Academic literature on the topic 'Tourism - New Zealand'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tourism - New Zealand":
1
Tsui, Wai Hong Kan, Faruk Balli, David Tat Wei Tan, Oscar Lau, and Mudassar Hasan. "New Zealand business tourism." Tourism Economics 24, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 386–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617731387.
Abstract:
Business tourism has brought significant benefits to New Zealand’s tourism industry and economy. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of economic uncertainty on New Zealand’s business tourism. The panel data gravity model and the maximally correlated portfolio are used to investigate the impacts of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices of New Zealand and its key trading partners, along with tourism and aviation-related factors, on New Zealand’s business tourist flows from 2008 to 2015. The findings suggest that two economic factors (New Zealand’s EPU index and bilateral trade volumes) and two noneconomic factors (flying distance and total direct flight seats) are statistically significant in explaining some of the variations in business tourism flows. The results have important policy implications for New Zealand’s policymakers in understanding business visitor demands and planning their tourism strategies.
2
Cushman, Grant. "Tourism in New Zealand." World Leisure & Recreation 32, no. 1 (March 1990): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10261133.1990.10559095.
3
Kireieva, Alina Oleksandrivna, and Olena Oleksandrivna Motuzenko. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM BETWEEN UKRAINE AND NEW ZEALAND." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 47 (2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.15-27.
Abstract:
Aim. A detailed study of the state of international cooperation between Ukraine and New Zealand, an analysis of the tourist offer of the represented and tourist market of the countries and the development of recommendations for the development of tourism between countries. Methodology. The study is to analyze and systematize information on the development of international tourism cooperation between Ukraine and New Zealand. The methodology is based on the use of modern methods for the search and processing of heterogeneous information, its analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. Reviewed the problems of international cooperation in the field of tourism between Ukraine and New Zealand, the role and importance of cooperation between state (government) institutions, various public organizations and non-profit structures that promote the development of tourist exchanges between countries. The main forms, goals and means of international cooperation are explored, bilateral relations are revealed in the field, which facilitate prompt solution of many issues of tourism development between countries. The analysis of tourist offer in the tourism market of both countries is carried out. Scientific novelty. Based on the information gathered on the factors contributing to and hindering the development of tourism between Ukraine and New Zealand and the analysis of the tourism market, practical recommendations were given for improving the interaction of these countries in the field of tourism. The practical significance lies of the study is the possibility of implementing the results obtained in the development of regional strategies and programs for tourism development between the two countries.
4
Yeoman, Ian, Amalina Andrade, Elisante Leguma, Natalie Wolf, Peter Ezra, Rebecca Tan, and Una McMahon‐Beattie. "2050: New Zealand's sustainable future." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0003.
Abstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to portray the future of tourism in New Zealand based upon a philosophy of sustainability and cultural identity as a response to the present 2025 Tourism Strategy. Design/methodology/approach The research deployed a scenario planning methodology resulting in four portraits of the future. Findings Environmental issues and global migration are the key issues that will shape the future of New Zealand tourism. In order to address these issues four scenarios were constructed. New Zealand Wonderland portrays a future based upon a grounded international reputation for environmentalism driven by good governance, climate change targets and ecotourism. Indiana Jones and the Search for Cultural Identity position a future driven by rapid growth and unregulated air travel resulting in environmental degradation. A Peaceful Mixture is a balance of socio‐cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability at the centre of a tourism product shaped upon Maori culture and economic prosperity. The final scenario, New Zealand in Depression, is the worst possible outcome for New Zealand's tourism industry as the three dimensions of economy, community, and environment are not at equilibrium. New Zealand would be over‐polluted with an uncontrolled number of migrants. Research limitations/implications The research was a social construction of ten experts’ views on the future of sustainable tourism. Originality/value New Zealand's present approach to the future of tourism is shaped by the 2025 Tourism Framework (http://tourism2025.org.nz/). This is derived from a business perspective and a neoliberal political philosophy and it is void of the words ecotourism and sustainability. This paper argues that the present strategy will fail because of community disengagement that proposes a range of alternative directions based upon a political discourse of sustainability and shaped by environmental credentials and cultural identity.
5
Turner, Lindsay W., N. Kulendran, and V. Pergat. "Forecasting New Zealand Tourism Demand with Disaggregated Data." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100105.
Abstract:
This paper compares the forecasting performance of the ARIMA model and the Winters Exponential Smoothing method against each other and the naive No Change process. The models are fitted to quarterly international tourist flow data to New Zealand, from June 1978 to September 1992. Forecasting performance is compared between 11 different countries and world regions with the travel flow divided by type of tourism into categories including Holiday travel, VFR travel and Business travel. It is concluded that the Winters and ARIMA methods outperform the No Change process. In all cases, the relative performance between ARIMA and Winters is affected by whether tourism is disaggregated by types of tourist travel, or analysed only as total flow.
6
Pearce, Philip L. "Farm tourism in New Zealand." Annals of Tourism Research 17, no. 3 (January 1990): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90002-9.
7
Zeppel, Heather. "Maori tourism in New Zealand." Tourism Management 18, no. 7 (November 1997): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(97)84399-3.
8
Newlands, Kenneth. "Tourism and rally New Zealand." Journal of Sport & Tourism 6, no. 2 (January 2001): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10295390108718698.
9
Cockburn-Wootten, Cheryl, and Alison McIntosh. "Improving the Accessibility of the Tourism Industry in New Zealand." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410478.
Abstract:
Internationally, the accessible tourism market has been identified as a growing segment that could lead the way for social inclusiveness, as well as providing the industry with financial gains and destination competitiveness. Despite the increased number of people who travel with access requirements, the sector still lacks an understanding of the expectations and experiences of access tourists. Accessible tourism covers an array of impairments from people who are immobile, visually impaired, an invisible impairment, parents with pushchairs, and seniors. The purpose of this study was to understand the expectations and experiences of the access consumer to suggest improvements for accessibility for the New Zealand tourism sector. The social model of disability was adopted to examine the sector and framed the semi-structured interviews with access consumers. Key results identified from the data were the need to achieve dignity in service offerings to gain experiences that facilitate independence and equity of access, access to information before the travel that is clear and accurate to aid planning, and accessible transport and education. In conclusion, the paper calls for the New Zealand tourism industry to align with the Disability Strategy sustainability goals to achieve equity and inclusion and create enjoyable accessible experiences in their tourist offerings.
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Boren, LJ, NJ Gemmell, and KJ Barton. "Tourist Disturbance On New Zealand Fur Seals (Arctophalus Forsteri)." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02085.
Abstract:
Marine mammals are significant tourist attractions around New Zealand, however, the impact of eco-tourism on these species is poorly documented. Effective management to mitigate any negative effects requires an understanding of target species? reactions to tourist activities. We have studied the effects of tourist activities on New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) using a novel combination of observations and controlled approaches. Three study areas were selected reflecting a range of visitor density, type of tourism, and the anticipated sensitivity of fur seals to disturbance. Behaviour was observed using instantaneous scan sampling and attributes of tourist approaches were tested experimentally by controlled approaches. Approaches were made on land, by kayak, and motorboat. Fur seal responses and the distance at which the seal responded were recorded. Our results indicate that A. forsteri behaviour was being modified by tourist activities. Habituation was occurring at study areas with high levels of tourist activity. Approachers following current minimum approach distances still caused some animals to modify their behaviour and new minimum approach distances are recommended based on controlled approaches to seals at all study areas. Our work demonstrated that controlled approaches can be a useful tool to develop effective management guidelines to lessen impacts from eco-tourism activities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tourism - New Zealand":
1
Lymburn, Janet Marie. "Gastronomic tourism : a valuable new niche in New Zealand tourism? /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arml986.pdf.
2
Becken, Susanne. "Energy use in the New Zealand tourism sector." Phd thesis, Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/440.
Abstract:
Energy use associated with tourism has rarely been studied, despite a potentially considerable contribution to global or national energy demand and concomitant greenhouse gas emissions. In New Zealand, tourism constitutes an increasingly important economic sector that is supported by the Government to induce further economic growth. At the same time New Zealand is facing the challenge of reducing currently increasing fossil fuel combustion and carbon dioxide emissions. As a response, this study investigated the contribution tourism makes to energy use in New Zealand. In particular it has examined the role of the three main tourism subsectors (transport, accommodation, and attractions/activities), and different domestic and international 'tourist types'. Seven separate data analyses provided inputs for building a model based on 'tourist types' from which energy use in the New Zealand tourism sector could be estimated. Tourism was found to contribute at least 5.6% to national energy demand, which is larger than its 4.9% contribution to GDP in 2000. Transport, in particular domestic air and car travel, was identified as the dominant energy consumer. Within the accommodation sub-sector, hotels are the largest energy consumers, both in total and on a per visitor-night basis. Of the three sub-sectors, attractions and activities contribute least to energy use, however, activities such as scenic flights or boat cruises were recognised as being energy intensive. As a result of larger visitor volumes, domestic tourists contribute more to energy consumption than international tourists. Domestic and international tourists types differ in their energy consumption patterns, for example measured as energy use per travel day. Tourist types that rely on air travel are the most energy intensive ones, for example the domestic 'long air business' travellers or the international 'coach tourists'. The importance of international tourists' energy use will increase, given current growth rates. There are many options to decrease energy use of the tourism sector, with the most effective ones being within the energy intensive transport sub-sector. Increasing vehicle efficiencies and decreasing travel distances appear to be the most promising measures. This study argues that energy use depends largely on tourists' travel behaviour. Changing behaviour is possible but is postulated to be very difficult, and further research is needed to better understand tourists' motivations, expectations and decision-making. Only then, can strategies be developed and implemented to alter travel behaviours to better balance energy use, other environmental impacts and economic yield. Such a balance is a crucial consideration in the search for more sustainable forms of tourism.
3
Smith, Louise. "'Aaaarrrrgggghhhhhh' : representing adventure tourism in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393896.
4
Myers, Linda Mary. "Women's independent travel experiences in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2010. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3308/.
Abstract:
An ever-increasing number of women worldwide are making the most of their independence and becoming increasingly motivated to travel more than ever before. Women are grasping the opportunity to be tourists in their own right; for their own pleasure and satisfaction, breaking away from their hybrid identities of, ‘the wife’, ‘mother’, ‘girlfriend’ or the ‘housewife’. Women of all ages are beginning to become empowered and to travel together in close female friendship groups, in two’s or alone. They are gaining confidence and are able to independently self-organise their trips. Educational opportunity and financial self sufficiency through improvement in earning capacities has greatly increased women’s access to a much wider range of leisure and travel choices. Personal life spans involve significant chronological transitions, such as from university to work, marriage to divorce, work to retirement where identity has to be renegotiated; new autobiographies reconstructed, and new trajectories have to be set. Often, it seems women are motivated to travel during such transitional circumstances. Despite the tendency to assume that male appeals are universal, research suggests that female and male perceptions and experiences of space differ substantially. In tourism, gender relationships have been examined from a number of perspectives; women as the employee's of the tourism industry; women as hosts in the tourism destination; and more recently women as tourists. Women are slowly being recognised as a market segment, facilities and different services in luxury hotels, women only tours and cruises are evolving to meet demand. The gendered perceptions and ideologies of New Zealand; being 100% pure nature and the adventure capital of the world which is open to all, ages, and abilities, attracts statistically more women backpacker travellers than men. A major objective of this thesis is to redress the bias in tourism research; to represent women including lesbian women in the tourism arena. In both cases giving women a ‘voice’ to represent their touristic experiences, desires and link these to the notion of identity construction through tourism. Little remains known on the wider variables and influences that motivate the travel choices of lesbian consumers in particular. It has been argued that female tourism experiences, like their leisure behaviours, are constrained by male dominated cultural values and attitudes at destinations and by social constraints and restrictions in their home society. However, on the other hand it has also been argued that some women’s tourism experiences - such as backpacking and independent travelling- can also be potentially liberating for some women as they gain the freedom to express their often hybrid identities in new ways. The focus in this study is towards the positive gains and benefits to the individual through travel experiences, but this cannot be done in isolation without considering some of the constraints and challenges. It is multidisciplinary in approach, grounded in theoretical frameworks offered by gender studies, tourism studies, social science, leisure studies, women’s studies, queer theory, cultural geography and sports studies. It is a qualitative study which sets out to explore tourism experiences and the personal growth and identity development through tourism experiences in New Zealand. Sixty in-depth interviews were held with international women travellers, backpackers and tourism providers in New Zealand. Adopting an interpretive paradigm with a limited feminist influenced, the important focus was to allow the women to speak of their experiences and lives in their own voices. In line with qualitative methodologies, it is the words and photographs of the women that form the data set for this study. It critically examines how a performative understanding of the playing out of gender can be linked to notions of serious leisure, the reflective production of biographies and accumulation of cultural capital. The results reveal that personal development, self identity and social identity can be influenced by travel experiences in varying degrees. Four interlinking categories of importance were identified; embodied experiences, psychological development, socio-spatial interactions and visual consumption. Each category evolved and was sometimes dependent upon age and sexuality. The results of this study show that there are real benefits to personal growth and identity development to women through their travel experiences. Through travel women make the time or find the time to self-reflect on their lives. They escape from the social constraints at home and can achieve a sense of freedom. Through the act of travelling itself and through participating in physical adventure activities travel can present a means of empowerment and a record of achievement. The confidence gained through travel experiences can enhance self-esteem and help construct a new dimension to their identities.
5
Rao, Ulhas. "Adoption and Non-Adoption: Profiling Internet Usage among Tourists to New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2620.
Abstract:
Since the explosion of the internet as a business medium, one of its primary uses has been marketing. The advantages of using the internet for business-to-consumer transactions are clear. The openness of the internet is creating opportunities for virtually all companies across various industries. The words 'internet', 'World Wide Web', 'www' or the 'web' refer to the same thing and are used interchangeably within this research study. The tourism industry is also experiencing a rapid adoption of the internet technology for marketing travel products and services. As a destination New Zealand is a small country comprising two main land masses and smaller outlying islands, with a population of about 4 million people (Statistics New Zealand 2004). Tourism is promoted as an essential part of the national economy, particularly to earn foreign exchange and generate employment. The number of international tourists visiting New Zealand is 2.2 million (Tourism New Zealand, 2006). In New Zealand almost all regional tourism organizations (RTOs) have a web presence, thereby exposing potential tourists to an array of destinations to visit. However, there are few New Zealand based studies that profile tourists based on their internet adoption and the differences between internet users and non-users. The question that baffles every business manager is what predisposes consumers to use a website? This is the fundamental question that motivated the study. While usability does play a major role in the adoption and use of a particular website, it is outside the scope of this project, otherwise the scope would have been too large and complicated to permit a useable questionnaire given the other concerns about respondents' past experiences and attitudes toward use of the net for the specific purposes of holiday purchases. The study draws upon innovation diffusion theory (IDT) and more recent conceptualizations of IT adoption behaviour to examine differences among Rogers' (1995) adoption categories. Within this context, 'adoption' refers to the stage in which a technology is selected for use by an individual. 'Diffusion' refers to the stage in which the technology spreads to general use and application. For this study an attempt is made to create a behavioural profile of visitors based on a sample of 517 overseas visitors to New Zealand. Visitors were asked to complete a questionnaire and provide information on their demographics, travel related behaviour, internet usage patterns, perceptions of the internet and online shopping in general. The thesis thus describes the initiation and evolution of an empirical research project, which investigates the adoption and diffusion of internet technologies amongst international visitors to New Zealand. The study was launched in an attempt to: 1) learn more about internet usage by visitors to New Zealand; 2) create a psychographic profile of visitors; 3) attempt to empirically validate the technology acceptance model (TAM); and 4) fill a noticeable void so that future researchers on IT and internet adoption by tourists in New Zealand have a foundation and starting point. Most of the previous research related to TAM has been in workplace related situations while studies in tourism have used students as subjects, rather than actual visitors to a particular destination (Shang et al., 2005, Moon and Kim, 2001, Klopping and McKinney, 2004). Specific market studies undertaken by destination marketing organisations or regional tourism organisations were considered only inasmuch as they aided generalization as place specificity hindered conceptual development pertaining to themes of adoption and general usage patterns. The study seeks to build on Rogers' (1995) seminal work on the diffusion of innovations and make a unique contribution to existing diffusion studies by its focus on the individual visitors as the unit of analysis and by its test of the TAM model. This study presents descriptive results via standard statistical analysis, a cluster analysis of users and a structural equation modelling of the TAM applied within a context of international visitors to New Zealand. The data were collected at major locations - the viaduct basin in Auckland and the international departure lounge at the Christchurch International Airport. The two locations were chosen to enable faster data collection. Initially the data was gathered at the viaduct basin in Auckland but the number of respondents was not many. Since the data collection was slow, decided to collect from Christchurch International airport where departing passengers could be approached. Individual passengers/tourists were approached and a screening question to ascertain if they were visitors or not was asked. If they were visiting, then they were asked to participate in the survey. No prior specific screening was undertaken to determine if they had used internet or not for their trip/travel to New Zealand. However, subsequent analysis shows that only 2.3% of the sample had not used the internet, and 31% of the sample had not bought tourism products or services over the internet. Therefore, overall, experience and internet usage was not uncommon for the majority of the sample, but a large proportion of non-users existed to permit comparative analysis. While there is a bias towards males in the sample, the 19-35 years age group was slightly more numerous for both genders, than were other age groups. The results indicate that mean internet usage is comparatively high, as is familiarity with many electronic consumer durables. The sample possesses a bias toward English speaking countries, younger people and educationally higher qualified people. Internet search engines seem to be the most popular source of search. The socio-demographic variables such as age, gender and educational attainment appeared to be but a moderate influence on general internet usage and thus on the use of the internet for booking holidays. Factor analysis of the attitudinal statements revealed six factors, which accounted for about 60 % of the total variance. The clear emergence of factors enabled the development of clusters. The clusters appear to have significance with reference to usage rates of internet. The home ownership of electronics shows a high percentage of respondents had mobile phones. This implies that New Zealand Tourism has to look at options or possible services it can introduce to market to these people who could be using mobile devices not only in their country but also while travelling in New Zealand. Wireless is another important development in the field of technology and many of the tourism DMO in other developed countries in Europe and US are adapting approaches based on these technologies to market to potential customers.
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Leotta, Alfio. "Touring the screen : New Zealand film geographies and the textual tourist /." e-Thesis University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5762.
Abstract:
Thesis (PhD--Film, Television and Media Studies)--University of Auckland, 2009."A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Dotor of Philosophy in Film, Television and media Studeis, the University of Auckland, 2009." Includes bibliographical references.
7
Alonso, Abel Duarte. "Wine tourism experiences in New Zealand: an exploratory study." Lincoln University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1046.
Abstract:
Recently, New Zealand's wine industry has made remarkable progress. For example, the number of hectares planted in grapes increased from 4,880 in 1990, to 15,479 in 2003, and the number of wineries increased from 175 in 1993 to 421 in 2003. Projections for 2006 indicate that the growth of wine exports should nearly double from 2003, with expected revenues of $NZ 736 million. However, despite this growth, little has been reported about developments in New Zealand's wine tourism industry, or about consumer perceptions of the winery experience in the form of published academic research. The limited amount of information, particularly from the visitors' points of view, may not only be preventing winery operators and the wine industry in general from having a better understanding of their visitors, but also from addressing the needs of different visitor segments. Resulting implications for winery operators may include forgone business opportunities, and customers not fully benefiting in terms of product and service quality. Recent studies indicate that this last element is particularly important in wine tourism. This study reports the results of an exploratory research project conducted in New Zealand wineries that investigated aspects of the winery experience, including wine involvement, satisfaction with the winery experience, and visitor demographics. An index to measure involvement with wine, the wine involvement index (WIX), was developed and utilised to investigate whether wine involvement had an impact on winery visitors' behaviour. Data were collected from winery visitors via questionnaires distributed in a sample of wineries in different wine regions of New Zealand. A total of 609 usable responses were obtained (24.8% response rate). The results indicate a number of differences between the independent, dependent, and moderating variables. For example, it was found that age, whether visitors are domestic or international, and different levels of wine involvement appear to have a clear impact on winery expenditure. In addition, the WIX was confirmed to be a useful tool, for example, by identifying potential relationships between different groups of winery visitors. The results add new knowledge to the area of wine tourism, and offer useful information for wineries and the wine tourism industry. This information includes the potential commercial significance of some visitor groups. An additional contribution of this study is the 'complete wine tourism research model.' This concept presents an alternative to existing wine tourism models, and points out attributes and dimensions that play a major role in the winery experience.
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Willson, Gregory Brian. "International Tourists' Experiences of the Heritage Buildings in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2227.
Abstract:
There has been increased attention given in the tourism literature to experiential perspectives of tourism. This thesis addresses the lack of attention in previous experiential studies to the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism. Specifically, this thesis explores the influence of heritage buildings in shaping international tourists' experiences of a particular region of New Zealand: Hawke's Bay. This research sought insight into the specific attributes of heritage buildings that influenced the experiences of international tourists visiting the region, and examined the relative importance of heritage buildings for international tourism to Hawke's Bay, as perceived by international tourists visiting the region. In this way, results are assumed in the personal constructs of individual consumers (Beeho Prentice, 1997; Prentice, Witt Hamer, 1998; McIntosh Siggs, 2005). An increased understanding of the relationship between heritage buildings and tourism is essential in strengthening support for preservation, for product development and promotion. A mixed-methodology comprising of 50 semi-structured interviews, 66 photograph-supported interviews and 354 structured questionnaires was adopted. Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings were found to have an important influence on tourists' experiences of the region, visually and as part of the narratives of their reported experiences. Attributes of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings that influenced tourists' experiences of the region included their architecture, exterior and interior design, colour, history and associated stories. Furthermore, the interviews elicited three key experiential themes that emerged from respondents' narratives of their experiences in Hawke's Bay. They are; 'visual appeal', 'personal reflections' and 'engaging experiences'. Specifically, it was found that a townscape is not a passive space. Heritage buildings render the townscape an experiential place filled with emotion, mindfulness, engagement, and imbued with personal meaning. Visitors in effect created their own experiences through their active interaction with the environment; rendering it relevant to a context they were personally interested in, or which held personal significance for them. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed that, as perceived by international tourists, heritage buildings are important to a region; a significant proportion of respondents indicated that they would theoretically be willing to pay some money to ensure the preservation of Hawke's Bay's heritage buildings. This thesis evidences the important relationship between heritage buildings and tourism, and future research is advocated to advance upon the conclusions made in this research.
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Wan-Hassan, Wan Melissa, and n/a. "Halal restaurants in New Zealand : implications for the hospitality and tourism industry." University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090903.155113.
Abstract:
Approximately 98% of lamb and sheep, 60% of cattle and 85% of deer in New Zealand are halal slaughtered each year. The high production of halal meat in the country has lead Tourism New Zealand's Chief Executive Officer, George Hickton, to believe that it would be easier to promote New Zealand as a destination for Muslim travellers. However, research has shown that the majority of Muslim travellers find it difficult to obtain halal food in the country.
To understand why the access to halal food is limited for travellers, this study specifically investigates the management and promotion of halal food in restaurants. Data was obtained using a questionnaire that was administered through face-to-face interviews.Since the total population of halal restaurants in New Zealand was unknown, a snowball sampling method was chosen as it was the most efficient and economical way of locating a group of restaurants that was 'hidden'. The locations for sample selection were Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, which have the highest population of Muslims and are also major tourist destinations.
Results, obtained from a sample of 99 halal restaurants, indicate that nearly four out of ten respondents did not agree that the Muslim tourist market is significant to their business. Many were also reluctant to promote their halal food or put up the halal sign in front of their shop. Yet the number of halal restaurants in New Zealand has risen tremendously as a result of the rapidly growing domestic Muslim population. Given the increased risk of fraud, Muslim consumers in New Zealand are in urgent need of halal statutory regulations, as well as stronger guidelines pertaining to the issue of halal food. Additionally, there is also a need to establish and implement an effective halal certification system that is standard throughout the country. The issue of halal slaughter being associated with cruelty to animals will also need to be addressed. Concerted efforts should be made to understand this sentiment and to counter it with appropriate scientific information.
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Boren, Laura J. "Assessing the impact of tourism on New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6949.
Abstract:
Marine mammal viewing and encounters are significant tourist activities in some areas of New Zealand - it was estimated in 1992 that at least 300,000+ tourists took part in marine related tourism in New Zealand annually (Robertson, 1992), and the industry has grown considerably since then. While eco-tourism can have positive outcomes (e.g. generating revenue and increasing environmental awareness), if it is not managed effectively, it can also have a negative impact on the target species and their environment. Effective management requires an understanding of how the target species react to tourist activities. We need to know:
• If the animals are modifying their behaviour and if so how can we measure the changes in behaviour?
• Are the changes in behaviour biologically significant?
• How can we prevent or mitigate any negative effects of eco-tourism on marine mammals?
New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, are the only marine mammal found regularly ashore on accessible sections of the New Zealand coastline and are therefore the target of both land and sea-based tourism. The time that fur seals come ashore to breed (Nov-Feb) coincides with the peak tourist season making it important that we understand the implications of tourist/seal interactions on the behaviour as well as the reproductive success of the species.
Three study sites were chosen to reflect a spectrum of visitor density, type of tourism, and anticipated fur seal sensitivity. Two experimental sites, the Kaikoura coastline and Tonga Island in Abel Tasman National Park both attract a large number of tourists for viewing by boat, and kayak, and by land in Kaikoura. A control site, Whakamoa, on the Banks Peninsula, which receives no tourist traffic, was used to compare responses of seals to various approach types. Data were collected during the Austral summer seasons 1999/2000 and 2000/2001. Behaviour was observed using focal animal and instantaneous scan sampling (Altmann, 1974), while attributes of tourist approaches were tested experimentally via controlled approaches. Approaches were broken into land, kayak and boat approaches, and the following factors were manipulated: distance, noise, frequency of approach, and size of group approaching.
In the first field season (1999-2000), Focal Animal observations were carried out on 277 individual seals representing five different gender/age classes: adult male, adult female, sub-adult male, juvenile and pup. In the second field season (2000-2001), Focal Animal data were collected on 124 mother/pup pairs. Over both field seasons 162 hours of Instantaneous Scan data were collected. Controlled Approaches by land, kayak, and boat were carried out during both seasons and data were collected on 3525 seals. Frequency approach data were collected by land (n=13 seals), and by kayak (n=55 seals) in the first field season. Also in the first field season, the impact of group size was tested on 97 seals by land. Seals' responses to tourist approaches were recorded during both seasons, on land and at sea in both boats and kayaks (n=3699 seals approached). Data were collected on 327 seals approached by a commercial guided walk in the second field season. A total of 33 commercial swim with- seal programmes were observed during the second season. A mark-recapture experiment was carried out at Ohau Point and Tonga Island breeding colonies both seasons (n=167 pups sampled) to assess pup productivity and condition at these sites.
The results from this study indicate that fur seals are changing their behaviour in response to tourist activities. Chapter 3 of this thesis details the results of the behavioural sampling. Focal Animal data collected on all gender/age groups suggests that there are significant differences in the behavioural repertoire of seals based on site and gender/age differences. Focal Animal data collected on mother/pup pairs suggests that time spent 'Nuzzling' was significantly less at Tonga Island (p<0.019) although no significant differences were observed in mother/pup association time between sites. Instantaneous scans showed significant changes in seals' behaviours in response to tourist disturbance. They also show significant differences in colony behaviour between sites (p<0.0001), as well as behavioural changes within the colonies over the two seasons (p<0.042).
The experimental data including controlled approaches are presented in Chapter 4. The results from the controlled approach aspect indicate that fur seals respond more strongly to. land-based approaches than sea-based approaches (p<0.0001). Response to different approaches also varied by site with more avoidance responses displayed at the control site (p<0.005). There was no significant correlation between group size and fur seal response or the frequency of approach and seal response. Results from the guided walk showed that seals' responses varied significantly based on the distance of approach, and the size of the group approaching. The responses of seals to the guided walk were also compared to responses of seals approached by tourists without a guide; the presence of a guide reduced the number of avoidance responses by as much as 15%. No significant difference was found in seals' responses to swims organised by different companies, however, particular human behaviours were observed to increase the likelihood of seals avoiding the swimmers.
The data presented here have shown that seal responses vary based on a large number of factors, and that seals may habituate over time in areas of high tourist activity. This study indicates that current management guidelines are not preventing negative impacts in tourist/seal interactions. In Chapter 5, strategies are recommended to lessen the overall impact of eco-tourism activities on fur seals including (See Chapter 4 for calculation) new minimum approach distances (land approaches - 30 m at nonbreeding sites, prohibited at breeding sites; kayak approaches 20 m at breeding sites; boat approaches - 30 m at all locations). Long-term monitoring is required to assess the possible impacts of tourism on the reproductive success of the species.
Books on the topic "Tourism - New Zealand":
1
Lim, Ellen. New Zealand tourism and the economy. Wellington: New Zealand Tourism Department, 1991.
2
Board, New Zealand Tourism. Tourism in New Zealand: Strategy & progress. Wellington: New Zealand Tourism Board, 1993.
3
Board, New Zealand Tourism. New Zealand: Tourism in the 90s. [Wellington]: New Zealand Tourism Board, 1993.
4
Hall, Colin Michael. Tourism in New Zealand: An introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2001.
5
Warren, Julie A. N. Developing urban tourism in New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z: Centre for Research, Evaluation and Social Assessment, 2003.
6
Warren, Julie A. N. Developing eco-tourism in New Zealand. Wellington: NZ Institute for Social Research and Development, 1994.
7
Warren, Julie A. N. Developing eco-tourism in New Zealand. Wellington: NZ Institute for Social Research and Development, 1994.
8
New Zealand. Parliament. House of Representatives. Commerce Committee. Inquiry into the New Zealand Tourism Board: Report of the Commerce Committee : first session, Forty-Fourth Parliament, 1994. [Wellington, N.Z.]: New Zealand House of Representatives, 1994.
9
Leotta, Alfio. Touring the screen: Tourism and New Zealand film geographies. Chicago: Intellect, 2011.
10
Collier, Alan. Principles of tourism: A New Zealand perspective. 2nd ed. Auckland, N.Z: Pitnam, 1991.
Book chapters on the topic "Tourism - New Zealand":
1
Simmons, David. "New Zealand." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 661–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_285.
2
Simmons, David. "New Zealand, tourism." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_285-1.
3
Huddart, David, and Tim Stott. "Australia and New Zealand." In Adventure Tourism, 355–402. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18623-4_11.
4
Rhodda, Sandra. "8. Accessible Tourism in New Zealand." In Best Practice in Accessible Tourism, edited by Dimitrios Buhalis, Simon Darcy, and Ivor Ambrose, 114–24. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845412548-012.
5
Huang, Lin, and Charles Samuel Johnston. "My Story with New Zealand Wine: Female Chinese Tourists’ Wine Experiences in New Zealand." In Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism, 145–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7980-1_8.
6
Keen, Donna, and C. Michael Hall. "12. Second Homes in New Zealand." In Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes, edited by C. Michael Hall and Dieter K. Müller, 174–95. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781873150825-014.
7
Hall, C. Michael, and Michelle Stoffels. "11. Lake Tourism in New Zealand: Sustainable Management Issues." In Lake Tourism, edited by C. Michael Hall and Tuija Härkönen, 182–206. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845410421-014.
8
Hall, C. Michael. "8. 100% Pure Neoliberalism: Brand New Zealand, New Thinking, New Stories, Inc." In Commercial Nationalism and Tourism, edited by Leanne White, 105–25. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845415907-010.
9
Genç, Murat. "Migration and Tourism Flows to New Zealand." In Quantitative Methods in Tourism Economics, 113–26. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2879-5_7.
10
Myers, Linda. "Chapter 9. Lesbian Backpacker Travel Experiences in New Zealand." In Beyond Backpacker Tourism, edited by Kevin Hannam and Anya Diekmann, 126–39. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845411329-012.
Conference papers on the topic "Tourism - New Zealand":
1
Campbell-Hunt, D. M. "Ecotourism and sustainability in community-driven ecological restoration: case studies from New Zealand." In SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/st080231.
2
Ekundayo, Samuel, Oras Baker, and Joe Zhou. "QR Code and NFC-Based Information System for Southland Tourism Industry-New Zealand." In 2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icset51301.2020.9265394.
3
"An agent-based model of tourist movements in New Zealand: Implications for spatial yield." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.g4.doscher.