study also examines the political, environmental and socio-economic influences that may affect local tourism development partnerships in England. It does so through an integrated conceptual framework that combines theoretical perspectives on resource, and political and institutional considerations in an evaluation of such partnerships. The roles of individual partnership members are also evaluated. This study suggests that the conceptual framework developed for this research may be adopted for the analysis of tourism development partnerships elsewhere. This research involves the critical study of partnerships through the integration of both policy studies, and organisation studies perspectives. Theories developed to account for inter-organisational collaboration are given particular prominence in this research. Additionally, theories are also incorporated from political geography, and from institutional theory. It is shown that all of these approaches are relevant and applicable to the study of tourism development partnerships. Theories developed to account for organisational partnerships have been applied to empirical studies in a number of policy, locational and business contexts in recent years. However, there has been comparatively little work that has developed an inter-organisational collaboration theoretical framework in the study of tourism development partnerships. Therefore, this research contributes to knowledge in relation to an emerging and important subject in the field of tourism studies. The methodology in this study is qualitative, centring upon an intensive analysis of three local tourism development partnerships, including a pilot study, and involves the use of interviews with key actors and documentary analysis. Theories of interorganisational collaboration inform the research design and analytical framework and contribute towards the development of an integrated theory of partnerships in the context of tourism development. The approach adopted here is transferable to the examination of inter-organisational collaboration and partnerships both within and beyond the field of tourism. Therefore, the methodology developed for this research has considerable potential for substantive application elsewhere. The study concludes with a comparative analysis and evaluation of the findings from the three case studies in this research. The implications of these findings for future research on partnerships are highlighted. The implications of this study for the development of theory and methods for researching tourism development partnerships are also suggested.

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Meric, Olivier. "Organisation discursive de la visite médiée de sites touristiques : théorisation contributionnelle et valorisation d'une praxis professionnelle." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL012/document.

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Le discours produit lors d’une visite touristique naît de différentes modalités de communication dont la visite assistée par un dispositif socio-technique et la visite-conférence dirigée par un médiateur. Ces deux modalités présentant des caractéristiques communes propres au genre discursif de la visite médiée, offrent aussi des différences significatives pour constituer un corpus d’étude subdivisé par les modalités de production et les langues sources : des textes écrits par des professionnels du domaine et des textes enregistrées en présence de visiteurs, en français et en espagnol. Plusieurs interrogations se posent dont celle d’une taxonomie des genres de discours liés au domaine spécialisé étudié, celle d’une unité de segmentation textuelle s’affranchissant du caractère scriptural ou oral du mode de production du texte, et celles liées à la catégorisation d’un texte dans un genre discursif. En effet, les valeurs des paramètres de caractérisation doivent permettre l’introduction d’un prototype indispensable à la catégorisation et à l’indexation textuelle du genre étudié.Cette recherche s’inscrit donc dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique textuelle et de l’analyse des pratiques discursives comme indices des praxis sociales, mais la méthodologie employée élargit cette base théorique à la linguistique contributionnelle post-gricéenne qui légitime l’introduction de la contribution comme unité de segmentation textuelle. En outre, le traitement quantitatif d’une compilation de textes sélectionnés trouve ses fondements au sein même de l’analyse de discours et de la linguistique de corpus. La méthode suivie, qui introduit les règles de segmentation textuelle dont l’annotation manuelle qualitative, et l’analyse quantitative permettent de proposer un modèle d’organisation de chaque genre considéré. Au-delà du grand intérêt que présente la caractérisation de nouveaux discours spécialisés, ce travail introduit d’un côté une méthode d’analyse à l’origine du développement d’un programme de segmentation, d’annotation et d’indexation ; et une valorisation didactique dans l’enseignement des langues sur objectifs spécifiques ; et d’un autre côté le développement d’interfaces proposant de nouvelles modalités de médiation dont le discours est pensé en amont de leur réalisation
The discourse produced in a guided tour stems from different communicative modalities which include the visit assisted by a socio-technical device and the visit guided by an education and visitor service officer. These two modalities show common characteristics of a guided tour; they also offer significant differences. These differences allow us to compile a corpus divided according to its modalities of production and the languages: written text by professionals of the tourism sector, in French and in Spanish. Several issues arise such as the genre taxonomy of the discourse linked to the specific field studied, the unit of the text segmentation which has to free itself from the scriptural or oral feature of the text production, the textual categorisation and indexation of the studied genre. Indeed, the characterisation parameter value must introduce an essential prototype in order to categorise and index the texts of the studied genres. Therefore, as a sign of social praxis, this research suits the text linguistic and discourse analysis theoretical framework. In addition, the selected methodology enlarges this theoretical background to the post-Gricean linguistics of contribution which allows to define the contribution as the unit of textual segmentation. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of a selected text compilation is rooted in the discourse analysis and corpus linguistic approaches. The method followed here, which introduces textual segmentation rules such as qualitative manual annotation and quantitative analysis suggests structural patterns of each considered genre. Beyond the notable interest of categorising new specialized discourses, this investigation introduces a new analytical method. On the one hand, the methodological framework is the source of a segmentation, annotation, and indexation software development. On the other hand, it is the source of an application development recommending new modalities of guided tours where the priority is given to the elaboration of the discourse

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Safatian, Massoud. "Organisation et aménagement touristique dans la région de Shahsavar-Nowshahr (Iran)." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100238.

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Machlouzarides, Haris. "Improving the deployment model of modern electronic marketing methods for the Cyprus tourism organisation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2009. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7226/.

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Traditional business models that used to govern the operations of travel and tourism businesses, defined in a rigid way their functional areas and the relationships among them. The advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has driven the transformation of these business models into novel destination marketing models. National Tourism Organisations’ task of managing the process of destination marketing has been augmented with the advent of electronic marketing methods. The complexity of managing the diverse interests of the multiplicity of the stakeholders involved in destination marketing has been extended by the novel electronic communication channels that have been introduced. This has made the need of establishing an explicit model for managing the process of destination marketing more imperative than ever before. Recognising the need for explicitly managing the process of destination marketing for the Cyprus Tourism Organisation (CTO), an integrated marketing model has been developed to guide the management of the destination’s marketing process. The key for optimising the destination’s marketing processes is the successful implementation of the model through the integration of traditional with electronic marketing activities. The model is founded upon the CTO’s marketing executives’ mindset and expectations and facilitates the satisfaction of the CTO’s online visitors / customers’ expectations. Moreover, it reflects on the CTO’s existing marketing services, the Cyprus tourism industry’s eMarketing deployment and European NTOs’ eMarketing deployment level. The utter objective that is aimed to be achieved through the implementation of the developed model is the improvement of Cyprus’ competitiveness as a tourism destination worldwide.

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Hitchcock, Kelly Alexandra. "Tourism and development : a case study of Mdumbi Backpackers and Transcape non-profit organisation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013143.

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The former Transkei region of the Eastern Cape of South Africa, in common with many of the other former Bantustans, is currently facing a developmental backlog. It is one of the poorest regions of the country and is a direct product of South Africa’s history of colonisation and geopolitical nature of apartheid in which people were forcibly located onto former tribal lands, called Bantustans. Tourism is one of the few business opportunities providing employment along the former Transkei coast. The tourism industry has been identified by many worldwide as a key strategy that can lead to economic upliftment, community development and poverty relief in the developing world. The predicament however, lies in the challenge of accepting or managing the negative consequences of tourism for the potential long term benefits offered by tourism-led development. Tourism development theory reflects development theory from traditional, top-down economic-growth based models to a more wide based approach with an emphasis on bottom-up planning, meeting of basic human need and a focus on sustainable development. Consequentially new and alternative forms of tourism have emerged and can be viewed as a response to some of the negative consequences of the mass tourism-led model of economic development. Backpacker tourism is one niche of the tourism market that is providing positive local socioeconomic benefits. This thesis is presented as a case study of Mdumbi Backpackers on the former Transkei coast. Mdumbi Backpackers is a unique example of a model of tourism that is providing meaningful benefits to the people who live in this community. By going one step further with the creation of the non-profit organisation Transcape, their involvement in the community has grown significantly, encouraging positive and sustainable development in the areas of social development, education and health. Mdumbi Backpackers goes beyond the notions of locally owned and sustainable approaches and actively encourages development by setting up community organisations and initiatives in a sustainable and equitable way. This approach to tourism-led development is well suited for the needs and objectives of the community as well preserving the natural environment. This thesis presents an exemplary example from which lessons can be learned and applied to developing tourism in a sustainable and equitable way in other rural communities.

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Stokes, Robyn L., and n/a. "Inter-Organisational Relationships for Events Tourism Strategy Making in Australian States and Territories." Griffith University. School of Tourism and Hotel Management, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040218.160232.

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This research examines the impact of inter-organisational relationships of public sector events agencies on events tourism strategy making within Australian state/territories. The global expansion of events tourism and sustained interest in networks and relationships as conduits to strategy underpin this topic. Although public sector institutional arrangements exist in many countries including Australia to develop events tourism, there is no known empirical research of inter-organisational relationships for strategy making in this domain. Against this background, the research problem of the thesis is: How and why do inter-organisational relationships of public sector events agencies impact upon events tourism strategy making within Australian states and territories? Based on a review of themes and issues within the two parent theories of tourism strategy and inter-organisational relationships, a theoretical framework and four research issues are developed. These issues are: RI 1: How does the public sector institutional environment impact upon events tourism strategies and the inter-organisational relationships that shape them, and why? RI 2: How do events tourism strategy forms and processes reflect and influence events agencies' inter-organisational relationships, and why? RI 3: What are the forms and characteristics of events agencies' inter- organisational relationships for shaping events tourism strategies, and why? RI 4: What are the incentives and disincentives for events agencies to engage in inter-organisational relationships for events tourism strategy making, and why? Because this research explores a new field within events tourism, it adopts a realism paradigm to uncover the 'realities' of events agencies' inter-organisational relationships and strategies. Two qualitative methodologies are adopted: the convergent interview technique (Carson, Gilmore, Perry, and Gronhaug 2001b; Dick 1990) and multiple case research (Perry 1998, 2001; Yin 1994). The convergent interviews serve to explore and refine the theoretical framework and the four research issues investigated in the multiple case research. These cases are represented by the inter-organisational relationships of events agencies in six Australian states/territories. Findings about the public sector institutional environment (research issue 1) show that events tourism strategies are influenced by different public sector policies and influences, the organisational arrangements for events tourism, the roles of events agencies and the lifecycle phase of events tourism in each state/territory. In relation to events tourism strategy forms (research issue 2), reactive/proactive strategies that respond to or address arising events or opportunities are common with a limited application of formal planning strategies. However, events agencies' strategy processes do reflect a range of strategic activities of importance. Inter-organisational relationships of events agencies (research issue 3) are typified by informal, government-led networks that influence, rather than develop, events tourism strategies. Finally, the importance of a number of incentives and disincentives for agencies to engage in inter-organisational relationships for events tourism strategy making is established. The final conceptual model depicts the themes within all four research issues and links between them to address the research problem. The conclusions of this research make a major contribution to events tourism theory and build upon theories in tourism strategy and inter-organisational relationships. Further research opportunities are presented by these conclusions and the conceptual model which may be explored using other methodologies or alternative research contexts. Practical implications of the research for policy makers and agency executives relate to policy-strategy linkages, public sector organisational arrangements for events tourism, strategy forms and processes and frameworks to engage stakeholders in inter-organisational relationships for strategy making. Knowledge of incentives and disincentives for these inter-organisational relationships also provides a platform for events agencies to reflect upon and revise their modes of governance for events tourism strategy making.

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Yuksel, Fisun. "Inter-organisational relations and central-local interactions in tourism planning in Belek, Turkey." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2002. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20590/.

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Successful tourism planning depends on there being effective relationships between central and local government, non-governmental organisations, the private sector and other affected parties. Inter-organisational analysis can be used to examine these relations. While this type of analysis is quite common in other disciplinary fields, its application is less usual in the field of tourism planning. Moreover, most such analysis in tourism has concentrated on a single spatial scale rather than on several scales, and the specific relationships between central and local government have been the subject of little sustained research. This research gap is surprising when the application of tourism plans often depends quite crucially on supportive central-local government relations. This study examines the nature of inter-organisational relations around the development and implementation of a tourism development plan for Belek, a coastal area in Turkey's Antalya region. This case study is of an area experiencing substantial tourism development in a rapidly developing country with a centralised system of governance. The study develops a conceptual framework and seven key conceptual themes that are applied to tourism planning in Belek. The conceptual themes and the related assessment focus on inter-organisational relations, and in particular on relations between central and local government, in a multi-scale network that links the private and public sectors, non-govemmental organisations and local communities. There is consideration of inter-organisational communication, stakeholder involvement and consensus building, resource sufficiency and exchange, inter-organisational co-ordination, the relative roles of central and local government, and the potential for devolving tourism planning powers to the local area. Various participants in Belek's tourism planning process were interviewed in the study order to evaluate their views about inter-organisational relations, notably about relations between central and local government. The strengths and weaknesses of the tourism administrative system were considered, together with the potential to change its character. It was found that the inequalities in power and resources between stakeholders, and their differences in interests, ideologies and values, meant that it was difficult for them to reach mutual agreements about tourism policies. Resource scarcity had actually increased conflict rather than cooperation between organisations. There was much distrust and other negative mutual perceptions between the relevant parties. The study identified numerous barriers to cooperation and coordination. There were differing perceptions of the potential for more decentralised forms of administration, with various types of decentralisation also being considered, such as devolution, deconcentration and delegation. Many obstacles to effective decentralisation were noted. The study, including the conceptual framework and conceptual themes, is intended to assist other tourism researchers examining inter-organisational relations, administrative structures, and the relative merits of centralised and decentralised forms of governance in other developing countries.

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Martin, Jean-Yves. "Artisanat et tourisme en maine-et-loire. Approche economique et organisation spatiale." Angers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ANGE0020.

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Cette these de doctorat etudie les relations qu'entretient le secteur des metiers avec le tourisme en maine-et-loire et analyse plus particulierement les retombees commerciales de la frequentation touristique sur l'economie artisanale. Apres avoir degage les principales caracteristiques des acteurs concernes, les touristes d'un cote et les artisans de l'autre, l'analyse croisee de la consommation touristique et de l'offre artisanale a permis d'evaluer les repercussions economiques du tourisme sur le secteur des metiers. A bien des egards, le developpement du tourisme est profitable a l'artisanat. Cependant, l'auteur met en lumiere l'inegale emprise du fait touristique sur celui-ci et a procede a une hierarchisation des metiers selon la part prise par le tourisme dans les entreprises. La nature des activites, l'environnement geographique, le comportement et la motivation des artisans sont autant de facteurs qui se combinent pour expliquer l'amplitude des retombees economiques sur l'artisanat. Par ailleurs, le tourisme, sans aller jusqu'a faconner des espaces artisanaux specifiques, participe toutefois localement au maintien d'une desserte artisanale plus dense, notamment pour les secteurs de l'alimentation et du batiment. L'etude s'acheve sur la definition d'une politique de valorisation de l'artisanat par le tourisme declinee en une serie de propositions d'actions

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Whiley, Dona-Marie. "Environmentalism, sustainable development and organisational culture : tourism accommodation and the drivers of sustainable practice /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19125.pdf.

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Turner, Angeline Biegler. "The WTO, tourism and small states : finding policy space to develop." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3057.

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The WTO, tourism and small states: finding policy space to develop This study examines whether the General Agreement on Services (GATS) provides the necessary policy space for small states to pursue their development agendas. Small states in this study are defined in power terms. But the study also focuses on small states in a property sense--those with few diversification options, making the services sector potentially an important avenue for economic growth and diversification. The study seeks to examine critically the parameters that GATS places on policy-making of small states--whether governments are limited to providing a competitive business environment, or if they retain sufficient policy space to shape the development of a sector. The study also looks at the interplay between international and domestic factors in development of policy. The tourism industries of Oman and Qatar provide case studies to examine these issues. Tourism has the potential to contribute to the economies of small states generally, but debate exists as to whether GATS leaves small states with sufficient space to influence the direction of this sector. The similarities between Oman and Qatar in both power and property terms allow for a comparative examination of whether small states can find meaningful policy space. In addition, their domestic dynamics provide insight into the interplay between domestic and international pressures on policy choices. The experiences of Oman and Qatar suggest that there remains some policy space for states to develop their tourism industries in a manner compatible with local aspirations. Governments thus have some scope to direct the shape of the tourism sector beyond merely providing a competitive business environment. But policy direction is influenced by capacity, past experiences and existing norms, and these differences can result in varying outcomes. Additionally, small states must decide their priorities in on-going WTO negotiations in order to maintain existing policy space.

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Thomas, Pieta Helen (Peta). "The value of business tourism in the performance of an organisation / Pieta (Peta) Helen Thomas." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9454.

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The primary objective of this research is to review the value of business events in the performance of an organisation. Business events are categorised as part of the business tourism sector of the tourism industry. This sector is a strong financial contributor to many nations’ economies. The sector, sometimes also known as the M.I.C.E industry or meetings industry, focuses on creating business events to fit the knowledge needs of organisations across a wide range of industries. The business events are of several genre including exhibitions, training seminars, conferences, congresses and trade shows and all have been created for the purpose of helping organisations improve individual competitive advantages by learning from peers, competitors, suppliers and customers. The financial outcome of holding business tourism events is typically measured by such indicators as the number of business event venues booked, the number of business tourism visitors to a country attending business events, the number of hotel bed-nights sold that relate to business events, the number of add-on packages in the way of transport, entertainment and leisure tours used by business event attendees. Countries including South Africa have specific national policies to attract globally rotating business events to their own country. While hotels, transport and other tourism activities glean substantial financial benefit from the hosting of business events, the outcome of these events in terms of the new knowledge created for organisations is the primary objective of this research. As knowledge is intangible the value of knowledge is hard to understand in terms of past performance such as financial statements but it is seen in the literature review that there are many beneficial implications of seeking knowledge not limited to risk management through informed decision making. New knowledge has the ability to change the future work-place behaviour of employees in turn affecting the performance of an organisation. Lewin (1951) summarised that the level of behavioural change from the influence of new knowledge attained at an event is a function of the people at the event and the environment of the event. Understanding these variables speaks directly to managing the intangible value created from business events. Thus Lewin’s formula as applied to business events is considered a link in the value chain of intangible asset creation in this research. Knowledge is an intangible asset of every organisation often documented in formal normative managerial actions such as policies, processes and databases and also held informally by individual employees who have personal skills and abilities. Measuring the change in knowledge value through an intervention such as a business event has relevance in terms of valuing the contribution of business events to improving organisational performance. A secondary objective of this research was then to review the current use of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips return-on-investment model in relation to its effectiveness in defining knowledge objectives and measuring their effect on intangible asset creation. The model is the business events sector recommended methodology to set the objectives and key performance indicators that define the degree of success of the business event for an organisation. The utility of this model in helping to manage organisational knowledge value derived from business events is reviewed. The relevance of business events to future organisational performance improvement is understood by analysing firstly an organisation’s perspective of the value of business events and then the perspective of an employee of the organisation attending business events. The findings of the literature review guided the design of both the qualitative and quantitative surveys that were used to explore the way knowledge flows from events into organisations. These surveys fulfil the third and fourth objectives of the research. To understand the flow of new knowledge through an organisation many functions and hierarchies of command, a systems thinking methodology was applied in that it is assumed that all units of the organisation add value at their own level and this value accumulates upwards towards the overall value of knowledge for the organisation in creating competitive advantages. The literature review firstly highlighted the role of creating opportunity for socialisation at events as pivotal in improving an organisation’s knowledge. Then systems methodology tool of viable systems diagnosis suggested a theoretical viable systems model of what a healthy, successful organisational knowledge system would look like. The methodology was then applied to distil the secondary data reviewed to 12 variables each composed of many other variables that act within this theoretical model. The 12 variables were included in semi-open ended questions of a qualitative research instrument that interviewed 18 managers who either design or attend business events. The qualitative responses and the system of the 12 variables were then used to guide the creation of the quantitative instrument. The quantitative research produced 354 useable questionnaires that were statistically analysed by exploratory factor analysis. The latent factors identified were used in the design of a structured equation model (SEM). The SEM indicated that organisations rely on socialisation activities such as business events to create new knowledge. The SEM also indicates that employees of an organisation may well consider business event activities from a personalised perspective of their own continued professional development needs which may not always align to those of the organisation suggesting the alignment between organisational and personal goals as critical in maximising the value attained from a business event. This research therefore made a valuable contribution in that it explored the value chain between the business events and their role in improving an individual organisation’s performance. This in turn implies from a systems thinking point of view to the overall performance of a country’s economy. A further contribution of this study is recommendations made to improve the ease of application of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips model and thus manage the process of socialisation and ultimately knowledge creation better. A pre- and post event extension to the model is recommended defined in a template to be used in an iterative manner to improve the management and capturing of the value of knowledge arising from the event and this fulfils the final objective of the research.
Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

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Xenopoulou, Christina. "Effective performance appraisal systems in the public sector : the case of the Cyprus Tourism Organisation." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2016. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/21181/.

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The project’s research aim was the assessment of the effectiveness of the current performance appraisal system (PAS) of the Cyprus Tourism Organisation (CTO) in relation to the enhancement of individual and organisational performance and the project’s outcome was the production of suitable recommendations for the attention of the Board of Directors, the Management and the Trade Unions. The recommendations will assist CTO in changing the current PAS for purposes of enhancing individual and organisational performance i.e. the introduction of an effective PAS at CTO. The change of the current PAS was explored and it is feasible because the inhibitors of change can be mitigated. Through the implementation of the project’s recommendations, the stakeholders will benefit since the recommended effective PAS will transform the culture and enhance the employees’ and CTO’s performance and that will reflect on tourism and the economy of Cyprus. The enhancement of performance and the added value at all levels are particularly important and relevant in today’s economic climate. Through the availability of the project to the academic and practitioner community, other researchers and similar organisations (e.g. the government and public sector organisations in Cyprus) will benefit since they will have the opportunity to refer to the project and borrow ideas and conduct further research and extend existing knowledge. The project can be considered as an original contribution to the knowledge and practice of performance appraisals because it is unique (a type of research that nobody else conducted before). The research approach that was used was that of the case study. The project was a qualitative study (in depth analysis and understanding) and the research techniques that were used were the following: literature, studies of the government and other public sector organisations in Cyprus, organisational documentation-regulations of the current PAS, insider/practitioner-researcher perspective, interviews, questionnaire (the opinion of the CTO employees was obtained through the interviews and questionnaire). The information that was collected from the above sources (triangulation) was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. It was concluded that the performance appraisals were not employed as they should under the current PAS (both inherent and implementation weaknesses). Most of the participants believed that the current PAS was ineffective as it did not enhance their performance, motivation, job satisfaction, ownership, responsibility or commitment and it needed to change. Most of the participants believed in the factors of an effective PAS. Most of the participants believed that the main factors of an effective PAS (feedback, participation, goals) were not present under the current PAS. In consequence, the absence of the above factors (ineffective PAS) has not led to the enhancement of most of the participants’ performance. The features of the recommended PAS are the following: -Introduction of the goals method for purposes of assessing performance (the goals will be jointly set and agreed, “smart”, consistent with the organisational goals and revised when necessary). -Measurement of performance against the goals through fact-based evidence. -Assessment of performance by suitable appraisers (their selection will be determined by the tasks and position of each appraisee). -Examination of appeals by other independent persons only (senior employees who will be educated and trained) who will ratify or amend the performance assessments conducted by the appraisers. -Introduction of the rating scales and 360 degree feedback methods (in combination) for purposes of development. The selection of the most suitable 360 degree feedback respondents (superiors, subordinates, peers, business associates) will be determined by the tasks and position of each appraisee. The usefulness of the rating scales method can be maximised through the following: sufficient scale, explanation of the scale, development of the assessment criteria according to the job requirements of each position and assignment of weights according to the significance of the criteria, specific, clearly defined and explained criteria, justification of the ratings with examples. -Participation of the appraisees in their performance and development assessments through self-assessment. -Consideration and discussion of the assessment results of the performance and development methods during the appraisal interview for purposes of drafting an agreed action plan in relation to the appraisees’ performance improvement and further development. -Introduction of a formal and informal feedback mechanism. The informal feedback mechanism (on a continuous basis) will consist of the following: communication, coaching, monitoring of performance. The formal feedback mechanism (once or twice a year) will consist of the following: assessments for purposes of performance and development, appraisal interview, agreed action plan for the future. -Education and training of the appraisers and the appraisees for purposes of implementing the formal and informal feedback mechanisms. -Computerisation of the recommended PAS for purposes of administering the system more effectively and efficiently. -The recommended PAS will be linked to a new reward system but the two systems will be separate. The features of the new reward system will be the following: the rewards will be based on the appraisees’ performance (performance assessments under the recommended PAS), the rewards will not be awarded at the same time as the assessments of performance, provision of non-monetary rewards to all the appraisees who will meet their performance targets, provision of monetary rewards to the appraisees with the highest performance (ranking). -Monitoring and evaluation of the recommended PAS (as well as the new reward system) by the Management, the employees (appraisers and appraisees) and the Trade Unions on an ongoing basis and making amendments if necessary.

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Nyilika, Nonkanyiso Beauty. "Tourism marketing in the Western Cape: optimising inter-organisational collaboration among key regional stakeholders." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1417.

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Master of Technology: Public Relations Management in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013
The aim of this study was to explore the benefits and potential of improved inter-organisational collaboration as compared to non-collaboration between the identified stakeholders in this research. This research established the level of current inter-organisational collaboration and satisfaction between the identified Western Cape Province stakeholders and verified whether this collaboration could be seen as contributing to tourism growth in the region. It also determined how improved inter-organisational collaboration and communication can be achieved to ensure tourism marketing effectiveness. In the lead-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup™, regional stakeholders formed strategic partnerships to ensure a successful soccer event. The researcher sees such a collaborative approach as limited to major events or projects such as the 2011 bid for the Design Capital 2014. Inter-organisational collaboration is not clearly visible in the destination and tourism marketing of the region and this lack of collaboration has been highlighted. For the purpose of this study, the Resource Dependency Theory of Collaboration was utilised to highlight the inter-dependency between the identified regional stakeholders with vested interest in the Western Cape Province and Cape Town's tourism industry. The researcher conducted qualitative research which is situated in an interpretivist paradigm with its emphasis on experience and interpretation. The qualitative research is seen as being suitable for this research as detailed information has to be sourced through interviews. A qualitative exploratory approach, comprising face-to-face interviews with key informants in the industry was undertaken. The key informants engaged were drawn from a range of organisations engaged or who have a vested interest in the tourism industry which is a key economic driver in the Western Cape Province and Cape Town. The outcome of this study firstly was to establish the current levels of inter-organisational collaboration between the identified stakeholders and how this affects tourism growth. A closer look was taken to look at the current overlapping in the marketing initiatives embarked upon by the destination and tourism marketing organisations in the Western Cape Province, namely Wesgro and Cape Town Tourism and how these can be avoided. Secondly, the study explored how higher inter-organisational collaboration can ensure the achievement of effective tourism marketing of the region. As per the research findings, the researcher compiled recommendations on optimising inter-organisational collaboration among key regional stakeholders. These recommendations should contribute towards streamlining resources and redirecting some of the allocated funds from tourism marketing to other socioeconomic activities that can benefit the citizens of the region, such as developing emerging small to medium tourism enterprises and entrepreneurs.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tourism organisations'

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