Relevant bibliographies by topics / Total Synthesis, Antibiotics

Academic literature on the topic 'Total Synthesis, Antibiotics'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Total Synthesis, Antibiotics"

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Yosiiii, Eiichi, and Tadashi KOMETANI. "Total synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone antibiotics." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 44, no. 10 (1986): 918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.44.918.

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KUBO, Akinori, and Naoki SAITO. "Total synthesis of isoquinolinequinone antibiotics." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 46, no. 2 (1988): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.46.121.

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LARSEN, D., M. OSHEA, and S. BROOKER. "Total synthesis of angucylinone antibiotics." Drug Discovery Today 1, no. 4 (April 1996): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-6446(96)89074-x.

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USUI, TAKAYUKI, and SUMIO UMEZAWA. "Total synthesis of neomycin B." Journal of Antibiotics 40, no. 10 (1987): 1464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.40.1464.

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Andrade, Rodrigo. "Total Synthesis of Desmethyl Macrolide Antibiotics." Synlett 26, no. 16 (September 3, 2015): 2199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1381047.

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MAKITA, ATSUSHI, YASUHIRO YAMADA, and HIROSUKE OKADA. "The total synthesis of (.+-.)-patulolide A." Journal of Antibiotics 39, no. 9 (1986): 1257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.39.1257.

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Tatsuta, Kuniaki. "Total synthesis of the big four antibiotics and related antibiotics." Journal of Antibiotics 66, no. 3 (March 2013): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ja.2012.126.

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YASUDA, NOBUYOSHI, KEIJI MATSUDA, HIDEO TSUTSUMI, and TAKAO TAKAYA. "Total synthesis of 3-O-demethylsporaricin A." Journal of Antibiotics 38, no. 11 (1985): 1512–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.38.1512.

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ISSHIKI, KUNIO, YOSHIKAZU TAKAHASHI, TSUTOMU SAWA, HIROSHI NAGANAWA, TOMIO TAKEUCHI, HAMAO UMEZAWA, and KUNIAKI TATSUTA. "Total synthesis of indisocin and N-methylindisocin." Journal of Antibiotics 40, no. 8 (1987): 1202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.40.1202.

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TATSUTA, KUNIAKI, MASAAKI TAKAHASHI, and NOBORU TANAKA. "The First Total Synthesis of Pyralomicin 1c." Journal of Antibiotics 53, no. 1 (2000): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.53.88.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total Synthesis, Antibiotics"

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Preece, Lewis. "Studies toward a total synthesis of Lactonamycin." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39607/.

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Work was undertaken towards the synthesis of the promising antibiotic lactonamycin (iii). Following the work of Parsons et al. it was proposed that cyclisation of the ene-diyne (i) would give access to advanced pentacyclic intermediate (ii) and that from this a total synthesis of lactonamycin would be achieved (scheme I). Scheme I : Proposed Parsons, Board, Waters cyclisation to form the pentacycle (iii)(For image refer to pdf). A synthesis towards the cyclisation precursor (i) was carried out and a route to the key tetrasubstituted phthalide (v) established. Further chemistry was proposed to complete the synthesis of lactonamycin (scheme II). Scheme II : Formation of a fully substituted benzolactone.(For image refer to pdf). During attempts to introduce the β-bromoallyl group of key intermediate (v) using a high temperature Claisen rearrangement it was established that the benzodioxin (vii) underwent thermolysis to generate the reactive quinone methide intermediate (viii) and that in the presence of a nucleophilic solvent the adduct (ix) was formed (scheme III). Model studies showed the reaction to be both general and high-yielding. Scheme III : Novel quinone methide methodology. (For image refer to pdf).
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Wohlrab, Aaron M. "The total synthesis of depsipeptide antibiotics." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3284214.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 14, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Lineswala, Jayana P. "Total synthesis of lavendamycin amides." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1036197.

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The synthesis of 7-N-acetyldemethyllavendamycin butyl amide (47), 7-Nacetyldemethyllavendamycin isopropyl amide (48), 7-N-acetyldemethyllavendamycin amide of piperidine (49), 7-N-acetyldemethyllavendamycin amide of pyrrolidine (50), 7N-acetyldemethyllavendamycin amide of morpholine (51), demethyllavendamycin butyl amide (52), demethyllavendamycin amide of pyrrolidine (53), and demethyllavendamycin amide of morpholine (54) are described. Pictet Spengler condesation of 7-acetamido-2formylquinoline-5,8-dione (28) with tryptophan butyl amide (66), tryptophan isopropyl amide (67), tryptophan amide of piperidine (68), tryptophan amide of pyrrolidine (69), and tryptophan amide of morpholine (70) in an anisole - pyridine solution directly afforded the five lavendamycin amides 47-51. Compounds 52, 53, and 54 were obtained by hydrolysis of 47, 50, and 51 with 70% H2SO4-H20 solution.Aldehyde 28 was prepared according to the following general procedure.Nitration of 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline (30) yielded 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-5,7 dinitroquinoline (31). Compound 31 was then hydrogenated and acylated with acetic anhydride to yield 5,7-diacetamido-2-methyl-8-acetoxyquinoline (33). Compound 33 was oxidized by potassium dichromate to give 7-acetamido-2-methylquinoline-5,8-dione (27). Treatment of 27 with selenium dioxide in refluxing 1,4-dioxane afforded compound 28.Compounds 66, 67, 68, 69, and 70 were synthesized from compounds 61,62, 63, 64, and 65. These compounds were deprotected with ammonium formate in the presence of 10% Palladium on charcoal in methanol under an argon balloon at atmospheric pressure.Compounds 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65 were obtained from 58 with butylamine, isopropylamine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, and morpholine respectively in the presence of triethylamine under an argon balloon at atmospheric pressure.Compound 58 was synthesized by the reaction of N-carbobenzyloxytryptophan, with N-hydroxy succinimide, in the presence of N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide in dried and distilled dioxane under an argon balloon at atmospheric pressure.The structures of the novel compounds 58, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, and 54 were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, EIMS, and HRMS.The structures of protected and deprotected amides 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, and 70 were also confirmed by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Department of Chemistry
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Martin, Bruce John. "A total synthesis of myxothiazol." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283643.

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Glover, Christian. "Towards the total synthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56094/.

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The Bohlmann-Rahtz intermediates (aminodienones) have provided a viable route to 2,3,6- trisubstituted and 2,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted pyridines (a substitution partem hitherto unreported for Bohlmann-Rahtz intermediates), using new mild facile reaction conditions. These new methods provide the potential for both complimentary and independent pathways to access many of the thiopeptide antibiotics as well as other pyridine containing natural products. Degradation studies of thiopeptide antibiotics have led to the isolation of fragments that help in the structural elucidation of the parent molecules. Our efforts to synthesize degradation fragments from thiopeptide antibiotics have led to the total synthesis of the methyl sulfomycinate 39 in 9 steps from H-Thr-OMe and 15% overall yield, sulfomycinic amide 38, sulfomycinine 37 and the synthesis of saramycetic acid I 47, the latter in 9 steps and 11% overall yield. Furthermore progress towards the total synthesis of micrococcin Pi has demonstrated that enamine and alkynone precursors to the Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis are viable intermediates en route to the core of micrococcin Pi.
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Karki, Rajesh. "Total synthesis of oxygenated lavendamycin analogs." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115420.

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The synthesis of 7-acetyl-11'-benzyloxylavendamycin methyl ester (47), 7acetyl-11'-hydroxylavendamycin methyl ester (48), 11'-hydroxylavendamycin methyl ester (49), 11'-benzyloxylavendamycin methyl ester (50), are described. Pictet-Spengler condensation of 7-N-acetyl-2-formylquinoline-5,8-dione (26) with 5-benzyloxytrytophan methyl ester (45) or 5-hydroxytryptophan methyl ester (46) in dry xylene or anisole directly afforded lavendamycin analogs 47 or 48. Compound 49 was obtained by hydrolysis of 48 with 70% H2SO4 - H2Osolution. Compound 50 was obtained by hydrolysis of 47 with sodium carbonate solution.Aldehyde 26 was prepared according to the following general procedure. Nitration of 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline (28) yielded 8-hydroxy-2-methyl5,7-dinitroquinoline (29). Compound 29 was then hydrogenated and acylated with acetic anhydride to yield 5,7-bis(diacetamido)-8-hydroxy-2methylquinoline (31). Compound 31 was oxidized to give 5,8- dione 25 by using potassium dichromate. Treatment of compound 25 with selenium dioxide in refluxing 1,4-dioxane yielded compound 26.3 (Isopropylaminoethylidene)-6,7-dimethoxyindole (39) was prepared via the following procedure. Acylation of vanillin (32) with acetic anhydride yielded acetylvanillin (33). Compound 33 was nitrated and hydrolyzed to give 2nitrovanillin (35). Compound 35 was then methylated using dimethyl sulfate to produce 2-nitroveratric aldehyde (36). Condensation of compound 36 with nitromethane yielded 3,4-dimethoxy-2-f3-nitrostyrene (37). Ammonium formate reductive cyclization of compound 37 in refluxing methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of 10% palladium on charcoal yielded 6,7dimethoxyindole (38). Electrophilic substitution reaction of compound 38 with ethylideneisopropylamine (41) in dry toluene yielded compound 39.Methyl (2RS, 3SR)-2-amino-3-[3-(5-benzyloxyindolyl)]butanoate (45) and methyl (2RS, 3SR)-2-amino-3-[3-(5-hydroxyindolyl)]butanoate (46) were obtained following the procedure described below. Electrophilic substitutionreaction of 5-bezyloxyindole (40) with ethylideneisopropylamine (41) in dry toluene yielded 3-(isopropylaminoethylidene)-5-benzyloxyindole (42). Condensation of compound 42 with methyl nitroacetate (43) in dry toluene gave methyl 3-[3-(5-benzyloxyindolyl)]3-nitrobutanoate (44). Hydrogenation of compound 44 in the presence of Raney nickel and trifluoroacetic acid in ethanol yielded methyl (2RS, 3SR)-2-amino-3-[3-(5-benzyloxyindolyl)] butanoate (45). Hydrogenation of compound 44 in the presence of 10% palladium on charcoal and trifluoroacetic acid in ethanol yielded methyl (2RS, 3SR)-2-amino-3-[3-(5-hydroxyindolyl)] butanoate (46).The structures of the novel compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, and HRMS or elemental analysis.
Department of Chemistry
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Chen, Deqi. "Studies towards the total synthesis of aerocyanidin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240567.

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Ward, Richard Anthony. "A total synthesis of AI-77-B." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315364.

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Stocksdale, Mark G. "Total synthesis of lavendamycin analogs." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834647.

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The syntheses of 7-N-chloroacetyllavendamycin methyl ester (55), 7-N-butyryllavendamycin methyl ester (56), 7-N-chloroacetyldemethyllavendamycin octyl ester (57), 7-N-butyryldemethyllavendamycin octyl ester (58), 7-N-chloroacetyldemethyllavendamycin isoamyl ester (59), and 7-N-butyryldemethyllavendamycin isoamyl ester (61) are described. Incorporation of the Pictet-Spengler condensation of 7-chloroacetamido-2-formylquinoline-5,8-dione (62) or 7butyramido-2-formylquinoline-5,8-dione (63) with B - methyltryptophan methyl ester (11), L-tryptophan octyl ester (64), or L-tryptophan isoamyl ester (65) in xylene directly afforded six lavendamycin analogs.The aldehydes 62 and 63 were prepared according to the following general procedure. Nitration of 8-hydroxy-2methylquinoline (66) yielded 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-5,772, and 73 are also included. 1H NMR and IR are provided compounds 67, and 71, and 1H NMR is provided for compound dinitroquinoline (67). Compound 67 was then hydrogenated and acylated with chloroacetic anhydride (or butyric anhydride) to yield 5,7-bis(chloroacet4mido)-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline (69) (or 5,7-dibutyramido-8-butyroxy-2 methylquinoline (71)).Compound 69 (and 71) was oxidized by potassium dichromate to give the corresponding 5,8-dione 70 (and 72). Treatment of 70 (and 72) with selenium dioxide in refluxing 1,4-dioxane afforded compound 62 (and 63). It was also noted that 71 would hydrolyze to its 8-hydroxy derivative 73 in hot methanol-water.Compound 64 was prepared through the neutralization of Ltryptophan octyl ester hydrochloride with a 14 % ammonium hydroxide solution followed by extraction. Compound 65 was synthesized via a Fischer esterification of L-tryptophan with isoamyl alcohol saturated with hydrogen chloride. The synthesis of H-methyltryptophan (44) was accomplished with the method of Snyder and Matteson.The structures of the novel compounds 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 69, 70, 72 and 73 were confirmed through 1H NMR, IR, EIMS, and HRMS. Elemental analyses of 62, 63, 69, 70,for 44.
Department of Chemistry
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Chenault, Darrell Vincent. "Total synthesis of 6-chlorodemethyllavendamycin esters and amides." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115748.

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The synthesis of several 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin analogs and their chemistry are described. In this investigation the following compounds were prepared:6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin methyl ester, 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin ethylester, 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin butyl ester, 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin isoamyl ester, 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin octyl ester, and 6-Chlorodemethyllavendamycin amide. Pictet Spengler condensation of 7-amino-6-chloro-2-formylquinoline-5,8-dione with tryptophan methyl ester, tryptophan ethyl ester, tryptophan butyl ester, tryptophan isoamyl ester, tryptophan octyl ester, and tryptophan amide in anisole afforded the compounds. 7-amino-6-chloro-2-formylquinoline-5,8-dione was prepared according to the following general procedures.The first step is the nitration of 8-Hydroxy-2-methylquinoline. 8-Hydroxy-2methylquinoline is reacted with 70% mixture of HNO3/H2SO4 to produce 5,7-dinitro-8hydroxy-2-methylquinoline. The next step requires hydrogenation and acylation. 5,7Dinitro-8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline was reduced by H2/Pd-C in the presence of HCl and H20 filtered and then treated with sodium sulfite, sodium acetate and acetic anhydride to yield 5,7-diacetamido-8-acetoxy-2-methylquinoline. 5,7-Diacetamido-8-acetoxy-2methylquinoline was oxidized by potassium dichromate to produce 7-acetamido-2methylquinoline-5,8-dione. 7-Acetamido-2-methylquinoline-5,8-dione was chlorinated using hydrogen chloride gas in dry methanol producing 7-amino-6-chloro-2methylquinoline-5,8-dione. Treatment of 7-amino-6-chloro-2-methylquinoline-5,8-dione with selenium dioxide, under reflux in 1,4-dioxane produced 7-amino-6-chloro-2formylquinoline-5, 8-dione.All structures were confirmed by 'H NMR, IR, EIMS, and HRMS.
Department of Chemistry
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Books on the topic "Total Synthesis, Antibiotics"

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Saha, Jayanta Kumar. Total synthesis of (±)-bostrycin, synthesis of a chiral catechol-based C b2 s-symmetric ligand and studies directed towards the synthesis of dienoyl tetramic acid section of tirandamycin. 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Total Synthesis, Antibiotics"

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Johnson, Francis. "The Total Synthesis of Antibiotics." In Total Synthesis of Natural Products, 331–465. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470129647.ch5.

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Tatsuta, Kuniaki. "Total Synthesis of Macrolide Antibiotics." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics, 1–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75617-7_1.

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Yonemitsu, Osamu, and Kiyoshi Horita. "Total Synthesis of Polyether Antibiotics." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics, 447–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75617-7_13.

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Suzuki, Keisuke, and Takashi Matsumoto. "Total Synthesis of Aryl C-Glycoside Antibiotics." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 353–403. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_9.

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Gołebiowski, Adam, and Janusz Jurczak. "Total Synthesis of Lincomycin and Related Chemistry." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics, 365–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75617-7_10.

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Mendoza, José S., and Andrew S. Kende. "Total Synthesis of the Antifungal Antibiotic Ambruticin." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 405–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_10.

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Yoshii, Eiichi, and Kei Takeda. "Progress in the Total Synthesis of Spirotetronic Acid Macrolide Antibiotics." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 67–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_2.

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Chapleur, Y. "The Chemistry and Total Synthesis of Mevinolin and Related Compounds." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 829–937. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_17.

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Lett, Robert, Maxime Lampilas, and Isabelle Tichkowsky. "Convergent Stereospecific Total Synthesis of Monocillin and Monorden (or Radicicol)." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 99–120. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_3.

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Skrydstrup, Troels, Gerardo Ulibarri, Hélène Audrain, and David S. Grierson. "The “Enediyne” Antibiotics Calicheamicin γ 1 I , Esperamicin-A1, and Dynemicin-A: Physicochemical and Biological Properties-Partial and Total Synthesis." In Recent Progress in the Chemical Synthesis of Antibiotics and Related Microbial Products Vol. 2, 213–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78250-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Total Synthesis, Antibiotics"

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Inoue, Masayuki, Takuya Kaji, Motoki Murai, Takefumi Kuranaga, Hiroshi Hamamoto, and Kazuhisa Sekimizu. "Total Synthesis, Functional Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Antibiotic Peptide Natural Products." In The 24th American Peptide Symposium. Prompt Scientific Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17952/24aps.2015.009.

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Soliman, Nada Hossam, Ahmed T. M. Aboughalia, Tawanda Chivese, Omran A. H. Musa, George Hindy, Noor Al-Wattary, Saifeddin Moh'd Badran, et al. "A Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses and an Updated Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 Infection." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0308.

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Objective: To synthesize the findings presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as to update the evidence using a meta-analysis in evaluating the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ with or without Azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Methods: The design of this meta-review followed the preferred reporting items for overviews of systematic reviews including harms checklist (PRIO-harms). A comprehensive search included several electronic databases in identifying all systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as experimental studies which investigated the efficacy and safety of CQ, HCQ with or without antibiotics as COVID-19 treatment. Findings from the systematic reviews and metaanalyses were reported using a structured summary including tables and forest plots. The updated metaanalyses of experimental studies was carried out using the distributional assumption-free quality effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews (AMSTAR) tool for reviews and the methodological standard for epidemiological research (MASTER) scale for the experimental studies. The main outcome for both the meta-review and the updated metaanalyses was mortality. Secondary outcomes included transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or mechanical ventilation, worsening of illness, viral clearance and the occurrence of adverse events. Results: A total of 13 reviews with 40 primary studies comprising 113,000 participants were included. Most of the primary studies were observational (n=27) and the rest were experimental studies. Two meta-analyses reported a high risk of mortality with similar ORs of 2.5 for HCQ with Azithromycin. However, four other metaanalyses reported contradictory results with two reporting a high risk of mortality and the other two reporting no significant association between HCQ with mortality. Most reviews reported that HCQ with or without Azithromycin had no significant effect on virological cure, disease exacerbation or the risk of transfer to the ICU, need for intubation or mechanical ventilation. After exclusion of studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria, the updated meta-analysis contained eight experimental studies (7 RCTs and 1 quasiexperimental trial), with a total of 5279 participants of whom 1856 were on either CQ/HCQ or combined with Azithromycin. CQ/HCQ with or without Azithromycin was significantly associated with a higher risk of adverse events. HCQ was not effective in reducing mortality transfer to the ICU, intubation or need for mechanical ventilation virological cure (RR 1.0, 95%CI 0.9-1.2, I2 =55%, n=5 studies) nor disease exacerbation (RR 1.2, 95%CI 0.3-5.0, I2 =29%, n=3 studies). Conclusion: There is conclusive evidence that CQ and HCQ, with or without Azithromycin are not effective in treating COVID-19 or its exacerbation.
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Arora, Rahul D. "Definition, etiopathogenesis, management and role of flouroquinolone prophylaxis in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis complicating malignant ascites." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685345.

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Background: Malignancy related ascites encompasses multiple etiologies which include peritoneal carcinomatosis, hepatic synthetic dysfunction due to parenchymal involvement by the tumour, transcoeloemic metastasis and chylous ascites due to lymphatic obstruction. Primary Cancer type, liver metastasis and serum albumin have been listed as independent prognostic markers in malignant ascites. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis is usually seen as a complication of decompensated chronic liver disease due to translocation of bacteria or haematogenous dissemination from a distant focus of infection. The combination of a positive peritoneal fluid culture and an ascitic fluid neutrophil count >250 cells/mm3 and no evidence of intra-abdominal source of infection; or 2) culture negative neutrocytic ascites: the combination of negative peritoneal fluid bacterial culture and neutrophil count >500 cells/mm3, without antibiotics within 7 days with no obvious source of infection are used to define spontaneous bacterialperitonitis. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis has been proposed as a prophylaxis to reduce the incidence and prevent the recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Materials and Methods: A web search of indexed literature was carried out articles containing information on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy or malignancy related ascites or malignant ascites. Articles that carried relevant information about etiopathogenesis, management and translational research in the context of malignant ascites were also included. Results: A total of 32 articles were analysed and about half of them included in the discussion to answer the research question. Discussion: Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach leading to formation of spheroids which imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis and chemotherapeutics leading to efficient feed forward progressive cycle of seeding and growth of peritoneal metastasis. Intraperitoneal metastasis can cause peritoneal dysfunction, adhesions and malignant ascites. Epithelial mesenchymal transistion and myofibroblastic transformation occur in the mesothelial cells in response to pathological stimuli. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important mitogen for endothelial cells and plays an important role in increasing capillary vascular permeability. In preclinical studies systemic administration of VEGF Trap which acts as a decoy receptor for VEGF has shown to decrease the formation of ascites fluid and prevent tumour dissemination. Epithelial ovarian cancer cells have developed various mechanisms to evade immune surveillance like development of surface microvesicles which contain CD 95 ligand leading to apoptosis of immune cells. Higher levels of osteoproteogerin, IL 10 and leptin in the ascitic fluid have been associated with a poor prognosis in malignant ascites. Tethered bowel sign and presence of fluid in the omental bursa on CT have been shown to distinguish between malignant ascites and Cirrhotic ascites with accuracy. Immunological approaches to management of malignant ascites include use of intraperitoneal triamcinolone, interferon, long acting synthetic corticosteroids and the trifoliate antibody catumaxomab. VEGF Inhihibitors like octreotide and long acting depot preparations of lanreotide have also been shown to be feasible therapeutic options. Anti androgenic agents and PARP inhibitors have also been proposed as management options. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy in the absence of hepatic dysfunction has been reported to have a poorer prognosis than SBP in the setting of decompensated liver disease. Monomicrobial and polymicrobial bacterascites have been proposed in the absence of an elevated neutrophil ascitic fluid count that does not meet the diagnostic criteria. Extensive liver metastasis where the diseased liver can be expected to behave like a cirrhotic liver and gastrointestinal bleeding (on the basis of an isolated case report) have been considered as risk factors for the development of SBP in malignant ascites. In a case series of 8 patients with malignancy related ascites Patients with total ascitic fluid concentration of less than 1 gm per litre were found to be at risk for Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and warrant flouroquinolone prophylaxis. Conclusion: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis complicating malignant ascites is questionable entity. Good quality Audits and Randomised control trials are warranted to in this domain to enable the definition of incidence, antecedent complications, management and prophylaxis to ensure applicability of translational research to the clinical domain.
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