Dissertations / Theses: 'Tourism ethics'

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Hanna, Paul. "Consuming sustainable tourism : ethics, identity, practice." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2011. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e7073b3d-9105-4872-93e3-f4e9faedf906.

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In recent years, contemporary western society has played witness to a growth in the production, promotion, and consumption of ostensibly ‘ethical’ products such as Fair Trade goods. Such commodities are characterised by an emphasis on rebalancing inequalities that ‘mass’ production/consumption are said to create. This thesis takes sustainable tourism as a novel example of such concerns. With recent inroads in psychology and the social sciences suggesting that the practice of consumption represents a prominent ‘mode’ for ‘identity work’ (including class identities), the consumption of ‘ethical’ products may arguably signify the manifestation of ‘ethical identity/identities’. However, ‘ethics’ and ‘identity’ are ambiguous words with significant concerns surrounding the ‘ethics’ of ‘ethical’ products, and the extent to which individuals exhibit ‘ethical identity/identities’ through the consumption of such goods. Building on Michael Foucault’s ‘technologies of self’ and ‘ethics’, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of ‘ethics’, ‘identity’, and ‘practice’ in relation to sustainable tourism.

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Runwen, Zhu. "Environmental Virtue Ethics : Wildlife Tourism in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76288.

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With the permission of Swedish Allemansrätten, the Right of Public Access, allows people to interact with the natural environment... . Environmental ethics, discuss about the relationship between man and nature, and is hence clearly connected to the questions of wildlife tourism. Great part of the previous literature has focused on the environmental ethics in tourism from the perspective of utilitarianism or deontology, with special concern in animal rights, animal ethics and animal welfare. However, questions like ‘what kind of people will do good to the environment?’, ‘What are the characteristics of these people?’ are among those that still need to be discussed in the field of wildlife tourism research. According to the theory of environmental virtue ethics, man's attitude towards nature originates from the internal quality and character of human beings. Whether it is the western scholars Thomas Hill and Geoffrey Frasz, or the ancient Chinese School of Confucianism and Taoism, they all put forward their own opinions on the characters required by the virtue ethics of the environment. In this thesis, documentary writing and network media records of wildlife tourists in Sweden are used as empirical materials to demonstrate the behavioral and psychological manifestations of the three characters of environmental virtues ethics. These three characters reflect the harmonious interaction between man and nature, and contribute in the theoretical discussions of of ethics in Tourism Studies.

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Power, Susann. "An applied ethics analysis of best practice tourism entrepreneurs." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807142/.

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Ethical entrepreneurship and by extension wider best practice are noble goals for the future of tourism. However, questions arise which concepts, such as values motivations, actions and challenges underpin these goals. This thesis seeks to answers these questions and in so doing develop an applied ethics analysis for best practice entrepreneurs in tourism. The research is situated in sustainable tourism, which is ethically very complex and has thus far been dominated by the economic, social and environmental triple bottom line thinking. This research takes a different approach by applying a value-behavioural lens to best practice entrepreneurship. In so doing, the focus shifts from impacts and consequences towards those values and actions that determine best practice entrepreneurship. The originality of the research is grounded in a two-pronged research strategy, combining archival research and methods from Personal Construct Theory through the process of iteration. Both strategies are currently underused in tourism research. This constitutes an important methodological contribution. Furthermore, a unique set of archival data in the form of Tourism for Tomorrow Awards applications and judges’ reports enhances the originality of the findings. Archival data was complemented by semi-structured interviews with so-called ethical tourism entrepreneurs. A mix of source and method triangulation has added significant rigour to this research. The key findings are that best practice in tourism is ethically very complex, which suggests a form of ethical pragmatism. Second, a dissonance exists between motivations for best practice, which are value-pluralistic, and ethical judgement making, which is more principle-based. Third, a further dissonance was identified between admittance/awareness and action for issues of misrepresentation, whereas no dissonance was found for relationship or distribution dilemmas. This thesis has combined three strands of research: business ethics, entrepreneurship and sustainable tourism. This original approach lays ground for change towards a more ethically-bound entrepreneurial practice in tourism.

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Duggan, Alan. "Industrial Codes of Ethics in Multi-Ethnic Environments : The Case of the Crimean Tourism Industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227360.

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The study of ethical practice in tourism among scholars and decision makers alike has blossomed over the pastten years. Urged on by the emergence of niche tourism marketing campaigns in sustainable tourism and by a widerglobal trend toward increased corporate transparency, the questions of motivating and maintaining ethical practicein one of the world’s most influential industries has received evermore attention in academia and the policydevelopment environment. This paper contributes to an understanding of ethical practice within the tourismindustry by analysing the potential barriers which exist to the implementation of an industry wide Code of Ethicsin a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic environment. Utilising the symbolic interactionism approach an analyticalmodel was constructed to investigate the institutional context of a proposed code of ethics for the tourism industryof Crimea. Focusing on cultural values, socio-economic status and institutional capacity it was found thatsignificant cultural distance and an underdeveloped tourism infrastructure posed the greatest potential disruptionto the implementation of an industry wide code.

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McDonald, Jeanette. "The Role of Ethics on Tourist Destination Image Formation : An Analysis of the French Student Travel Market." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0046/document.

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L’industrie du tourisme est reconnue comme partie intégrante de l’économie dans un environnement mondial soumis à des influences macro difficiles à gérer et à maîtriser. Le tourisme alternatif tel que le tourisme éthique, est considéré comme une solution durable pour une industrie d’une grande importance dans le monde et qui représente une possibilité de survie économique pour certains pays. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’évaluer la perception du rôle de l’éthique sur la formation de l’image d’une destination touristique par un public étudiant voyageur français, et son influence sur ses choix. La méthode choisie a été principalement une approche constructiviste et qualitative permettant de transférer la contribution des connaissances à plusieurs disciplines, et a engendré des implications managériales dans l’industrie du tourisme. Les résultats démontrent que, bien que l’image éthique d’une destination touristique est principalement influencée par les aspects sociaux et environnementaux, pèsent également des considérations de gestion qui découlent des implications économiques et politiques du tourisme et des activités touristiques. Ces considérations seront essentielles lors de l’élaboration de futurs produits touristiques pour le marché cible que sont les futurs visiteurs dans un environnement mondial de plus en plus accessible
The tourism industry has proven to be an economic reliance in a global environment that is subject to macro influences that are difficult to manage and sustain. Alternative tourism, such as Ethical tourism, is seen to be a sustainable solution for an industry that holds much importance worldwide and for some countries, presents economic survival. The aim of this research was to evaluate how the French student travel market perceive the role of ethics on tourist destination image formation and its influence on holiday choice. This was primarily achieved by adopting a constructivist and qualitative approach that allowed for rich knowledge of contribution to be transferred to several academic disciplines and provided managerial implications for the tourism industry. Findings show that although an ethical tourist destination image is principally influenced by social and environmental impacts, there are also managerial considerations that derive from the economic and political implications that come from tourism and tourist activity. These considerations will be key when developing future tourism products for a target market who are the future visitors of an ever increasing accessible global environment

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Howell, Erin. "Volunteer Tourism: Fulfilling the Needs for God and Medicine in Latin America." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6865.

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This study seeks to understand how short-term medical missions fulfill health needs for their recipients in Honduras, and how in turn, mission participants experience need fulfillment as well. By using the theoretical concept of co-construction of health to see how health needs are or are not met, I conducted a thematic analysis of the Baptist Medical and Dental Mission International (BMDMI) resulting in the following themes: 1.) Mission workers receive fulfillment from their experiences in the mission field. 2.) Mission recipients receive partial fulfillment of needs from the mission. 3). Through a calling, missions are a means to an end. Through these themes, this projects examines ethical stances on missions, communication about health in mission contexts, and whose needs are met, privileged, and silenced.

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Tesone, Dana V. "Development of a Multimedia Publication in Hospitality and Tourism Ethics for Undergraduate Students and Workplace Training Programs." NSUWorks, 1995. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/878.

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This qualitative study addresses the development process for a text manuscript and storyboard layout used for a multimedia product for undergraduate students and workplace training programs in ethics for hospitality/tourism management. Literature indicates that ethics courses are being offered as part of business curricula and training programs. Literature also shows that hospitality management and training programs are focusing on applications of business ethics in an industry-specific setting. Computer based learning (CBL) and other forms of multimedia are methodologies that educators and trainers in hospitality management are beginning to implement, according to the literature. The dissertation uses needs analysis to collect information from various user groups to determine the feasibility of developing a text script and storyboard for a multimedia production. The needs analysis and literature provide insight concerning the development of content and format for the product. Formative and summative reviews by established colleagues provides further guidance in the development of a final product designed for use by trainers and educators. The process for development and the final product could be useful to subsequent education researchers and designers.

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Shani, Amir. "TOURISTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF ANIMALS IN TOURIST ATTRACTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION." Doctoral diss., Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002693.

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Schellhorn, Matthias. "Rural tourism in the 'Third World' : the dialectic of development : the case of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Environment, Society and Design Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080221.124834/.

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This thesis examines the effectiveness of tourism as an agent of rural development, focusing on culture and nature-based destinations in the 'developing world'. The village of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island, Indonesia, served as a case study. Conservation agencies frequently support tourism development as a sustainable alternative to more extractive resource uses. Integrated conservation models, in particular, present 'eco'tourism as an effective instrument to enhance rural livelihoods while protecting the environment. Alongside international aid agencies, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) also promotes the sector for its poverty reduction potential in 'third world' countries. Rural communities hold concomitant expectations of tourism's socio-cultural development potential. Furthermore, 'eco'tourism functions as a growing niche market for the globally expanding tourism industry and local entrepreneurs. As such it fits well into the economic rationale that underpins neo-liberal market strategies. With such a diversity of interests at stake, the question "What kind of business is tourism?" has become more complex, critical and pertinent than ever before. Informed by development theories and the sociology of tourism, this analysis focuses on the multiple dichotomies that characterise 'third world' tourism. In the case of tourism development in Desa Senaru, several paradoxical outcomes have been identified. The most profound of these is the 'social justice paradox' that describes the way tourism costs and benefits are distributed within a heterogeneous community of native residents and migrant settlers. While most of the case study's tourism attractions are part of the cultural heritage of the wetu telu Sasak hamlets, these derive few economic benefits and struggle to access the new development opportunities 'eco'tourism offers. Filtered and directed by historical political relations, several key barriers to a meaningful participation of these native people in the 'business of tourism' have been identified. These include the prevailing conditions of education, culture, ethnicity, socio-economy, location, mobility, skills and knowledge. Expectations of 'eco'tourism as a 'soft' industry analysed vis-à-vis the global biosphere effects of air transport highlight the 'eco-paradox' of international tourism. The cleavage between the poverty-focused aid policies of the New Zealand Government and an integrated conservation project, whose benefits local elites have largely captured, illustrates the 'project paradox' of rural tourism development programmes. In the 'development paradox' of cultural tourism, symbolic constructs of 'otherness' (such as 'aesthetic poverty') contrast with various development agendas; in their search for the 'real' traditional village, for example, the tourists reject all signifiers of material progress and modernity. Their curious gaze at the spiritual practices and everyday life world of the wetu telu villagers manifests opposite a recent history of state-sanctioned religious discrimination. Taken together, these paradoxical local outcomes emphasize the significance of power relations and political dimensions within the globally expanding 'business of tourism'. Ethical considerations are an important aspect of this study as they contribute towards an 'ethic of development' that, so far, has found little theoretical resonance amongst scholars of tourism studies. To operationalise the ethical concerns raised, the thesis posits a model of a holistic approach to development. This recognises tourism as a complex open system.

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Edin, Lina. "Unga vuxnas känslomässiga reaktioner och inställning till djurunderhållning och hur det kan påverka framtida efterfrågan på destinationer : En kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184735.

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Humans have always used animals for private and public entertainment, and it has always been widely accepted in society. Today, people have the opportunity to meet closely with several different animal species that create tourist's experiences. Animal tourism is a growing industry that creates great economic benefits. Unfortunately, The animals in the industry must pay a high price for entertaining the audience- humans! Organizations for animal rights have shown that there is a desire among tourists to have close contact with animals. The animal industry, on the other hand, has become increasingly criticized for mistreating animals. The animals' poor condition and other deviations have attracted attention via social media. The purpose of this essay was to study young adults' emotional reactions and attitudes towards animal entertainment in the tourist industry. The reason for this is to find out whether there will be any demand to visit destinations and take part in animal entertainment in the future. The study was based on a qualitative method where data was collected via semi-structured interviews, which consisted of both women and men. A thematic analysis was performed with a deductive approach. Thereafter, the results were analysed and linked to relevant theories and previous research. The summary resulted in young adults having a generally negative feeling and attitudes towards animal entertainment. The people in the study choose to no longer take part in animals as entrainment due the poor living conditions of the animals. Due to these reasons, the demand for animal entertainment may decrease in the future.

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Medina, Arellano Maria de Jesus. "The quest for stem cell science regulation in Mexico : ethical, legal and religious controversies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-quest-for-stem-cell-science-regulation-in-mexico-ethical-legal-and-religious-controversies(d70b5cff-eb86-4a5e-b8c0-2b20c5954f59).html.

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Many countries in Latin America, for cultural, religious and regulatory reasons, have struggled and failed to appear as competent players in the global bio-economy of emerging technologies in the biosciences field. This investigation takes Mexico as a country case study to map out the factors hampering the development of the governance of emergent biomedical biotechnologies in this context, particularly that applied to stem cell science. This research aims to contextualise and portray prevailing ethical, legal, political and religious concerns regarding stem cell research in this context. Exploring the debates in these arenas, it seeks to elucidate the perceptions of key stakeholders and to appraise critically the divergences and convergences among the actors who currently shape the debate and who may have significant influence on the creation of any legislative framework in the area. It explores whether it is feasible to draw on the approach taken to stem cell science and tissue regulation in the United Kingdom, in order to illuminate the way forward for governing stem cell research and its clinical applications in Mexico. It also aims to evaluate the risks posed by the persistent lack of regulation in this scientific field, since Mexico appears to be an ideal destination for stem cell tourism among Latin American countries. Drawing on empirical data gathered from prominent Mexican stakeholders in the stem cell issue, this research elucidates the key themes influencing the debate which need to be addressed in detail in order to prepare the ground for the effective governance of stem cell science and its clinical applications. By detailing the emergent themes and providing reflexive explanations of the elements influencing the views of all the actors in this arena, this thesis aims to provide ethical, empirical and normative proposals to be translated by policymakers into purposive regulation of biomedical innovations. Thus, it delineates two main features of the debate over stem cell science regulation in Mexico and shows the urgent need to create a legal framework to deal with problematic situations provoked by the legal vacuum in this area: a) the legal inertia preponderant in the Federal Congress, which is mainly caused by the constant lobbying of politicians by the Roman Catholic hierarchy to endorse prohibitive policies in sensitive areas, such as sexual matters, reproduction and stem cell science; b) the increasing phenomenon of stem cell tourism in the country, requiring the adoption of ethical and legal measures to avoid potential physical and financial harm to desperate patients who seek stem cell treatments.In conclusion, I argue that it is plausible to advance a permissive model of governance for the area of stem cell science. This thesis is supported by the evidence gathered from stakeholders’ opinions, added to the data emanating from the analysis of the country case study. As a result, it is possible to propose as an initial strategy the adoption of significant regulatory features of the paradigmatic system of governance which applies in the United Kingdom. The law is up to date as of 19 June 2012.

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Ssemakula, Kenneth, and Fredrik Wikman. "Turismens mörka platser : En studie om motiven bakom resan till mörka och tragiska platser." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73547.

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Mörk turism är ett växande fenomen som ger turisten möjligheten till mer annorlunda resor, där död, olyckor och det makabra är i fokus. Som dödliga varelser kan man argumentera att det alltid finns ett visst intresse för döden, både sin egen död och andras (Stone 2006). Mörk turism är heller inget nytt fenomen. Stone (2006) konstaterar att man kan dra kopplingar med mörk turism ända till de romerska gladiatorspelen. Ett annat tidigt exempel av mörk turism kan vara offentliga avrättningar under medeltiden. Under åren har fenomenet mörk turism förändrats. Enligt Stone (2006) har mörk turism under det senaste århundradet blivit mer utbrett, Stone (2006) citerar Smith (1998); the largest single category of tourist attraction in the world” när det kommer till platser som har en koppling till mörka och historiska händelser. Det är framför allt platser med koppling till krigsskadade platser. Denna studie syftar till att skapa en förståelse varför individer besöker mörka platser. Respondenternas resmål har i sin tur kopplat samman med deras nationalitet och motiven bakom resan. Denna studie grundar sig på en kvantitativ studie i form av en elektronisk enkät skapad i programmet Survey&Report. Den insamlade enkätdatan har i sin tur analyserats i SPSS för att få en djupare inblick av resultatet. För att besvara vårt syfte och frågeställningar har vi valt att publicera enkäten i två olika Facebook-grupper Dark Tourism Photography & Dark Tourism and Curious Places och i Redditgruppen dark tourism. Enkäten delades även ut till individer som vi ansåg vara lämpliga för studien. Det totala antalet respondenter blev 52. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att de flesta av respondenterna besökte mörka platser med motiven ‘Utbildande syfte’ och ‘Att minnas det förflutna. En central fråga i frågeformuläret var även om respondenten såg något etiskt dilemma med att besöka mörka platser. Här var resultatet relativt tudelat där nästan lika många svarade Ja som Nej.
Dark tourism is a growing phenomenon that gives the tourist the opportunity to travels focusing on death, accidents and the macabre are in focus. As mortal beings, one can argue that there is always some interest in death, both our own death and others (Stone 2006). Dark tourism is also not a new phenomenon. Stone (2006) notes dark tourism can be traced back to the Roman gladiator games. Another early example of dark tourism may be public executions during the Middle Ages. Over the years, the phenomenon of dark tourism has changed. According to Stone (2006), dark tourism in the last century has become more widespread, Stone (2006) cites Smith (1998); “the largest single category of tourist attraction in the world”. When it comes to places that have a connection to dark and historical events. It is mainly places with connections to places damaged by war. This study aims to create an understanding why individuals visit dark places. The respondents' destinations, are linked to their nationality and the motives behind the trip. This study is based on a quantitative study in the form of an electronic survey created in the program Survey & Report. The collected survey data has in turn been analysed in SPSS to get a deeper insight into the result. In order to answer our research aim and questions, we have chosen to publish the survey in two different facebook groups Dark Tourism Photography & Dark Tourism and Curious Places and in the Reddit group dark tourism. The survey was also sent out to individuals who we considered being suitable for our research subject 52 respondents participated in the survey. The result of this study shows that most of the respondents visited dark places with the motives ‘Educational purpose’ and ‘To remember the past. A central question in the questionnaire was ‘if the respondent saw some ethical dilemma’ with visiting dark places. Here, the result was relatively divided, where almost as many answered Yes as No.

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Schulze, Thiago Rodrigues. "A busca por contribuições e subsídios a um currículo de turismo no Brasil fundamentado nos princípios norteadores da ética." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9568.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Rodrigues Schulze.pdf: 1168736 bytes, checksum: fa4d0708f18e71c8502ae72bd791a885 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-06
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This work aims to investigate, identify and build contributions and aspects for a Brazilian s tourism curriculum, based on the guide principle of ethics. The work is developed considering the building of a concept of curriculum and identification of four elements which composes it, particularly the contextualization, the people, the processuality and the democratization. Elaborated the concept of curriculum, the research goes to investigate the elements which link the ethics to tourism activity. Five elements were identified: the hospitality, the sustainability, the social inclusion, the citizenship and the multiculturalism. For the building of the categories of analysis, we had observed how these five elements belong to contemporary panorama of the tourism, mainly in Brazil, based on the study of documents and publications about the theme, as well as a six months professional experience in a cruise ship. Settled the categories of analysis, we had effectuated the crossing of the four elements of curriculum and the aspects emerged from the results obtained during the study of the contemporary panorama of tourism, based on the elements of ethics in tourism. Then, the contributions and aspects for a Brazilian´s tourism curriculum, based on the guide principles of ethics, where built and identified
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar, identificar e construir contribuições e subsídios para um currículo de Turismo no Brasil fundamentado nos princípios norteadores da ética. O trabalho é desenvolvido com base na construção de um conceito de currículo e na identificação de quatro elementos que o compõe, especificamente a contextualização, os sujeitos, a processualidade e a democratização. Elaborado o conceito de currículo, parte-se para a investigação dos elementos que relacionam a ética à atividade turística, e são identificados cinco, a hospitalidade, a sustentabilidade, a inclusão social, a cidadania e o multiculturalismo. Para a construção das categorias de análise, verificou-se como estes cinco elementos se fazem presentes no panorama turístico contemporâneo, sobretudo no Brasil, com base no estudo de documentos e publicações sobre o tema, bem como numa vivência profissional de seis meses em um navio de cruzeiros. Estabelecidas as categorias de análise, efetuou-se o cruzamento entre os elementos do currículo e os aspectos decorrentes dos resultados obtidos a partir da análise do panorama turístico contemporâneo, esta fundamentada nos cinco elementos da ética em turismo. Assim, foram construídas e identificadas as contribuições e os subsídios para um currículo de Turismo no Brasil fundamentado nos princípios norteadores da ética

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Souza, Karoline Ketilin Moura. "A dimensão ética do turismo sustentável." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4114.

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The association of the concept of tourism with the sustainable development had the aim of reducing the negative effects and highlighting the positive aspects which this activity could cause to the local communities and to the environment. However, due to the non-agreement among the concepts developed inside the Academy and the tourist actions available in the work market, Mario Beni has called attention to the necessity of deep studies related to the terminologies and concepts largely used in the area. Taking into consideration Beni s ideas and the afford of The World Committee on Tourism Ethics to make the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism known and the sustainable development possible, this work has as main objective to analyze the ethical dimension of the sustainable tourism according to its highest regulator (WTO). For its realization, were cataloged the following specific objectives: to analyze how the transformations of the ethical principles in technological age focus on the relationship of man with nature and in his social relations; pretend to respect for a new ethic that makes the environment favorable to human development; investigate the ethical foundations of sustainable tourism based on the documents and publications of the World Tourism Organization (WTO). This research required, above all, the methodology of the analysis of text. To base their discussions on ethics and environmental ethics, were analyzed the propositions of Larrère and Larrère, Leff, Rousseau, Santos, Serres and, mainly, of Hans Jonas. On sustainable development, the researches of Sachs, and Leff. To understand the dynamics of tourism, were considered the works of the following scholars: Beni, Krippendorf, Panosso Netto, Dias, Ruschmann, Coriolano, Philippi and Ruschmann, Fennel and Malloy. In addition to these sources, were used publications in international journals that make reference to the theme, such as: Journal of Vacation Marketing, Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Business Ethics, Revista Estudios y perspectives en turismo. And, as a main source, were analyzed the statements coming from the major conferences of the World Tourism Organization on tourism and sustainability, in addition to the deliberations of the Committee of Ethics for Tourism. The results of this study will encourage the analysis on the concepts of value that predominate in the formulation and planning of public policies, as well as in adoption by local communities and the private sector, strategies for management of sustainable tourism. It also aims to enable the understanding on which the ethical considerations implicit in the development of this activity. Providing an understanding about how tourism promotes the sustainable use, or stimulates principles for an environmental ethics on the part of the actors involved: local community, public bodies and private, as well as tourists.
A associação do conceito de turismo ao de desenvolvimento sustentável teve como objetivo, minimizar os impactos negativos e ressaltar os aspectos positivos que a atividade poderia causar às comunidades locais e ao meio ambiente. No entanto, devido à discordância entre os conceitos desenvolvidos na academia e as práticas turísticas disponibilizadas pelo mercado, Mário Beni tem chamado a atenção para a necessidade de estudos com a finalidade de aprofundar terminologias e conceitos adotados indiscriminadamente na área. Considerando as recomendações de Beni e o esforço do Comitê de Ética da Organização Mundial do Turismo para divulgar os princípios do Código Mundial de Ética do Turismo, a fim de possibilitar o desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal: analisar a dimensão ética do turismo sustentável, segundo seu órgão máximo (OMT). Para sua realização, foram elencados os seguintes objetivos específicos: analisar como as transformações dos princípios éticos na era tecnológica incidem sobre a relação do homem com a natureza e em suas relações sociais; conjecturar a respeito de uma nova ética que torne o meio ambiente favorável ao desenvolvimento humano; investigar os fundamentos éticos do turismo sustentável baseando-se nos documentos e publicações da Organização Mundial do Turismo (OMT). A presente pesquisa exigiu, sobretudo, a metodologia da análise de texto. Para fundamentar as discussões sobre ética e ética ambiental, foram analisadas as proposições de Larrère e Larrère, Leff, Rousseau, Santos, Serres e, principalmente, de Hans Jonas. Sobre desenvolvimento sustentável, as pesquisas de Sachs, e Leff. Para entender a dinâmica do turismo, foram consideradas as obras dos seguintes estudiosos: Beni, Krippendorf, Panosso Netto, Dias, Ruschmann, Coriolano, Philippi e Ruschmann, Fennel e Malloy. Além dessas fontes, foram utilizadas publicações de periódicos internacionais que fazem referência ao tema, como: Journal of Vacation Marketing, Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Business Ethics, Revista Estudios y perspectivas en turismo. E, como fonte principal, foram analisadas as declarações oriundas das principais conferências da Organização Mundial de Turismo sobre turismo e sustentabilidade, além das deliberações do Comitê de Ética do Turismo. Os resultados deste estudo favorecerão a análise sobre os conceitos de valor que predominam na formulação e planejamento de políticas públicas, assim como, na adoção pelas comunidades locais e setor privado, de estratégias voltadas para gestão do turismo sustentável. Ela ainda almeja possibilitar a compreensão sobre quais as considerações éticas implícitas no desenvolvimento dessa atividade. Proporcionando um entendimento sobre como o turismo favorece a utilização sustentável, ou estimula princípios para uma ética ambiental por parte dos atores envolvidos: comunidade local, órgãos público e privado, bem como, turistas.

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Marinho, Marcela Ferreira. "O conceito de turismo sexual na perspectiva de sua inserção como objeto de estudo na graduação em Turismo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/596.

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Esta pesquisa visa contribuir para a discussão/(re)construção do conceito de turismo sexual, na perspectiva de abordá-lo pedagogicamente na formação superior em turismo. O suporte teórico para as reflexões foi buscado na Teoria das Representações Sociais e na teoria psicanalítica freudiana sobre sexualidade. Metodologicamente, a análise do discurso pautou-se pelos conceitos de enunciação, de polifonia e heterogeneidade, respectivamente de Bakhtin, Ducrot e Authier-Revuz, assim como por procedimentos analíticos da Fenomenologia-Hermenêutica, conforme Panosso Netto. Foram analisadas matérias dos jornais Gazeta de Alagoas/AL e Correio do Povo/RS versando sobre turismo e respostas de alunos e professores de graduação em Turismo desses estados, a quem foi perguntado ´Como você define turismo sexual?´. Relativamente às representações sociais, as matérias jornalísticas indicaram predomínio do aspecto de ilicitude do fenômeno, sinalizando compartilhamento simbólico do turismo sexual, centrado, metonimicamente, na exploração sexual de menores, como problema social, e sobre a busca por satisfação sexual. Do ponto de vista da sexualidade, os jornais, representantes da mídia, portam o discurso freudiano fundante da organização dos grupos sociais, ou seja, o discurso fundante de acesso à cultura, de reconhecimento do interdito que viabiliza o social, impondo como necessária a repressão da sexualidade. O mesmo se aplica aos alunos e professores quando o polo definitório de turismo sexual recai sobre a perversão da sexualidade, aquele assumindo o discurso fundante e estes, dele sendo portadores. Outro polo definitório incide sobre a satisfação do desejo sexual, o que poderia estar refletindo a ―voz científica‖ da Academia, de aceitação do homem em sua natureza bio-psicossocial, embora não haja referência a segmentos turísticos em cuja denominação não aparece o termo ―sexual‖ inseridas socialmente no âmbito da normalidade. Confirma-se assim a complexidade conceitual do fenômeno e a necessidade de discutí-lo, seja, avançando na compreensão de tabus em relação ao termo, seja reconhecendo a existência de um lugar sadio e adequado para atender a demanda do turista na sua busca humana do prazer (não ilícito), da satisfação erótica. Nessa direção, cabe ao profissional do turismo reconhecer o desejo de natureza sexual do turista como um desejo humano, que não se constitui perverso ou ilícito a priori.
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Weeden, Clare. "The values of ethical and responsible tourists." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis to view abstract. Move to record for print version, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/187/.

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Couture, Vincent. "Les vases communicants : une ethnographie des services reproductifs transfrontaliers au Canada." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11862.

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Les services reproductifs transfrontaliers (SRT) réfèrent au déplacement d'une juridiction à une autre, de personnes ou de matériel reproductif dans le cadre d'un projet de procréation assistée (PA). Ce phénomène a été observé dans de nombreux pays, mais le système de PA mondialisé canadien, ou reproscape, demeure sous-étudié. Ce manque de connaissances nuit au développement normatif en matière de PA. En adoptant un cadre conceptuel issu de l'anthropologie médicale, l'objectif général de cette thèse était de décrire et comprendre le reproscape canadien. Pour alimenter la réflexion éthique et juridique et la prestation des services de PA, nous avons réalisé une enquête ethnographique clinique multisite combinant : (1) une revue de la littérature, (2) l'observation participante et non participante de deux cliniques de fertilité (Québec et Ontario), d'une agence d'importation de gamètes et d'une dizaine de congrès scientifiques, ainsi que (3) des entrevues semi-dirigées avec 45 actrices et acteurs des SRT : personnes utilisatrices, personnel médical et intermédiaires. Les données ont fait l'objet d'une analyse qualitative inductive, assistée du logiciel NVivo 11. Trois dimensions émergent de nos résultats. (1) Le Canada se caractérise par une mosaïque de lois et de règlements locaux, fédéraux et provinciaux qui influencent de façon paradoxale les SRT. L'obligation de don altruiste, établie par la Loi sur la procréation assistée (LPA), joue un rôle prédominant sur le reproscape canadien. (2) Au niveau de l'expérience des SRT, la simplicité de certains SRT intégrés à la pratique clinique, comme l'importation de sperme ou d'ovocytes, contraste avec la complexité des voyages vers l'étranger auxquels les personnes utilisatrices se sentent souvent contraintes. (3) Interrogées sur leurs perspectives éthiques, quatre positions principales ressortent des entrevues: (a) le respect de leur autonomie reproductive, (b) les risques individuels et (c) sociaux des SRT, dont celui d'exploitation des gestatrices et des donneuses d'ovules, ainsi que (d) les incohérences de la LPA quant à sa capacité d'atténuer ces risques. En conclusion, le reproscape canadien se caractérise, entre autres, par une situation de " sous-traitance reproductive " : une reconnaissance institutionnelle des SRT, combinée à une délocalisation des risques moraux et médicaux hors des frontières nationales. Les conclusions de notre étude mettent en évidence le caractère inextricable du local et du global en PA et comment le reproscape mondial fonctionne par vases communicants.
Abstract : Cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) refers to the movement from one jurisdiction to another of persons or reproductive material as part of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. This phenomenon has been observed in many countries, but the Canadian globalized ART system (or "reproscape") remains understudied empirically. This lack of data undermines the normative development in terms of ART. The aim of this dissertation is to describe and understand the Canadian reproscape in order to support ethical and legal reflection. To achieve this goal, we conducted a multi-site clinical ethnography combining (1) literature reviews, (2) participant and non-participant observation in two fertility clinics (Quebec and Ontario), a gamete importation and distribution agency and a dozen scientific congresses, (3) as well as semi-directed interviews with 45 actors of CBRC: users, medical professionals and intermediaries. The data were analyzed by inductive qualitative analysis assisted by NVivo 11 software. Three dimensions emerge from our results. (1) Regarding the legal and clinical contexts of ART, Canada is characterized by a local mosaic of laws and regulations that paradoxically influence CBRC. The altruistic obligation established by the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) plays a predominant role on the reproscape. (2) In terms of the experience of the main actors, the simplicity of CBRC integrated to the clinic, such as the import of semen or oocytes, contrasts with the complexity of journeys abroad for which users often feel constrained. (3) When asked about their ethical perspectives, the actors mentioned four main positions: (a) the respect for their reproductive autonomy, (b) the individual and (c) social risks of CBRC, including the exploitation of egg donors as well as gestational surrogates, and (d) AHRA inconsistencies in its ability to mitigate these risks. Our conclusion is that the Canadian reproscape is characterized, inter alia, by a situation of "reproductive outsourcing." This concept is characterized by an institutional recognition of CBRC combined with a relocation of moral and medical risks outside national borders. The results of our study underline the inextricable local and global nature of ART and how CBRC works as communicating vessels.

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Bergkvist, Stina, and Hanna Lindquist. "Om krisen kommer : En tvärsnittsstudie om turistnäringens överlevnad under coronapandemin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447472.

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Följande uppsats är en kvalitativ tvärsnittsstudie som undersöker hur den svenska turistnäringen har hanterat coronapandemin under år 2020. Den 11 mars 2020 kom COVID-19 att klassas som en pandemi. Coronapandemin har påverkat många branscher, varav en av de drabbade är turistnäringen. Även turistnäringen i Sverige är särskilt drabbad, varför Gotland som är en populär turistort är en lämplig plats att undersöka.Studien undersöker även hur turistnäringen hanterat det etiska dilemmat som samhällsansvar kontra en fungerande verksamhet inneburit. Att hålla en verksamhet öppen är förvisso nödvändigt för en god ekonomi, men medför även en risk om att sprida ett virus. Därför undersöker vi också hur de respondenter vi intervjuar ser på balansen att inte öka smittspridningen av COVID-19 och att fortgå med en fungerande verksamhet.Det teoretiska ramverket innehåller definitioner, teorier och modeller som beskriver krishantering, krishanteringsprocessen samt att företagens etiska ansvar diskuteras. Forskningsmetoden som används i denna uppsats är en tvärsnittsstudie som utgår ifrån semi-strukturerade intervjuer. De respondenter som intervjuas arbetar inom svensk turistnäring.Vid analysering av den empiriska datan finner vi att respondenterna vidtagit särskilda åtgärder för att hantera coronapandemin. En stark motivation att överleva och en förmåga att vara flexibel tycks vara goda kvaliteter vid en kris. Det finns dock många variabler som också påverkar vilken krishantering som passar varierande verksamheter. Olika verksamheter innehar också varierande förutsättningar som påverkar hur de agerat under planeringsskedet, våren 2020. Det etiska dilemmat hanterades genom varierande handlingar som resulterade i ekonomiska påfrestningar, men även minskad smittspridning. Vissa verksamheter stängde ned sin verksamhet, andra ändrade sitt koncept helt och övriga begränsade sin verksamhet. Det visade sig dock att det fanns ett visst intresse för verksamheterna själva att också vidta åtgärder för att minska smittspridningen. Konsumenter tycks uppskatta verksamheter som tar ställning och agerar för att åtgärda kriser.
The following is a qualitative study that examines how the Swedish tourism industry has handled the COVID-19 pandemic during the year 2020. The study also focuses on the ethical dilemma that the tourism industry has been faced with, considering taking their responsibility to not increase the spread of the virus and simultaneously keeping a functioning organization. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 many industries have been negatively affected. One of the largest industries that has been affected is the tourism industry. Gotland is one of Sweden's most popular tourism destinations and is therefore an interesting location to study.The theoretical framework includes definitions and theories about crisis management as well as the crisis management process. The research methodology contains semistructured interviews. All of the respondents that we are interviewing are working in different branches within the Swedish tourism industry. When analysing the empirical data, we find that the respondents had been taking special actions in order to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. A strong ambition and the ability to be responsive seem to be qualities to desire when faced with a crisis. The ethical dilemma was managed through special actions that resulted in lost profits, however it also resulted in limiting the spread of the virus

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Utterborn, Ylva, and Linus Kindstedt. "Djurattraktioner : En studie om djurattraktioner utifrån svenska intressenters perspektiv." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Turismvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33581.

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Att använda djur inom turismindustrin är vanligt, trots det har lite forskning inom ämnet riktats mot människors etiska hänseenden. Turistaktiviteter som elefantridning, gå på delfinshow eller besöka djurparker är vanliga inslag under semestern. Denna uppsats syftar till att studera djurattraktioner utifrån olika svenska intressenters perspektiv och dess uppfattningar om djurattraktioner. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod där intervjuer har genomförts med följande intressenter: Kolmården djurpark, djurrättsorganisationen Djurens Rätt, researrangören NAZAR, samt besökare av djurattraktioner. Utöver det har även en platsobservation gjorts samt enkätfrågor delats ut på Kolmården. De valda teorierna för studien utgår från två huvudteman vilket är följande: “Djur och etik” samt “Djurens utrymmen i förhållande till besökarnas upplevelser”. I resultatavsnittet får läsaren ta del av de olika intressenternas syn på djurattraktioner inom turismen. Kapitlet presenteras med resultat utifrån producenternas perspektiv för att sedan övergå till besökarnas. Därefter analyseras resultatet i förhållande till tidigare forskning och teori. Slutsatsen av studien redovisas i det sista kapitlet med tillhörande diskussion. Resultatet visar att djurens välbefinnande är av största vikt för samtliga intressenter men att det finns olika uppfattningar om vilket tillvägagångssätt som är bäst för att säkerställa djurens välbefinnande i framtiden.
Using animals in the tourism industry is common, although some research on the subject has been directed towards people's ethical concerns. Tourist activities such as elephant riding, dolphin shows or visiting zoos are common features during the holidays. In this study, we will try to provide new knowledge about how visitors relate to and argue about animal attractions. This paper aims to study animal attractions based on the views of different Swedish stakeholders and their views on animal attractions related to tourism. The study is based on a qualitative method where interviews have been conducted with the following stakeholders: Kolmården zoo, animal rights organization Djurens Rätt, tour operator NAZAR, as well as regular visitors of animal attractions. In addition to this, a site observation has also been made and questionnaires were distributed at Kolmården zoo. The chosen theories for the study are based on two main themes which are: “Animals and ethics” as well as “Animal spaces in relation to visitor’s experiences”. In the result chapter, each stakeholder’s view of animal tourist attractions is presented. The chapter starts with the results based on the producer's perspective and then switched to the visitors. Thereafter, the result is analyzed in relation to previous research and theory. The conclusion of the study is presented in the last chapter, along with an accompanying discussion. The results shows that animal welfare is the most important to all stakeholders but there are different perceptions how to ensure the future for the animals.

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Moldenhauer, Sarah. "Jineterismo." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220718.

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Jineterismo, eine neuartige Form der Sexarbeit in Kuba, entstand im Zuge des Zusammenbruchs des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW bzw. Comecon) und dem damit verbundenen aufkommenden Tourismus-Boom auf der Insel. Mädchen und Frauen sind am stärksten in diese neue Form der Prostitution involviert. Um den ihnen verwehrten Zugang zu Waren zu nutzen, boten und bieten viele junge Kubaner_innen Tourist_innen im Austausch sexuelle Dienste an. Inzwischen wird der Begriff jineterismo häufig auch über den sexuellen Bereich hinaus auf alle Tätigkeiten übertragen, die dem jinetero oder der jinetera Devisen einbringen.

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Neilson, Joy. "Milwaukee's ethnic festivals| Creating ethnic-American heritage for urban ethnic tourism." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1588839.

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Ethnic identity is dynamic social construction. Ethnic groups define and display their heritage to meet the social, economic, and political interests of the group. Tourism is one outlet for ethnic groups to express their identity while stimulating local economies. Ethnic tourism is becoming more popular in urban settings, as municipal governments attempt to compete for tourism income and establish a unique brand. Placing ethnic tourism within an urban setting creates additional layers of complexity that have the potential to alter the way ethnic groups interact and are perceived by locals and visitors. Tourism involves the construction of expectations through deliberate representation. When the object of expectation is an ethnic or minority group, the creation of symbols to enhance the exotic appeal can have unintended consequences for the performance of ethnicity within urban structures. This paper attempts to document the effects of urban ethnic tourism on the ethnic group that is the subject of tourism by applying a new framework for urban ethnic tourism to the ethnic festivals of Milwaukee, WI.

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Moldenhauer, Sarah. "Jineterismo." Universität Leipzig, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15411.

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Jineterismo, eine neuartige Form der Sexarbeit in Kuba, entstand im Zuge des Zusammenbruchs des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW bzw. Comecon) und dem damit verbundenen aufkommenden Tourismus-Boom auf der Insel. Mädchen und Frauen sind am stärksten in diese neue Form der Prostitution involviert. Um den ihnen verwehrten Zugang zu Waren zu nutzen, boten und bieten viele junge Kubaner_innen Tourist_innen im Austausch sexuelle Dienste an. Inzwischen wird der Begriff jineterismo häufig auch über den sexuellen Bereich hinaus auf alle Tätigkeiten übertragen, die dem jinetero oder der jinetera Devisen einbringen.

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Willis, Emma C. R. "Absent others: dark tourism, theatricality, and ethical spectatorship." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/7165.

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To call the twentieth century a catastrophic one, is to acknowledge the collapse of humanist values. Events such as the Holocaust, genocides in Rwanda and Cambodia, and numerous other atrocities demonstrated the utter failure of social and political frameworks. The incomprehensible scope of such suffering also profoundly challenged representational practices; as widely cited, Adorno stated that there could be no poetry after Auschwitz (34). Yet, we cannot turn away from such disasters. This thesis is concerned with how theatricality allows us to face such grievous history, and seeks to engage a theatrical analysis to help clarify what is at stake in such spectatorship. In order to examine theatricality as a mode of ethical responsiveness, I offer two contrasting sets of examples: tourist sites and theatrical performances. The sites I consider are examples of 'dark tourism,' destinations that depict death and disaster. I explore how theatricality arises in response to the key challenge that underlies these places, which is how to make past suffering available to the spectator at the same time as acknowledging that such representation is never completely possible. In discussing a series of sites including Rwanda, European concentration camps, museums and memorials in South East Asia and a New Zealand example, it is this tension, and the difficulty of locating and sustaining an ethical performativity that I explore. In contrast with the tourist sites discussed, I consider theatrical examples that have sought to represent the same history. I discuss works such Jerzy Grotowski's Akropolis, Catherine Filloux's play, made in response to the Tuol Sleng Genocidal Museum in Cambodia, Photographs from S21, and Erik Ehn's Maria Kizito, which deals with the first trial of Rwandan genocidaires. Through this interdisciplinary analysis, I ask how theatricality's ability to make available something of the experience of the other might be thought of in ethical terms. I draw on the work of Emmanuel Levinas, particularly his image of the 'face of the other,' in order to consider the relationship between spectator and absent other. I intend to demonstrate that a theatrical analysis helps us to understand such encounters, touristic and theatrical, more clearly.

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Howard, Paul Jason, and n/a. "Tourism Development in Ethnic Areas of Southern China." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070208.154629.

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The development of tourism may catalyse a vast array of impacts, social, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental or political. In ethnic minority communities and regions, impacts are potentially greater due to the pre-existing social, cultural and even sociopolitical constructs. Tourism, as a global phenomenon, is confined to operating within the local context. This is certainly the case in ethnic minority communities of China's southern peripheries. Tourism development is a differential process of formal and informal sector development. Formal sector development is generally capital intensive and relatively highly organised. In contrast, the informal sector involves many small vendors and family or community run businesses. The sectoral dichotomy may also be applied, in a general sense, to the types of tourists utilizing accommodation and services provided by these two distinct sectors. As the balance between the two sectors changes over time and across space, there is a commensurate shift in the type and scale of impacts generated by tourism in host communities. It is this that makes the sectoral paradigm so relevant to the role (or indeed lack of role) of ethnic minorities in tourism development in their local areas and communities. Apart from economic impacts, there are sociocultural and even socioenvironmental impacts on host communities. As with socioeconomic impacts, sociocultural impacts are also influenced by the differential development of the formal and informal sectors over time. Furthermore, particularly in ethnic minority areas, socioeconomic and sociocultural impacts are tightly integrated and one impact realm cannot adequately be considered in isolation.

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McKenna, Juanita Christine. "Sustainable ethnic tourism in northern Thailand, challenges and strategies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0021/MQ46988.pdf.

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Ingram, Claire. "Ethical agency within the responsible tourism experience : a PARTicipative inquiry." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52284/.

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This thesis examines consumers’ ethical agency within the responsible tourism experience. It aligns with a post-structuralist, (late) Foucauldian position, adopting the theoretical constructs of ‘power struggles’ (1982), ‘problematisations’ (1984a) and ‘self-care practices’ (1984c) to engender a more fluid view of the market-consumer interface. It investigates (i) how consumers conform to, critique or resist market-promulgated ways of being a ‘responsible tourist’; (ii) how consumers (re)negotiate alternative meanings of how to be ethical and act ethically; (iii) what this reveals about the ways in which consumers retain, apportion or relinquish a sense of autonomy over their ethicality; and (iv) the tensions, struggles and dilemmas that consumers concurrently face. The thesis adopts a participative methodology in order to foster the involvement of participants across the total tourism experience. More specifically, the thesis conducts a PARTicipative inquiry in order to facilitate data collection before, during and after the holiday; enabling ‘prospective’, ‘active’ and ‘reflective’ triangulation (Ingram et al, 2017). To this end, the thesis presents data from participants’ pre-holiday and post-holiday interviews, as well as their (on-holiday) diaries and photographs. The findings of this thesis suggest that consumers’ ethical agency manifests in three main ways. Agency is represented through a critical awareness of the rhetorical construction of ‘responsibility’ within three types of market-consumer interface, namely ethical tourism spaces, ethical policies and market materials. Agency is also represented through consumers’ resistance towards three key areas of the organised tourism industry, specifically large corporations (e.g. chain hotels, international franchises), the tourism ‘package’, and tourism ‘hotspots’. Further, agency is represented through consumers’ self-reflexivity. Tourists are highly introspective of the ways in which they transform personal ethical reflection into action (‘walk the talk’); the ways in which they reflect on ethics but are unwilling to make any material alterations to their behaviour (‘reflexive inertia’); and the personal, product, and destination level considerations that impede their engagement in certain ethical practices (‘pragmatic utility’). Overall, this thesis aims to contribute to existing literature by fulfilling four research gaps. First, it focusses on the practices and narratives of responsible tourists, as opposed to the ‘responsibility’ discourses of travel companies (e.g. Caruana & Crane, 2008; Hanna, 2013). Second, it attends to the current lack of Foucauldian ethics within the consumer responsibility and responsible tourism literatures (Crane et al, 2008). Third, it progresses from studying the ethical consumption of commodity goods to focus on experiential consumption; specifically, highly performative experiential consumption in a potentially environmentally and socio-culturally disparate context to the ‘home’ setting (e.g. Jamal, 2004). Finally, it focusses on the total responsible experience by triangulating tourists’ prospective, active and reflective data. This thesis also has important practical implications. A stronger awareness of how tourists experience responsible tourism will better enable the tourism industry to tailor their products, services and spaces in a way which more effectively matches consumer demand. Further, an improved understanding of how consumers evaluate discourses on ‘responsibility’ will inform the tourism industry as to how responsible policies, guidebooks and other marketing messages are interpreted, and thereby constructed and communicated.

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Melo, Fl?via Luana Souza de. "?tica na pesquisa em turismo: percep??es de discentes de programas de p?s-gradua??o stricto sensu em turismo UFRN, UCS e UNIVALI." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18159.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This study analyzed the perception of ethics on the part of students of Post-graduation in Tourism, to develop their academic research. It is characterized as exploratory-descriptive, being considered quantitative with some elements analyzed qualitatively. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire, originated in google docs and sent via e-mail to 54 students in three graduate programs in Tourism: The Tourism Master of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), the Master in Tourism and Hospitality of the University of Vale do Itajai (UNIVALI) and Master of Tourism at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), resulting in 22 responses. The study presents a profile of the dissertation research of post-graduate students, their perception about research ethics, as well as the difficulties encountered in the research process. Notes that research of dissertation are geared mostly for the historical and cultural aspects of tourism and the choice of topics for the essays came in first place, due to the influence of the guiding lines of research and, secondly, due to social relevance. The methods used in post-graduate research are descriptive, the literature and exploratory. It also notes that most students graduate in tourism (81%) attaches great importance to ethics in carrying out their dissertation research, students claim that ethics brings credibility and seriousness to research. Furthermore, it was realized that they have no knowledge about the practice of misconduct by researchers in the field of Tourism. Demonstrate that the major ethical challenge encountered by students is in relationship with the research subject, what happens during data collection. It also notes that none of the respondents sent any project to be evaluated by an Ethics Committee (CEP), moreover, most do not know the resolution 196/96, which has the main guidelines on research ethics at national level. Concludes that the students post-graduate in tourism have little knowledge about the standards and guidelines on research ethics. They demonstrate ignore the benefits of research ethics in regarding the protection and preservation of the participant, as well as the benefits it generates for society
O presente estudo consiste na an?lise da percep??o da ?tica por parte dos discentes de p?s-gradua??o em Turismo, no desenvolvimento de suas pesquisas acad?micas. Caracteriza-se como explorat?rio-descritivo, sendo considerado quantitativo com alguns elementos analisados de forma qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados atrav?s de um question?rio eletr?nico, originado no google docs e enviado via e-mail para 54 alunos de tr?s Programas de p?s-gradua??o em Turismo: o Mestrado em Turismo da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN); o Mestrado em Turismo e Hotelaria da Universidade do Vale do Itaja? (UNIVALI); e o Mestrado em Turismo da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), obtendo-se 22 respostas. O estudo apresenta o perfil das pesquisas de disserta??o dos alunos de p?s-gradua??o, a percep??o dos mesmos sobre a ?tica em pesquisa, bem como as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de pesquisa. Observa que as pesquisas de disserta??o est?o voltadas, em sua maioria, para os aspectos hist?rico-culturais do turismo e a escolha dos temas das disserta??es se deu em primeiro lugar, devido ? influ?ncia das linhas de pesquisa dos orientadores e, em segundo lugar, devido ? relev?ncia social. Os m?todos mais utilizados nas pesquisas de p?s-gradua??o s?o o descritivo, o bibliogr?fico e o explorat?rio. Observa ainda que a maior parte dos alunos de p?s-gradua??o em turismo (81%) atribui grande valor ? ?tica na realiza??o das suas pesquisas de disserta??o, os alunos afirmam que a ?tica traz credibilidade e seriedade ?s pesquisas. Al?m disso, percebeu-se que os mesmos n?o t?m conhecimento sobre a pr?tica de condutas impr?prias de pesquisadores na ?rea do Turismo. Demonstra que o principal desafio ?tico encontrado pelos alunos est? no relacionamento com o sujeito da pesquisa, que acontece na fase de coleta de dados. Constata ainda que nenhum dos entrevistados enviou qualquer projeto para ser avaliado por um Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa (CEP), ademais, a maioria n?o conhece a Resolu??o 196/96, que possui as principais orienta??es sobre ?tica em pesquisa a n?vel nacional. Conclui que os discentes de p?s-gradua??o em turismo possuem pouco conhecimento quanto ?s normas e orienta??es sobre ?tica em pesquisa. Os mesmos demonstram desconhecer os benef?cios que a ?tica em pesquisa traz com rela??o ? prote??o e preserva??o do participante, bem como quanto aos benef?cios que gera ? sociedade

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Ali, Nazia. "The significance of ethnic identity upon tourism participation within the Pakistani community." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/294461.

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This research study examines the role and significance of ethnic identity upon tourism participation within the Pakistani community. The aim of the research is to analyse the inter-relationship between a Pakistani ethnic identity and participation in tourism of a Pakistani diaspora (Luton, United Kingdom). The research concentrates upon the importance of the return visit to the ancestral homeland of Pakistan and the impact of this visit upon the formation of identity. This thesis argues that a Pakistani ethnic identity is a significant force in shaping the tourism mobilities, behaviours and experiences of first and second-generation Pakistanis. The research enquiry uses a qualitative methodological approach to investigate the tourism journeys of the Pakistani community. Interpretive ethnography is chosen to interpret the understandings and meanings of tourism to the Pakistani diaspora researched in this study. Researcher reflexivity is also included to examine the impact of the research process on the personal and professional identity of a Pakistani fieldworker investigating a community she considers as her 'own'. The interpretive ethnographic findings illustrate a close association exists between tourism and ethnic identity amongst the Pakistani diaspora. The research findings show understandings of tourism in the Pakistani community are predominately based upon journeys to the ancestral homeland. The three main motivations for retuming to Pakistan are for purposes of reunification, diasporic networking and preservation of a Pakistani ethnic identity. Migration is a key factor influencing post-migration tourism mobilities of the Pakistani diaspora to Pakistan. The tourism journey to Pakistan is held as being fundamental for the confirmation of a Pakistani ethnic identity and establishing a collective sense of 'Pakistaniness' with the local and global Pakistani diaspora. The research findings indicate several barriers to travel exist in the Pakistani community, which restrict the tourism mobilities of the Pakistanis to tourism places other than the ancestral homeland. The research study concludes that across all generations the meanings of tourism, motivations to travel, the importance of the history of migration and the impact of the return visit bring to the forefront matters of identity and belonging. These issues give rise to evolving questions of identity in terms of what it is to be a Pakistani and a British Pakistani in Pakistan and Britain, which subsequently affect attitudes to travel, tourism experiences and patterns of behaviour. The research contributes to furthering the understanding of the role of tourism in diasporic and ethnic communities, theoretically comprehending the role of tourism as an actor in identity formation and developing methodological practice for analysing the relationship between tourism and identity. Suggestions for future research are proposed to investigate the tourism mobilities of the Pakistani diaspora in Britain and in other global diasporic communities.

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Malone, Sheila. "Understanding the role of emotion in ethical consumption : a tourism context." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13619/.

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This thesis investigates the role of emotion in an ethical consumption context. It responds to a call by many researchers for greater knowledge of ethical issues in the field of marketing and consumer behaviour. This interest has emerged from a growth in ethical consumption practices despite hard economic times. The limitations of the renowned intention-behaviour gap highlight that such practices cannot be wholly explained by rational processes alone. However, little attention has been afforded to the impact of non-rational factors such as emotion. By examining the concept of emotion, this study addresses previously ignored consumption phenomena identified in the experiential perspective of consumer behaviour. More specifically, this thesis concentrates on tourism as an experiential consumption encounter and as a prototypical moral platform on which ethical practices has resulted in a plethora of alternative tourism offerings. This study employs semi-structured interviews with self-defined ethical tourists using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. This approach helped uncover participants' subjective experiences, their meaning and how they make sense of these encounters. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the difficulties experienced by the participants in communicating emotional experiences. As a result, they tended to use the senses to describe these encounters, thereby reflecting deeply engaging and emotional consumption experiences. The pivotal role emotion plays in the participants' ethical decision making is evident as it helps reaffirm an ethical sense of self, thereby influencing future ethical behaviours. Within the consumption experience, emotion appeared as a source of hedonic value often expressed through escape experiences and its concomitant feelings of freedom, through a sense of mutual benefit and in the challenge and achievement bestowed in the experience itself. Furthermore, the relationship between positive and negative emotions is evident highlighting the transformational effect of positive emotions and the influential impact of negative emotions on ethical consumption choices. The main contributions of this study are threefold. First, it contributes to the ethical literature by demonstrating ethical consumption to be a hedonic experience. It highlights emotion's key function in motivating, influencing, evaluating and engaging the participants with their consumption experiences. In particular, it contributes to the literature on ethical tourism as it highlights that the participants' desire to engage in ethical tourism is not only motivated by self-reflection based on their ethical beliefs and values, but also because of how these experiences make them feel. These feelings stem from an intrinsic enjoyment bestowed in choosing an ethical alternative and in the experience itself. Consequently, ethical tourism is regarded as a superior quality experience and a more meaningful consumption encounter. Second, this thesis contributes to the experiential perspective of consumer behaviour, by providing a greater understanding of the concept of emotion in an ethical consumption context. It identifies the central role of emotion prior to, during, and after decision-making in an ethical context. In addition, it demonstrates the motivational and influential role positive emotion has in promoting ethical behaviour, and the reinforcing role negative emotion has in discouraging unethical behaviour. Third, the thesis highlights the significance of pride as a consumption emotion, due to its impact on both a personal and an emotional level, and its ability to influence the individual's ethical decision-making processes. Finally, as a research context, the practical implications of this thesis are evident in their ability to influence marketing strategies employed in the tourism industry and their role in inform policy-makers is illustrated. Implications for future research are also considered.

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Jamerson, William Trevor. "Race, Discourse and the Cultural Economy of Neoliberal New York:An Analysis of Online Tourist Reviews of Harlem Heritage Tours." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49266.

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This study is about how Harlem--an ethnically diverse community regarded by many as a primary site of the African American Experience--is represented in the online tourism domain. More specifically, it is about identifying loci of value in the content of online tourist reviews which contribute to a color-blind and politically sanitizing discourse about Harlem that reinforces a neoliberal understanding of Harlem as an underdeveloped economic frontier. Tourism has been identified by New York policy makers to be a way to generate revenue in culturally diverse, low-income areas, and especially in Harlem. In order for tourism to be successful, a neighborhood needs to be considered a place that can offer tourists a valuable experience. Online reviews, particularly those on social media sites, are becoming increasingly influential within the tourism industry because of their influence with consumers, who regularly consult them to guide purchasing decisions. This study examines online reviews of a prominent Harlem tourism company as a way to analyze the valuating discourse needed to keep tourists coming back to the community. What do reviewers find valuable during the tour? And what elements of the tour are responsible for producing value for tourists? These questions are investigated using a four-step qualitative approach to analyzing online tourist reviews on TripAdvisor.com posted about Harlem Heritage Tours.
Master of Science

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Willett, Benjamin Michael. "Ethnic tourism and indigenous activism power and social change in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/149.

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Pitchford, Susan R. "Ethnic tourism and image-making in Wales : the medium and the message /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8854.

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Cornet, Candice. "Ethnicity in China : reviewing ethnicity in light of ethnic tourism in Southwest China." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29496.

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This thesis reviews the anthropological approaches to the study of the ethnic minorities in Southwest China. It sets out to demonstrate the limitations engendered by studies focusing on the process of ethnicity and the relative absence of 'ordinary local peasants' (villagers not involved in the dialogue of ethnicity) in anthropological research of villages in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. Furthermore, this paper reveals the need for in-depth local studies in order to understand the impact of ethnic tourism on local identity construction.

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Murakami, Daisuke. "National imaginings, ethnic tourism and contested Tibetan identities in contemporary Lhasa, Tibet (PRC)." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439748.

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Phommavong, Saithong. "International tourism development and poverty reduction in Lao PDR." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-50070.

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Govender, Lynette Kumarivani. "Ethnic Identity and Culture as Drivers of Travel Behaviour : The Case of South African Indians as Domestic Tourists." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75753.

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Ethnicity and culture are increasingly considered in the study of travel behaviour given the global movement of people. Historically during apartheid in South Africa, there was not much leisure travel amongst the Black, Coloured and Indian population groups. This discrepancy became a focus of the National Department of Tourism’s (NDT) domestic policy after 1994 to encourage all South Africans to travel, explore and experience all facets of our beautiful rainbow country in real time. This study focuses on South African Indians (SAI) as there is limited knowledge of the drivers of travel behaviour amongst such minority populations. Pragmatic mixed methods are used to collect qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (survey) data amongst SAI living in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces. Findings suggest that there is already established domestic travel amongst the population. SAI have strong ethnic and cultural (Indian) identities that form a significant part of their decision-making; though not specifically having bearing on inter-provincial travel decisions. Of note is strong familial bonds extending beyond the nuclear family to their extended family members, influencing their travel behaviour. Other aspects include value for money, cuisine, safety and service. The study provides layered information presenting opportunities for future research. It also presents a profile of the market’s travel behaviour that can be useful for destination marketing authorities and travel trade in efforts to attract the SAI market.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Tourism Management
MSc
Unrestricted

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Badia-Bellinger, Jordan Jose. "Hosting the Olympics: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Economic and Social Effects of the Olympic Games." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/509.

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This paper attempts to provide a cost-benefit analysis of the economic and social effects of hosting the Olympic Games. I provide an overview of the economic and social impacts of the Games and analyze their effects. I focus the economic effects of the Games on tourism, trade, corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights. I also look at the social effects of the Games on infrastructure and employment. Finally I assess why the Olympics remain an appealing venture for cities, despite evidence that demonstrates how they produce more actual harm than good for the host city. In addition, I provide predictions for two alternative directions that the Olympics could take in the future: to either continue in the current trend of immense growth and commercialization, or alternatively, implement a new Olympic bidding process that establishes stricter criteria for candidate cities.

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Morkūnaitė, Danguolė. "Dzūkijos etnografinių sodybų tradicijos tęstinumas kaimo turizmo pastatuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090908_091508-05628.

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Liaudies architektūra yra greitai nykstatntis mūsų krašto paveldas, todėl yra itin svarbu ne tik tinkamai saugoti esamus unikalius objektus, tačiau ir skatinti etnografinių sodybų statymo tradicijos tęstinumą. Palankia terpe atgimti tradicinei medžio statybai, pritaikant liaudies architektūros bruožus, galima įvardyti kaimo turizmo reikmėms kuriamas sodybos. Siekiant išsiaiškinti šiandieninę padėtį kaimo turizmo sodybų architektūroje, buvo pasirinkta dvidešimt Dzūkijos etnografinio regiono kaimo turizmui naudojamų sodybų ir analizuojama, kaip jose siekta etnografinių sodybų statymo tradicijos tęstinumo. Buvo nagrinėjami tiek naujos statybos, tiek rekonstruoti pastatai. Tyrimas parodė, jog savitų, išlaikusių arba įgavusių istoriniams Lietuvos kaimo etnokultūriniams regionams būdingus istorinius bruožus bei teigiamai atkartojusių senasiąs statybos tradicijas, kaimo turizmo sodybų minėtame regione nėra daug. Šiuo metu dominuoja sodybos, kuriuose tik fragmentiškai ir nekokybiškai siekta atkartoti tradicinės architektūros bruožus. Jose tiek sodybos aplinkai, tiek pastatams mėginama įkvėpti etnografinių bruožų naudojant įvairius pseudoetninius motyvus. Nemažai yra ir modernių, internacionalinės pakraipos stiliaus sodybų, savo architektūriniais sprendimais darkančių rekreacinį kaimo kraštovaizdį. Dėl tokios, etnografinių sodybų statymo tradicijos tęstinumui nepalankios šiandieninės situacijos galima išskirti keletą praktinių problemų, su kuriomis susiduriama atnaujinant ar kuriant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Today countryside tourism can become the effective preservaition‘s means of nature‘s and culture‘s heritage. Namely in this area is turned at ethnic architecture. Besides in this field is increased the interes of communities with yourselves traditions and customs. Author‘s research concerns the twenty countryside homesteads in Dzukija ethinic region. The aim of research is to investigate, how exact is continued ethnic‘s architecture‘s traditions in planic structure, architecture‘s elements and interior of countryside farmsteads. The results of research shows, that traditional countryside homesteads don‘t predominate in Dzukija region. The most of countryside homesteads are pseudoethnic or modern style and they were built not taken account into country lanscape and were ignored traditional architecture‘s trait. Generally in countryside homesteads‘ architecture of edificeis are imitated building materials, but not kept traditional sizes and forms of constructions. The interior of countryside homesteads are mixed. Here are harmonized natural and modern materials in interior decoration, also are composed traditional and comfortable funiture. A few reasons can be separated because of such situation: 1) in the beginning of countryside tourism the architecture of the new countryside homesteads weren‘t regulated. Requirements of that time didn‘t motivate to repeat the building tradition of ethnic farmsteds. Because of this countryside homesteads‘ hosts laid out buildings, designed... [to full text]
Architecture populaire est rapidement nykstatntis le patrimoine de notre région, de sorte qu'il est extrêmement important non seulement pour protéger les objets uniques, mais aussi pour encourager la construction de fermes tradition ethnographique de la continuité. Favorable moyen de relancer la construction en bois traditionnelle, folk adapter les caractéristiques architecturales peuvent être identifiées pour le tourisme rural a besoin d'un endroit. Afin de clarifier la situation actuelle du tourisme rural dans l'architecture, a été sélectionné en tant que vingt Dzukija ethnographiques tourisme de la région rurale de fermes et d'analyser, comme ils ont cherché à construire la ferme ethnographique tradition. On a examiné deux projets de construction et de reconstruction des bâtiments. La recherche a montré que distinctif, išlaikusių ou įgavusių historique lituanien régions rurales de la spécificité ethno-culturels et historiques de l'ancien bâtiment positif atkartojusių traditions, le tourisme rural dans cette région n'est pas beaucoup. Actuellement, la dominante familiale, où seule une fragmentation et la mauvaise qualité cherché à reproduire les caractéristiques architecturales traditionnelles. Ils ont tous les deux homestead environnement, à la fois dans les bâtiments d'inspiration ethnographique par les tentatives visant à utiliser les différentes fonctionnalités pseudoetninius raisons. Il existe un certain nombre de moderne, axée sur le style internacionalinės fermes... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Wan-Hassan, Wan Melissa, and n/a. "Halal restaurants in New Zealand : implications for the hospitality and tourism industry." University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090903.155113.

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Approximately 98% of lamb and sheep, 60% of cattle and 85% of deer in New Zealand are halal slaughtered each year. The high production of halal meat in the country has lead Tourism New Zealand's Chief Executive Officer, George Hickton, to believe that it would be easier to promote New Zealand as a destination for Muslim travellers. However, research has shown that the majority of Muslim travellers find it difficult to obtain halal food in the country. To understand why the access to halal food is limited for travellers, this study specifically investigates the management and promotion of halal food in restaurants. Data was obtained using a questionnaire that was administered through face-to-face interviews.Since the total population of halal restaurants in New Zealand was unknown, a snowball sampling method was chosen as it was the most efficient and economical way of locating a group of restaurants that was 'hidden'. The locations for sample selection were Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin, which have the highest population of Muslims and are also major tourist destinations. Results, obtained from a sample of 99 halal restaurants, indicate that nearly four out of ten respondents did not agree that the Muslim tourist market is significant to their business. Many were also reluctant to promote their halal food or put up the halal sign in front of their shop. Yet the number of halal restaurants in New Zealand has risen tremendously as a result of the rapidly growing domestic Muslim population. Given the increased risk of fraud, Muslim consumers in New Zealand are in urgent need of halal statutory regulations, as well as stronger guidelines pertaining to the issue of halal food. Additionally, there is also a need to establish and implement an effective halal certification system that is standard throughout the country. The issue of halal slaughter being associated with cruelty to animals will also need to be addressed. Concerted efforts should be made to understand this sentiment and to counter it with appropriate scientific information.

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Bragard, Romain. "Urbanité et sentiment de nature : ethnographies comparées de la randonnée pédestre Corse – Chapada Diamantina (Brésil)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20076/document.

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Cette recherche s’articule autour d’une hypothèse structurante : le sentiment de nature qui motive les randonneurs est un sentiment urbain. Aimer la nature, rechercher un contact physique avec elle, dépenser énergie et argent pour la parcourir et éprouver des sentiments extra-ordinaires, sont des actes qui s’inscrivent dans une trame culturelle moderne. Les excursionnistes du GR20 (Corse) et de la Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brésil) sont héritiers d’une histoire de l’idée de nature, d’une histoire de l’individu et d’une histoire du temps libre. Ils sont mus par un désir de nature, qui s’élabore dans le quotidien urbain, et dont les conditions pratiques d’émergence sont comparables. Mais la forme que prend le « rituel excursif » dans chacune des deux localités varie en fonction de structures sociales et de « mythes nationaux » distincts. On observe ainsi que les randonneurs français vivent avec force le « mythe de l’individu » (Miguel Benasayag), égalitariste et autonomiste, et que les randonneurs brésiliens performent une scène sociale hiérarchisée, qui les situe entre le guide qui les sert et la nature divinisée qui les dépasse. Dans les deux cas, une question politique peut être posée : le sentiment de nature n’a-t-il pas pour fonction impensée de masquer et de légitimer une « démocratie sélective » (Jessé Souza), qui s’articule à une dépolitisation du rapport à la nature- matière première ?
This research is articulated around a founding hypothesis: the feeling of nature that motivates the hikers is an urban feeling. Loving the nature, searching for a physical contact with it, spending energy and money to go through it and experience extraordinary feelings are all elements of the modern cultural weft. Tourists at the GR20 (Corsica) and at the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil) inherited from the history of the idea of nature, from the history of the individual and from the history of free time in western civilization. They are moved by the desire of nature, which is worked out in the urban routine, and which emergence conditions are similar in both countries. However, the features of the « hiking ritual » in each of these places change according to their social structures and their « national myths ». In one hand, we can see how French tourists in Corsica experience and act the « myth of the individual » (Miguel Benasayag), fulfilled by equality and autonomy values. On the other hand, Brazilian tourists perform a hierarchical social scene, which places them between the guide who serves them and the natural divinity that overwhelms them. In both cases, a political question can be asked: does the feeling of nature hide and legitimate a « selective democracy » (Jessé Souza) that is connected to a depoliticization of nature as raw material ?

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Feighery, William G. "(Re)membering England : a discourse analysis of the governance of diversity." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/319932.

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Studies on the representation of 'local' populations, in and through tourism, have tended to focus on 'traditional' peoples in 'developing' countries. In this study of the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in the discourse of Official Tourism Organisations (OTOs), by contrast, I focus on a 'developed' West European country: England. This study was carried out in order critically to inspect the representation/signification of 'minority' ethnic populations in the text and talk of OTOs in England within the period 2000-2003. The study is framed within an anti foundational dialogue of social constructionism. In analysing OTO discursive practices I use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in a number of 'interview', 'operational' and 'promotional' texts. The CDA framework employed is designed to reveal patterns of discourse in the text as well as to provide a basis for understanding the micro context (for 'operational' and 'promotional' texts) of text production and distribution. Also, the framework facilitates a consideration of the macro institutional context within which OTOs in England operate. From the analysis of OTO texts carried out in this study I propose a number of interpretative findings, including 'discourses' of denial, equality and otherness. Overall, the 'interpretative findings' suggest that OTO texts are produced and circulated within a discourse of silence on matters of ethno-cultural diversity in England. I conclude this study by suggesting a number of transforrnative actions for the development by OTOs in England of an ethical 'politics of articulation'. In addition I identify a number of problematic arenas within which tourism studies scholars might pursue future research agendas and to that end I propose some potentially useful points of entry into the broader social science literature.

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Sriwongrat, Chirawan. "Consumers' choice factors of an upscale ethnic restaurant." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/893.

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Globally, there is a growing demand for food away from home as a result of higher incomes, changes in consumption patterns, changes in household composition, and the time pressures created by dual-working families. The foodservice industry has become highly competitive as the number of foodservice outlets has increased to meet the demand. In order to succeed in such a competitive industry, restaurant operators need to understand the factors (and their relative importance) that influence restaurant patrons’ decision when selecting a restaurant. The demand for ethnic foods has also increased, in New Zealand and worldwide, due to the influences of ethnic diversity, overseas food and cultural experiences, and media exposure. Despite the importance of restaurant choice criteria and a growth in popularity of ethnic foods, published research on consumers’ restaurant selection behaviour that focuses on the ethnic segment is relatively limited. Furthermore, there are no published empirical studies on ethnic restaurant choice behaviour in New Zealand. This research aims to fill these gaps in the literature by empirically identifying the factors that influence a decision to dine at an upscale ethnic restaurant, their relative importance, as well as their relationships with dining occasion and consumer characteristics. Focus group discussions and the literature review helped identify a set of restaurant choice factors. A mail survey was used to collect the data. Factor analysis was used to refine the restaurant choice factors, and logistic regression analysis identified the five significant factors that influence consumers’ decision. These are: Dining Experience, Social Status, Service Quality, Food Quality, and Value for Money, listed in order of their importance. The results of t-tests and ANOVA suggested that consumers perceived the restaurant choice factors differently based on their demographic characteristics. The results of this study contribute to the marketing theory by providing an empirical framework of consumer selection behaviour in New Zealand upscale ethnic dining establishments. The study will also assist marketing practitioners and operators of ethnic restaurants to develop their strategies and offer the attributes that attract and retain customers.

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Sarmento, José Miguel Bruno da Costa de Moraes. "O turismo como instrumento da cooperação." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21969.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional.
A "abordagem horizontal" do turismo dificulta a assumpção do sector como motor do desenvolvimento, apesar de ser cada vez mais reconhecido a sua importância económica, sodal e cultural. Não obstante, tratar-se de um sector sensível às alterações contextuais, sejam conflitos políticos ou problemas de saúde pública, o certo é que se tem revelado com grande capacidade de recuperação e de resistência. Apesar dos acontecimentos que marcam os dias da globalização, os fluxos turísticos têm crescido, mantendo as projecções da Organização Mundial de Turismo para 2020. A crise de paradigmas promoveu novas concepções de turismo baseadas numa visão holística do homem e do mundo. Desenvolvimento e ambiente caracterizam as novas ideias. Neste sentido, o turismo tem vindo a relacionar-se com o desenvolvimento sustentável, chegando a adoptar este adjectivo. Mais recentemente, evolui-se para a noção de turismo responsável, cujo conceito considera o turismo como necessidade básica das sodedades. Mais do que um instrumento, o turismo é um órgão de cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Com a nova ordem política e económica e a globalização das sociedades, a cooperação também necessitou de encontrar nova formulação. Neste sentido, foram definidos os Objectivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio (ODM) que recentrou a cooperação no combate à pobreza e fez do desenvolvimento sustentado eixos principais do consenso internacional. Para além destes aspectos, a paz e a segurança são vertentes desse consenso. No presente trabalho, descreve-se a influência que a turismo pode ter na cooperação internacional e, especialmente, nas relações entre os países de língua portuguesa. Elabora-se ainda uma matriz sobre o impacto do turismo nos ODM de forma a mostrar como o sector pode ser charneira no cumprimento destes objectivos.
The "horizontal approach" to the tourism sector turns difficult the assumption of tourism as a driving force for development, despite the recognition of its economic, social and cultural importance. Even tourism is sensitive sector to context changes, as politicai conflicts or public health problems, it has been capable to recover and resist. Despite the events that mark now-adays globalization, the tourism flows have increased, in accordance with the World Tourism Organization 2020 projections. The paradigms Crisis has promoted new conceptions of tourism based on a man and worid holistic vision. Development and environment characterise these news ideas. This way, tourism has been related with sustainable development, adopting that adjective. More recently, has progressed for responsible tourism, in which matrix tourism is considered as a sodet/s basic need. More than a tool, tourism is a development organ. With a new economic and politicai order and with the sodet/s globalization, cooperation also felt the need to find news formulations. On that way, the Millennium Development Goals recentred the cooperation into poverty fight and in conjunction with sustainable development made both the key axes of international consensus. Beside those axes, peace and security are also part of that consensus. On this document, ifs described the influence tourism can make on the international cooperation and, as well as among the Portuguese speaking countries. It is also proposed a relational template concerning tourism and the Millennium Development Goals, showing how tourism could be a driving force to target those goals.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Eklund, Moa. "Hållbar turismutveckling ur ett regionalt perspektiv : En komparativ studie av fyra regionala turismorganisationer." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-14106.

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Hållbar turism är ett högaktuellt ämne som berör alla involverade aktörer inom turism. Konceptet kan tillämpas på alla geografiska nivåer och det grundläggande syftet är att minimera turismens negativa effekter samt att maximera dess positiva effekter. Sedan ”Brundtlandrapporten” har begreppen hållbar utveckling och hållbar turism behandlats i en stor mängd litteratur samt varit föremål för många diskussioner och debatter. Trots detta är båda begreppen och många av dess definitioner komplexa, otydliga och svåra att operationalisera. Denna otydlighet är en bidragande faktor till att implementering av hållbar utveckling likväl som hållbar turism har varit långsam och långt ifrån framgångsrik. Det är viktigt att inte betrakta hållbar turism som en definierbar slutpunkt utan att arbetet bör ses som en process. Det är därför möjligt att göra insatser som syftar till en mer hållbar turismutveckling men det är omöjligt att exakt beskriva ett hållbart tillstånd. En av de främsta barriärerna för framåtskridande inom hållbar turism är det bristfälliga stödet från konsumenter. Många anser sig ha positiva attityder gentemot hållbar turism men endast ett fåtal omsätter dessa i praktiken. Det finns flera metoder för att påverka konsumenter att välja hållbara alternativ såsom uppförandekoder, miljömärkningar och marknadsföring. Utöver konsumenternas bristfälliga stöd finns även många andra barriärer för implementering av hållbar turism men det är viktigare att fokusera på och jobba utifrån goda exempel. Regionala turismorganisationer kan jobba utifrån en modell innehållande framgångsfaktorer för att uppnå en framgångsrik implementering av hållbar turism. Dessa faktorer innefattar bland annat samordning, medvetenhet, tydlighet och ekonomisk prioritet. För att sedan avgöra om de insatser som görs leder till att utvecklingen går i en hållbar riktning är mätning genom indikatorer ett användbart verktyg. Hållbar utveckling kan även kopplas till en diskussion om ansvar och etiska frågor, där vissa företag och organisationer börjar arbeta med hållbar turism endast för egen vinning medan andra även beaktar etiska aspekter. För att regionala turismorganisationer ska kunna avgöra på vilken nivå de ligger i sitt hållbarhetsarbete kan de använda sig av en hierarki bestående av fyra delar, alltifrån basnivå till avancerad nivå. Organisationerna kan i tillägg till detta även arbeta utifrån ett antal steg för att nå högre nivåer i sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Tillväxtverket och Innovasjon Norge arbetar med turism på nationell nivå i Sverige respektive Norge. Dessa samarbetar i sin tur med regionala turismorganisationer och företag. Region Dalarna, Swedish Lapland Tourism, Jämtland Härjedalen Turism och Fjord Norge AS är regionala turismorganisationer som ligger på olika nivåer i den tidigare nämnda hierarkin. Deras hållbarhetsarbete skiljer sig därmed åt vilket bland annat kan bero på när organisationerna bildades, deras organisationsform och vilka de huvudsakliga uppgifterna är i de olika organisationerna. I strävan mot en hållbar turismutveckling krävs insatser från aktörer på alla geografiska nivåer och det måste finnas ett målinriktat strategiskt samarbete mellan nivåerna. Alla aktörer har olika roller att spela i resan mot en hållbar turismutveckling och regionala turismorganisationer fungerar som en viktig länk mellan nationella aktörer och aktörer på destinations- och företagsnivå.
Sustainable tourism is a highly topical subject that concerns all actors involved in tourism. The concept can be applied to all geographical levels and its basic purpose is to minimize the negative impacts of tourism and to maximize its positive impacts. Since the report of the Brundtland Commission, the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism have been treated in a large body of literature and the subject of many discussions and debates. Nevertheless, both concepts and many of its definitions are complex, unclear and difficult to operationalize. This ambiguity is a contributing factor to the fact that the implementation of sustainable development as well as sustainable tourism has been slow and far from successful. It is important not to consider sustainable tourism as a definable end point, efforts should instead be seen as a process. It is therefore possible to make efforts towards more sustainable tourism development but it’s impossible to accurately describe a sustainable condition. One of the main barriers to progress in sustainable tourism is the lack of support from consumers. Research has shown that many people have positive attitudes towards sustainable tourism but only a few sales of these in practice. There are several methods to influence consumers to choose sustainable alternatives such as codes of conducts, eco-labels and marketing. In addition to consumers' lack of support, there are many other barriers for the implementation of sustainable tourism but it is more important to focus on and work from good examples. Regional tourism organizations can work from key success factors in achieving a successful implementation of sustainable tourism. These factors include, among other things, coordination, awareness, clarity and economic priority. To then determine whether the efforts leading to the development is in a sustainable direction indicators are a useful tool. Sustainable development can be linked to a discussion of responsibility and ethical issues, where some companies and organizations are beginning to work on sustainable tourism only for their own benefit, while others also take into account ethical aspects. For regional tourism organizations will be able to determine at what level they are in their sustainability efforts, they can make use of a hierarchy of four elements, ranging from basic level to advanced level. Organizations can add to this work from a number of steps to reach higher levels in their sustainability efforts. Tillväxtverket and Innovasjon Norge are working with tourism at the national level in Sweden and Norway respectively. These organizations collaborate in turn with regional tourism organizations and companies. Region Dalarna, Swedish Lapland Tourism, Jämtland Härjedalen Turism and Fjord Norge AS are all regional tourism organizations and are at different levels in the previously mentioned hierarchy. Their efforts for sustainable tourism is therefore different to, inter alia, from when the organization was formed, their organizational form and the main tasks in the different organizations. The movement toward sustainable tourism development requires action from stakeholders at all geographical levels and there must be a targeted strategic cooperation between the levels. All parties have different tasks in the journey towards sustainable tourism development and regional tourism organizations serves as an important link between national operators and destination and enterprise level.

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Widhyastuti, Ichsanna Samba Rukmie, and samba widhyastuti@gmail com. "Ethniehubs: A Case Study of Sydney, Australia." Faculty of Architecture, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3957.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Abstract There has been a significant change in Australian consumer behaviour with an increase in time and money spent, in suburban ethnic business districts (named in this study as ethniehubs). But little attention has been paid to the role of ethnically owned stores in generating income within ethniehubs. In fact, there is still a lack of research conducted by architects and planners about the way in which the physical environment of ethnic stores in ethniehubs attract consumers, and the way in which the physical environment affect consumers’ behaviour. Therefore, the study is important in filling the current gap in literature. For this Sydney-based study, two separate ethniehubs are used for data collection - Leichhardt with a strong Italian character, and Cabramatta with identifiably Vietnamese attributes. The goal of this study is to find out how the ethniehubs have developed and how consumers behave in ethniehubs. The present study derived from architecture and planning, also addresses the effect of the physical environment of ethnic stores on consumers behaviour at both store and ethniehub level. The research has several questions to answer. How have Sydney’s ethniehubs developed? How do ethniehubs influence consumer behaviour? More specifically: What attracts consumers to ethniehubs? Who are these consumers? What do they purchase? Does the ethnic background of consumers influence their behaviour in ethniehubs? The data are collected through observation, survey and focus group discussions of consumers at both Leichhardt and Cabramatta. The findings of this research have a number of implications for urban planning, i.e tourism, place branding and place marketing. By understanding the importance of the physical environment of ethnic stores, more considered architectural design and interior decoration will ensure that their most highly valued aspects are reinforced. This study also contributes to the knowledge of urban planning of ethniehub shopping precincts and ethnic stores decorations each of which has important social and economic consequences.

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Chodosh, Jonah. "Take Me Out of the Ball Game: The Efficacy of Public Subsidies in the Success of Professional Sports Stadiums." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/267.

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This paper weights the relative advantages of multiple factors that lead to the success of professional sports stadiums in major markets, though a discussion of the arguments for and against public subsidies towards these projects. Using a logit statistical model, the paper determines that the two factors determining the highest likelihood of venue success include multiple tenants and access to mass transit. The analysis demonstrates that public subsidies towards stadiums don’t generate sufficient economic returns, and that successful stadiums can be created without using taxpayer funds.

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Zietsman, Dalien. "The relevance of ethical value perceptions and supply chain information to international tourists considering purchasing exotic leather products." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65957.

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With this study the researcher investigated the sustainable luxury value perceptions, supply chain information needs, and purchasing intent of American and Chinese tourists for South African manufactured luxury exotic leather products. Online survey data was collected from 1 043 individuals from American (518) and Chinese (525) decent. A non-probability convenient sample method was followed for data collection purposes. A self-administered questionnaire based on the works of Hennigs, Wiedmann, Klarmann and Behrens (2013c) and Cervellon and Shammas (2013) was used to test individuals’ sustainable luxury value perceptions. A self-developed scale tested the need for supply chain information. Purchasing intent was determined based on the research of Spears and Singh (2004). Data analysis consisted of descriptive and inferential statistics with correlation coefficient determination between constructs. The findings confirmed the “sustainable excellence” perception conceptualised by Hennigs et al. (2013c). It was furthermore found that only slight differences existed between American and Chinese consumers sustainable luxury value perceptions. Furthermore, it was found that American and Chinese consumers had a strong need for supply chain information relating to luxury exotic leather products, with a clear distinction existing between their operational and originality supply chain information needs. The findings showed that consumers from both nationalities had a high intention to purchase luxury exotic leather products when visiting South Africa. In addition, significant correlations were found between American and Chinese consumers’ sustainable luxury value perceptions, their supply chain information needs, and purchasing intent. Various exotic leather industry stakeholders, such as crocodile and ostrich farmers, tanneries, product designers, manufacturers, retailers, and marketers, can benefit from the findings of this study, to position their products competitively.
Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Consumer Science
MConsumer Science
Unrestricted

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Bakštonas, Andrius. "Etninės kultūros elementų atsispindėjimas kaimo turizme." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090630_095057-35234.

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Darbą atliko VPU Socialinių mokslų fakulteto Sociologijos ir politologijos katedros Politinės sociologijos magistrantūros neakivaizdinio sk. studentas Andrius Bakštonas. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti etninės kultūros vaidmenį plėtojant kaimo turizmą. Darbe buvo iškeltos šios hipotezės: 1. Lietuvos turizmo struktūra, respondentų manymu, tinkama etninės kultūros išsaugojimui, o kaimo turizmas yra vertinamas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių būdų, padedančių išsaugoti etninę kultūrą. 2. Pagrindiniai etninės kultūros elementai, skatinantys pasirinkti kaimo turizmą, yra gamta (miškas, vandens telkinys), nutolusi civilizacija. 3. Trys socialinės respondentų grupės (kaimo sodybų savininkai, poilsiautojai ir kaimo bendruomenės gyventojai) skirtingai vertina etninės kultūros elementų (architektūrinis paveldas, maisto paveldas, kultūrinis paveldas) pritaikomumą plėtojant kaimo turizmą. Kiekybinio tyrimo metu apklausta 110 respondentų, tyrimas atliktas Vilniaus regione. Tyrimo analizė atlikta atsižvelgiant į bendrus respondentų atsakymus bei į atsakymus pagal respondentų grupes (respondentai suskirstyti atsižvelgiant į jų socialinę padėtį į tris grupes: kaimo turizmo sodybų savininkus, turistus bei kaimo bendruomenės narius). Atlikus tyrimo duomenų analizę paaiškėjo, kad hipotezės: 1. Lietuvos turizmo struktūra, respondentų manymu, tinkama etninės kultūros išsaugojimui, o kaimo turizmas yra vertinamas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių būdų, padedančių išsaugoti etninę kultūrą, pasitvirtina; 2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The work was made by Andrius Bakštonas, Political sociology master‘s degree extramural student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The purpose of investigation was to research the role of ethnical culture to the development of country tourism. These hypotheses were hypothesized in the work: 1. According to respondents’ opinion, the structure of Lithuania‘s tourism is suitable for upholding of the ethnical culture and the country tourism is appreciable as one of the basic ways that helps to uphold the ethnical culture. 2. The main elements of ethnical culture, that motivates to choose the country tourism are nature (the forest, the water body), the distant civilization. 3. Three social groups of respondents’ (the owners of the country granges, holidaymakers and country folks) appreciate the adaptability of ethnical culture elements (architectural heritage, nutrition heritage, cultural heritage) in developing of country tourism differently. There were 110 respondents questioned during the investigation that was performed in region of Vilnius. The analysis of the investigation was made depending on common respondents’ answers and on answers of different respondents’ groups (respondents were marshaled depending on their social status to three groups: the owners of the country granges, holidaymakers and country folks). There was made the analysis of the results of investigation information and it emerged that hypotheses: 1. According to... [to full text]

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Linares, Trinidad. "Dis-Orienting Interactions: Agatha Christie, Imperial Tourists, and the Other." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1522953353192611.

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Veissière, Samuel P. L. "Hookers, hustlers and gringos in global Brazil : the transnational political economy and cultural politics of violence, desire and suffering in the streets of Salvador da Bahia ; also including, The ghosts of empire, an ethnographic novel." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103305.

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This doctoral dissertation is an experimental ethnographic investigation of the political consciousness and radical modes of livelihoods of marginalized "street" populations in a postconial Latin-American city, and of their connections with the transnational flows of capital, goods, peoples, and symbols of Global Capitalism.
Beginning in the streets of Salvador da Bahia in this place I call "Global Brazil", this inquiry presents a focal lens through which to examine how the structural and cultural forces of Late-Capitalism (Jameson, 1994) in a globalized world and the legacy of colonialism play out at the level of local and transnational actors' lived experiences (that is, for example, how these forces define, 'value', shape, hurt, confine, and displace bodies; but also how bodies dodge these forces, use these forces, reinvent themselves, or strategically perform their colonizer/colonized identities in a search for agency) and focuses, among other salient aspects, on the connections, dependencies, exploitation, violence, and desire between "street children", subaltern women, transnational prostitutes, (sex)tourists, sexpatriates (Seabrook, 1996) and other foreign men and women constructed as "gringo/as" in the context of Global Brazil.
Written as a collage between contemporary social, cultural, and political theory and an experimental ethnographic novel (Hecht, 2006), this project explores, or at best poses certain questions about contemporary forms of domination, survival, and resistance while hoping to shed light on undertheorized aspects of our globalized late-capitalist era by investigating the perspectives of local social actors on the structural, cultural and transnational forces in which their radical livelihoods are embedded.
Finally, as a work of political pedagogy, this investigation is also fundamentally preoccupied with the role of grassroots politics, research, ethnography, and global social actors---such as the author and other 'academics'--- who occupy positions of social, economic, political, and symbolic power, in collaborating with other segments of civil societies to work toward equitable alternatives to contemporary social suffering.
Intertwined with the many faces, voices and stories of this ethnography, thus, readers will encounter the voice, eyes, body, experience, reflections, interrogations, doubts, pains, fears, desire, violence, hopes, defeats, desperations, and resistance of the author, who, as an individual 'articulated' (Nelson, 1999) as white, male, gringo, intellectual, transcultural, geopolitically mobile, ethnographer, and flaneur in the context of this story, constitutes a character deeply implicated in the global flows and forces that are the object of this study.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tourism ethics'

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