Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tourism as a social force'
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Higgins-Desbiolles, B. Freya, and Freya HigginsDesbiolles@unisa edu au. "Another world is possible: Tourism, globalisation and the responsible alternative." Flinders University. School of Political and International Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061218.155946.
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Utilising a critical theoretical perspective, this work examines contemporary corporatised tourism and capitalist globalisation. This analysis suggests that marketisation limits the understanding of the purposes of tourism to its commercial and industrial features, thereby marginalising wider understandings of the social importance of tourism.
Sklairs conceptualisation of capitalist globalisation and its dynamics, as expressed in his sociology of the global system (2002), is employed to understand the corporatised tourism phenomenon. This thesis explains how a corporatised tourism sector has been created by transnational tourism and travel corporations, professionals in the travel and tourism sector, transnational practices such as the liberalisation being imposed through the General Agreement on Trade in Services negotiations and the culture-ideology of consumerism that tourists have adopted. This thesis argues that this reaps profits for industry and exclusive holidays for privileged tourists, but generates social and ecological costs which inspire vigorous challenge and resistance.
This challenge is most clearly evident in the alternative tourism movement which seeks to provide the equity and environmental sustainability undermined by the dynamics of corporatised tourism. Alternative tourism niches with a capacity to foster an eco-humanism are examined by focusing on ecotourism, sustainable tourism, pro-poor tourism, fair trade in tourism, community-based tourism, peace through tourism, volunteer tourism and justice tourism. While each of these demonstrates certain transformative capacities, some prove to be mild reformist efforts and others promise more significant transformative capacity. In particular, the niches of volunteer tourism and justice tourism demonstrate capacities to mount a vigorous challenge to both corporatised tourism and capitalist globalisation. Since the formation of the Global Tourism Interventions Forum (GTIF) at the World Social Forum gathering in Mumbai in 2004, justice tourism has an agenda focused on overturning corporatised tourism and capitalist globalisation, and inaugurating a new alternative globalisation which is both pro-people and sustainable.
Following the development of these original, macro-level conceptualisations of tourism and globalisation, this thesis presents a micro-level case study of an Indigenous Australian tourism enterprise which illustrates some of these dynamics in a local context. Camp Coorong Race Relations and Cultural Education Centre established and run by the Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal community of South Australia has utilised tourism to foster greater equity and sustainability by working towards reconciliation through tourism. The Ngarrindjeri have also experienced conflicts generated from the pressures of inappropriate tourism development which has necessitated an additional strategy of asserting their Indigenous rights in order to secure Ngarrindjeri lifeways.
The case study analysis suggests that for alternative tourism to create the transformations that contemporary circumstances require, significant political change may be necessary. This includes fulfilment of economic, social and cultural rights to which a majority of nations have committed but have to date failed to implement. While this is a challenge for nation-states and is beyond the capacities of tourism alone, tourism nonetheless can be geared toward greater equity and sustainability if the perspective that corporatised tourism is the only option is resisted. This thesis demonstrates that another tourism is possible; one that is geared to public welfare, human fulfilment, solidarity and ecological living.
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Loisy, Marine. "La place des habitants dans le tourisme : ethnographie d’une forme de résistance sur le territoire parisien." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0157.
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Depuis quelques années, certaines destinations européennes font face à l’apparition de mouvements contestataires dénonçant les nuisances liées au tourisme. Progressivement, ce phénomène a, en partie, conduit à une mise en lumière des habitants sur les scènes touristiques. Cette thèse examine le cas de la métropole parisienne, qui figure comme une des destinations phares du tourisme mondial. En mettant en perspective l’analyse de ces évolutions et l’émergence d’un tourisme dit « participatif » dans la capitale et dans les départements de proche banlieue, elle examine les places occupées et les rôles joués par les habitants dans l’échiquier touristique parisien. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique multi-située sur le territoire métropolitain, cette recherche s’appuie, notamment, sur l’observation participante et l’entretien semi-directif auprès d’habitants, de professionnels, et de représentants institutionnels et politiques. L’analyse des stratégies d’adaptation des résidents permanents à la présence touristique révèle, ainsi, des formes de protestation contre certaines nuisances, des signes d’accommodation dans leur quotidien et la proposition d’activités et de services tournés vers une quête d’authenticité. Ainsi, ce travail propose d’analyser les manifestations habitantes en miroir des rejets observés dans d’autres villes, comme à Barcelone ou à Venise, et met en lumière un processus de touristification de l’ordinaire. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse dresse un état des lieux du tourisme sur le territoire parisien, entre une destination perçue comme « éternelle » et la naissance de pratiques de résistance habitante. Elle permet de croiser l’examen des situations de cohabitation conflictuelle vécues par les Parisiens et la dimension des enjeux politiques. Elle s’intéresse aussi aux pratiques de participation des habitants, dont l’investissement repose, en partie, sur des choix individuels et sur les stratégies d’acteurs professionnels. Dans un second temps, l’analyse se penche plus particulièrement sur la balade guidée amateur comme dispositif propice à l’observation des interactions entre le visiteur et le visité. L’hypothèse exposée dans cette recherche consiste à examiner la participation habitante dans sa globalité, et cette pratique de balade en particulier, comme des formes de résistance à un tourisme « classique ». Finalement, relevant d’une anthropologie contemporaine des phénomènes touristiques, cette recherche concentre son attention sur les habitants en tant qu’acteurs engagés dans l’accueil, l’orientation, l’hébergement ou le guidage. Elle se penche ainsi sur les images que les visités façonnent de « l’autre de l’Autre », c’est-à-dire d’eux-mêmesIn recent years, some European destinations have faced the emergence of protest movements denouncing the nuisances associated with tourism. Gradually, this phenomenon has, in part, brought inhabitants to the forefront of the tourist scene. This thesis examines the case of the Parisian metropolis, which is one of the leading destinations of world tourism. By putting into perspective the analysis of these developments and the emergence of so-called “participatory” tourism in the capital and in the inner suburbs, it examines the places occupied and the roles played by the inhabitants in the Parisian tourist scene. Based on a multi-site ethnographic survey of the metropolitan area, this research is based, in particular, on participant observation and semi-directive interviews with residents, professionals, and institutional and political representatives. The analysis of permanent residents’ adaptation strategies to the tourist presence thus reveals forms of protest against certain nuisances, signs of accommodation in their daily lives and the proposal of activities and services geared towards a quest for authenticity. Thus, this work proposes to analyse the inhabiting manifestations as a mirror of the rejections observed in other cities, such as Barcelona or Venice, and highlights the process of touristification of ordinary places. First, this thesis presents an overview of tourism in Paris, between a destination perceived as “eternal” and the emergence of inhabitant resistance practices. This allows for a cross-examination of conflictual cohabitation situations experienced by Parisians with the dimension of political issues. It also looks at the participation practices of residents, whose investment is based, in part, on individual choices and the strategies of professional actors. In a second step, the analysis focuses more particularly on the amateur guided tour as a device conducive to the observation of interactions between the visitor and the visited. The hypothesis presented in this research consists of an examination of inhabitant participation as a whole, and this practice of walking in particular, as forms of resistance to “classic” tourism. Finally, as part of a contemporary anthropology of tourism phenomena, this research focuses its attention on the inhabitants as actors involved in reception, orientation, accommodation or guidance. In this way, it looks at the images that the visitors form of the “other of the Other”, that is, of themselves
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McGehee, Nancy G. "Alternative Tourism: A Social Movement Perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28122.
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This study develops and tests a theoretical model drawing on social psychological and
resource-mobilization perspectives of social movement theory to explain changes in social movement participation and support for activism among Earthwatch Expedition volunteers. The social psychological perspective of social movements recognizes the role of self-efficacy and consciousness-raising for the participation in and success of social movement organizations. The resource mobilization perspective of social movements stresses rationality and the importance of funding and networks for the success of social movement organizations. Utilizing these two theoretical perspectives as my foundation, I hypothesize that participation in an Earthwatch Expedition increases volunteers' participation in social movement organizations in ways such as making monetary donations, voting with the organization's platform in mind, or attending rallies and marches. I also hypothesize that volunteers will increase their support for others who participate in these same types of activities. Earthwatch Expeditions are a form of alternative tourism in which volunteers participate in any of 126 different types of 10-14 day research-oriented expeditions that may include evaluating the health of a coral reef, studying maternal health among west African women, assessing the killer whale population off the coast of Puget Sound, or recording oral history in Dominica.
I conducted pre- and post-trip surveys in June and July of 1998, resulting in 363 completed surveys. I analyzed data using multiple regression to discover relationships between pre-trip and post-trip measures of social movement participation, activism support, networks, self-efficacy, and consciousness-raising. In other words, I explored ways in which an alternative tourism experience like Earthwatch can change a person's ideas about their own social movement participation, the social movement activities of others, their perceived ability to overcome obstacles in order to implement social change, and their awareness of social issues. Results suggest that participation in an Earthwatch Expedition has a positive effect on volunteers' social movement participation, their awareness of social issues, their networks, and their ability to overcome obstacles, but little effect on activism support.Ph. D.
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Srisantisuk, Somparat. "Pro-poor tourism policy in Thailand." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3146/.
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This study is an attempt to determine how tourism and tourism development policies, strategies and initiatives impact income generation and employment opportunities in a rural ethnic community. The research consisted of both qualitative and quantitative methods. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observations from various stakeholders were used to obtain qualitative data. The quantitative data were gathered using a researcher-developed questionnaire to obtain data from 330 households in Had Bai Village, Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand. The research findings demonstrate that the well-being of the poor and the impact of the Thai government‘s One Tambon One Product (OTOP) project in terms of livelihood improvement were distributed unequally across the village. The information from the qualitative and quantitative data revealed that the OTOP project improved slightly the livelihood outcomes of villagers in the group which fully participated in the scheme. By contrast, the villagers who were aware of OTOP but did not participate used their right to borrow funds to make independent investments and buy consumer goods. Members of this group were thus unable to repay their loans on time, had no return on their investment and had the highest amount of debt. Those villagers who were unaware of the OTOP scheme and did not participate were the poorest in the village. An analysis of this third group revealed that non-participation was largely due to a lack of access to information. Moreover, these families did not regard themselves as poor. They were happy with their simple life and did not perceive any benefit in participating in the pro-poor tourism project introduced by the Thai government. Pro-poor tourism may benefit the poor in many parts of the world; however, in the case of Thailand it works mainly as a catalyst to improve the overall livelihood outcome of the poor and cannot be expected to enhance the individual livelihoods of the poorest. This study contributes to the literature in various ways. First, it is the first of its kind to investigate thoroughly Thailand‘s pro-poor tourism development policy. Second, it has attempted to assess pro-poor tourism from many vantage points: international standards, livelihood impacts, and the assets and vulnerability of the poor. Third, the key success model developed from the outcome of the thesis can be used by Thailand and other developing countries in their efforts to develop more effective pro-poor tourism policies in the future.
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Zhang, Junshu. "Why Consumers Disclose Their Tourism Experiences on Tourism Social Networking Sites: Multiple Theoretical Perspectives." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6607.
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Tourism social networking sites (SNSs) are websites that provide users with templates for describing their travel experiences and an infrastructure to share such travel posts with a network of like-minded individuals. Tourism SNSs represent an important advertising channel for the tourism industry, as they may assist travelers in selecting destinations and planning vacations on the basis of other travelers’ experiences, which may further stimulate travel and generate income for the tourism industry (Yazdanifard & Yee, 2014). User-generated content (UGC) in the form of travel posts is the core offering and key success factor of tourism SNSs. Travel posts constitute a valuable resource that attracts users to these websites, and they serve as a key data feed into the data mining process that is used to develop travel products on tourism SNSs. However, one problem with tourism SNSs is that their users, especially the new ones, do not publish their travel experiences on these SNSs as often as they do on traditional SNSs, such as Facebook. This may result in a lack of content and, therefore, a loss of potential consumers and, consequently, revenue. Therefore, a study on self-disclosure behavior in writing travel posts may contribute to understanding the reasons why this problem exists and help tourism SNSs improve their service accordingly. The author used multiple theoretical perspectives (social exchange theory and social cognition theory) to develop a comprehensive self-disclosure framework. The framework was tested by using a partial least squares based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach with data from 443 participants recruited from the two most popular Chinese tourism SNSs: Qyer.com and mafengwo.cn. The findings show that self-disclosure behavior on tourism SNSs was significantly affected by self-benefit, positive feedback from other users, social benefits, rewards, tourism SNSs’ security mechanism, and ease of use. However, habit and motive did not have a statistically significant effect on self-disclosure behavior. Moreover, self-disclosure behavior positively affected electronic word of mouth (EWOM) relating to the tourism SNSs. Finally, the findings have theoretical and practical implications, and the thesis ends with a discussion of the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.
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Burke, Adam. "An ethnographically-based critique of sustainable tourism and cruise-boat eco-tourism practices in Galápagos, Ecuador." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14074.
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Includes bibliographical references.Variations in people's notions of sustainability, eco-tourism, and the intersections between the two, calls fora critical assessment of sustainable eco-tourism practices. This is particularly the case in Galápagos, Ecuador, where there has been a recent upsurge in the numbers of eco-tourist visitors and in demand to develop sustainable eco-tourism as also to deal with the social consequences its practices have on people living in the archipelago. My dissertation fieldwork was conducted aboard one of the many catamarans in Galápagos providing eco-tourism opportunities and among terrestrial and marine entry points to the archipelago it visited. My data support an argument that Galapagueños' (Galápagos residents') dependency on eco-tourism has produced both social divides amongst them and changes in their ideas about nature and how to relate to it.
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Görs, Erik. "Communicating corporate social responsibility in the tourism industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235258.
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Over time the tourism industry has been expanding at an exponential rate to the point that around 1 billion people will have travelled during the year of 2012 (UNWTO, 2012b). This massive amount of people has allowed for the degradation and destruction of multiple touristic destinations around the world. The great numbers of tourist have also negatively impacted the social and economic aspects of the touristic destinations. The current destructive path of the tourism industry has prompted the development of more sustainable and responsible types of tourism. One of the key players in the tourism industry that could address the topics of sustainable and responsible tourism is the tour operator. A path that tour operators can follow to address this destructive path of tourism is through corporate responsibility. Most of the other industries are in more advanced stages of approaching corporate responsibility while the tourism industry is still within the good practice phase of corporate responsibility. This aim of this study is to analyse what a group of tour operators are reporting concerning corporate responsibility. The questions focus on the different aspects the tour operators are communicating concerning their corporate responsibility and does this corporate responsibility communication add value to the consumer. The study shows that the tour operators are not exactly communicating their responsibility similar across the board, which shows the communication fragmentation among the tour operators. Most the tour operators mention corporate responsibility through the lens of sustainable or responsible tourism. Through this that the tour operators discuss their sustainable tourism or responsible tourism could possibly lead to adding consumer value to thetourists.
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Kim, Jung Eun. "Understanding corporate social responsibility in the tourism industry." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024385.
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Henriksson, Amanda, and Lina Engström. "Social Network Sites and Tourism : A millennial perspective." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74206.
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Social Network Sites have rapidly become intertwined with people’s core habits of daily life, and are often subliminal inputs during decision making processes when it comes to the area of Tourism. With this rapid shift in consumer opportunities, both in availability and exposure to information, people are faced with the challenge of accurately assessing current trends in order to best predict future outcomes for businesses and consumers alike. Although there is existing literature examining current tendencies for Social Network Sites and Tourism, the extrapolation of this data in a feasible way for the emerging Millennial generation is lacking. This is integral to forming a proper understanding of the future trends of global tourist communication as dictated by the usage of Social Network Sites. Through the use of interview discussions centered on two focus groups of an all Millennial composition, the semi-structured interview approach was used. This to sought at a fundamental level to provide a better understanding of how Social Network Sites are used by tourists. Of particular focus within the research process was the specifics of tourist utilization of Social Network Sites. Further addressed, is the concept of the usage of electronic Word of Mouth and how this has allowed for a modification to the experience of tourism. The spoken word has been updated to an electronic Word of Mouth, and with it the Millennial generation has been raised into a world of information opportunity like none ever before. Understanding these trends allows for continued progression for both the consumer and business alike within the tourist business.
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Minnaert, Lynn. "Social tourism : a potential policy to reduce social exclusion? : the effects of visitor-related social tourism for low-income groups on personal and family development." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2007. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/91z40/social-tourism-a-potential-policy-to-reduce-social-exclusion-the-effects-of-visitor-related-social-tourism-for-low-income-groups-on-personal-and-family-development.
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This study discusses the effects of social tourism for low-income groups on personal and family development. it examines whether social tourism has wider benefits than just providing access to holidays to groups who would usually be excluded from tourism, and whether it could be seen as a potential measure against social exclusion. If social tourism can reduce social exclusion, it benefits not only the participants, but also has wider benefits for society. In several countries in mainland Europe, such as France, Belgium and Spain, social tourism for low-income groups is supported by public funding. This investment is usually supported by claims that social tourism can help excluded groups achieve greater inclusion through increased confidence, better family relations, greater independence and wider social networks. At present, these claims are rarely supported by research evidence: in academic tourism literature, social tourism for low-income groups is a little researched field. The aim of this study is thus to investigate whether social tourism can indeed reduce aspects of social exclusion, and have a beneficial effect on the holiday participants themselves, and through them, on society. If this is the case, the study will explore whether social tourism could be justified as a social policy. The study will start by defining the concept of social tourism, and categorise the different forms. Focusing on social tourism for low-income groups, it will then explore the potential ethical foundations of social tourism. It will be shown that for a number of ethical theories, social tourism for low-income groups can only be justified if there are benefits involved not only for the participants, but also wider benefits for society. Because these benefits could present themselves as a reduction of social exclusion, the concept of social exclusion is defined and the different views of the concept are presented. One of these views is potentially compatible with social tourism, on the condition that social holidays can reduce certain characteristics of excluded groups, that form the basis of their exclusion. It will then be argued that if social tourism can reduce these characteristics, it does so via a learning process. Two theories of leaming through experience will be examined, and strategies to maximise learning will be discussed: if social tourism is indeed a form of leaming, the benefits could be increased by maximising learning. These theoretical foundations formed the basis of the fieldwork for this study. In the fieldwork, a group of social tourism participants and their support workers was interviewed in two stages: a first round of interviews and focus groups were conducted in the first month after the holidays; a second round was carried out in the sixth month after the holidays. Participants in individual holidays and support workers were interviewed individually, participants in group holidays were interviewed together in a focus group. The aim of the two rounds was to examine the effects of social tourism in the short term, and in the longer term. The findings of the fieldwork examine the effects of social tourism for low-income groups, and investigate the conditions for successful social tourism provision (meaning holidays that maximise learning opportunities to reduce aspects of social exclusion). The findings indicate that social tourism for low-income groups generally has beneficial effects on the family development of the participants in the short and the long term. They also provide benefits for the personal development of participants, which are present in the short term and can develop further in the long term. In the long term, it is also shown that the holiday can act as a motivational factor in measurable behaviour change, resulting into a reduction of factors of social exclusion. It is found that an adequate level of support both during and after the holiday is an important condition for successful social holidays. This study concludes by exploring if social tourism could be justified as a part of social policy. The costs of social holidays will be compared to other social measures with similar aims and outcomes. Social tourism for low-income groups will be presented as potential cost-effective strategies to counter certain aspects social exclusion.
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Johansson, Anton. "Bi-directional flow in the Social Force Model." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43274.
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We use the social force model to study the behaviour of two crowds of pedestrians in a bi-directional flow. There are two main goals of the project. The first goal is to study the effects of perception anisotropy on lane formation of the two crowds. The perception anisotropy models the fact that people actually do not perceive their surroundings equally well in all directions, i.e they have a field of vision. The second goal is to develop pedestrian viscosity indices to characterize the motion of the crowds. Our concepts of viscosity indices estimate how fluid the motion of the crowds are. We develop two viscosity indices. A lane viscosity index which gives information of the flow on large timescales, and a space-dependent viscosity index which can pinpoint where in space the motion is less fluid. Our results indicate that there is a small correlation between the perception anisotropy and the lane formation of the two crowds. The two viscosity indices work as intended but more refinement is needed to cope with simultaneous space-time changes.
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Crossley, Emilie. "Volunteer tourism, subjectivity and the psychosocial." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/61298/.
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Volunteer tourism is an increasingly popular practice that provides tourists with the opportunity to contribute to community development or environmental projects, usually in Third World countries. This research explores the potential of volunteer tourism to develop cross-cultural understanding, transform tourists into more charitable, ethical subjects and foster more reciprocal relations between tourists and visited communities. The research uses a longitudinal methodology to follow ten young people from the UK through time and space as they embark on a journey to Kenya with a commercial volunteer tourism provider. Using a combination of repeated in-depth interviews and participant observation, I show how volunteer tourists produce understandings, or ‘imaginaries’, of poverty, authenticity and care that simultaneously enable and constrain their ability to act ethically. I argue that the complexities of the volunteer tourism encounter can only be understood through a psychosocial account of subjectivity that articulates the point of suture between the social and the psychological. Drawing on Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to interpret the volunteer tourists’ narratives, I show that it is possible to approach the psychological in tourism studies in a non-reductive and culturally engaged way. This psychoanalytic reading provides insight into how volunteer tourists’ perceptions are refracted through cultural fantasies of the non-Western Other, how they are confronted by the demands of contradictory ideological injunctions and how their investment in consumer identities presents a barrier to ethical transformation. The thesis concludes that in order to harness volunteer tourism’s potential as a means of achieving social transformation, greater attention must be paid to subjectivity and the psychosocial as a way of understanding the social demands, desire and investments experienced by volunteer tourists.
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Gao, Qian. "World Heritage, Archaeological Tourism and Social Value in China." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401428.
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This doctoral thesis explores the relationship between archaeological tourism, World Heritage and social value in contemporary China. It intends to provide an innovative insight into such connections by scrutinizing the impact of archaeological tourism on the social values that local communities attribute to archaeological sites that are either inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites or in the process of becoming one. Archaeological tourism refers to people’s activity of consuming the past through visiting places of archaeological significance. In this doctoral thesis, the discussion concerning archaeological tourism focuses on specific types of archaeological sites; those that are either inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List or are in the process of achieving World Heritage Status. The growing commercialization of archaeological sites for tourism, compounded by the rising influence of the World Heritage List, has greatly affected the lives of communities in the immediate vicinity of archaeological sites. One way to comprehend such an effect is to analyze the changes in the social values assigned to those sites by their local residents. This is because archaeological tourism has an ability to (re)create and modify those social values attributed to archaeological sites by their local population, by changing their function, capacity, quality and meaning. In this process, the UNESCO World Heritage List also plays an important role in providing advice on the touristic transformation of these sites in preparation for World Heritage inscription, especially during the pre-nomination period.Set against this background, this doctoral thesis aims to analyze the impact of tourism on the social values that local communities attribute to archaeological sites that are either on the UNESCO World Heritage List or in the process of being assigned World Heritage status. The Daming Palace archaeological site and the Huashan rock art area are taken as its case studies. Both sites are excellent examples when it comes to representing Chinese archaeological sites in the two main phases of attaining World Heritage status; nomination and full designation. In order to achieve the general aim of this doctoral research, four objectives are proposed. The first is the identification ofthe main issues that have emerged from the current development of archaeological tourism in China. Secondly, this thesis critically examines the development of archaeological tourism at the two case study sites. Thirdly, an in-depth analysis is made of the perceptions and attitudes of local communities towards such development in the two cases studied. The final objective is the discussion of the impact of archaeological tourism on social values attributed to the two sites by their local communities with reference to the influence of the World Heritage List. To attain these objectives, the investigation undertaken in this doctoral thesis employs qualitative approaches under the theoretical framework of archaeological ethnography. The ultimate goal of the research is to encourage further reflection on the existing management mechanisms of archaeological heritage in China and worldwide.Esta tesis doctoral analiza la relación entre turismo arqueológico, Patrimonio Mundial y valor social en China, proporcionando una visión innovadora en las conexiones establecidas entre cada uno de estos tres parámetros. Se pretende examinar el efecto que el turismo arqueológico está teniendo en los valores sociales que las comunidades locales atribuyen a los sitios arqueológicos que, o están inscritos ya como Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO, o que están en proceso de convertirse en tales. El primero de los elementos centrales en este trabajo es el “turismo arqueológico”, concepto con el que nos referimos a la actividad de consumir el pasado a través de la visita a lugares que contienen monumentos y otro tipo de cultural material del pasado. En muchas partes del mundo, los sitios arqueológicos se utilizan cada vez más para fines comerciales sobre todo mediante la promoción del turismo cultural, a la vez que, dada su capacidad para hacer propaganda narrativas nacionales y siguiendo una tradición establecida durante los dos últimos siglos, siguen siendo explotados como medio de promoción del nacionalismo. Con esto quiero dar a entender que estas dos funciones que acabo de exponer más arriba, por una parte la promoción de la identidad nacional y la educación del público sobre la narrativa nacional y por la otra el turismo arqueológico-cultural no son incompatibles, siendo este último el de más reciente aparición pero habiéndose convertido hoy en día en un componente cada vez más importante de la economía local e incluso nacional, puesto que fomenta la generación de ingresos y la creación de puestos de trabajo. El segundo de los elementos centrales a esta tesis doctoral es el Patrimonio Mundial. El análisis de la forma en la que el turismo está afectando a la arqueología se centrará no en todos los sitios arqueológicos sin distinción, sino en aquellos que ya han inscritos en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial o están en proceso avanzado de conseguirlo. Con “Lista del Patrimonio Mundial”. El valor social, el tercer elemento crucial en esta tesis doctoral, está relacionado con la reflexión sobre las comunidades locales en áreas de Patrimonio Mundial.
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Salmond, Jacqueline L. "THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF TOURISM ON THE PERHENTIAN ISLANDS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/2.
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In recent years there has been an increase in the adoption of tourism as an economic strategy in many developing nations and a growing interest in how communities and individuals engage with tourism. This parallels research which aims to uncover alternative readings of community participation in forms of economic and social development. This research uses tourism as a lens to understand the economic subjectivity of communities engaged in tourism. Focusing on how the local populations understand, experience and participate in tourism, it paints a picture of the Perhentian Islands which challenges existing understandings of individual and community participation in tourism. The research is broadly framed as a post-development project which highlights the grass-roots and bottom-up nature of small-scale developments and focuses on the ways in which local populations are actively engaged with tourism. It draws attention to the role played by discourse and subjectivity in constructing and reframing understandings of the individual within tourism development. Such discursive constructs can be actively co-opted as a political tool to empower individuals and communities by reconstructing understandings of local engagement in tourism. By recreating understandings of community engagement with tourism, it becomes possible to create new subjectivities outside of the framework of hegemonic capital.
The methodology for this project incorporated participatory action research methods in order to facilitate community benefit through the research process. Research techniques involved both quantitative and qualitative methods in a number of settings. Ethnographic methods involving participant observation and in-depth interviews were complemented with focus groups, and property surveys. Research focused on key themes which were areas of interest identified by community members as well as questions which explored individual motivations for tourism work. In this situation, a number of motivations for engagement with tourism employment emerged. The individuals were actively seeking their employment, rather than passively accepting tourism from a limited number of choices. There were also similarities between hosts and guests which emerged, challenging the usual binary construction.
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Sorokina, Nadezda. "Meaning(s) in 'sustainable tourism' : a social semiotic approach." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/3071a82d-9028-429d-ac4e-75e9dd030711/1.
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It can be argued that ”sustainable tourism” is considered to be a solution for ensuring the industry’s long-term survival. However, the concept of “sustainable tourism” is contested. A key issue is a lack of consensus in how stakeholders define “sustainable tourism”, and this creates communication challenges when different stakeholders discuss the concept. Within the field of sustainable tourism, there is limited literature on the meanings that stakeholder groups attribute to the concept of “sustainable tourism”. This study aims to address this theoretical gap, by exploring the meanings that stakeholders attribute to “sustainable tourism”, and the potential for the creation of shared meanings. This thesis addresses this gap by applying a social semiotic approach to exploring the meanings attributed to “sustainable tourism” by various stakeholder groups. Social semiotics is a theory that studies meanings created in groups, and is applied in this thesis as an analysis of “sustainable tourism” stakeholders’ web-pages. A total of 18 webpages from five stakeholder groups: the Public sector, the Tourism industry, Universities and research centres, the Third sector and Environmental and tourism consultancies, have been analysed for the purpose of this study. The findings of the thesis add value to both theory and practice. The theoretical contribution is twofold. Conceptually, the study has contributed to the theory of “sustainable tourism” by establishing that there is no orderliness in the ways that stakeholders conceptualise “sustainable tourism” meanings. Instead, further fragmentation of values, according to clusters or individual organisations within stakeholder groups, occurs. The meanings identified in this study can be organised into five dualities and tensions, and represent the positions in power relations in “sustainable tourism”. Methodologically, the study has contributed to the body of knowledge by introducing social semiotics into “sustainable tourism” research methodology, and by developing an original and replicable research instrument based on methods of social semiotics. The practical implications of the thesis are twofold as well. The meanings identified in the study can help breach perceptual gap between organisations in different stakeholder groups and clusters, promoting more effective communication, inclusion and participation in “sustainable tourism”. Furthermore, the original research instrument developed for this study can be adopted by practitioners for the analysis of their own webpage for the meanings conveyed.
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Kristensson, Johan. "Attitudes toward womenin the Swedish police force." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Behavioural Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3958.
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This study is aimed to investigate attitudes toward women in the Swedish police force. The main question was to see if there were any difference in the answers by men and women. I have tested 58 male and 28 female police officers, with explicit and implicit instruments. The respondents finished a self-report survey containing a scale for attitudes toward women in the police, the Classic Sexism scale and the Modern Sexism scale. To measure implicit attitudes, the implicit association test was used, where the respondents associated pictures of male and female police officers with positive and negative stimuli words. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The results showed that men and women do differ significantly on both the explicit and implicit measure. Despite this, there were no negative attitudes to be found in the explicit measure. The implicit measure showed that both men and women show a preference for their own gender when it comes to associate gender and competence as a police officer.
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Anderson, David Brian. "Policies to mitigate the social problems caused by the tourist industry : application to Penticton." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26764.
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Tourism has excellent potential for further development in the provincial, national and world economies. However, tourist activity also has the potential to be a socially disruptive force.
The purpose of this study is to find workable policies which planners can employ to mitigate the social problems caused by tourism in small cities. Such policies will allow growth to take place in the tourism sector of the economy while reducing resident intolerance or hostility. Before policies can be developed, it must be established that such problems exist and may become critical.
This thesis examines the tourist industry and its benefits and costs. The literature makes it clear that there are social costs involved in tourism and also social limits to tourism development. A guideline for evaluating the social performance of tourism development is used.
"Saturation" is defined as the level of tourism activity at which the residents in general feel that any further increase in tourist numbers and tourist-related development would be undesirable. The social saturation level is the point at which the number of tourists causes residents to become intolerant to tourists.
Since the measurements of saturation found in the literature are unsatisfactory, vague, and not operationally defined, this study uses indicators that suggest capacity is being approached. These indicators are based on questions for evaluating the social performance of tourism development found in the literature, in particular the specific areas of concern which Young (1973) thought led to "psychological saturation" of residents.
Chapter 4 discusses the literature on policies for mitigating the adverse social effects of tourism. These effects result from inadequate facilities and services, undesirable environmental characteristics, low levels of public acceptance of tourism, and little planning to attract or expand tourism.
Once these general strategies have been listed, they are applied to Penticton, British Columbia. Penticton has had a lengthy history as a tourist destination and today the tourist industry is the mainstay of the local economy. According to D'Amore (1980), the major prospect for future economic development in Penticton is the further expansion of a year-round tourist trade. Yet, by examining the factors listed by Young (1973) leading to saturation, and reviewing the question list from Chapter 2, it would appear Penticton is approaching saturation.
Chapter 6 applies the strategies developed in Chapter 4 to the situation in Penticton. The policies for Penticton include:
- the addition of extra services and facilities to service a much larger population during tourist seasons;
- improvement of beach areas;
- separation of tourist areas and development from the mainstream of the city;
- better aesthetic standards in building architecture;
- public relations programs to convince residents that tourism is beneficial to them and their city;
- more public input at all planning stages for tourism policy and development;
- special projects funded by tourism revenue;
- greater expansion of the tourist season into the fall, winter, and spring months to better utilize existing facilities and gain wider acceptance of the industry as a year-round job producer. There has been an implicit assumption that the ends of tourists and investors are more important than public welfare. Recently, various forces have been acting to place increasing importance on environmental goals instead of strictly economic goals. If future tourism development is to be both economically and socially viable, It must be intentionally planned.
Considering the vital nature of the industry to cities like Penticton and the equally vital need to prevent the development of negative resident-visitor interactions, methods have been investigated to maintain a balance between the impacts of tourism and the ability of locals to deal with these impacts.
In conclusion it was decided that plans should be consistent with the existing situation in terms of traveller facilities (supply), of the market (demand), and of social attitudes. Plans should have some regard to saturation levels beyond which the realization of economic, social or environmental objectives would be jeopardized.
Further work needs to be done in several areas:
- finding ways of funding tourist industry research; - organizing tourist industry offices in tourist areas to centralize all aspects of development, promotion and planning;
- designing a resident survey to accurately appraise
resident attitudes;
- improving methodology to increase local participation
in the planning process of all aspects of the tourist industry.
Planning for tourism can be done by private entrepreneurs by means of facility development and promotion; by government planning, such as land use controls, public developments, and overall promotion of a destination; or by a combination of government agencies and private enterprise.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Sigo, N. E. "Analysing the social effects of tourism on residents: the case of Parys, South Africa." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/411.
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M-Tech Tourism ManagementResidents’ attitudes towards and opinions about tourism is important as they are the ones dealing directly or indirectly with tourists and the development of the industry. As one of the key stakeholders their support is needed to grow the industry in a sustainable manner. For South Africa as a developing country tourism is one of the focus areas of development. This growth is supported by a number of initiatives to create more (but also more sustainable) tourism destinations especially for small towns such as Parys (Free State; South Africa). The primary objective was to analyse the social effects of tourism and determine the factors influencing these effects on the local community of Parys, located in the province of the Free State. This was done by conducting an empirical study among residents in Parys. The questionnaire was developed based on similar research done in other communities. The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed in the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 23.0). From a negative point of view residents highlighted the increase in prices of goods and services due to tourism development. From a positive perspective residents felt that the development of tourism lead to more opportunities for people to have fun, more tourists visit the area and the image of Parys has improved. From the factor analysis for social effects the following factors were evident: Business and community effects, Negative social effects, Opportunities for residents, Environmental effects and Cost of living effects. The latter two factors were rated the highest and thus residents felt that tourism lead to an effect on the environment and an effect on their cost of living. This should be monitored so that residents remain positive and do not start to blame tourists for negativities happening in Parys. When analysing the image of Parys from the perspective of the residents the factor analyses revealed three factors namely Infra- and suprastructure, Nature and cultural attractions and Hospitality of which they felt the strongest about the first and the last factor. Clearly from the results these residents enjoy staying in Parys, do not consider tourists to be a threat and welcomes visitors to the area. The social effects of tourism development is, to a certain extent, influenced by gender, language, level of education, age and number of years living in Parys. Overall it can be concluded that residents are fairly happy with tourists visiting Parys and the development taking place due to tourism. They are aware of the negative impacts but the positive impacts currently outweigh the negative impacts. It is recommended to include residents in the development process or at least keep them aware of what is happening, why it is happening and what opportunities it might bring to them. The results of this study differ from that of others indicating that communities are unique and there are unique aspects influencing their opinions regarding the social effects of tourism. The researcher recommended that the private and public sectors of Parys should continue their current practices to uphold the positive attitudes but also consider options where residents can become more involved in the development of the industry.
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Eftychiou, Evi. "Power and tourism : negotiating identity in rural Cyprus." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:10420.
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This thesis focuses on the disputed identity of rural Cyprus. It is an ethnographic study on tourism that argues that the power of western hegemony, not only defines but also reverses the definition of ‘modern’ identity in the cultural setting of Cyprus in a way that its authority is maintained and legitimized. By focusing on identity politics and tourism in the Troodos mountainous region, this study examines the conflict between native elites and locals over the definition of modernity. In the postcolonial setting of the 1960s, native elites reproduced the western vision of ‘development’, ‘progress’ and ‘modernity’, as expressed in Europe after the Second World War. The invented concept of ‘modernity’ was introduced by native elites and was translated into policies and strategies towards the achievement of rapid ‘progress’ and the development of mass tourism in the coastal zones of Cyprus. As a result, the Cypriot authorities neglected Troodos mountainous region as a low--‐priority area and its residents were exposed as underdeveloped, backward peasants. The economic boom of the 1970s and 1980s, provided to rural residents the opportunity to, finally achieve ‘progress’, by reproducing the mass tourism model. In the meantime though, the native elites reversed the definition of modernity, which reproduced the western principles of sustainable development, environmental and cultural heritage protection. The ‘underdeveloped’ region of Troodos, was now identified as ideal for the implementation of environment and heritage conservation projects, with the ultimate goal of developing small scale, cultural tourism in the area. In this context, native elites appropriate material tradition, in other words elements that were once classified as evidence of backwardness, in order to achieve ‘modernity’. The denial of locals to reproduce the new paradigm of development and their persistence to strive for material modernity left them once again exposed as ‘backward’, ‘ignorant’ and ‘parvenus’ peasants.
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Ferguson, Ian Arthur. "Slavery as a Dividing Force." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2412.
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Thesis advisor: Marc LandyThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the Civil War was indeed brought about because of the presence of slavery in this country. It is this paper's thesis that not only did slavery provide a demonstrable economic incentive for the South to secede from the Union but also provided a social impetus as well. Slavery created a society in the South that favored the economic independence of states rather than economic integration not just because of a love for state's rights but also because any form of economic integration would diminish returns from the sizeable investment they, slave-owners, had made in slavery. Furthermore, slavery created a type of siege mentality in the South. This mentality, while helpful in muting the class tensions between the slave holding elites and poor whites, created a narrow identity amongst southerners that would have made secession that much easier. This paper will look at how the concepts of social distance and social capital helped make secession a likely outcome for the southern states. With these two factors in play, the cost of leaving the Union, of re-coordinating a new constitutional arrangement, was less costly than it might have been if not for slavery
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Martins, J. Felix. "Attitudes of residents towards tourism in Madeira." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/686/.
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Teivane, Una. "Social perceptions of tourism by people living in Latvia Republic." Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998teivaneu.pdf.
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Watkins, Leah, and n/a. "Culture, values and Japanese tourism behaviour." University of Otago. Department of Marketing, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070205.150926.
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While the role of culture as an influence on consumer behaviour and product/service choice has long been acknowledged, the current literature in marketing offers an incomplete understanding of how and why culture plays its influential role (Overby, Woodruff and Gardial 2005). Research suggests that values provide the link between culture and consumer behaviour and values have been the focus of much research in the social sciences. In particular, values have received significant attention in cross-cultural research, being used to characterise the similarities within and differences across cultures. Values are central to the marketing discipline as they determine value, i.e. what activities, interests, and material goods consumers identify with, enjoy, acquire, or consume (Grunert and Muller 1996). Both directly and indirectly, values drive consumption behaviour.
Typically, values have been assessed and compared through the use of standard measures such as Rokeach�s Value Survey, the List of Values and Schwartz�s Value Survey. Recent literature highlights growing concern over the application of standard measures across cultures and issues of cross-cultural invariance. There is a need for new research into cross-cultural applications of consumer value measures and theoretical models. This thesis critiques the use of Western conceptual paradigms and imposed etics in value research, and, using a Japanese tourism context, seeks a deeper understanding of how culture and values affect tourism consumption and experience.
This thesis offers an empirical test of the cross-cultural applicability of a commonly used values scale in consumer research, the List of Values (Kahle 1983). The findings of this phase of the research extend the literature concerning methodological issues in values research and highlight the limitiations of the LOV as a cross-cultural measure of values. Based on these findings the thesis adopts an alternative, qualitative methodology to investigate the relationship between Japanese culture, values and tourism behaviour in New Zealand. The findings of the second phase of the research contribute to a recent call in the literature for more qualitative research in tourism, and allow the identification and understanding of the key values relevant to Japanese tourism behaviour. The results of Means-End interviews with Japanese visitors reveal the important cultural assumptions informing values and shaping tourism decisions and behaviours for two key groups of Japanese tourists.
The theoretical framework presented in this thesis promotes our understanding of the relationship between cultural beliefs, values, and consumer behaviour. The results of the primary research highlight the importance of cultural and physical history, world-view, self-concept, thought patterns and language in the formation and interpretation of values. The thesis presents a holistic attempt at understanding Japanese culture, values and travel behaviour by examining how these concepts cohere in a logical framework. The thesis argues that, given the inherently cultural nature of values, their interpretation within the context of cultural beliefs is highly important in understanding variability in consumer behaviour across cultures.
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Sharma, A., R. Nunkoo, Nripendra P. Rana, and Y. K. Dwivedi. "On the Intellectual Structure and Influence of Tourism Social Science Research." Elsevier, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18291.
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Sari, Ozgur. "Tourism As A Tool For Development: The Case Mawlana Tourism In Konya." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612474/index.pdf.
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This dissertation analyzes the role of tourism within development process in the case of the role of Mawlana tourism in the urban development process of Konya, around the theoretical approaches about tourism and development such as new modernization school, global local nexus approach, glokalism, and TBD (Tourism Business District) approaches. The study finds out that Mawlawi tourism has been playing crucial roles in articulation of Konya to the global markets and urban identity building process. Mawlana tourism establishes a city trademark and international business connections, rather than taking place as a supplementary economic sector in the development process of Konya. Within the diversification in the global tourism, Mawlana tourism can be defined as cultural, religious, and spiritual tourism. Although Mawlana tourism is a limited sector compared to others, it is crucial for Konya to be articulated to the global markets with an urban identity and business connections through Mawlana and Mawlawi Order.
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Fan, Wanting. "Social and economic impact of coastal tourism in Kalmar, Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65759.
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Coastal tourism is one of the most important way of leisure and entertainment in the world, which brings impact in varying degrees to the tourism destination. These effects relate to economic, social, and environmental aspects. With the concept of sustainability being widely used, sustainable tourism has received more attention. However, most studies focus on the tourism impact on the coastal environment, while the social and economic aspects were sparse explorations. Therefore, this research applies the qualitative method to explore the social and economic impact of tourism on the coastal city, Kalmar. Furthermore, the perspective of residents and business owners is the main way to reflect these effects. According to the results of the study, the development of the tourism industry will indeed bring some impact to the coastal city on economy and society. However, due to differences of cultural background and actual situation, these effects are not always the same. For example, for the economic impact of tourism business, the impact on the hotel is more noticeable than the impact on restaurants and bars.
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Miles, Stephen Thomas. "Battlefield tourism : meanings and interpretations." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3547/.
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Battlefield sites are some of the most iconic locations in any nation’s store of heritage attractions and continue to capture the imagination of visitors. They have strong historic, cultural, nationalistic and moral resonances and speak to people on a national as well as a local scale. They have the power to provoke contention but at the same time foster understanding and respect through the consideration of deep moral questions. Battlefields are suffused with powerful stories of courage, sacrifice, betrayal and even cowardice. They have a strong sense of place and can provoke a range of cognitive and emotional reactions. But as sites they are inherently unremarkable and rely on the incarnative powers of interpretation to inform and enliven otherwise empty landscapes. This thesis is a wide ranging analysis of what battlefields mean to tourists and the effect interpretation has on battlefield sites. In order to further understand these aspects the development of the sites is also investigated including the historical and cultural forces which have been at play in creating such ‘attractions’. This makes use of the semiotic interpretation of tourist sites and the ‘site sacralisation’ model of Dean MacCannell in addressing the important question of what factors are present in the creation of an attraction. The study uses the four main ‘managed’ battlefield sites in the UK – Hastings (1066), Bannockburn (1314) , Bosworth (1485) and Culloden (1746) – to illustrate these objectives and comparisons are also made with a more recent conflict, that of the First World War (1914-18) at the Western Front in France and Belgium. Using an array of qualitative and quantitative methods the study addresses a hitherto relatively understudied area of tourism in exploring the meanings attached to the more historic sites and how they compare and contrast with visitor experiences at sites of more modern conflict. Interviews with experts/stakeholders involved with battlefield sites as well as both visitors at conventional times and at a re-enactment event were made and a large corpus of material was gathered from which conclusions were drawn. Although not statistically generalisable because of methodological constraints the results from the study add an important dimension to our understanding of battlefield tourism and what conflict sites mean to people. The study demonstrates how there is a very dynamic relationship between site and visitor and this is manifested in deep and wide ranging discourses which are reflected by the visitor comments. This is complemented by the views of experts/stakeholders. The study addresses some of the salient points surrounding the nature of visitor experience using the theory of the tourist ‘gaze’ propounded by John Urry. It asserts that a broader appreciation of the visitor interaction needs to be adopted utilizing a multi-sensory approach and not restricted to the dominance of the visual in interpreting the battlefield site. Interpretation is seen as critical in endowing relatively unremarkable sites with meaning and the existing approaches taken by the agencies managing the case study sites are found to be particularly effective in educational terms. The study examined the deeper meanings thought to be attached to places of suffering and death (the numen) but found a very weak response suggesting that the commercialisation of such sites results in a diminution of any visceral type of experience. For the Western Front the deeper meanings were eclipsed by grief and the study thus concluded that the numen can be subsumed into more complex reactions to places of death and suffering. With regard to the development of the historical sites the study challenges the stages of sacralisation in that more contemporary forces involved in attraction creation are neglected. A further commercialisation stage is added to update the model. Battlefield sites have much to inform us about how heritage is received and understood by the public. This is even more instructive in the case of a conflict site where the nature of the attraction might sit uncomfortably with public perception. This study aims to shed light on the meanings of such ‘dark’ sites within society and in doing so can in turn provide vivid reflections on our own culture milieu.
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Törn, A. (Anne). "Sustainability of nature-based tourism." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514286674.
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Abstract
Nature-based tourism has increased considerably during recent years, which has raised questions about the tolerance of ecosystems experiencing growing visitor numbers. The present thesis focuses on the ecological and social sustainability of nature-based tourism in protected areas and their surroundings. The objective of the ecological studies was to determine the effects of tourism on vegetation, soils and risk of introduction of alien plant species. The social survey investigated whether opinions concerning nature conservation and tourism by local people are dependent on socio-economic and demographic factors. The studies were carried out in Oulanka and Pallas-Ounastunturi National Parks, and in the Ruka and Syöte regions, in northern Finland.
This research demonstrated that nature-based tourism (hiking, horse-riding and skiing) affected boreal forests, altering vegetation, soils and trail networks. The major effects were; reduction in vegetation cover, including of different life-forms, changes in plant species composition, soil chemistry and soil erosion. Trampling decreased plant cover more on slopes compared to flat terrain. Moreover, downward trampling reduced the plant cover more than did upward trampling. In addition, horse riding resulted in the introduction and establishment of a range of alien plant species. In general, ecological changes due to nature-based tourism were inevitable even when there were limited numbers of visitors.
Respondents to the survey were classified into three groups according to their opinions concerning nature conservation and tourism development: (i) supporters of nature conservation, (ii) critical to nature conservation and (iii) critical to tourism development. The majority of respondents were supporters of nature conservation. However, opinions were strongly dependent on the socio-demographic background of the respondents, such as residential area, age, level of education and indigenousness.
Since the impacts of tourism were dependent on the characteristics of plants and habitats and the quality of activities, case-specific planning, monitoring and rapid responses are the most efficient methods in avoiding irreversible environmental damages. Furthermore, close co-operation between different stakeholders and detailed scientific information about the ecological, economic and social elements of sustainability are needed to promote a sustainable development of nature-based tourism.
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Key, Carol. "Cayes, Coral, Tourism and Ethnicity in Belize." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3239/.
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The development of tourism and more importantly eco-tourism has emerged as a primary objective for the government of Belize, Central America. This study examines two villages Seine Bight and Placencia located on a peninsula occupied by separate ethnic groups (Garifuna and Creole) that is located on a peninsula in Southern Belize. Seine Bight and Placencia are undergoing a change in economic activity to tourism. The study attempts to understand the role of ethnicity, socio-economic status, amount of contact with tourists, and the environment in regard to attitudes towards tourism utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. The study also attempts to understand the organization and disorganization of productive activity on the peninsula and ethnicity over space and time. The point of diffusion and contact of different groups is reflected archeologically and historically in the marine landscape. The peninsula served not only as a natural harbor for those sailing up and down the coastline over time but also served as a point of diffusion of different groups reflected in changing place names, such as Placentia, Point Patient, and Pasciencia.
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Al-Bustan, Lamees Ahmed. "Social and moral education through drama : a force for change." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401817.
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From its organised origins, there has always been a view that drama has had an educational potential. For much of its history drama has been tied to the religious, moral and social aspects of the community in which it has been produced. This dissertation is a consideration of the educational potential of drama and theatre as a social and moral force. It will examine some contemporary educational debates and will provide a broad background of the relationship of drama to social and moral education. The dissertation will also examine the Drama in Education movement in Britain and its relationship with social and moral education. For the purpose of this research, the consideration of both the development of drama and the debate of where best to place drama in relation to theatre, English and other Arts in Britain is examined to draw out conclusions and recommendations for the Kuwaiti context. Given that the Kuwaiti experience is largely about theatre, the renewed relationship between school drama and theatre in Britain will be considered to help to identify not only the development of drama in schools, but also various ways in which aspects of drama have evolved and what lessons can be learnt from the British experience. This will ultimately assist in devising guidelines for drama and theatre to be implemented in the Kuwaiti context. The key focus of this dissertation is not the research on the British experience, but rather on the conclusions that can be drawn from it. The British experience has provided the essential material for identifying trends, key questions, lessons to be learnt and recommendation in the re-evaluation of drama and theatre in Kuwait. The research will conclude with a proposed theoretical and practical framework of how it would be possible to introduce drama, for the first time, into the Kuwaiti education system and as a way to revitalise its theatre movement.
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Racine, Sylvain. "Analyse thématique de L’hiver de force : Déterminisme social et invectives." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Franska, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-26345.
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Le roman à l’étude dans cette analyse littéraire est L’hiver de force de Réjean Ducharme, publié chez Gallimard en 1973. L’objectif de ce travail a consisté à chercher à comprendre pourquoi les personnages principaux André et Nicole, des mécontents intelligents et éduqués, ont choisi de vivre une vie les menant à rien, le tout en invectivant à peu près tout autour d’eux. Nous suggérons également une réponse, dans le contexte du récit, à la question « pourquoi l’hiver débute un 21 juin? » Pour réaliser ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’invectif, théorie littéraire développée par Marie-Hélène Larochelle, ainsi qu’à la notion de déterminisme social.The novel studied in this literary analysis is L’hiver de force written by Réjean Ducharme and published by Gallimard in 1973. The objective of this work was to reach an understanding as for why the main characters André and Nicole, two clever and educated malcontents, chose to live a life leading to basically nothing, all this while insulting just about everyone and everything. Furthermore, we suggest an answer, in the narrative context, to the question « why does the winter begin a 21st of June? » In order to realise this study, we looked into the invectif, a literary theory developed by Marie-Hélène Larochelle, as well as the notion of social determinism.
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Chan, Lok-wing. "Police discretion : application of deadly force /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18650016.
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Revet, Thierry. "La force de travail : étude juridique." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON10018.
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Notion d'origine économique, la force de travail est l'objet d'appréciations controversées quant à sa situation juridique. Il en est ainsi parce qu'elle recouvre une réalité ambivalente : elle renvoie à la personne et aux biens, au sujet et aux objets de droit, etc. . . Des caractéristiques dominantes peuvent être, toutefois, identifiées : la force de travail est objet de contrat et source de valeurs. La force de travail est l'objet du contrat de travail. La subordination transforme la force de travail en objet : elle la dissocie intellectuellement de la personne, par l'altération de la subjectivité du débiteur. Ce processus est validé par le principe de la liberté du travail. Instrument d'objectivation de la force de travail, la subordination établit, également, l'obligation dont la force de travail est l'objet : il s'agit d'une mise à disposition. Source de valeurs, la force de travail n'interfère qu'exceptionnellement sur la situation juridique des produits de l'exploitation ou de la transformation des biens préexistants. A l'inverse, la force de travail exerce une influence de principe sur la situation juridique des produits du seul déploiement de travail. Une ébauche de réservation privative de droit commun est déduite de la seule qualité de produit du travail. Elle trouve son fondement dans la liberté du travail et s'opère par un rattachement juridique au régime gouvernant le travailOriginally an economic notion, the work-force is a much debated subject as far its juridical situation is concerned. This is because it corresponds to an ambivalent reality : it refers as well to human person as to personal property, to subjects as to objects of law, etc. Some of its main characteristics may however be identified : the work-force can be subject of contract and source of value. A contract of employment deals with the work-force. Through subordination, that work-force turns into object, for it is mentally dissociated from the person itself because of the modification of the debtor's subjectivity. The principle of freedom of of employment validates this process. As an instrument of objectivization of the work-force, subordination establishes too the agreement concerning of the work-force : placing something at somebody's disposal. Source of value, the work-force has not usually an effect on the jurudical situation of the products of exploitation or of the transformation of preexistent goods. In return, the work-force influences in principle the juridical situation of the products coming out only from the display of labour. One can infer from the sole quality of product of work an outline of privative reservation
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Karlsson, Henrik, and Jesper Karlsson. "Coffee Tourism : a community development tool." Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1740.
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Smallholder coffee farmers in Tanzania today are facing a deep financial crises. This is the result of several different reasons but one important factor is the political and economic reforms Tanzania has experienced from being one of the strongest socialist states in Africa to one of the most liberalized. For smallholder coffee farmers this has meant dealing with difficult challenges such as big fluctuations in the coffee bean price but it has also meant opportunities. The purpose for this study is to see if, and to what extent coffee tourism can help in community development and be a leverage to the living standard for people who are dealing with this business. In order to do this the authors have conducted a minor field study in the northern part of Tanzania. We argue that coffee tourism can increase and help stabilize income for smallholder coffee farmers through diversification, contribute to community development and work as a counter-force to the structural changes and the crisis that rural areas in Tanzania are dealing with today.
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Rönning, Anette, and Emma Ericson. "Sustainable Tourism Development in Cambodia : A report about positive and negative effects of international tourism." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1734.
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The country Cambodia has in the last recent years prospered as an international tourist destination and the tourism industry has become more recognised as a major source of income. The international tourist destination has therefore come to occupy an important role for the country’s economic development. Concerning the fact that Cambodia is a Third World country the local community can be extremely vulnerable in relation to the consequences that international tourism can create. The project ChildSafe was formed by the organization Friends International as a consequence of the poor situation for street children.
This project works to protect children from all sorts of abuse. This project has also developed information for the international tourist to take part of while visiting the country. This information provides guidelines concerning how to act as a responsible tourist. The aim of this study is consequently to investigate how international tourism can influence the social community in Cambodia.
To limit the research the study will focus on the organization ChildSafe and their work to promote a sustainable social development. It will also focus on the Ministry of Tourism and their work and attitude towards the same issue.
The result of the study shows that international tourism affects the social community in many ways, both positive and negative. International tourism can contribute to the community and create a sustainable social development if there is support, information, incentives or regulations for the tourists that interests them or controls them in a way that is beneficial for the local community.
Both ChildSafe and the Ministry of Tourism agree that the main positive consequence of international tourism for the social community is the revenue that the tourism industry can generate. Concerning the negative impacts of tourism the two organizations differ significantly as ChildSafe identifies many negative consequences for the social community. The Ministry of Tourism, on the other hand, believes that the negative impacts of international tourism do not affect the community significantly.
However, both organizations believe that sustainable tourism can support the local community and create a sustainable social development. It is concluded from the work done by ChildSafe that international tourism can be used to promote the social community, but only if there is support and information for the international tourists when they arrive in the country. Finally, it is concluded that support from the Ministry of Tourism is needed as it is believed that they possess the greatest power of change for the tourist destination Cambodia.
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Sharpe, Marie F. "Tourism in Peru the missing strategy for economic and social development." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FSharpe_Marie.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Kent Eaton. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78). Also available in print.
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Everett, Sally. "Food tourism in the 'Celtic' periphery: spatial, social and cultural resistance." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495506.
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This thesis draws on the 'rematerialisation' debate in human geography to propose a similar reengagement with the social in tourism studies following its recent cultural and critical turns. In order to contribute new ways of conceptualising tourism experiences the thesis combines material and nonmaterial analyses by linking the spatial with the social and cultural. By tracing the evolution of tourism research and discourses of place, a theoretical approach that retains structuralist and poststructuralist influences in a both/and logic is advanced. This is achieved by utilising the concept of 'resistance' and employing 'third space' thinking to problematise the rigid dualisms that have traditionally characterised tourism research. Food tourism is employed as an innovative conceptual lens that can be harnessed to challenge prevailing theoretical positions within tourism research. Despite a significant rise in food-motivated travel, it is a multi-dimensional touristic activity that has been significantly under-researched (particularly from a social and cultural perspective). This thesis seeks to fill this gap in the research through undertaking an in-depth qualitative study of food tourism in an exploration of the interrelationships between placeidentity construction, consumption and production in the 'Celtic' periphery. The research generates extensive empirical data on the contested interests, attitudes and regulatory structures shaping food tourism development whilst simultaneously highlighting the non-representable dimensions of the phenomenon that include issues of embodiment, emotional semiotics and performativity. A multi-phased abductive case study strategy informed by a constructivist grounded-theory approach was undertaken to generate empirical data. The first phase comprised participant observation and 34 topic-led interviews with tourists (consumers) in six food tourism areas: West Cork and County Galway in Ireland; the Isle of Arran and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; and two districts in Cornwall. These data subsequently informed 32 in-depth interviews with food producers and food tourism intermediaries in the four locations in Ireland and Scotland. This thesis makes a significant theoretical, empirical and methodological contribution to understandings of food tourism and conceptualisations of place. Moreover, the research illustrates the value of occupying the spaces 'in-between' actors and influences in order to pursue a form of 'intellectual resistance' against the orthodox approaches that have restricted the development of tourism studies. This study identifies a number of paradoxes that suggest that the power to influence often emanates from the margins; in the spaces between the local/global and the periphery/core. Concepts such as 'productive consumption', . 'performativity' and 'Iiminality' are employed in order to show how enhanced engagement with a 'triple nexus of resistance' (spatial, social and cultural) provides a more holistic and complete account of tourism experiences.
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Heimtun, Bente. "Mobile identities of gender and tourism : the value of social capital." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444501.
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Lloyd-Wright, Sara. "Health/spa tourism and social and economic regeneration in Mid Wales." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/6348.
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This interpretivist study investigates the case for health/spa tourism as a driver for economic regeneration in Powys, Wales as a sustainable and competitive health/spa tourism destination to answer the following questions. What are the essential ingredients for a sustainable and competitive health/spa tourism destination? What is best practice in implementing major public-private partnership projects? Has Powys got the basic ingredients for a competitive health/spa tourism destination? What would a blueprint for health/spa tourism in Powys look like? What actions would be required of key stakeholders to achieve it? The thesis presents a critical review of literature on destination development, biomedical and bio-psychological models of illness and their relationship to traditional and modern spa practices and stakeholder theory to develop a theoretical framework for a sustainable and competitive health/spa tourism destination. The research adopts a case study methodology involving data collection through semi-structured and unstructured interviews, document and archival analysis, and direct observation. Data collection comprised three key phases. The first phase involved four French case studies - three - Vichy, La Bourboule, Châtel-Guyon - in the Auvergne and the fourth - Saint Malo in Brittany - to determine the applicability of the theoretical framework. The second phase of data collection involved a case study of Bath Spa to explore best practice in implementing major public-private partnerships for economic regeneration. The third phase provided an audit of selected resources in Powys against the framework to determine the feasibility of health/spa tourism as a focus for economic development. The thesis concludes that health/spa tourism would provide an appropriate development path for economic development in Powys and develops a set of recommendations from the best practice case studies into a blueprint for health/spa tourism in Powys and action plan identifying responsibilities for key public and private sector stakeholders in implementation of the blueprint.
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Kalisch, Angela. "Fair trade in tourism : a reflexive appraisal of the activism/academe nexus in the movement towards social justice in tourism." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3382/.
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This Ph.D. thesis critically reviews the relationship between activism and academe in the inquiry on fairly traded tourism and the role of reflexivity in assisting with that inquiry. It includes published material, part activist, part academic research outputs, on the concept of Fair Trade in Tourism (FTinT), spanning a time period from 2000 to 2013. From my present academic perspective, it critically engages with some of the personal and socio-political complexities surrounding the organisation, which initiated the investigation into FTinT, and my position within the organisation as a key actor and change agent. Applying reflexivity as a method for deconstruction and dialectical critique of my activist and academic engagement, this thesis uses the FTinT research to explore the interface between activism and academe in tourism research. Accordingly, the writing style is predominantly personal, interwoven with reflections on theoretical currents to inform the analysis. Such personal, reflexive engagement illuminates the underlying mechanisms and processes employed in the quest for developing increased public awareness and tangible, applicable criteria and strategies for fairer trade in tourism at a time when such ideas were entirely original. The analysis in this thesis includes application of several approaches to reflexivity and application of concepts of trustworthiness in qualitative research to accredit the scholarly significance of such activist endeavour. Reflexivity and activism are generally under-researched areas in the tourism academy, even more so in relation to trade justice. In particular, there is no evidence of research on these areas as interconnected entities. This study therefore provides an original contribution to knowledge in tourism research on a number of different levels. In this inquiry, I am arguing the case for a more concentrated, though critical engagement with activist and participatory action research as a way of addressing issues of inequity and injustice in the tourism trade. In that context, reflexivity approaches can provide important insights into researchers’ underlying values and beliefs which inflect their choices and decision-making and their relationships within the research environment. However, my research also reveals some serious challenges, both in the application of reflexivity and in the engagement with the activist/academic interface. Such challenges relate to issues of ethical and political integrity, cultural sensitivity, memory-work, and the acceptance of the value of the reciprocal relationship between activism and academe within tourism scholarship.
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Corrales, Pallavicini Jazmin Ariana. "Factors Influencing Tourism Destinations Attractiveness : The Case of Malaga." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14973.
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Destination attractiveness is a subjective concept that has raised discussions among academics and researchers within the field of tourism. Attractiveness has been studied from different approaches, and due to the importance of tourism in contemporary societies, it has also been studied within different disciplines of knowledge, without achieving an agreement on its definition, measure and creation. This thesis is an attempt to contribute to these discussions through the analysis of the case of Malaga, Spain, a city with a long and strong relation to tourism, but which for particular reasons and context, had to develop its tourism sector almost from the scratch over the course of recent decades, before becoming one of the most important urban cultural destinations in Spain. This thesis will explore the factors that influenced the creation of Malaga’s attractiveness and the strategies that supported this evolution.
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Gurkan, Inanc. "Tourism As An Agent Of Change Izmir." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610262/index.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the dynamics behind the urbanisation processes in ex-rural areas
where agricultural economy had collapsed. Being aware of local values marketable in
tourism, applying tourism as an agent of change is a pervasive vision. This approach relies
on strategies that highlight local resources to compete in the tourism market by making use
of technical means of globalisation. It is expected that the process diversifies local
economies in order to bring welfare to the entire local community. To this end, a great
functional role is attributed to local NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and local
governments on behalf of local democracy. Thus, a power process begins in the place
subjected to tourism development. The actors in this power process can be effective at
different scales like local, national and supra-national. This thesis maintains that the
transformation in rural areas cannot be kept distinct from the political processes that result in
the transformation of cities. Both transformations endeavour to solve system crises. The
transformation in rural areas should be accepted as a process of class strategy that has both
winners and losers itself. For this purpose, this thesis investigated the local agents of this
class strategy, whereas it initiates the capital accumulation process in cities by the agents of
either state apparatuses or market mechanisms. This investigation aims at the role of local
non-governmental organisations and local governments in this process. An Aegean town
which faced a rapid transformation along with tourism development is selected for the case
study because the development was known as an autonomous local movement that was not
based on a tourism development plan. The case study was based on qualitative data from
deep-interviews with local community members and the actors of tourism development.
According to the findings of the study, entrepreneurs that belong to mid-classes of big cities
initiated and conducted the development process. These actors, who had more financial
means and cultural capital than the local community, represented themselves and acted
through local NGOsthen, they examined power in order to construct rationalities of the development in their own favour. These rationalities which were beyond capacities of local people did not result in participation of local people in the development process. Local people only affected the process of decision-making through property holdings. Consequently, capital accumulation process of this mid-class, the main actors of the development, was accelerated because local people sold or rented out their properties in the real estate market developed by the tourism. On the other hand, the local government formed a counter power striving to attract both national and supra-national big capital to the town in the process.
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Runwen, Zhu. "Environmental Virtue Ethics : Wildlife Tourism in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76288.
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With the permission of Swedish Allemansrätten, the Right of Public Access, allows people to interact with the natural environment... . Environmental ethics, discuss about the relationship between man and nature, and is hence clearly connected to the questions of wildlife tourism. Great part of the previous literature has focused on the environmental ethics in tourism from the perspective of utilitarianism or deontology, with special concern in animal rights, animal ethics and animal welfare. However, questions like ‘what kind of people will do good to the environment?’, ‘What are the characteristics of these people?’ are among those that still need to be discussed in the field of wildlife tourism research. According to the theory of environmental virtue ethics, man's attitude towards nature originates from the internal quality and character of human beings. Whether it is the western scholars Thomas Hill and Geoffrey Frasz, or the ancient Chinese School of Confucianism and Taoism, they all put forward their own opinions on the characters required by the virtue ethics of the environment. In this thesis, documentary writing and network media records of wildlife tourists in Sweden are used as empirical materials to demonstrate the behavioral and psychological manifestations of the three characters of environmental virtues ethics. These three characters reflect the harmonious interaction between man and nature, and contribute in the theoretical discussions of of ethics in Tourism Studies.
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Stone, Philip R. "Death, dying and dark tourism in contemporary society : a theoretical and empirical analysis." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2010. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1870/.
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Despite increasing academic and media attention paid to dark tourism – the act of travel to sites of death, disaster and the seemingly macabre – understanding of the concept remains limited, particularly from a consumption perspective. That is, the literature focuses primarily on the supply of dark tourism. Less attention, however, has been paid to the consumption of ‘dark’ touristic experiences and the mediation of such experiences in relation to modern-day mortality. This thesis seeks to address this gap in the literature. Drawing upon thanatological discourse – that is, the analysis of society’s perceptions of and reactions to death and dying – the research objective is to explore the potential of dark tourism as a means of contemplating mortality in (Western) societies. In so doing, the thesis appraises dark tourism consumption within society, especially within a context of contemporary perspectives of death and, consequently, offers an integrated theoretical and empirical critical analysis and interpretation of death-related travel. The study adopts a phenomenological approach and a multiple case studies design with integrative and complementary methods of covert participation observation, semi-structure interviews (n = 64) and survey research (n = 419), as well as a focus group and a diarist account. As a result, the thesis explores the fundamental interrelationships between visitors and sites that offer a representation of death. In particular, the research examines these relationships at Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum & Memorial (Oświęcim, Poland), WTC Tribute Visitor Centre at Ground Zero (New York), Body Worlds exhibition at the O2 Arena (London), and the Dungeon visitor attractions (York and London). The research finds that in a contemporary secular age where ordinary and normal death is sequestered behind medical and professional façades, yet abnormal and extraordinary death is recreated for popular consumption, dark tourism plays a mediating role between life and death. Ultimately, therefore, the thesis argues that dark tourism is a (new) mediating institution within secularised death sequestered societies, which not only provides a physical place to link the living with the dead, but also allows the Self to construct contemporary meanings of mortality, and to reflect and contemplate both life and death through consuming the Significant Other Dead.
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Latkova, Pavlina. "An examination of factors predicting residents' support for tourism development." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 2, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-198). Also issued in print.
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Tasse, Dan. "How Geotagged Social Media Can Inform Modern Travelers." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/983.
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Modern tourists travel in new ways. The rising class of so-called “Creative tourists” prefer to explore everyday life instead of simply ticking off a list of sights to see. However, travel guides all currently represent places as simply a collection of sights. At the same time, public geotagged social media data is opening a new world of ways to investigate another place. In this thesis, I describe efforts to bring these trends together, by developing neighborhood guides for travelers, based on social media. I first investigate why people geotag and where this public geotagged data comes from. Then, after developing a model of what tourists want through a series of interviews and surveys, I develop a prototype social-media-based neighborhood guide for travelers. By an iterative user study and quantitative investigation into photo sources, I find that this data can give users an ideal glimpse into a new city. Implications are widespread: I show not only how social media can be used to help people travel, but also develop a perspective on what social media tells, and does not tell, about cities and neighborhoods. I show that social media provides an idealized qualitative image into a city, while perhaps not reflecting the objective, quantitative reality. This matches tourists’ needs ideally, providing an exciting new opportunity for a new generation of tourism tools.
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Böe, Erik. "NATOs nye konsepter, NATO Response Force og Combined Joint Task Force - i et maritimt perspektiv." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1658.
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Bakgrunnen for innføringen av CJTF-konseptet, og dermed innslag av multinasjonale enheter, varreduksjoner i de alliertes nasjonale styrkestrukturer. Dessuten er flernasjonale styrker blitt mer vanlige bådei internasjonale fredsstøtteoperasjoner og for å løse mer tradisjonelle allierte oppgaver.Det er viktig å kunne se sammenhengen mellom NATOs nye deployeringskonsepter. Tidligere hadde ikkeNATO et system som ivaretok de prosesser og aktiviteter som var nødvendige i perioden fra krisen var etfaktum til en CJTF var operativ. NRF er ment å skulle fylle dette tomrommet.Den forsvars- og sikkerhetspolitiske utviklingen er, og har vært, preget av mange begivenheter. NATOstilnærming til Europa, European Security and Defence Identity, og EUs militære fokusering, EuropeanSecurity and Defence Policy, er begge viktige milepæler for ulike nasjoners militære fokusering.Sammen med nye operasjonsområder og tilhørende konfliktskala, ulike konfliktløsere og nasjonersalliansetilhørighet, vil jeg belyse tre valgte lands maritime evne og villighet til å delta internasjonalt iNATOs nye konsepter.Sverige – på tross av sitt medlemskap i EU, en stadig tilnærming til NATO samt satsning på kystnæreoperasjonskonsepter – har tydelige begrensninger. Den politiske viljen er ikke alltid like presis og dethersker en for stor diskrepans mellom mål og midler. Norge har med sitt NATO medlemskap opparbeidetseg verdifull erfaring, de har en velutviklet konseptuel basis, men må være observant sin marginale flåtepark.Storbritannia – som en europeisk stormakt og foregangsland på mange områder – har gjentatte gangerdemonstrert evne, politisk vilje og handlekraft.Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-uppsHylla: Upps. ChP 02-04
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Margaryan, Lusine. "Commercialization of nature through tourism." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för turismvetenskap och geografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31800.
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This dissertation contributes to developing knowledge on the commercialization of natural resources through tourism. This is achieved by means of understanding the main avenues through which natural resources are commercialized, and analyzing the operational setting of tourism firms. The focal area is nature-based tourism– a type of tourism, taking place incomparatively unmodified natural areas, which has emerged as a powerful gravitational force, integrating an increasing variety of natural resources into the commercial domain. The point of departure is the assumption that fornature-based tourism firms, nature is simultaneously the main object of commercialization and the operational setting, where this commercialization happens. The attention here is, therefore, on the supply side, i.e. on the smalland micro firms, acting as the agents of commercialization. The empirical data come primarily from a nation-wide survey among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, generating the most comprehensive information about this sector to date. Additional data come from in-depth interviews and observations among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, as well assecondary sources (official statistics on natural resources and a survey in Norway). This is a compilation thesis, i.e. it consists of a cover essay and five individual papers. The cover essay offers a bird’s eye view on all the papers, frames them theoretically and synthesizes all the findings into a coherent contribution. Papers I and II create the foundation, necessary for understanding the processes of nature commercialization and the operational setting of naturebased tourism firms, while Papers III, IV and V provide supplementary insights into these areas of inquiry. Paper I starts by building on existing knowledge in outdoor recreation to approach nature-based tourism. Paper II focuses on the operational setting, conceptualizes and explores its dimensions. Building on this, Paper III looks at how the presence of various amenities in the operational setting can explain the localization patterns of the firms on various geographical levels. Paper IV focuses on the operational setting dimensions omitted in the previous papers, i.e. the continuous efforts of the firms to negotiate the inherent uncertainty within the setting. Finally, Paper V looks at various characteristics of nature-based tourism firms to understand the specifics of sustainability strategies. The main findings in these five papers demonstrate that the nature-basedtourism is an active integrator of a wide variety of natural resources into the commercial domain, and approaching them from the supply perspective provides an additional understanding of the sector. This approach suggests that the nature-based tourism supply could be understood not only from the perspectives of tourist activities offered, but also from the perspective of operational setting preferences (e.g., the axes of high-low specialization, and high-low dependence on specific setting features), providing a new insight into the ways of nature commercialization through tourism. The operational setting itself becomes an important resource, being simultaneously part of the supply and the environment of a tourism system, bringing together a multitude of dimensions and actors. The resources nature-based tourism depends on defy ‘commercialization-friendly’ criteria, creating a context of uncertainty and demanding higher levels of creativity and agency on behalf of the firms. Commercialized nature experiences become important not only for specialized, skill- and equipment-intensive activities, but also for rather simple and relaxed ones, on both international and domestic markets. This suggests the growing importance of commercial nature-based tourism, linked to growing sustainability challenges. The sustainable resource use within the Scandinavian nature-based tourism context, however, is deeply entrenched inunique local specifics, and the entrepreneurial characteristics are not always compatible with market-based sustainability policies, suggesting the need for more fine-tuned approaches.
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Aljohani, Mona. "A Study of the Impact of Tourism on the Environment and Jeddah Citizen’s Perceptions toward Tourism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/140.
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This study examined the impact of tourism on the environment and Jeddah citizens’ perceptions toward tourism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of citizens who reside in the city of Jeddah. The variables analyzed included the following: cleanliness of the city, crowding, access to facilities, availability of water, and the quality of air and sea. An explanatory research design was utilized to generate the study, and purposive sampling was employed to gather the analysis. A total of 115 participants participated in the study. The study results suggested that cleanliness of the city, crowding, access to facilities, availability of water, and the quality of air and sea affect the perception of Jeddah citizens toward tourism. Particularly, both crowding and quality of air and sea were significant predictors of perceptions toward tourism.
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Söderqvist, Erik. "Operation Allied Force ur ett tidsperspektiv." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9148.
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In the spring of 1999 NATO started the air campaign Operation Allied Force against the Serb president Slobodan Milošević’s dictatorship. Operation Allied Force unfolded during a 78-day long campaign in former Yugoslavia. The aim of the operation was to stop the ethnic cleansing of Kosovar Albanians in the Serb province Kosovo. The operation, that initially was supposed to be over in a week, continued for almost three months. Why did the campaign take such a long time compared to what was predicted? The aim of this study was to analyze Operation Allied Force from a time perspective to be able to tell why the operation became so protracted. The analyze was made by consuming two of the best well-known air power theories written by Robert A. Pape and John A. Warden. The result showed that there were several different factors that contributed to the protracted process. Too strict rules of engagement, few targets, lack of resources and the lack of a unified strategy inside NATO are believed to be the main factors that caused the lengthy process.