Journal articles on the topic 'Tourism Environmental aspects Cook Islands'

International visitor surveys (IVS) are traditionally designed to provide destinations with marketing data and intelligence. The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute has been developing new approaches to IVS implementation and data collection in the Pacific Islands that can provide a much richer source of information [1]. The research outlined here is the first to utilise an IVS to explore the positioning of cuisine in the culinary identity of a destination – specifically, the cuisine of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands is known primarily for its sun, sea and sand features, rather than its culinary attributes. Drawing on data mining of the Cook Islands IVS (2012–2016) and a web audit of destination websites and menus, this paper considers the positioning of food and food-related activities within the Pacific nation’s tourism experience. National tourism organisations are increasingly seeking competitive advantage by utilising their local cuisines as tourist attractions. Research suggests that distinctive local cuisines can act as both a tourism attraction, and as a means of shaping the identity of a destination [2, 3]. In addition to providing an important source of marketable images, local cuisine can also provide a unique experience for tourists. This reinforces the competitiveness and sustainability of the destination [2]. The cuisine of the Cook Islands has come up repeatedly in recommendations for how the country can grow its tourism revenue. Recommendations have been made to improve the food product on offer, develop a distinctive Cook Islands cuisine based on fresh, local produce, and to promote a Cook Islands cuisine experience [4, 5], and to use these to market the Cook Islands as a destination for local food tourism experiences [4]. Despite these recommendations, Cook Island cuisine features less prominently than stereotypical sun, sea, and sand marketing images, and little is known about tourists’ perceptions of and satisfaction with food and food-related activities [6]. Our research addresses this gap by mining IVS data to gain a deeper understanding of tourists’ experiences and perceptions of food in the Cook Islands and assessing whether local food can be positioned as means of creating a unique destination identity. Two methods were used to develop a picture of where food sits in the Cook Islands tourist experience: one focussed on tourist feedback; and the other focused on how food is portrayed in relevant online media. Analysis of all food-related data collected as part of the national IVS between 1 April 2012 and 30 June 2016 was conducted (N = 10,950). A web audit also focused on how food is positioned as part of the Cook Islands tourism product. After identifying the quantitative food-related questions in the IVS, satisfaction with these activities was analysed. Qualitative comments related to food experiences were also examined. The results suggest that participation in food-related activities is generally a positive feature of the visitor experience. The web-audit revealed, however, that food is not a salient feature in the majority of Cook Islands-related websites, and when food did feature, it tended to be oriented towards international cuisine with a ‘touch of the Pacific’ rather than specifically Cook Islands cuisine. This reinforced findings from the IVS data mining that Cook Islands food is presented as a generic tropical ‘seafood and fruit’ cuisine that, largely, lacks the defining and differentiating features of authentic Cook Island cuisine. High participation rates in food-related activities and overall positive evaluations by visitors emerged from the IVS data, yet a dearth of images and information on the country’s food suggests that the Cook Islands is not exploiting its cuisine and food experiences to their full potential. As a direct result of this secondary analysis of IVS data, which highlighted the importance of and potential for food-related activities, the Cook Islands Government is now actively addressing this gap by developing a range of food-related resources and information that can better link tourism to local cuisine. In addition to developing a greater presence of local food in online resources, the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation has also taken on board the messages from the IVS to drive the development of Takurua [7] – an initiative to develop and document local, traditional cuisine and share it with the world. This approach is part of a broader ongoing effort to differentiate the Cook Islands from other South Pacific destinations through its unique cultural attributes. Data mining and secondary analysis of IVS data has not been restricted to the identification of food-related opportunities. Secondary analysis of IVS data in the Pacific has also been used to investigate the impact of other niche markets such as events [8] and to gauge the impact of environmental incidents, for example Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu [9] and algal bloom in the Cook Islands [10], thus reinforcing that IVS data are a rich source of information and are indeed more than just numbers. Corresponding author Tracy Berno can be contacted at tracy.berno@aut.ac.nz References (1) New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (NZTRI). Cook Islands Resources and Outputs; NZTRI: Auckland. http://www.nztri.org.nz/cook-islands-resources (accessed Jun 10, 2019). (2) Lin, Y.; Pearson, T.; Cai, L. Food as a Form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2011, 11, 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22 (3) Okumus, F.; Kock, G.; Scantlebury, M. M.; Okumus, B. Using Local Cuisines when Promoting Small Caribbean Island Destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2013, 30 (4), 410–429. (4) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Linking Farmers to Markets: Realizing Opportunities for Locally Produced Food on Domestic and Tourist Markets in Cook Islands. FAO Sub-regional Office of the Pacific Islands: Apia, Samoa, 2014. (5) United Nations. “Navigating Stormy Seas through Changing winds”: Developing an Economy whilst Preserving a National Identity and the Modern Challenges of a Small Island Developing State. The Cook Islands National Report for the 2014 Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) Conference and post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1074217Cook%20Is%20_%20Final%20NATIONAL%20SIDS%20Report.pdf (accessed Jun 10, 2019). (6) Boyera, S. Tourism-led Agribusiness in the South Pacific Countries; Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (CTA): Brussels, 2016. (7) Cook Islands Tourism Corporation (CITC). Takurua: Food and Feasts of the Cook Islands; CITC: Avarua, Cook Islands, 2018. (8) Thorburn, E.; Milne, S.; Histen, S.; Sun, M.; Jonkers, I. Do Events Attract Higher Yield, Culturally Immersive Visitors to the Cook Islands? In CAUTHE 2016: The Changing Landscape of Tourism and Hospitality: The Impact of Emerging Markets and Emerging Destinations; Scerri, M., Ker Hui, L., Eds.; Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School: Sydney, 2016; pp 1065–1073. (9) Sun, M.; Milne, S. The Impact of Cyclones on Tourist Demand: Pam and Vanuatu. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field for Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds.; Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 731–734. (10) Thorburn, E.; Krause, C.; Milne, S. The Impacts of Algal Blooms on Visitor Experience: Muri Lagoon, Cook Islands. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field For Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds., Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 582–587.

Background Arthropod-borne diseases pose a significant and increasing risk to global health. Given its rapid dissemination, causing large-scale outbreaks with severe human infections and economic loss, the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the most important arboviruses worldwide. Despite its significance, the real global impact of CHIKV remains underestimated as outbreak data are often incomplete and based solely on syndromic surveillance. During 2011–2016, the South Pacific Region was severely affected by several CHIKV-epidemics, yet the area is still underrepresented in arboviral research. Methods 465 outpatient serum samples collected between 08/2016 and 04/2017 on three islands of the island states Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo) and the Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Aitutaki) were tested for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assays. Results A total of 30% (Cook Islands) and 8% (Vanuatu) of specimens were found positive for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies with major variations in national and intranational immunity levels. Seroprevalence throughout all age groups was relatively constant. Four potential outbreak-protective factors were identified by comparing the different study settings: presence of Ae. albopictus (in absence of ECSA E1-A226V-mutation CHIKV), as well as low levels of human population densities, residents’ travel activity and tourism. Conclusion This is the first seroprevalence study focussing on an arboviral disease in the Cook Islands and Vanuatu. It highlights the impact of the 2014/2015 CHIKV epidemic on the Cook Islands population and shows that a notable part of the Vanuatu test population was exposed to CHIKV although no outbreaks were reported. Our findings supplement the knowledge concerning CHIKV epidemics in the South Pacific Region and contribute to a better understanding of virus dissemination, including outbreak modifying factors. This study may support preventive and rapid response measures in affected areas, travel-related risk assessment and infection identification in returning travellers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Aachen: 051/16_09/05/2016 Cook Islands Ref.: #16-16 Vanuatu Ref.: MOH/DG 10/1/1-GKT/lr.

This study aims to determine the suistability and carrying capacity of marine tourism in Mangkian island of the Anambas Islands Marine Tourism Park. The survey was conducted in Mangkian Island, Batu Belah Village, East Siantan District, July to September 2017. Environmental parameters of coral cover (life form), and some aquatic biota strongly support marine tourism activities in this area. The results showed that The level of suitability of maritime tourism is at IKW value for coastal tourism category is very suitable, category diving tour accordingly, and snorkeling tour category according to conditional. The carrying capacity of the area in every tourism activity that is beach tourism 101 people / day, dive tourism 123 people / day and snorkeling tourism is recommended need rehabilitation first. Public perceptions on the management and development of marine tourism, especially in the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of local communities.

Geographically, the Untung Jawa island is located at the Seribu Islands region, a maritime tourism spot at the<br />north of Jakarta. The development of new infrastructures in the island would benefit to not only for tourism,<br />but also the activities environmental sustainability in the area. A sustainable tourism development must touch<br />three important aspects: First, economic, social and environment which are inter-related to each other. If not<br />carried out in a balanced way, then it could possibly damage the infrastructures around the tourism area, such<br />as breakwaters, piers and the whole environment. In conclusion, it is important to map the characteristics of<br />the infrastructure damage around the Untung Jawa Island, as well as the urgency to update the information<br />about the ecology of the islands without forgetting the government’s role to develop the island by considering<br />the characteristics of the infrastructure, local and ecological potential. <br /> <br /><br />

Cimei Island is a second-class outlying island. In recent years, due to the lack of coastal fishery resources and restrictions on traffic and climate, the traditional fishery and tourism industries that residents rely on for a living have faced challenges. This research is based on the Barbados Programme of Action, from the perspective of environmental conservation, industrial economy, and social development in sustainable development, and from the perspective of local stakeholders, to construct a sustainable tourism action approach and development mechanism in Cimei Island. A qualitative research method was adopted. Various sources of data, including focus discussions and in-depth interviews with local stakeholders, textual materials, and field observations, were collected and analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) Cimei faces great threats in social, economic, and environmental aspects, which has led to Cimei Islands’ promotion of permanent development. (2) The current development of Cimei cannot effectively drive industrial development or the transformation of fishing villages. However, residents are worried that overdevelopment will impact the ecological environment and lifestyle on the Islands. (3) Cimei’s sustainable tourism development approach should be to first take inventory of the ecological environment and cultural resources, plan related environmental laws and regulations, and finally, use sustainable tourism to drive industrial development to carry out island development.

Air transport infrastructure development is crucial for economic and social growth. Regional airports connecting remote, tourist destinations such as islands provide important services and boost global and local commerce networks. Airport authorities intend to maximize expansion while limiting environmental impacts. Regional airports may achieve efficient environmental management by applying sustainable practices and developing long-term strategies. The purpose of this paper is the development of an in-depth comparison and assessment of the environmental sustainability performance of a number of regional airports in terms of the environmental impacts that are caused by their operations and their demand patterns. The evaluation methodology is based on the identification of evidence about the incorporation of key environmental management performance aspects in the environmental reports of the top five regional tourist airports in the Mediterranean islands. The most important finding was that airports, despite requiring an efficient and forward-thinking environmental management plan in order to address the environmental impact that they have, do not prioritize their environmental performance management issues. The conventional wisdom is to provide a framework for evaluating tourist airports’ performance toward environmental mitigation efforts, promote best practices, and benchmark sustainability for regions heavily dependent on tourism.

Since the mid-20th century, tourism has become a strategic activity for the economy of the Balearic Islands, causing profound social, territorial, and environmental transformations. This fact challenges local society, which must be aware of its environment to better face the future challenges posed by this economic activity. With this goal, the official curriculum has been analyzed, making it possible to ascertain the approach with which this subject is taught by the administration and what objectives are set. Furthermore, a review was carried out of the contents of geography textbooks in the third year of ESO and the second year of the Baccalaureate, which corresponds to the educational stages in which tourism aspects appear. The results obtained represent a fundamental strategic diagnosis to improve the teaching and learning of this key activity for the Balearic Islands, giving it more importance and adapting its approach to the current times.

The COVID-19 pandemic has ravaged the global tourism industry, leaving millions of people unemployed without certainty when tourism bounces back. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are amongst the worst hit by the novel coronavirus. The unprecedented crisis has severely aggravated the SIDS economic growth due to relying on foreign tourists heavily. In the absence of international tourism, small island residents have been grappling with alternative income sources. Despite its notorious impacts, many scholars look at this global pandemic as a discernible opportunity to reverse mass tourism in the SIDS. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate on the current condition of small islands communities amid COVID-19, their coping strategies, and their reflection of the future tourism industry in the SIDS. Furthermore, this paper also aims to discuss a prevailing policy to contain health emergency and economic collapse in the SIDS. Based on the critical literature review, many SIDS were already faced complex predicaments before the pandemic, such as high vulnerability to the climate crisis, lack of natural resources, extreme poverty, and reliance on external debts. International support is crucial to avoid the worst-case scenario for SIDS, including those which depend on the tourism industry. As a part of the recovery phase, this paper underscores the urgency of a more sustainable tourism practice for future development in the SIDS. That comprises strategic issues ranging from environmental-based tourism with a focus on socio-cultural aspects, and economic diversification to small island community resilience.

Community-Based Tourism is seen for having a huge impact on rural communities in the Philippines and many countries. It is generally known for its pro-poor implications that deliver socio-cultural, ecological, and economic benefits to steer a community if directed with strong policies. CBT has a great potential on elevating the said aspects of a locality for community development. Hence, the proponent attempted to comprehensively determine the perceptions of key actors in CBT with quantitative approaches to shed light on its costs and benefits in the communities of Romblon Province in the Philippines. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized as the main research design to impute relationships on latent variables. In the second and final phase of the research project, the proponents will develop a holistic strategy for a provincial CBT model through a thorough review and analysis of public policies in the past 10 years. Data Mining on LGUs and Communities through SEM (survey method), Econometrics (LGU Data Analytics), and Key-Informant Interviews (face-to-face interview) will be the main approaches of the study.

Abstract Komodo National Park is one of the favorite destinations for both domestic and international marine tourism. Marine tourism activities have caused environmental changes and impact on fisheries and marine resources. Macroalgae were also affected by the environmental changes, so management of macroalgae was required. Ecological data of macroalgae can be used as baseline data for coastal area management. The study aimed to determine the life form, species composition, spatial distribution, and ecological aspects of macroalgae assemblages in Komodo National Park waters. The study was conducted in September 2013, in eight locations, namely Setuga, Komodo Karang Makasar, Padar Kecil, Padar, Papagarang, Mangaitan, and Muntia island. Macroalgae samples were collected by the quadratic transect method. The data analyzed were Sorensen’s similarities. A total of 42 species of macroalgae were recorded, consisting of three Phylum: Chlorophyta (19 species), Ochrophyta (8 species), and Rhodophyta (15 species). Epilithic was the dominant life form of macroalgae. In general, macroalgae can be stably attached to hard substrates. The highest macroalgae diversity was found on Mangaitan Island (22 species). Halimeda and Amphiroa were macroalgae that can be found in almost all locations. Setuga Island had similar macroalgae with both Mangaitan and Muntia islands. The differences in the number of macroalgae species were influenced by environmental pressure, topography, and substrate profile. Management of macroalgae resources was needed to maintain the sustainability of the macroalgae ecosystem.

Abstract The expected growth of the global economy and the projected rise in world population call for a greatly increased supply of materials critical for implementing clean technologies, such as rare earth elements (REEs) and other rare metals. Because the demand for critical metals is increasing and land-based mineral deposits are being depleted, seafloor resources are seen as the next frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. Marine mineral deposits with a great resource potential for transition, rare, and critical metals include mainly deep-sea mineral deposits, such as polymetallic sulfides, polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, phosphorites, and rare earth element-rich muds. Major areas with economic interest for seabed mineral exploration and mining are the following: nodules in the Penrhyn Basin-Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Clarion–Clipperton nodule Zone, Peru Basin nodules, and the Central Indian Ocean Basin; seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the exclusive economic zones of Papua New Guinea, Japan, and New Zealand as well as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the three Indian Ocean spreading ridges; cobalt-rich crusts in the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and the Canary Islands Seamounts and the Rio Grande Rise in the Atlantic Ocean; and the rare earth element-rich deep-sea muds around Minamitorishima Island in the equatorial North Pacific. In addition, zones for marine phosphorites exploration are located in Chatham Rise, offshore Baja California, and on the shelf off Namibia. Moreover, shallow-water resources, like placer deposits, represent another marine source for many critical minerals, metals, and gems. The main concerns of deep-sea mining are related to its environmental impacts. Ecological impacts of rare earth element mining on deep-sea ecosystems are still poorly evaluated. Furthermore, marine mining may cause conflicts with various stakeholders such as fisheries, communications cable owners, offshore wind farms, and tourism. The global ocean is an immense source of food, energy, raw materials, clean water, and ecosystem services and suffers seriously by multiple stressors from anthropogenic sources. The development of a blue economy strategy needs a better knowledge of the environmental impacts. By protecting vulnerable areas, applying new technologies for deep-sea mineral exploration and mining, marine spatial planning, and a regulatory framework for minerals extraction, we may achieve sustainable management and use of our oceans.

Pengelolaan pariwisata pesisir telah banyak diteliti namun penelitian ini menekankan pada pengembangan potensi pariwisata pesisir desa bentung yang belum dikelola. Diperlukan dukungan dukungan pemerintahan dan pihak terkait dalam pengembangan pariwisata pesisir. Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe yang merupakan kabupaten bahari memiliki Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata dalam PERDA Kepulauan Sangihe Nomor 15 Tahun 2008 yaitu kawasan yang memiliki fungsi utama pariwisata atau memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan pariwisata yang mempunyai pengaruh penting dalam satu atau lebih aspek seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, pemberdayaan sumber daya alam, daya dukung lingkungan hidup, serta pertahanan dan keamanan Desa Bentung mempuyai atraksi wisata Mairokang Beach Game (MBG) yang diselenggarakan setiap tahun. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengembangan atraksi wisata pesisir di Desa Bentung dengan bentuk diversifikasi produk-produk wisata yang masih banyak selain lomba MBG. Potensi sumber daya pesisir di Desa Bentung seperti terumbu karang, Hutan Mangrove yang memiliki luas 2,82 Ha, keadaan hutan mangrove tergolong dalam kondisi tidak rusak. Potensi pariwisata pantai Desa Bentung memiliki tiga kawasan pantai yang memiliki pasir yang berbeda yaitu Pantai Bulo, Pantai Nagha, Pantai Mairokang Bentung. MBG melaksanakan kegiatan – kegiatan yang bernuansa budaya Sangihe dan menjadi daya tarik wisata Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, lomba ini merupakan lomba balap perahu. Management of coastal tourism has been extensively researched but this research emphasizes the development of coastal tourism potentials in Bentung Villages. Government and stakeholder support in is required in coastal tourism development. The regency of Kepulauan Sangihe which is a maritime regency has a Tourism Strategic Area in Sangihe Islands Local Regulation No. 15 Year 2008 which tell that a region that has a major function of tourism or has potential for tourism development that has an important influence in one or more aspects such as economic, social and cultural growth, natural resources empowerment, environmental carrying capacity, defense and security. Bentung Village a tourist attraction such as Mairokang Beach Game (MBG) that held annually. This study focuses on the development of coastal tourism attractions in the village of Bentung with a diversified form of tourism products that are still many other than the MBG competition. The potential of coastal resources in Bentung Village such as coral reefs, Mangrove Forest has an area of 2.82 Ha and classified as undamaged. Bentung Beach tourism has three areas that have different sand such as Bulo Beach, Nagha Beach and Mairokang Beach. MBG carries out cultural activities of Sangihe and becomes a tourist attraction of Kepulauan Sangihe Regency, This attraction is a boat racing competition.

ENGLISHPopulation growth, tourism activities and fast development in the Karimunjawa Islands have created adverse impact on the quality of the coastal and marine environment. Coastal and marine areas are very vulnerable to environmental changes, so it requires proper management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development plan for coastal and marine areas in the Karimunjawa Islands, Jepara Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach while secondary data are collected from books, journal articles, regulations, and relevant online news. Obtained data is analyzed qualitatively using an interactive model. The results show that the management or utilization of resources in the Karimunjawa Islands still encounters a number of crucial problems. The development of coastal and marine areas in the Karimunjawa Islands must comply with the regulations as well as consider ecological, economic, and social aspects as a basic of sustainable development concept. Since various activities carried out by the local community or tourists also give negative impact on the environment, related action plans need to be formulated and executed well by stakeholders. INDONESIAPertumbuhan penduduk, aktivitas pariwisata, dan pengembangan pembangunan di Kepulauan Karimunjawa menimbulkan ancaman yang membahayakan kualitas lingkungan pesisir dan laut. Hal itu dikarenakan kawasan pesisir dan laut sangat rentan terhadap perubahan lingkungan sehingga diperlukan pengelolaan sumber daya secara tepat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perencanaan pengembangan kawasan pesisir dan laut di Kepulauan Karimunjawa, Kabupaten Jepara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari buku, artikel jurnal, peraturan perundang-undangan, berita online yang relevan dengan masalah penelitian. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan model interaktif. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan atau pemanfaatan sumber daya di Kepulauan Karimunjawa masih ditemukannya sejumlah permasalahan yang krusial. Pengembangan kawasan pesisir dan laut di Kepulauan Karimunjawa harus berpedoman pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku sekaligus memperhatikan aspek pembangunan secara berkelanjutan dalam rangka mencapai tujuan ekologi, ekonomi, dan sosial. Perlu dilakukan upaya untuk meminimalkan terjadinya dampak negatif dari berbagai aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh penduduk lokal ataupun wisatawan.

The change in emphasis of linguistic investigations towards anthropocentrism directs researchers to reveal creative mechanisms of verbalization expertise in modern scientific paradigm. Lexical means of expression take a special place in professional communication and have the ability to represent elements of professional knowledge peculiarly. Appeals to the functionalities of the stylistic tropes and figures are motivated in our article primarily by their wide use for pragmatic purpose specialist’ implementation. The purpose and objectives. The functionalities of lexical means of expression are considered; the role and place in professional tourism communication are defined; how employees of tourism industry form the tourists’ attitude to certain phenomena of reality are found out in the article. Experts of tourism enterprises should affect not only the sense of potential tourists, but also their imagination providing communicative comfort. For this purpose managers operate on a whole case of lexical expression means – stylistic tropes and figures that are part of elements in the contact creation. It is well known fact that their application is always promoted to colorful creation of different aspects phenomena in the language. In professional speech tourism communication we observe tropes’ usage as a leverage the recipient to create vivid images with a high degree of suggestibility in his mind. Experts in tourism industry use quite colorful composition vocabulary which “under power of romantic profession” is supersaturated with multiple comparisons: everything is as a legend, as a work of art in Vienna; Bulgaria, like endless field dotted with colorful flower and green parks. Metaphor in professional tourism lexicon often becomes a means of emotional impact on the recipient and involves a surreal space where you can see the necklace of islands of the Indian Ocean, dip in the whirlpool of sea impressions, sunbathe in the sun bathed beach. If the metaphor is understood as the transfer by the name similarity, metonymy is regarded as transfer based on adjacency of objects and phenomena. In the tourism sector metonymy promotes accumulation оf linguistic means for clearer and concise structure in providing information such as: Cherkasy region offers opportunities for unique, interesting and cognitive rest; Ukraine entered the top 10 countries by number of tourists in Turkey. Epithet function is to provide a positive asessment of tourist facilities, emphasizing its importance: a fantastic atmosphere, a picturesque peninsula, a luxurious excursion program, a perfect hotel infrastructure. A tourism manager using hyperbole convince potential tourist that he buys all the best. The usage of hyperbole animates the description of tourist sites and at the same time promotes the attitude creation to delivered information. For example, the rating of the most popular countries among tourists Spain ranked the first; for a beach holiday one should go to beautiful Zanzibar. One of the most prominent means of creating an attractive image of tourism services are stable expressions. Such words and phrases are perceived as something unexpected that contrasting with the rest of the text. They promote to strengthening linguistic influence: relax with a royal scale, it is time to see the world, you will have a great opportunity to visit a unique museum of port wine, with this tour operator everything will be in chocolate and others. So lexical means of expressions in professional tourism communication have a significant impact on the recipient’s speech because of his originality and expressiveness. Namely such verbal tools give impetus to the author’ display of his artistic identity, promote the impact on consumers’ high intensity of tourism product by creating certain emotional effect and provide opportunities for manipulation of the audience. All these factors taken together affect the consumer choice of potential tourist ultimately.

Indonesia's sea border areas have various problems besides economic inequality, limited access to infrastructure, and low human resources quality. This condition is very vulnerable to the sea border which acts as a gateway to the sovereignty of the country which has great natural resources potential which has not been developed optimally. Development of marine border area is one of the efforts to carry out sustainable development in managing and utilizing the potential of small islands and the foremost islands by integrating development planning through archipelago ecotourism approaches based on the characteristics of island typology, geology, geomorphology, coastal aquatic ecosystems, and sea, as well as socio-cultural characteristics. The research location is located in Anambas Archipelago Regency, Riau Archipelago Province, which has a vital role in geopolitical, geostrategic, and geo-economic conditions that are in the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Flow (ALKI 1) which is an international shipping lane and transportation. The purpose of this study is; 1) providing a model of developing the sea border area with an archipelago ecotourism approach; 2) inventorying potential information on tourist attraction objects, and 3) compiling directives and recommendations for planning and developing sustainable archipelago ecotourism. The method of this research was carried out by conducting an inventory of potential archipelago ecotourism which was then carried out with spatial analysis through data collection in the field and then processed through the compilation of spatial databases for the development of archipelagic ecotourism-based tourist attraction objects, after which spatial valuations related to projections of developing needs were carried out archipelago ecotourism related to supporting infrastructure needs by taking into account disaster risk aspects and environmental carrying capacity. The results of this study indicate that the archipelago ecotourism approach is a breakthrough in reducing the gap and underdevelopment of sea border areas through accelerating economic growth by managing and utilizing the potential of sustainable natural resources in the sea border area. The formation of new jobs based on the aspect of tourism is accompanied by an increase in the quality of human resources gradually through the opening of information on tourist attraction objects which are then managed by involving local communities.

This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.

Four urban villages in the administrative area of Tuminting District, i.e. Sindulang Satu, Sindulang Dua, Bitung Karangria and Maasing based on North Sulawesi Provincial Regulation Number 1 of 2017 concerning Coastal Zone Zoning Plans and Small Islands (RZWP-3-K) of Prov. North Sulawesi 2017-2037, will be used as a location to establish tourism supporting infrastructures. The purpose of this study is to determine the key factors for the success of the strategy for public facilities zone construction in Manado Bay, by taking into account the environmental, economic and social aspects. The study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviewing techniques to 15 key people selected based on pentahelix. Data analysis employed SWOT and Strategic Analysis and Choice (SAC) to determine the alternative strategy. The results found six priority strategies as follows: (1) synchronizing the regulations for Coastal Zone spatial planning, (2) evaluating the coastal spatial planning regulations with regional development planning documents, (3) conducting socialization for coastal communities, (4) increasing the prosperity through small-scaled fishermen empowerment ( 5) developing 3A (increase, accessibility, and amenity) to support the tourism by increasing tourists’ visit, and (6) Improving the quality of human resources.Key words: RZWP-3-K, Public Facilities Zone, Pentahelix, SWOT. ABSTRAKEmpat kelurahan yang masuk dalam wilayah administrasi Kecamatan Tuminting yaitu: Sindulang Satu, Sindulang Dua, Bitung Karangria, dan Maasing berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Nomor 1 Tahun 2017 tentang Rencana Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil (RZWP-3-K) Prov. Sulut Tahun 2017-2037, akan dimanfaatkan sebagai lokasi pembangunan infrastruktur penunjang pariwisata. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan faktor-faktor kunci keberhasilan sebagai strategi prioritas untuk pembangunan zona fasilitas umum penunjang pariwisata di Teluk Manado, dengan memperhatikan aspek lingkungan, aspek ekonomi dan aspek sosial. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan September 2018 sampai Maret 2019. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara secara mendalam (in depth interview) kepada 15 key persons dipilih berdasarkan pentahelix. Metode analisis data untuk menentukan strategi alternatif dengan menggunakan SWOT dan Strategic Analysis and Choice (SAC). Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada enam strategi prioritas yaitu: (1) melakukan sinkronisasi peraturan perundang-undangan bidang penataan ruang daerah pesisir, (2) melakukan sinkronisasi peraturan penataan ruang daerah pesisir dengan dokumen perencanaan pembangunan daerah, (3) melakukan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat pesisir, (4) meningkatan kesejahteraan melalui pemberdayaan nelayan kecil, (5) meningkatkan 3A (atraksi, aksesibilitas, dan amenitas) sebagai penunjang pariwisata untuk meningkatkan kunjungan wisatawan, (6) peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Kata Kunci: RZWP-3-K, Zona Fasilitas Umum, Pentahelix, SWOT.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi pemanfaatan sumber daya alam laut dan pesisir di Pulau Bebalang Kecamatan Manganitu Selatan Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan data secara langsung melalui wawancara dan observasi di tengah masyarakat Pulau Bebalang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan analisis SWOT dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk pengembangan Pulau Bebalang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data primer di Kantor Kampung Bebalang, serta kuisioner yang dijalankan untuk 40 orang masyarakat Kampung Bebalang. Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam pesisir dan bawah laut di Pulau Bebalang merupakan gabungan aspek lingkungan, sumber daya manusia, serta faktor sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Potensi wilayah pesisir seperti pantai berpasir, serta potensi bawah laut di Pulau Bebalang seperti kekayaan terumbu karang dan lamun, dapat dikembangkan ke berbagai bidang seperti wisata bahari, tour & travel, konservasi, dan lain sebagainya. Namun, perlu juga memperhatikan adanya ancaman. Rekomendasi strategi untuk pengembangan potensi Pulau Bebalang berada pada kuadaran I artinya Progresif. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan potensi Pulau Bebalang dalam kondisi prima dan mantap sehingga dapat berkembang lebih maju. Kondisi ini memungkinkan dalam peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat sambil tetap menjaga kelestarian lingkungan. This study aims to examine the potential utilization of marine and coastal natural resources in Bebalang Island, Manganitu Selatan District, Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province. Data was collected by collecting data directly through interviews and observations in the community of Bebalang Island. The research method used is descriptive qualitative and uses SWOT analysis in making decisions for the development of Bebalang Island. Data were collected by collecting primary data at the Bebalang Village Office, as well as a questionnaire which was run for 40 people from Bebalang Village. The utilization of coastal and underwater natural resources on Bebalang Island is a combination of environmental aspects, human resources, and community socioeconomic factors. The potential of coastal areas such as sandy beaches, as well as the underwater potential of Bebalang Island, such as the richness of coral reefs and seagrass, can be developed into various fields such as marine tourism, tours & travel, conservation, and so on. However, it is also necessary to pay attention to threats. The recommended strategy for developing the potential of Bebalang Island is in the I consciousness, which means Progressive. This shows that the development of Bebalang Island's potential is in a prime and steady condition so that it can develop more advanced. This condition makes it possible to increase people's income while maintaining environmental sustainability.

This paper examines the special characteristics of tourism development on the Adriatic islands, focusing on Hvar Town, the largest town and port on the island of Hvar and its busiest destination. The research was carried out using the method of semi-structured interviews. A total of 30 interviews were conducted with the local residents (mostly employed in the tourism sector) and temporary/seasonal visitors. The intention was to learn about the current state of tourism in the town and look at the possible scenarios for the future development of sustainable tourism, based on its three inter-connected aspects: environmental, economic and socio-cultural. The research also considered the influence of various tourism actors on the development, the possibilities of agritourism, the role and importance of cultural tourism and, finally yet importantly, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the last year's drastically shortened summer season. The results show that mass tourism (and its subset party tourism) have dominated the tourist offer since 2000 onwards, changing the reputation of Hvar as the elite travel destination or the family holiday destination it used to have before.

Purpose Accessibility is critical in tourism planning for protected islands, especially when balancing tourism and conservation interests. This study aims to explore the dimensions of accessibility that impact tourists’ decisions to visit protected islands and encourage tourism. The accessibility dimension is essential in designing sustainable tourism management of protected islands. Design/methodology/approach This study was conceptualized by integrating the concept of accessibility in the context of transport accessibility, accessible tourism, protected areas and protected islands. In a sample of 487 surveys, factor analysis and structural equation model-partial least squares were used to examine the physical and nonphysical accessibility dimensions. Findings The primary objective of this study is to build a conceptual framework for the tourism accessibility of protected islands. This study confirms that accessibility is perceived in three dimensions: destination accessibility, individual accessibility and protected island accessibility. It is also found that all three accessibility dimensions have a significant influence on the decision to visit, with protected island accessibility as the lowering factor. This study demonstrates that, theoretically, tourism accessibility in protected islands should be treated as a convenience and restriction to balance the function of protected areas and tourism. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study can be generalized because the notion of accessibility dimensions is derived from a theoretical investigation of several contexts (transport accessibility, accessible tourism, protected areas and island characteristics) to identify more particular aspects. In addition, the results of the theoretical investigation were tested using quantitative methods with high statistical power (80%). However, saturation has not been reached, because thorough research on tourism accessibility on this protected island is still scarce. Within the same framework, application and duplicate research are required to increase the generalizability of the proposed concept. Therefore, the authors recommend further studies to validate the protected islands’ accessibility concept in a broader context by replicating the study in a more diversified timeline, sample and destination setting. Practical implications This study concludes that all dimensions of accessibility in protected islands must be considered from two perspectives: convenience and constraints. Conveniences can be constructed through tourists’ perceptions of accessibility. Destination accessibility should be designed with a “back to nature” mindset, excluding hedonistic elements. Individual accessibility is achieved by applying high safety, hygiene and health standards as well as environmental ethics standards that are consistent with the natural characteristics of the environment. This balance between constraint and convenience demonstrates that, while tourism accessibility must be made as comfortable as possible for all individuals, there are particular areas whose accessibility must be controlled to preserve them. The convenience of accessibility for universal access should not be allowed to lead to mass tourism that affects the ecosystem in protected areas. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in the finding that the tourism accessibility of protected islands can be divided into three types: destination accessibility, individual accessibility and protected island accessibility. This study also demonstrates the significant influence of accessibility on tourists’ decisions to visit. Accordingly, the protected island accessibility dimension can create a perception of difficult accessibility and lower tourists’ decisions to visit. This study concludes that all elements influencing the perception of tourism accessibility on a protected island must be considered to sustainably manage convenience and restrictions to avoid mass tourism. Therefore, it is recommended that these three dimensions be considered in visitor management programs.

AbstractSangihe Islands Regency which is a maritime district has several Tourism Strategic Areas which have the main function of tourism or have the potential for tourism development and have an important influence in one or more aspects such as economic, social and cultural growth, empowerment of natural resources, environmental carrying capacity, defense and security. Bentung Village in South Tabukan is one of the villages in the Sangihe Islands Regency which has potential in coastal tourism. Mairokang Beach Game (MBG) is a traditional boat race that is one of the potential of coastal tourism in Bentung Village. This research focuses on tourism potential embedded in the attractions of Mairokang Beach Game (MBG). The study was conducted in conjunction with the time of the MBG implementation, on 20 – 26 October 2016. General public of Sangihe has conducted the MBG competition as a regular local cultural activity and has become an attraction for coastal tourism in the Sangihe Islands Regency but comprehensive planning needs to be made that is not only focused on tourists but also to stakeholders, local government and the general public. Therefore, government support in the development of coastal tourism in MBG is very necessary. The inclusion of MBG activities in the Pesona Sangihe tourism calendar is one of the steps taken by the Government of the Sangihe Islands Regency.Keyword : Mairokang Beach Game, Bentung, Coastal Tourism AbstrakKabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe yang merupakan kabupaten bahari memiliki beberapa Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata yang memiliki fungsi utama pariwisata atau memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan pariwisata dan berpengaruh penting dalam satu atau lebih aspek seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, sosial dan budaya, pemberdayaan sumber daya alam, daya dukung lingkungan hidup, pertahanan dan keamanan. Desa Bentung di Kecamatan Tabukan Selatan adalah salah satu desa di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe yang mempunyai potensi dalam pariwisata pesisir. Atraksi wisata Mairokang Beach Game (MBG) merupakan lomba perahu tradisonal yang menjadi salah satu potensi pariwisata pesisir di Desa Bentung. Penelitian ini terfokus pada potensi pariwisata yang tersemat pada atraksi – atraksi yang ada di Mairokang Beach Game (MBG). Penelitian dilakukan bersamaan dengan waktu pelaksanaan MBG yaitu pada tanggal 20 – 26 Oktober 2016. Masyarakat Sangihe telah melakukan lomba MBG sebagai kegiatan - kegiatan budaya lokal yang teratur dan menjadi daya tarik pariwisata pesisir di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe namun perlu dibuat perencanaan menyeluruh yang tidak hanya terfokus pada turis tetapi juga pada stakeholder, pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat umum. Oleh karena itu, dukungan pemerintah dalam pengembangan pariwisata pesisir lomba MBG sangat diperlukan. Pemasukan kegiatan MBG dalam kalender pariwisata Pesona Sangihe merupakan salah satu langkah yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe.Kata Kunci : Mairokang Beach Game, Bentung, Pariswisata Pesisir

The Hotel is business accommodation managed commercially by providing services to customers/guests for their satisfaction, thus expected to be created repeat business. Tabanan has only one five-star hotel, Pan Pacific Nirwana Bali Resort, which is the pride of the community Tabanan. An effort to keep this going concern hotels even win the competition is to provide a good quality service through aspects of assurance. This research aims to (i) acknowledge the influence aspects of assurance of customer satisfaction. (ii) acknowledge the influence of aspect of assurance to the customer's interest to stay back and (iii) acknowledge the influence of customer satisfaction to the customer's interests to stay back . The questionaire that is given to the customers is 200, but there is only 159 questionaries and fullfiled requirement for analysis. The hypothesis was tested by using a statistical technique of structural equation model with AMOS 8 and SPSS 11.5. Models has meet the requirements of SEM (Structural Equation Modelling), with χ2 value of chi square (353,135), the probability of significance (0,087), RMSEA (0.016), CMIN / DF (1.007), TLI (0.987), CFI (0.998), RMR (0.075) and GFI (0.905). The test results showed that: (i) assurance aspect has positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction (regression coefficient 0,4423 and 0.0297 in probability ), (ii) assurance aspect has positive and significant impact on interest to live again (regression coefficient 0.384 on the probability of 0.0289), (iii) customer satisfaction has positive and significant impact on interest to keep coming back again (regression coefficient of 0.2099 at 0.0495 probability). Suggestions that is given for management are : (i)keep maintain marketing strategy,(ii)more attention in assurance aspect to develop service quality construct such as : the english skill of hotel employees,faithful hotel staff , the convenience of customers feel services of hotel staffs , the increase of the officers ; and service and the cook ( chef ) capable of preparing dishes according to your taste in a row has estimated value of the biggest . For next research, hopefully could improve the object research into the hotels in one tourism area or more and improve the variable related to service quality, customer satisfaction and customer’s loyalty, such as trust and marketing mix.

AbstractTourism is one of the world’s largest industries fundamentally arising from mobility as a form of capital. In destination islands that have a delicate ecosystem to maintain, this source of income can become problematic in terms of sustainability. A difficulty in making people aware of this issue is also represented by the fact that such sustainability-related issues (and their causes) are often not “visible” to citizens. To foster awareness about the relationship between sustainability and tourism in well-known destinations, we design a platform that engages users at two levels of participation: i. at the IoT and sensors level, in order to let them becoming providers of big data, deploying and enlarging the pervasive infrastructure; ii. at the (big) data visualization level, with the aim of engaging them in making sense of large volumes of data related to sustainability. This paper presents the design and implementation of a real-world experience where a low-cost collaborative platform made it possible to sense and visualize tourist flows and urban data into a rich interactive map-based visualization, open to the local communities. We deployed our case study in the Madeira archipelago, engaging locals and visitors of the island in two exploratory studies focused on measuring the impact of providing users with meaningful representations of tourism flows and related unperceivable aspects that affect the environmental sustainability. Analysing the findings of the two studies, we discuss the potentiality of using such a system to make sense of big data, fostering awareness about sustainability issues, and we point to future open challenges about citizens’ participation in sensing and making sense of big data.

Image 1: View from Geodha Sgoilt towards the sea stacks, Uig, Isle of Lewis. Image credit: George Jaramillo.IntroductionOver the cliffs of Mangerstadh on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, is a small plot of land called Geodha Sgoilt that overlooks the North Atlantic Ocean (Image 1). On the site is a small dirt gravel road and the remnants of a World War II listening station. Below, sea stacks rise from the waters, orange and green cliff sides stand in defiance to the crashing waves. An older gentleman began to tell me of what he believed could be located here on the site. A place where visitors could learn of the wonders of St Kilda that contained all types of new storytelling technologies to inspire them. He pointed above the ruined buildings, mentioning that a new road for the visitors’ vehicles and coaches would be built. With his explanations, you could almost imagine such a place on these cliffs. Yet, before that new idea could even be built, this gentleman and his group of locals and incomers had to convince themselves and others that this new heritage centre was something desired, necessary and inevitable in the development of the Western Isles.This article explores the developing relationships that come about through design innovation with community organisations. This was done through a partnership between an academic institution and a non-profit heritage community group as part of growing study in how higher education design research can play an active partner in community group development. It argues for the use of design thinking and innovation in improving strategy and organisational processes within non-profit organisations. In this case, it looks at what role it can play in building and enabling organisational confidence in its mission, as well as, building “beyond the museum”. The new approach to this unique relationship casts new light towards working with complexities and strategies rather than trying to resolve issues from the outset of a project. These enabling relationships are divided into three sections of this paper: First it explores the context of the island community group and “building” heritage, followed by a brief history of St Kilda and its current status, and designation as a World Heritage site. Second, it seeks the value of developing strategy and the introduction of the Institute of Design Innovation (INDI). This is followed by a discussion of the six-month relationship and work that was done that elucidates various methods used and ending with its outcomes. The third section reflects upon the impacts at the relationship building between the two groups with some final thoughts on the partnership, where it can lead, and how this can represent new ways of working together within community groups. Building HeritageCurrent community research in Scotland has shown struggles in understanding issues within community capability and development (Barker 11; Cave 20; Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 23) though most focus on the land tenure and energy (McMorran 21) and not heritage groups. The need to maintain “resilient” (Steiner 17) communities has shown that economic resilience is of primary importance for these rural communities. Heritage as economic regenerator has had a long history in the United Kingdom. Some of these like the regeneration of Wirksworth in the Peak District (Gordon 20) have had great economic results with populations growing, as well as, development in the arts and design. These changes, though positive, have also adversely impacted the local community by estranging and forcing lower income townspeople to move away due to higher property values and lack of work. Furthermore, current trends in heritage tourism have managed to turn many rural regions into places of historic consumption (Ronström 7) termed “heritagisation” (Edensor 35). There is thus a need for critical reflection within a variety of heritage organisations with the increase in heritage tourism.In particular, existing island heritage organisations face a variety of issues that they focus too much on the artefactual or are too focused to strive for anything beyond the remit of their particular heritage (Jacuniak-Suda, and Mose 33; Ronström 4). Though many factors including funding, space, volunteerism and community capability affect the way these groups function they have commonalities that include organisational methods, volunteer fatigue, and limited interest from community groups. It is within this context that the communities of the Outer Hebrides. Currently, projects within the Highlands and islands focus on particular “grassroots” development (Cave 26; Robertson 994) searching for innovative ways to attract, maintain, and sustain healthy levels of heritage and development—one such group is Ionad Hiort. Ionad Hiort Ionad Hiort is a community non-profit organisation founded in 2010 to assist in the development of a new type of heritage centre in the community of Uig on the Isle of Lewis (“Proposal-Ionad Hiort”). As stated in their website, the group strives to develop a centre on the history and contemporary views of St Kilda, as well as, encouraging a much-needed year-round economic impetus for the region. The development of the group and the idea of a heritage centre came about through the creation of the St Kilda Opera, a £1.5 million, five-country project held in 2007, led by Scotland’s Gaelic Arts agency, Proiseact nan Ealan (Mckenzie). This opera, inspired by the cliffs, people, and history of St Kilda used creative techniques to unite five countries in a live performance with cliff aerobatics and Gaelic singing to present the island narrative. From this initial interest, a commission from the Western Isles council (2010), developed by suggestions and commentary from earlier reports (Jura Report 2009; Rebanks 2009) encouraged a fiercely contentious competition, which saw Ionad Hiort receive the right to develop a remote-access heritage centre about the St Kilda archipelago (Maclean). In 2013, the group received a plot of land from the local laird for the establishment of the centre (Urquhart) thereby bringing it closer to its goal of a heritage centre, but before moving onto this notion of remote-heritage, a brief history is needed on the archipelago. Image 2: Location map of Mangerstadh on the Isle of Lewis and St Kilda to the west, with inset of Scotland. Image credit: © Crown Copyright and Database Right (2017). Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence).St KildaSt Kilda is an archipelago about 80 kilometres off the coast of the Outer Hebrides in the North Atlantic (Image 2). Over 2000 years of habitation show an entanglement between humans and nature including harsh weather, limited resources, but a tenacity and growth to develop a way of living upon a small section of land in the middle of the Atlantic. St Kilda has maintained a tenuous relationship between the sea, the cliffs and the people who have lived within its territory (Geddes, and Gannon 18). Over a period of three centuries beginning in the eighteenth century an outside influence on the island begin to play a major role, with the loss of a large portion of its small (180) population. This population would later decrease to 100 and finally to 34 in 1930, when it was decided to evacuate the final members of the village in what could best be called a forced eviction.Since the evacuation, the island has maintained an important military presence as a listening station during the Second World War and in its modern form a radar station as part of the Hebridean Artillery (Rocket) Range (Geddes 14). The islands in the last thirty years have seen an increase in tourism with the ownership of the island by the National Trust of Scotland. The UNESCO World Heritage Organisation (UNESCO), who designated St Kilda in 1986 and 2004 as having outstanding universal value, has seen its role evolve from not just protecting (or conserving) world heritage sites, but to strategically understand sustainable tourism of its sites (“St Kilda”). In 2012, UNESCO selected St Kilda as a case study for remote access heritage conservation and interpretation (Hebrides News Today; UNESCO 15). This was partly due to the efforts of 3D laser scanning of the islands by a collaboration between The Glasgow School of Art and Historic Environment Scotland called the Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation (CDDV) in 2009.The idea of a remote access heritage is an important aspect as to what Ionad Hiort could do with creating a centre at their site away from St Kilda. Remote access heritage is useful in allowing for sites and monuments to be conserved and monitored “from afar”. It allows for 3D visualisations of sites and provides new creative engagements with a variety of different places (Remondino, and Rizzi 86), however, Ionad Hiort was not yet at a point to even imagine how to use the remote access technology. They first needed a strategy and direction, as after many years of moving towards recognition of proposing the centre at their site in Uig, they had lost a bit of that initial drive. This is where INDI was asked to assist by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise, the regional development organisation for most of rural Scotland. Building ConfidenceINDI is a research institute at The Glasgow School of Art. It is a distributed, creative collective of researchers, lecturers and students specialising in design innovation, where design innovation means enabling creative capabilities within communities, groups and individuals. Together, they address complex issues through new design practices and bespoke community engagement to co-produce “preferable futures” (Henchley 25). Preferable futures are a type of future casting that seeks to strive not just for the probable or possible future of a place or idea, but for the most preferred and collectively reached option for a society (McAra-McWilliam 9). INDI researches the design processes that are needed to co-create contexts in which people can flourish: at work, in organisations and businesses, as well as, in public services and government. The task of innovation as an interactive process is an example of the design process. Innovation is defined as “a co-creation process within social and technological networks in which actors integrate their resources to create mutual value” (Russo‐Spena, and Mele 528). Therefore, innovation works outside of standard consultancy practices; rather it engenders a sense of mutual co-created practices that strive to resolve particular problems. Examples include the work that has looked at creating cultures of innovation within small and medium-sized enterprises (Lockwood 4) where the design process was used to alter organisational support (Image 3). These enterprises tend to emulate larger firms and corporations and though useful in places where economies of scale are present, smaller business need adaptable, resilient and integrated networks of innovation within their organisational models. In this way, innovation functioned as a catalyst for altering the existing organisational methods. These innovations are thus a useful alternative to existing means of approaching problems and building resilience within any organisation. Therefore, these ideas of innovation could be transferred and play a role in enabling new ways of approaching non-profit organisational structures, particularly those within heritage. Image 3: Design Council Double Diamond model of the design process. Image credit: Lockwood.Developing the WorkIonad Hiort with INDI’s assistance has worked together to develop a heritage centre that tries to towards a new definition of heritage and identity through this island centre. Much of this work has been done through local community investigations revolving around workshops and one-on-one talks where narratives and ideas are held in “negative capability” (McAra-McWilliam 2) to seek many alternatives that would be able to work for the community. The initial aims of the partnership were to assist the Uig community realise the potential of the St Kilda Centre. Primarily, it would assist in enabling the capabilities of two themes. The first would be, strategy, for Ionad Hiort’s existing multi-page mission brief. The second would be storytelling the narrative of St Kilda as a complex and entangled, however, its common views are limited to the ‘fall from grace’ or ‘noble savage’ story (Macdonald 168). Over the course of six months, the relationship involved two workshops and three site visits of varying degrees of interaction. An initial gathering had InDI staff meet members of Ionad Hiort to introduce members to each other. Afterwards, INDI ran two workshops over two months in Uig to understand, reflect and challenge Ionad Hiort’s focus on what the group desired. The first workshop focused on the group’s strategy statement. In a relaxed and facilitated space in the Uig Community Hall, the groups used pens, markers, and self-adhesive notes to engage in an open dialogue about the group’s desires. This session included reflecting on what their heritage centre could look like, as well as what their strategy needed to get there. These resulted in a series of drawings of their ‘preferred’ centre, with some ideas showing a centre sitting over the edge of the cliffs or one that had the centre be an integral component of the community. In discussing that session, one of members of the group recalled:I remember his [one of INDI’s staff] interrogation of the project was actually pretty – initially – fairly brutal, right? The first formal session we had talking about strategy and so on. To the extent that I think it would be fair to say he pissed everybody off, right? So much so that he actually prompted us to come back with some fairly hard hitting ripostes, which, after a moment’s silence he then said, ‘That’s it, you’ve convinced me’, and at that point we kind of realised that that’s what he’d been trying to do; he’d been trying to really push us to go further in our articulation of what we were doing and … why we were doing it in this particular way than we had done before. (Participant A, 2016).The group through this session found out that their strategy could be refined into a short mission statement giving a clear focus as to what they wanted and how they wanted to go about doing it. In the end, drawings, charts, stories (Image 4) were drawn to reflect on what the community had discussed. These artefacts became a key role-player in the following months of the development of the group. Image 4: View of group working through their strategy workshop session. Image credit: Fergus Fullarton-Pegg (2014). The second set of workshops and visits involved informal discussion with individual members of the group and community. This included a visit to St Kilda with members from INDI, Ionad Hiort and the Digital Design Studio, which allowed for everyone to understand the immensity of the project and its significance to World Heritage values. The initial aims thus evolved into understanding the context of self-governance for distributed communities and how to develop the infrastructure of development. As discussed earlier, existing development processes are useful, though limited to only particular types of projects, and as exemplified in the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and Western Isles Council commission, it tends to put communities against each other for limited pots of money. This existing system can be innovated upon by becoming creative liaisons, sharing and co-creating from existing studies to help develop more effective processes for the future of Ionad Hiort and their ‘preferable future’. Building RelationshipsWhat the relationship with GSA has done, as a dialogue with the team of people that have been involved, has been to consolidate and clarify our own thinking and to get us to question our own thinking across several different aspects of the whole project. (Participant A, 2016)As the quote states, the main notion of using design thinking has allowed Ionad Hiort to question their thinking and challenge preconceptions of what a “heritage centre” is, by being a critical sounding board that is different from what is provided by consultants and other stakeholders. Prior to meeting INDI, Ionad Hiort may have been able to reach their goal of a strategy, however, it would have taken a few more years. The work, which involved structured and unstructured workshops, meetings, planning events, and gatherings, gave them a structured focus to move ahead with their prospectus planning and bidding. INDI enabled the compression and focus of their strategy making and mission strategy statement over the course of six months into a one-page statement that gave direction to the group and provided the impetus for the development of the prospectus briefs. Furthermore, INDI contributed a sense of contemporary content to the historic story, as well as, enable the community to see that this centre would not just become another gallery with café. The most important outcome has been an effective measure in building relationships in the Outer Hebrides, which shows the changing roles between academic and third sector partnerships. Two key points can be deemed from these developing relationships: The first has been to build a research infrastructure in and across the region that engages with local communities about working with the GSA, including groups in North Uist, Barra and South Uist. Of note is a comment made by one of the participants saying: “It’s exciting now, there’s a buzz about it and getting you [INDI] involved, adding a dimension—we’ve got people who have got an artistic bent here but I think your enthusiasm, your skills, very much complement what we’ve got here.” (Participant B, 2016). Second, the academic/non-profit partnership has encouraged younger people to work and study in the area through a developing programme of student research activity. This includes placing taught masters students with local community members on the South Uist, as well as, PhD research being done on Stornoway. These two outcomes then have given rise to interest in not only how heritage is re-developed in a community, but also, encourages future interest, by staff and students to continue the debate and fashion further developments in the region (GSAmediacentre). Today, the cliffs of Mangerstadh continue to receive the pounding of waves, the blowing wind and the ever-present rain on its rocky granite surface. The iterative stages of work that the two groups have done showcase the way that simple actions can carve, change and evolve into innovative outcomes. The research outcomes show that through this new approach to working with communities we move beyond the consultant and towards an ability of generating a preferable future for the community. In this way, the work that has been created together showcases a case study for further island community development. We do not know what the future holds for the group, but with continued support and maintaining an open mind to creative opportunities we will see that the community will develop a space that moves “beyond the museum”. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Ionad Hiort and all the residents of Uig on the Isle of Lewis for their assistance and participation in this partnership. For more information on their work please visit http://www.ionadhiort.org/. The author also thanks the Highlands and Islands Enterprise for financial support in the research and development of the project. Finally, the author thanks the two reviewers who provided critical commentary and critiques to improve this paper. ReferencesBarker, Adam. “Capacity Building for Sustainability: Towards Community Development in Coastal Scotland.” Journal of Environmental Management 75.1 (2005): 11-19. 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