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1
Condon, Katherine Elyse. "Quantifying Catchment-Scale Particulate Organic Matter (POM) Loss Following Fire, Relative to Background POM Fluxes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301557.
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This study investigates translocation of particulate carbon and nitrogen from burned and unburned catchments within New Mexico's Valles Caldera National Preserve following severe wildfire. My research questions are: (1) how much carbon and nitrogen is eroded from burned slopes and re-deposited in debris fans? and (2) how do these quantities compare to fluvial export of particulate carbon and nitrogen from nearby unburned catchments? Results indicate that the ~200 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen per depositional area on the debris fans represents ~50 to 100 years' worth of atmospheric inputs. In total, 124 times more carbon and 21 times more nitrogen were deposited on the two fans than was exported in particulate form from all three unburned catchments combined in water year 2012. My findings suggest that post-fire erosion may increase nitrogen loading to downslope environments, with the potential to alter the biogeochemical budgets of both aquatic and terrestrial systems.
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Fox, Ian, and n/a. "A study of particulate matter pollutants in the Canberra air shed, including total suspended particles PM10, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060710.125220.
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Methods for the determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
associated with suspended participate matter were developed with the aim of
determining airborne concentrations and to investigate seasonal trends. Other
associate pollutants such as Total Suspended Particulate matter (TSP), Particulate
Matter with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometres (PM10)
and lead concentration were also reviewed to determine trends. Motor vehicle
emissions appear to be the source of the PAHs and differences between the types
and concentrations of PAHs detected at central business district sites verses
suburban sites were noted. Wind erosion, biomass burning, motor vehicle emissions
and industrial processes are sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Lead
comes mainly from motor vehicles emissions in the ACT with some lead possibly
from the burning of lead contaminated fuel. TSP and lead concentrations have
decreased since air quality monitoring began in the early 1980s. PM10 concentration
may also have fallen but the data set for PM10s is to small to draw any firm
conclusions. Only TSP lead concentrations displayed a seasonal pattern. The ACT
air pollution Act 1984 has placed restriction on the burning of fuels to improve air
quality in the ACT. The air quality in regards to TSP and lead is improving.
However, the only strong links between the Act and decreased pollutant
concentrations is the introduction of unleaded petrol and the decrease of airborne
lead concentrations.
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TRAVASSOS, Rysoaurya Keyla. "Determinação do carbono e nitrogênio orgânico particulado em ambientes oceânicos e estuarino-costeiro, na região nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18408.
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TESE_DETERMINAÇÃO DO CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO ORGANICO PARTICULADO EM AMBIENTES OCEÂNICOS E ESTUARINO - COSTEIRO, NA REGIÃO N~1.pdf: 3127471 bytes, checksum: 07f07e56cbb161e91a0b19e2387b5734 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T13:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_DETERMINAÇÃO DO CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO ORGANICO PARTICULADO EM AMBIENTES OCEÂNICOS E ESTUARINO - COSTEIRO, NA REGIÃO N~1.pdf: 3127471 bytes, checksum: 07f07e56cbb161e91a0b19e2387b5734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-14
CAPES
O objetivo principal da presente tese constitui em agregar informações ao conhecimento sobre a fração orgânica do material em suspensão na região oceânica- costeira - estuarina do litoral de Pernambuco e na região costeira adjacente, principalmente no que se refere às suas concentrações, avaliando a distribuição do COP e NT. Em função da sua importância e estudos relacionados ao material em suspensão serem escassos para o carbono e nitrogênio nessas regiões. A tese é apresentada como um conjunto de capítulos interligados, nos quais foram apresentados resultados da distribuição do COP e NT nas plumas dos rios Capibaribe e Jaboatão e o arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, com relativamente pouca influência humana, e foi escolhida como área de controle. A exportação de matéria orgânica via fluxo estuarino, ficou definida pelas medianas do Carbono Elementar de (2,04% e 0,97%) e Nitrogênio Elementar de (0,63% e 0,24%) e razão C/N de (6,60 e 9,30) nas plumas do Capibaribe e Jaboatão respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais aplicada aos dados sugeriu que os altos índices pluviométricos e o material carreado pelo fluxo fluvial para região costeira influenciaram a distribuição dessas frações e que tais diferenças podem resultar das diferentes cargas de ação antrópica e mecanismos de transporte estuário – região costeira revelando a complexidade da distribuição da matéria orgânica nestes ambientes. No segundo capítulo-artigo estudo caracterizou a matéria orgânica em função das razões elementares e isotópicas δ13C, δ15N, C/N do material particulado em suspensão na água superficial em 21 pontos amostrais sendo 12 no estuário do rio Capibaribe e 9 no estuário do rio Jaboatão. Os maiores valores de δ13C, δ15N, C/N (-17,75‰, 23,71‰ e 13,45‰) no Capibaribe e, (-21,97‰, 27,30‰ e 14,74‰) no Jaboatão, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados sugerem que uma grande parte da matéria em suspensão dos rios em estudo, se origina a partir de entradas de efluentes com alto teor de matéria orgânica, como também que a MO exportada pelos rios é fortemente influenciada pelo seu elevado estado de eutrofização, com acentuada produção autóctone. Nos estuários superiores os valores empobrecidos de 13C indicam maior presença de material tanto de origem continental quanto de origem mista. É também observado que δ13C e a razão C/N não são correlacionados no estuário do Capibaribe e estes resultados sugerem que existem áreas no estuário de preferência, fontes de matéria orgânica sob a influência tanto de autóctones (estuário inferior) como de alóctones (estuário superior). O terceiro e último capítulo - artigo ocorreu na região costeira de PE e foram agregadas as frações COP e NT à fração de COD, as quais não apresentaram correlação, indicando que elas não tenham a mesma fonte, destacando a influência alóctone para o aumento dessas frações e assim os efeitos de influencia do rio Capibaribe nas águas oligotróficas costeiras.
The main objective of this thesis is to add information to the existing knowledge of the organic fraction of suspended matter in the oceanic-coastal-estuarine region of the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil and the adjacent coastal zone, mainly in regard to its concentrations, by evaluating the distribution of POC and NT. In spite of the importance of this topic, studies on suspended matter for carbon and nitrogen are scarce in these regions. The thesis is presented as a set of interrelated chapters that contain the results of POC and NT distribution in the plumes of rivers Capibaribe and Jaboatão. The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago was chosen as a control area because of the minimal human influence in this region. The export of organic matter through estuarine flow was defined using the medians of elemental carbon (2.04% and 0.97%) and elemental nitrogen (0.63% and 0.24%), and C/N ratio (6.60 and 9.30) in the Capibaribe and Jaboatão plumes, respectively. The principal component analysis applied to the data suggests that the high rainfall and the matter carried by the river flow to the coastal region influence the distribution of these fractions. The analysis also suggests that the detected differences can be caused by different charges of human action and estuarycoastal mechanisms of transport, thus revealing the complexity of the distribution of organic matter in these environments. In the second chapter of the article, organic matter was characterised on the basis of elementary and isotopic ratios δ13C, δ15N, and C/N of the suspended particulate matter in surface water at 21 sampling points, of which 12 were in the estuary of river Capibaribe and 9 in the estuary of river Jaboatão. The highest values of δ13C, δ15N, and C/N (-17.75‰, 23.71‰, and 13.45 ‰) in Capibaribe and (-21.97‰, 27.30‰, and 14.74 ‰) in Jaboatao, respectively. The values found in this study suggest that a large proportion of suspended matter from the rivers originates from effluent inputs with high organic matter content. Also, the OM exported by the rivers is heavily influenced by a high state of eutrophication, with pronounced autochthonous production. In the upper estuary, the impoverished values of δ13C indicate a greater presence of matter of continental origin and of mixed origin. It was also observed that δ13C and C/N ratio are not correlated in the estuary of the Capibaribe, which suggests that there are areas at the estuary of preference where sources of organic matter are under the influence of autochthonous (lower estuary) or allochthonous (upper estuary) contributions. The third and final chapter-article occurred in the coastal zone of PE. Here, the fractions of POC and NT were added to the fraction of DOC and showed no correlation, which indicates that they do not share the same source. Moreover, this finding highlights the influence of allochthonous contributions to the increase of these fractions and the consequent effects of the influence of Capibaribe river in coastal oligotrophic waters.
4
Almeida, Ivo Torres de. "A poluição atmosférica por material particulado na mineração a céu aberto." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-31012002-170628/.
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Foram abordadas questões relacionadas com a temática da poluição atmosférica provocada pelo material particulado em suspensão. Dois ambientes foram selecionados para estudo: um ambiente de mineração e um ambiente urbano. Com o objetivo de obter uma avaliação preliminar da qualidade do ar nesses ambientes, foi realizado um programa de amostragem para cada área. Dois pontos básicos foram abordados nessa avaliação: a determinação da concentração de partículas totais em suspensão e a caracterização química e física do material particulado. A determinação das concentrações de partículas totais em suspensão foi obtida através do uso de amostradores de grande volume (Hi-vols). O método de referência utilizado foi o método do amostrador de grande volume proposto pela ABNT através da norma NBR 9547: 97. A caracterização física envolveu a determinação da distribuição granulométrica do material particulado em suspensão enquanto que a caracterização química compreendeu a determinação da sua composição. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas na caracterização do material particulado, foram a espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios-X (XRF) para a caracterização química, e o Espalhamento de Luz Laser de Baixo Angulo (LALLS) para a caracterização física. Com relação às concentrações de partículas totais em suspensão, os resultados indicaram que as áreas de mineração apresentaram valores superiores aos encontrados na área urbana, inclusive com ultrapassagens dos padrões legais, fato este que não ocorreu na área urbana estudada. Para a distribuição granulométrica do material particulado, os resultados demonstraram que as frações mais finas do particulado apresentaram-se em maiores quantidades nas áreas de mineração, enquanto que as frações mais grosseiras apresentaram-se em maior quantidade na área urbana. Quanto à composição química do material particulado em suspensão, podemos concluir que para as áreas de mineração, esta foi muito semelhante à da rocha lavrada.Atmospheric pollution aspects were analyzed. Two types of ambients were selected for study: a mining ambient and an urban ambient. To obtain a preliminary evaluation of the quality of the air in these ambients a sampling program was accomplished for each area. Two basic points were studied: the concentration of the total suspended particulates and the chemical and physical characterization of the particulate matter. The concentrations of total suspended particulates were obtained through the use of high volume samplers (Hi-vols). The reference method used was the high volume sampler method, proposed by ABNT through the norm NBR 9547: 97. The physical characterization involved the determination of the size distribution of the suspended particulate matter while the chemical characterization involved the determination of its composition. The analytic techniques used for the characterization of the particulate matter were the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for the chemical characterization, and the Low Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS) for the physical characterization. Concentration levels for total suspended particulates showed that the mining areas presented higher values than those for urban area. Legal standards were exceeded in the mining area, fact that did not occur in the urban area. Size distributions of the particulate matter demonstrated that the finest fractions were found in larger amounts in the mining areas, while the coarses fractions were present in larger amounts in the urban area. The chemical compositions of the suspended particulate matter in the mining areas were very similar to the compositions of the rocks been mined.
5
Sherrell, Robert M. "The trace metal geochemistry of suspended oceanic particulate matter." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57633.
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Todd, David. "Temporal variability of suspended particulate matter in a tidal estuary." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/temporal-variability-of-suspended-particulate-matter-in-a-tidal-estuary(fe257a6c-9338-4a2c-a377-1937e772fa39).html.
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Law, Douglas J. "Optical characterisation of suspended particulate matter in estuaries and near coastal waters." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275179.
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Ödman, Fredrik. "Characterization of suspended particulate matter from freshwater : validation of a field filtration technique /." Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2004/69.
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Ödman, Fredrik. "Characterization of suspended particulate matter from freshwater : validation of a field filtration technique." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18123.
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A field filtration method for the concentration and separation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) from freshwater systems and the subsequent determination of major, minor, trace and ultra trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Si, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Zn and Zr) is validated with respect to detection limits, precision, and bias. The validation comprises the whole procedure including filtration, sample digestion and instrumental analysis. The method includes two digestion procedures (microwave acid digestion and alkali fusion) in combination with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS). Total concentrations of these 38 trace and major elements have been determined in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from lake and river water with low levels of suspended solids (<2 mg l-1 DW), and a wide range of element concentrations. The precision of the method including filtration, digestion and instrumental determination ranges between 8 and 18% RSD for most elements on a dry weight basis. Higher recovery after acid digestion is found for some elements, probably because of volatilization or retention losses in the fusion procedure. Other elements show higher recovery after fusion, which is explained by more efficient decomposition of mineral phases relative to the non-total acid digestion. Non-detectable concentrations of some elements are reported due to small differences between blank filter levels and the amounts of elements present on the filters after sampling. The calculated sums of main inorganic components, expressed as oxides, ranges between 94.0 and 98.0% ash weight. The method limits of detection range between 0.7 ng and 100 µg, as estimated from the blank filter samples. These detection limits are 3-1000 times higher compared to the corresponding instrumental limits of detection. The accuracy and bias of the overall analytical procedure was assessed from replicate analysis of certified reference materials. A better knowledge of the mechanisms of filter clogging in sampling of suspended matter is important in order to extend the applicability of the method. For the sample types investigated in this study, the amount of inorganic material in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) seems to be the most important factor controlling the maximum volume of filterable water, and Fe is presumable the most important clogging regulating parameter in the group of elements included in the inorganic matter. A critical evaluation of the instrumental capabilities of the ICP- QMS instrumentation in comparison with the sensitive double focusing sector field plasma mass spectrometry technique (ICP-SFMS) is also included. It was found that a modified microwave acid digestion procedure in combination with ICP-SFMS could replace ICP-AES determinations and fusion digestions for most of the investigated elements. Guidelines and limitations for this powerful and relatively simple and less time consuming procedure, covering most elements in one single determination, are discussed.Godkänd; 2004; 20070126 (ysko)
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Schlegel, Anne. "Composition of Suspended and Benthic Particulate Matter in the Tidal Freshwater James River." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2591.
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Investigating linkages between the compositions of suspended (seston) and benthic particulate matter is important to the understanding of organic matter (OM) cycling and nutrient retention in aquatic systems. We compared the quantity and quality of the truly suspended (TS) and settleable (SB) fractions of seston as well as benthic particulate matter in the tidal freshwater James River, Virginia. The mass of seston and OM was consistently higher in the TS fraction compared to the SB fraction. OM was preferentially retained in the TS fraction relative to seston. The proportional contribution of OM constituents (chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen) to the two fractions was consistent across observed concentrations whereas increases in seston concentration resulted in decreased proportions in the TS fraction. Benthic constituent reservoirs were large relative to the SB fraction but the higher proportion of OM in the SB fraction suggests that the settleable material was more labile.
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Sørensen, Lisbet. "Parameters Governing the Adsorption of Crude and Bunker Fuel Oils to Seawater Suspended Particulate Matter." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16800.
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In this study, parameters influencing the adsorption of dispersed oil droplets to suspended particulate matter (SPM) in seawater were investigated. The interaction between oil and SPMs can alter the ultimate fate of oil spilled in marine environments, and it is therefore of interest to be able to predict the effect of these interactions. The chosen parameters of this study were sediment type (carbonate sand, quartz sand and clay) and concentration (5-80 g/L seawater), temperature (5-20 °C) and oil type (two crudes, one condensate and a heavy fuel oil). Special attention was given to the effect of adding chemical dispersant to the oil prior to mixing with water and SPMs.The experimental outline included the mechanical generation of oil droplets using an oil droplet generator. Water with oil droplets were added to a beaker with sediment and a suspension was induced by stirring. After settling and filtration, both the water samples and the sediment samples were subject to extraction, clean-up and analysis by GC-FID. A selection of samples was also analysed by GC-MS.The study shows that oil droplets adsorb as a bulk to SPM. An absence of water-soluble oil components adsorbed to the sediment was observed. Oil type, sediment size and the use of chemical dispersant stand out as most influencing on the adsorption properties of oil droplets to SPM in seawater. The effect of varying temperature was not considerable compared to the other parameters in this study. Partitioning of oil components to the water column was also monitored in this study, and found not to be influenced significantly by any of the studied parameters.
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Jackson, Suzanna Elizabeth. "Turbulence control of floc size in suspended particulate matter in the river estuary transition zone." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/turbulence-control-of-floc-size-in-suspended-particulate-matter-in-the-river-estuary-transition-zone(a13e118b-c3e6-4c39-9c15-7f767df42466).html.
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The majority of terrestrially derived suspended particulate matter (SPM) is transported to the open ocean by rivers, therefore the river estuary transition zone (RETZ) represents a globally significant boundary separating the riverine and coastal regimes. The RETZ is comprised of the Tidally-Influence River (TIR), found above the limit of salt intrusion and the upper part of the estuary including the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM). The fate of SPM in the RETZ depends on its physical properties which are likely to be extremely variable in the RETZ which is characterised by large temporal and spatial gradients in hydrodynamic properties. Therefore, quantifying SPM properties in relation to physical forcings is key to determining the transfer flux of SPM from the catchment to the coastal ocean. The aim of this study is to interrogate the relationship between floc properties and the turbulence regime in the RETZ of a tidally dominated estuary over tidal, lunar and seasonal temporal scales. Flocs are fragile in nature and their properties fluctuate on short spatial and temporal scales; therefore in situ optical instruments (LISST-IOO and transmissometer) were deployed in the RETZ to obtain volume and mass concentrations of SPM. Turbulence measurements were determined via acoustic methods; ADCP and ADVs were deployed near to the bed to estimate TKE dissipation rates relating to the floc measurements. Data have been collected over five field campaigns, each included; spatial surveys characterising vertical profiles of SPM properties from the mouth of the estuary to the TIR, anchor station surveys measuring the temporal variations in SPM properties, bed-mounted mooring deployments in the RETZ and river surveys of the five main tributaries. Diurnal and semi-diurnal signals in floc properties in the RETZ were observed: resuspension occurred at peak tidal flows, usually on the flood tide; the maximum floc sizes corresponded with minimum effective densities and largely corresponded with high and low waters, as a result of particle flocculation during low turbulence conditions. Turbulence dissipation did not simply scale on tidal current velocities due to the additional contribution of wind stress and direction to the turbulence field. The Kolmogorov turbulence microscale correlated significantly with floc size during periods of marine conditions (i.e. the flood and early ebb tides) but showed a variable relationship during the late ebb when the RETZ was dominated by fluvial conditions and particles. This was most evident in the ETM where marine influence was greater compared to the TIR where it occurred only on larger tides. Thus floc size was related to the turbulence microscale but differences between flood and ebb relationships were probably due to different floc strengths of marine and terrestrial particles. During the lunar cycle, the variations observed on springs were repeated on neaps except that the flocculation signal occurred late in the flood rather than at high water. These tidal and lunar variations of particle properties in the RETZ were observed at all seasons.
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Missias, Stefanos. "Dynamics of sands and suspended particulate matter in the macrotidal Conwy Estuary, North Wales, U.K." Thesis, Bangor University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485827.
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Dynamics and properties of sands and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Gonwy Estuary were investigated. SPM properties were measured at specific locations over tidal cycles. Floc formation was restricted by increased turbulence at 3 h before low water (LW). At LW, decreased velocities allowed floc formation and partial sedimentation of SPM. At peak velocities c.3h after LW, the mean suspended sediment concentration (SSG) at the surface reached a maximum of 47mgr1 . Particle size increased and effective density decreased due to resuspension of low density, large particles. At high water slack (HW) when turbulence was a minimum, larger floes formed. At the 5 anchor stations, the total cumulative flood flux (11kgm-1) was twice the total cumulative ebb flux (5 kgm-1 ). SPM properties (of surface waters) were measured along the longitudinal axis of the estuary at HW. In the upper estuary (mean salinity 0), large floes (median size 119 IJm) of low density (82 kgm-3 ) were observed with average surface SSG of 22 mgr1 Â? In the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) region (mean salinitr 5), the median floc size was 98 IJm, while floc density increased to 135 kgm- , with average surface SSG of 43 mgr1 Â? In the lower estuary (mean salinity 27), the median floc size (114 IJm) was similar to that in the upper estuary, but with twice the floc density (159 kgm-3 ). At HW, the ETM occurred between 8 and 19 km from the mouth. It was found that the controlling factor of ETM location changed with the season and its SPM properties followed a seasonal cyclic pattern. ETM location varied with the flow ratio (river discharge / tidal range3); ETM location was predicted by: log(D)=0.997 -0.103*log(QIT3). Similarly, SSG in the ETM was predicted by: 10g(SSGETM)= 1.48+0.201 *(log~QIT3))2+0.21 *log(QIT\ where D (km) is the distance from the mouth, Q (m S-1) is river discharge, and T (m) is tidal range. The relationship placed the predicted ETM between 10 and 16 km from the mouth. The estimated depth average SSG in the ETM, agreed well with observed values. After modifying these relationships for summer conditions only, they were compared with ones produced for the Taf estuary (Jago et aI., 2006) using the Gonwy flow ratios. The Taf relationship underestimated the ETM location by c. 4 km. At very low flow ratios; the Taf SSG relationship overestimated the concentration by 200 - 400 mgr1 . The estuarine sands, of modal grain size (180 Ilm), were made-up of 70 90% quartz particles. Mineralogical analysis showed that the provenance of the estuarine sands is Gonwy Bay. Net transport paths of the estuarine sands were defined by analysis of the spatial variation of grain size characteristics; the overall sand transport was found to be in the up-estuary direction. Thresholds of motion and suspension for the estuarine sands were established for each of the 5 anchor stations, and sediment transport rates (bed and suspended loads) were calculated. The total flood transport was 0.46.0 kgm-1/survey, whilst total ebb transport was 0.1-2.2 kgm-1/survey.
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Upsdell, Brynn. "The carbon and nitrogen composition of suspended particulate matter in Lake Erie, selected tributaries, and its outflow." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1219.
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Since their introduction to Lake Erie, dreissenid mussels may have reengineered the cycling of nutrients in the lake so that the nearshore benthic community intercepts, retains, and recycles greater quantities of nutrients. This study traces particulate matter on a basin scale by characterizing the chemical composition (POC and PN concentrations, POC/PN mass ratios, δ13C and δ15N) of suspended particulate matter in Lake Erie, three tributary inflows, and the lake outflow between May and October, 2002. The data are used to 1) determine the relative contributions of allochthonous and autochthonous sources to suspended particulate matter, 2) identify possible sources of suspended particulate matter, and 3) compare suspended particulate matter in the eastern basin of Lake Erie with that in the central and western basins. Mean POC concentrations range from 175 to 4494 µg/L and mean PN concentrations range from 33 to 812 µg/L in this system. Mean POC/PN mass ratios are similar across all sampling locations, ranging between 4. 5 and 6. 9, and indicate that suspended particulate matter at these sites is mainly derived from autochthonous sources, particularly plankton. The ranges of δ13C (-34 to -22 ?) and δ15N (1 to 12 ?) identify terrestrial plants and soil matter, aquatic macrophytes, phytoplankton, and sewage as possible sources of suspended particulate matter at all sites. Plankton is probably the dominant source of suspended particulate matter at each site, with smaller contributions from allochthonous and other autochthonous sources. Significant differences in the concentration and isotope data between inflow and lake or outflow sites indicate that tributary inflows may receive greater contributions from terrestrial plants and soils and aquatic macrophytes than the lake and outflow. δ15N signatures also identify animal manure as a possible source of suspended particulate matter at the inflows. PN concentrations and δ15N signatures suggest that the shallowest nearshore sites close to Peacock Point in the eastern basin receive PN from a source that is not present at the other eastern basin sites or at the sites in the central and western basins. This source may be related to dreissenid mussels at these nearshore sites recycling nitrogen back into the water column.
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Caulkett, Andrew Paul. "Studies of dissolved species and suspended particulate matter in the freshwater systems of Signy Island, maritime Antarctic." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311860.
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Cartwright, Grace M. "Application of Acoustics and Optics for the Characterization of Suspended Particulate Matter within an Estuarine Observing System." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616601.
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As part of this dissertation work, a long term observing station at Clay Bank on the York River in Virginia has been established and maintained since 2006, and was used to gain a better understanding of sediment processes in a muddy estuary and in muddy coastal environments in general. While data from this NSF-funded Multi-Disciplinary Benthic Exchange Dynamic (MUDBED) observing system has and will be used by other students for this general purpose, this dissertation focuses specifically on better understanding and interpretation of the data collected by key instrumentation regularly deployed at the observing station, especially the acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). Chapter 1, the introduction to this dissertation, provides an overview of the setting for the MUDBED observing system, namely the York River Estuary, Virginia, and briefly discusses some of the scientific and societal issues that motivate the ongoing study of this environment. Background is provided into the history of the MUDBED observing system and into the properties and operation of the ADV and other key instruments applied in this dissertation, including the Laser In Situ Scattering Transmissometer (LISST) and two particle cameras. In the context of describing these instruments, the science papers associated with the dissertation (Chapters 2 through 6) are introduced. Chapter 2 describes use of SonTek ADVs within the real-time components of the MUDBED observing system and findings based on ADV observations through 2009. ADVs deployed at Clay Bank, and also at a more biologically-dominated down-river site, provided long-term estimates of water velocity, bottom stress, suspended sediment concentration, sediment settling velocity (ws), and bed stress under spatially and seasonally variable conditions. Bed erodibility and ws were found to be inversely correlated in both time and space, but both tended to remain more consistent in time at the biological site. at the physical site the erodibility increased and ws decreased following seasonal increases in river discharge. Chapter 3 reports on dual use of a mixing tank for calibrating SonTek ADV acoustic backscatter (ABS) and for direct Doppler measurement of w s. This study utilized the fact that, absent net vertical volume flux, the average vertical velocity registered by an ADV across a horizontal plane is equal to the sediment's mean ws. A series of calibrations were run for sand sizes between 63 and 150 mum . A grid of ADV measurements revealed that the mean vertical velocity registered by the ADV was indeed consistent with each grain size's ws as independently measured in a settling tube. Also, a systematic increase in the proportionality between sand concentration and ABS was observed with increasing grain size. Chapter 4 compares ABS from five 6-MHz Nortek ADVs versus five 5-MHz SonTek ADVs to examine the relative roles played by inter-vendor, intra-vendor, and sediment variability in determining their ABS response. Significant ABS offsets were found for both vendors' ADVs. Before offset correction, ABS was more consistent among Nortek or SonTek units which had consecutive serial numbers. Sand calibrations indicated that the higher frequency Norteks were more susceptible to attenuation. For well-mixed silty-mud in the lab, calibration slopes for both vendors were close to the theoretical value for a constant grain-size suspension. In the field, however, a clearly different slope suggests a change in the acoustic properties of suspended particles with concentration. Chapter 5 characterizes suspended sediment at Clay Bank in the presence of both muddy flocs and pellets through use of an ADV for bulk ws, pump samples for mass concentration, and a LISST plus a high definition (non-video) particle camera for size distribution. Mass concentration, bulk ws and an abundant ---90 mm size class were found to be in phase with velocity and stress, consistent with the suspension of relatively dense, rapidly settling and resilient pellets. Volume concentration of an abundant ---300 mm class peaked well after stress and velocity began to decrease, consistent with the formation of lower density, slowly settling and fragile flocs. Chapter 6 builds on Chapter 3 by utilizing two separate ADV methods to measure ws and comparing both to observations from settling tubes. as well as direct Doppler measurement of sand, ws for mud was measured by assuming a Rouse balance between upward Reynolds flux and downward settling. Rouse-balance ADV estimates of ws were collected at Clay Bank for muddy flocs and confirmed in situ by a high-definition video settling column. Observations suggested that, in the absence of significant particle aggregation/disaggregation, (i) measurement of ws and (ii) ws itself are both relatively insensitive to the local intensity of fluid turbulence for ws up to several cm/s.
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Sangameswaran, Sivaramakrishnan. "Evaluation of Productivity, Consumption, and Uncontrolled Total Particulate Matter Emission Factors of Recyclable Abrasives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/390.
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Dry abrasive blasting is a commonly used surface preparation operation by many process industries to clean up metallic surfaces and achieve surface finishes suitable for future adhesion. Abrasives used in this process can be recyclable or expendable. This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of three recyclable abrasives: garnet, barshot and steel grit/shot in terms of productivity (area cleaned per unit time), consumption (amount of abrasive used per unit area cleaned) and uncontrolled total particulate matter (TPM) emission factors (in terms of mass of pollutant emitted per unit area cleaned and mass of pollutant emitted per unit mass of abrasive consumed). Though there have been various attempts in the past to evaluate the performance of these abrasives, there has not been a streamlined approach to evaluate these parameters in the commonly used range of process conditions, or to identify and model the influences of key process variables on these performance parameters. The first step in this study was to evaluate the performance of these three abrasives in blasting painted steel panels under enclosed blasting conditions and using USEPA recommended protocols. The second step was to model the influences of blast pressure and abrasive feed rate, two most critical parameters on productivity, consumption and emission factors. Two and three dimensional models were obtained using multiple linear regression techniques to express productivity, consumption and TPM emission factors in terms of blast pressure and abrasive feed rate. Barshot was found to have high productivities over all and steel grit/shot demonstrated the least emission potential at almost all of the tested pressure and feed rate conditions. The data will help fill the gaps in literature currently available for dry abrasive blasting performance. The models obtained will help industries, the research community and the regulatory agencies to make accurate estimates of the performance parameters. Estimating productivity and consumption will help industries identify best management practices by optimizing the process conditions to achieve high productivity and low consumption rates. Emission factor determination will help in reducing the emissions to the atmosphere by choosing process conditions corresponding to minimum emissions. The performance parameters once optimized can result in reduction in material, labor, energy, emission and disposal costs, lower resource utilization and hence reduction in overall life cycle costs of dry abrasive process. The developed models will help industries in making environmentally preferable purchases thereby promoting source reduction options. PM emissions estimated using the models presented here will aid studies on health risk associated with inhalation of atmospheric PM.
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SOLURI, DANIELA SILVEIRA. "STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE AIR IN RIO DE JANEIRO CITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7365@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRODez amostradores de material particulado em suspensão no ar foram instalados em diferentes bairros da cidade do Rio de Janeiro: Gávea, Honório Gurgel, Jacarepaguá, Campo Grande, Tijuca, Ilha do Fundão, Guaratiba, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Santa Cruz e Realengo, visando contribuir para um maior entendimento a respeito da poluição atmosférica na cidade. Os amostradores empregados foram desenvolvidos pela Universidade de Gent e permitem a coleta das frações inalável (com diâmetro aerodinâmico entre 2,5 e 10µm, MP2,5-10) e respirável (com diâmetro aerodinâmico < 2,5 um, MP2,5). As amostragens foram realizadas, simultaneamente, sempre no meio da semana, durante 24 horas, e compreenderam o período de setembro/2003 a setembro/2004. Ao final deste período, foram obtidas, por ponto de amostragem, trinta amostras de cada fração, totalizando seiscentas amostras. Após a determinação da massa presente em cada filtro, e do teor de carbono elementar no filtro fino (MP2,5), os filtros foram divididos em duas partes. Numa delas foi determinada a concentração de amônio, sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, cloreto, nitrato e sulfato solúvel em água e, na outra parte, a concentração de sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio, ferro e titânio após dissolução total. A estação de Honório Gurgel foi aquela que apresentou, na média, as maiores concentrações de carbono elementar, particulado grosso e total, refletindo a proximidade com a Avenida Brasil e a presença de indústrias na região. O ponto de coleta com maior concentração de particulado fino e de aerossol de origem secundária correspondeu àquele localizado na Ilha do Fundão, próximo a bairros com uma grande concentração de indústrias, como Bonsucesso e São Cristóvão, além de vias expressas, como a Linha Vermelha e a Avenida Brasil. Por outro lado, as estações de amostragem localizadas no Recreio dos Bandeirantes e em Guaratiba apresentaram as menores concentrações de particulado fino, grosso e de carbono elementar. Os parâmetros analisados permitiram identificar cerca de 70% da origem do material presente nas frações fina e grossa do material particulado em suspensão no ar nas regiões estudadas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Como esperado, o particulado grosso é, em grande parte, oriundo da ressuspensão do solo, contendo, ainda, aerossol marinho e compostos de origem secundária, como sulfato e nitrato. O particulado fino, por sua vez, é majoritariamente oriundo da combustão de combustíveis fósseis que dão origem ao aerossol secundário e ao carbono elementar, possuindo uma contribuição de origem terrígena e de aerossol marinho.
The present work intend to be a contribution for the understanding of the air pollution in the Rio de Janeiro city, aerosol sampling was performed at ten different sites of the city: Gávea, Honório Gurgel, Jacarepaguá, Campo Grande, Tijuca, Ilha do Fundão, Guaratiba, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Santa Cruz and Realengo. Stacked filter units (SFU), developed by Gent University, were used as samplers. These filters separate the particles into two main fractions: the fine mode defined as respirable particles (with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 um, PM2.5), and coarse mode defined as inhalable particles (with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 um and 10 um, PM2.5-10). The aerosol monitoring stations were simultaneously operated, always in the middle of the week, during 24 h, from September/2003 to September/2004. At the end of this period, 30 samples of each fraction were obtained from each of the sampling sites (600 filter samples in total). After the determination of the mass concentration, and the elemental carbon amount present in each of the fine filters, the filters were divided into two parts. The first part was used to determine the concentration of ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate and sulfate soluble in water and, the other one, for the determination of the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron and titanium. The Honório Gurgel site presented, in average, the highest concentration of elemental carbon, mass concentration of coarse mode and total particle mass concentration, which could be explained by the proximity to the Avenida Brasil and industries of the region. The sampling site of the highest concentration of the fine mode and secondary aerosol was the one localized in Ilha do Fundão, near industrial areas such as Bonsucesso and São Cristóvão, and heavy automobile traffic lines like Linha Vermelha and Avenida Brasil. In other hand, the sites localized at Recreio dos Bandeirantes and at Guaratiba presented in the smallest mass concentration of fine and coarse mode and elemental carbon. Based on these determined parameters, it was possible to identify 70% of the origin of the material present in the fine ad coarse fractions of the particulate matter suspended in the air in the studied areas of Rio de Janeiro city. As expected, the coarse mode particle came from resuspended soil dust, together with marine aerosol and some secondary aerosol, like nitrate and sulfate. The fine mode particle came mainly from fossil fuel combustion that originates secondary aerosol and the elemental carbon, with additional contribution from marine aerosol and terrigineous material.
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Bernardo, Nariane Marselhe Ribeiro. "A semianalytical algorithm to retrieve the suspended particulate matter in a cascade reservoir system with widely differing optical properties /." Presidente Prudente, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190950.
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Orientador: Enner Herenio de AlcântaraResumo: O Material Particulado em Suspensão (MPS) é o principal componente em sistemas aquáticos. Elevadas concentrações de MPS implicam na atenuação da luz, e ocasionam alterações das taxas fotossintéticas. Além disso, a presença de MPS no sistema aquático pode aumentar os níveis de turbidez, absorver poluentes e podem ser considerados como um indicativo de descargas de escoamento superficial. Portanto, monitorar as concentrações de MPS é essencial para a gerar informações técnicas que subsidiem o correto manejo dos recursos aquáticos, prevenindo colapsos hidrológicos. O sensoriamento remoto se mostra como uma eficiente ferramenta para monitorar e mapear MPS quando comparada às técnicas tradicionais de monitoramento, como as medidas in situ. Entretanto, diante de uma grande e complexa variabilidade de componentes óticos, desenvolver modelos de MPS por meio do sinal registrado em sensores remotos é um desafio. Diversos modelos foram desenvolvidos para reservatórios, lagos e lagoas específicos. Atualmente, não há um único modelo capaz de estimar MPS em reservatórios brasileiros em cascata. Com o objetivo de estimar as concentrações de MPS de forma acurada, o objetivo desta tese foi desenvolver um modelo semi-analítico capaz de estimar valores de coeficiente de atenuação, Kd, por meio do uso dos coeficientes de absorção e espalhamento e, consequentemente, utilizar os valores de Kd para estimar as concentrações de MPS. A adoção desta estratégica se baseou na atenuação da luz ao longo da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is the main component presented within aquatic system. High levels of SPM concentration attenuate the light affecting the photosynthesis rates. Besides, can increase turbidity levels, absorb pollutions and is an indicative of runoff discharges. Therefore, monitoring SPM concentrations is essential to provide reliable information for a correct water management to prevent hydrological collapse. Remote sensing emerges as an efficient tool to map and monitor SPM when compared to traditional techniques, such as in situ measurements. Nevertheless, considering a widely range of optical components, modeling the remote sensing signal in terms of SPM is a challenge. Several models were developed for specific reservoirs, lakes or ponds. Up to our knowledge, there is not a single model capable to retrieve SPM in Brazilian linked reservoirs in a cascade system. In order to accurately estimate SPM, the aim of the thesis was developed a semianalytical model capable to estimate Kd via absorption and backscattering coefficients, and then, use Kd to derive SPM. This approach was adopted because SPM directly contributes to the light attenuation within the water column. Firstly, optical features were investigated. It was found that each reservoir presented a specific optical active component (OAC) dominance, such as Barra Bonita, the first reservoir in cascade is dominated by organic SPM, while Nova Avanhandava, the last reservoir in cascade is dominated by ino... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Hallberg, Magnus. "Treatment conditions for the removal of contaminants from road runoff." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : [Byggvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4386.
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Kyryliuk, Dmytro. "Total suspended matter derived from MERIS data as an indicator of coastal processes in the Baltic Sea." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-137165.
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Dalu, Tatenda, Nicole Bertine Richoux, and Pierre William Froneman. "Nature and source of suspended particulate matter and detritus along an austral temperate river–estuary continuum, assessed using stable isotope analysis." Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68012.
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Publisher versionEcologists are interested in the factors that control, and the variability in, the contributions of different sources to mixed organic materials travelling through lotic systems. We hypothesized that the source matter fuelling mixed organic pools in a river–estuary continuum varies over space and time. Samples of the mixed organic pools were collected along a small temperate river (Kowie River) in southern Africa during early and late spring, summer and winter. The C:N ratios of suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected during summer and winter indicated that the lower reaches of the system had similar organic matter contributions. Stable isotope analysis in R revealed that aquatic macrophytes were significant contributors to SPM in the upper reaches. Bulk detritus had large allochthonous matter components in the lower reaches, and contributions of aquatic macrophytes and benthic algae were high (>50%) in the upper to middle reaches. The evaluation of organic matter contributions to SPM and detritus along the river–estuary continuum provided a baseline assessment of the nature and sources of potential food for consumers inhabiting different locations during different seasons. Incorporating SPM and detritus spatio-temporal variations in food web studies will improve our understanding of carbon flow in aquatic systems.
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Schulze, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Screening, quantitative analysis and toxicology of organic compounds in sediments and suspended particulate matter of the Saar and the Rhine (Germany) / Tobias Schulze." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034527797/34.
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Ndambuki, J. M., and S. Rwanga. "Assessment of air pollution in residential areas : a case study of Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 6, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/496.
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Published ArticleAir pollution, just like any other type of pollution, produces harmful effects to man and his environment. In spite of knowing this, many less industrialised countries of the world have no air quality monitoring strategies in place. Consequently, documented evidence of air pollution studies in such countries is scarce. This is the case in Tanzania. This scenario is made worse by lack of scientific tools which could aid in identifying air pollution-prone areas with a view to aiding town planners in locating safe sites for schools, hospitals and residential areas as well as parks. In this paper, we present results of a study carried out in the city of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania on air pollution in residential areas. Results show significant air pollution in the studied areas. Moreover, both adults and children are at risk due to lead pollution in the air.
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Kambham, Kalpalatha. "Performance and Total PM Emission Factor Evaluation of Expendable Abrasives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/385.
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Dry abrasive blasting is one of the most widely used methods of surface preparation. Air emissions from this process include particulate matter (PM) and metals. Spent abrasive generated from this process may be hazardous in nature. With increasing concern on health effects due to silica emissions from sand, use of alternative materials is suggested by health and regulatory agencies. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance of expendable abrasives and determine PM emission factors. Dry abrasive blasting was performed in an enclosed chamber and total PM samples were collected. Three commonly used expendable abrasives, coal slag, copper slag and specialty sand, were used to evaluate cleaner alternatives. Blast pressure and abrasive feed rate, two important process conditions were varied to study their effect on performance of an abrasive. Productivity, consumption and emission factors (performance parameters) were calculated and their variation with pressure and feed rate was evaluated. Two dimensional and three dimensional predicted models were developed to estimate the performance at intermediate blast pressure and feed rate conditions. Performance of the three abrasives was compared with respect to emission potential, productivity and consumption. Emission factors developed in this research will help in accurate estimation of total PM emissions and to select cleaner abrasives and optimum process conditions that will results in minimum emissions and reduced health risk. The productivity and consumption models will help is estimating life cycle costs including material cost, equipment cost, energy cost, labor costs, waste disposal cost, and compliance costs. Consumption models will also help in determining the quantity of spent abrasive generated, identify abrasives with lower material consumption, and identify process conditions that generate minimum spent abrasives. In addition, these models will help industries in making environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP), which results in pollution prevention and cost reduction.
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Many, Gael. "Impacts of storm and flood events on suspended particulate matter dynamics in the Gulf of Lions. Contributions of gliders to a multi-platform approach." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0033/document.
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La dynamique des matières en suspension joue un rôle primordial au sein de la zone côtière en étant le principal vecteur de matière particulaire depuis les sources (rivières) vers les puits (marges continentales, canyons sous-marins, océan profond). Le suivi de cette dynamique, notamment pendant les évènements de crues des fleuves et des tempêtes, est primordial afin d’estimer les budgets sédimentaires des marges continentales, de suivre l’évolution des habitats benthiques et de déterminer le rôle de cette dynamique dans le transport de contaminants. Cette thèse a pour objet l’étude des impacts de tels évènements sur la dynamique des particules en suspension au sein du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée). Une approche multiplateforme, couplant les différentes plateformes de mesures existantes (campagne en mer, glider, satellite, mouillage, bouée côtière) et basée sur la mesure de la turbidité en terme quantitatif et qualitatif a été adoptée. Les résultats ont permis de décrire 1) la dynamique des néphéloïdes en fonction des forçages (vents, vagues, courants) durant des évènements de crue du Rhône et de tempête marine, 2) la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’assemblage particulaire lors de ces mêmes évènements par une caractérisation in situ et 3) de montrer le rôle des plateformes autonomes du type gliders dans le suivi de la dynamique des matières en suspension en zone côtièreCoastal suspended particulate matter dynamics play a main role in the fate of land-derived material from the source (rivers) to sink (continental margins, submarine canyons, deep sea). The monitoring of this dynamic, especially during flooding and storm conditions, is decisive to understand factors impacting sedimentary budgets of continental margins, health of benthic habitats and spread of contaminants. The aim of this PhD is to study the impacts of such events on the suspended particles dynamics over the shelf of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediteranean). A multi-platform approach, combining existing observation platforms (survey, glider, satellite, mooring and coastal buoy) and based on the measurement of the turbidity was adopted. Results enabled to describe 1) the impacts of forcings (winds, waves, currents) on the dynamics of nepheloid layers during flooding and storm conditions, 2) the variability of the particle assemblage during such events through an in situ characterization and 3) the role of gliders in the monitoring of suspended particles dynamics within the coastal zone
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Liebenberg, Marlize Maria Magdalena. "Establishing a baseline diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposure profile for an underground mechanized platinum mine / Liebenberg, M.M.M." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7057.
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Background: Workers are daily exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) and DPM due to the
continuous increase of diesel–powered vehicles in the underground mining environment. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that DE be
regarded as a “potential occupational carcinogen”. A great concern in the South African mining
industry is that there is currently no existing occupational exposure limits (OEL) for DPM.
Aim: To quantify the exposure of workers to DPM (that consists out of total carbon (TC): which
is a combination of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC)) in the ambient air of
underground working environments. Also to compare different occupations exposure levels to
an international standard (the Mine Safety and Health Administration’s (MSHA) OEL for TC) as
South Africa has no proposed guideline or standard for occupational exposure to DPM and
finally to determine whether or not occupations working at mines with different mining methods
have different exposure levels to DPM.
Methodology: Workers personal exposure to DPM was monitored using the NIOSH 5040
method. A DPM sampler that consisted of a cyclone, a pre–packed SKC filter cassette (37 mm)
with impactor, tubing, label clips and a sampling pump was used. The flow rate was calibrated
at 2.0 litres per minute (L/min) for the sampling of sub–micrometer particles. The personal
sampler device was attached to the employee’s breathing zone for the duration of the work shift
(normal eight–hour time–weighted average (TWA) standard). A high risk group (workers
operating diesel–powered vehicles), a low risk group (workers working in the same mine,
sharing the same supplied air, but not operating these vehicles) and a control group (workers
working at a different mine with a different mining method) was monitored. The exposure levels
were evaluated and compared with the specific OEL mentioned previously.
Results: For the purpose of this study, TC exposure results were evaluated and not EC or OC.
All the occupations within their specific exposure group was exposed to TC. When the control
group’s exposures were compared with the high and low risk group exposures, a significant
difference was recorded (p–value = 0.0001). However when the high and low risk exposures
were compared with each other, no difference was recorded (p–value = 0.4405). When the
results of the various groups were compared with the MSHA OEL all the occupations from the
high and low risk group’s results were above the OEL, but only one occupation from the control
group exceeded the OEL.
Conclusion: It should be noted that all the occupations no matter the mining method / mine
was exposed to TC. The high and low risk exposure groups was however much higher than the
control group and a continues monitoring programme should be implemented for these
exposure groups. Their results exceeded the OEL, where the control group had much lower
exposure levels and only one occupation exceeded the OEL. Greater focus should be given to
the mechanized mining occupations since diesel–powered vehicles are used to perform their
core mining needs whereas at the conventional mine the use of these vehicles are limited.
Recommendation: Depending on the different occupations sampled various engineering
controls can be considered. Some include diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), diesel particulate
filters (DPF) and diesel disposable exhaust filters (DEF) or also known as disposable diesel
exhaust filters (DDEF) which is very effective in removing DPM from the exhaust of dieselpowered
equipment. Education and training are also critical components to the success of a
diesel emission management programme and the last resort to be considered is the appropriate
personal protective equipment (PPE). South Africa should consider the implementation of
national standards in order to monitor the progress and success of the diesel emission
management programme implemented.Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Ferreira, Anderson Targino da Silva. "Monitoramento ambiental da costa do Rio Grande do Norte com base em sensoriamento remoto e geod?sia de precis?o." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18367.
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Previous issue date: 2013-09-16Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This paper presents models of parameters of Sea Surface Layer (SSL), such as chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature (SST), Primary Productivity (PP) and Total Suspended Matter (TSM) for the region adjacent to the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Concentrations of these parameters measured in situ were compared in time quasi-synchronous with images AQUA-MODIS between the years 2003 to 2011. Determination coefficients between samples in situ and bands reflectance sensor AQUA-MODIS were representative. From that, concentrations of SSL parameters were acquired for the continental shelf of the RN (eastern and northern) analyzing the geographic distribution of variation of these parameters between the years 2009-2012. Geographical and seasonal variations mainly influenced by global climate phenomena such as El Ni?o and La Ni?a, were found through the analysis of AQUA-MODIS images by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Images show qualitatively the variance and availability of TSM in the regions, as well as their relationship with coastal erosion hotspots, monitored along the coast of the RN. In one of the areas identified as being of limited availability of TSM, we developed a methodology for assessment and evaluation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of beach surfaces (emerged and submerged sections) from the integration of topographic and bathymetric data measured in situ and accurately georeferenced compatible to studies of geomorphology and coastal dynamics of short duration. The methodology consisted of surveys with GNSS positioning operated in cinematic relative mode involved in topographic and bathymetric executed in relation to the stations of the geodetic network of the study area, which provided geodetic link to the Brazilian Geodetic System (GBS), univocal , fixed, and relatively stable over time. In this study Ponta Negra Beach, Natal / RN, was identified as a region with low variance and availability of MPS in the region off, as characterized by intense human occupation and intense coastal erosion in recent decades, which presents potential of the proposed methodology for accuracy and productivity, and the progress achieved in relation to the classical methods of surveying beach profiles
Este trabalho apresenta modelos de par?metros da Camada Superficial do Mar (CSM), tais como: Clorofila-a, Temperatura da Superf?cie do Mar (TSM), Produtividade Prim?ria (PP) e Material Particulado em Suspen??o (MPS), para a regi?o adjacente a plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil. Concentra??es desses par?metros medidos in situ foram comparadas em tempo quase-s?ncronos com imagens AQUAMODIS entre os anos de 2003 at? 2011. Coeficientes de determina??o foram representativos entre as amostras in situ e as bandas de reflect?ncia do sensor AQUAMODIS. A partir disso, concentra??es de par?metros da CSM foram adquiridos para a plataforma continental do RN (Plataforma Oriental e Setentrional) analisando a distribui??o geogr?fica da varia??o desses par?metros entre os anos de 2009-2012. Varia??es geogr?ficas e sazonais influenciadas principalmente por fen?menos clim?ticos globais como o fen?meno El Ni?o e La Ni?a, foram constatadas atrav?s das an?lises das imagens AQUA-MODIS por an?lise de Principais Componentes (PC). As imagens apontam de maneira qualitativa a vari?ncia e disponibilidade do MPS nas regi?es, assim como sua rela??o com hotspots de eros?o costeira, monitorados ao longo do litoral do RN. Em uma das regi?es identificadas como sendo de pouca disponibilidade de MPS, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para levantamento e avalia??o de Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) de superf?cies praiais (setores emersos e submersos) a partir da integra??o de dados topogr?ficos e batim?tricos mensurados in situ e georreferenciados com precis?o compat?vel aos estudos de geomorfologia e din?mica costeira de curta dura??o. A metodologia desenvolvida consistiu de levantamentos com posicionamentos GNSS operados no modo relativo cinem?tico envolvidos nos levantamentos topogr?ficos e batim?tricos executados em rela??o ?s esta??es da rede geod?sica da ?rea de estudo, que forneceram referencial geod?sico vinculado ao Sistema Geod?sico Brasileiro (SGB), o qual ? un?voco, fixo e relativamente est?vel no tempo. No estudo foi apresentado a Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN, identificada como uma regi?o com baixa vari?ncia e disponibilidade de MPS ao largo, assim como, caracterizada por intensa ocupa??o antr?pica e intensa eros?o costeira nas ?ltimas d?cadas, no qual s?o apresentadas as potencialidades da metodologia proposta, quanto ? acur?cia e produtividade, al?m dos avan?os alcan?ados em rela??o aos m?todos cl?ssicos de levantamento de perfis de praia
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Erger, Christine Maria [Verfasser], Torsten Claus [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt, and Hendrik [Akademischer Betreuer] Emons. "Determination of priority organic substances in surface water containing suspended particulate matter by disk solid phase extraction / Christine Maria Erger. Gutachter: Hendrik Emons. Betreuer: Torsten Claus Schmidt." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044532076/34.
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Stecko, J. R. Pierre. "Contrasting the geochemistry of suspended particulate matter and deposited sediments of the Fraser River Estuary, implications for metal exposure and uptake in estuarine deposit and filter feeders." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24243.pdf.
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Epps, Sarah A. "The Feasibility of Using Inherent Optical Properties and the Apparent Optical Property Remote Sensing Reflectance to Estimate Suspended Particulate Matter, Particularly for Use in Airborne Hydrographic Surveys." Thesis, The University of Southern Mississippi, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10845966.
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Airborne hydrographic surveys are routinely used to create and update nautical charts around the world. This research is intended to assist in maximizing the utility of the data products made available from those surveys in accordance with the current survey—once, use–many—times initiatives. Specifically, this project evaluates the feasibility of using the data available airborne hydrographic systems that utilize bathymetric lasers and hyperspectral sensors to estimate the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). SPM is sometimes also called suspended sediment. The ability to chart spatial distributions of SPM utilizing hydrographic survey systems already in operation will assist researchers, managers, and stakeholders of the areas thus surveyed.
Ship-based in situ measurements of multiple IOPs at up to twelve wavelengths were gathered in the northern Gulf of Mexico during five cruises between 2009 and 2010. One hundred sixty-nine IOP based SPM models using all available quality-checked data were developed and evaluated for performance. This large number of algorithms allowed for a comparison of the effectiveness of the IOPs that may be derived from airborne hydrographic surveys with other IOPs that may or may not be so readily available. The results were varied.
The apparent optical property remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is a data product of hyperspectral sensors that are often part of airborne survey systems. A method to predict suspended particulate matter concentration using the wavelength of maximum intensity for Rrs is presented. This represents a new way to estimate suspended particulate matter concentration from an airborne platform.
Due to the methods used for gathering the in-situ data, it was necessary to consider the validity of the assumption that consecutive water column profiling events from a ship represent the same sampling environment. Though this research demonstrates that this assumption is false, it does indicate that consecutive profiling events do sample the same water properties in many instances and that with a little care, datasets gathered this way may be used in research efforts similar to this one. Finally, the distribution and selected properties of SPM concentrations in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined.
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Gunukula, Sampath Reddy. "ELECTROCOAGULATION/FLOTATION TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC SURFACE WATER." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1304363574.
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McWilliam, Lyn. "Combined hydrogen diesel combustion : an experimental investigation into the effects of hydrogen addition on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3611.
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This investigation examines the effects of load, speed, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) level and hydrogen addition level on the exhaust gas emissions, particulate matter size distribution and chemical composition. The experiments were performed on a 2.0 litre, 4 cylinder, direct injection engine. EGR levels were then varied from 0% to 40%. Hydrogen induction was varied between 0 and 10% vol. of the inlet charge. In the case of using hydrogen and EGR, the hydrogen replaced air. The load was varied from 0 to 5.4 bar BMEP at two engine speeds, 1500 rpm and 2500 rpm. For this investigation the carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and the filter smoke number (FSN) were all measured. The in-cylinder pressure was also captured to allow the heat release rate to be calculated and, therefore, the combustion to be analysed. A gravimetric analysis of the particulate matter size distribution was conducted using a nano-MOUDI. Finally, a GC-MS was used to determine the chemical composition of the THC emissions. The experimental data showed that although CO, FSN and THC increase with EGR, NOX emissions decrease. Inversely, CO, FSN and THC emissions decrease with hydrogen, but NOX increases. When hydrogen was introduced the peak cylinder pressure was increased, as was the maximum rate of in-cylinder pressure rise. The position of the peak cylinder pressure was delayed as hydrogen addition increased. This together with the obtained heat release patterns shows an increase in ignition delay, and a higher proportion of premixed combustion. The experimental work showed that the particulate matter size distribution was not dramatically altered by the addition of EGR, but the main peak was slightly shifted towards the nucleation mode with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen addition does not appear to have a large effect on the chemical composition of the THC, but does dramatically decrease the emissions.
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Harvey, Therese. "Bio-optics, satellite remote sensing and Baltic Sea ecosystems : Applications for monitoring and management." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119578.
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Earth observation satellites cover large areas with frequent temporal repetition and provide us with new insight into ocean and coastal processes. Ocean colour measurements from satellite remote sensing are linked to the bio-optics, which refers to the light interactions with living organisms and dissolved and suspended constituents in the aquatic environment. Human pressures have changed the aquatic ecosystems, by, for example, the increased input of nutrient and organic matter leading to eutrophication. This thesis aims to study and develop the link between bio-optical data and the remote sensing method to the monitoring and management of the Baltic Sea. The results are applied to the European Union’s Water Directives, and the Baltic Sea Action Plan from the Helsinki commission. In paper I indicators for eutrophication, chlorophyll-a concentration and Secchi depth were evaluated as a link to remote sensing observations. Chlorophyll-a measurements from an operational satellite service (paper I) were compared to conventional ship-based monitoring in paper II and showed high correlations to the in situ data. The results in paper I, II and IV show that the use of remote sensing can improve both the spatial and temporal monitoring of water quality. The number of observations increased when also using satellite data, thus facilitating the assessment of the ecological and environmental status within the European Union’s water directives. The spatial patterns make it possible to study the changes of e.g. algae blooms and terrestrial input on larger scales. Furthermore, the water quality products from satellites can offer a more holistic and easily accessible view of the information to decision makers and end-users. In paper III variable relationships between in situ bio-optical parameters, such as coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), dissolved organic carbon, salinity and Secchi depth, were found in different parts of the Baltic Sea. In paper IV an in situ empirical model to retrieve suspended particulate matter (SPM) from turbidity was developed and applied to remote sensing data. The use of Secchi depth as an indicator for eutrophication linked to the concentrations of chlorophyll-a and SPM and CDOM absorption was investigated in paper V. The variations in Secchi depth were affected differently by the mentioned parameters in the different regions. Therefore, one must also consider those when evaluating changes in Secchi depth and for setting target levels for water bodies. This thesis shows good examples on the benefits of incorporating bio-optical and remote sensing data to a higher extent within monitoring and management of the Baltic Sea.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.
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Vieira, Alda Maria Domingues. "Use of biochar in the remediation of coppercontaminated vineyard soils." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23566.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do AmbienteNa viticultura, o tratamento com fungicidas à base de cobre resulta muitas vezes em elevados teores de cobre nos solos. Sabendo que o cobre em determinadas concentrações se pode assumir como um composto tóxico, a sua acumulação nos solos pode ter impactos nos organismos terrestres, comprometendo as funções ecossistémicas asseguradas pelo solo. Além disso, considerando que as áreas de vinha sofrem frequentemente processos de erosão acentuados, o seu transporte e entrada em sistemas aquáticos adjacentes pode igualmente impactar o biota aquático. Na tentativa de melhorar as propriedades do solo e garantir uma produção agrícola efetiva, têm sido propostas várias medidas, nomeadamente o uso de biochar. O biochar é um carvão obtido através do processo de pirólise que é utilizado na remediação de solos devido aos seus benefícios na qualidade do solo. Com o objetivo de avaliar as concentrações de cobre no solo de uma vinha e compreender o papel do biochar na qualidade do solo e na redução do transporte de sedimentos ricos em cobre através do escoamento superficial, este trabalho testou a utilização de dois tratamentos de biochar, com aplicações distintas (5 kg/m2 e 10 kg/m2) e a sua influência nas propriedades do solo, numa vinha na região demarcada da Bairrada. Pela comparação dos dois tratamentos de biochar, verificou-se que o tratamento com menor taxa de aplicação de biochar melhorou a qualidade do solo em geral e a sua capacidade de infiltração. Em particular, neste tratamento observou-se uma redução de 69% no transporte de sedimentos e de 76% no transporte de cobre particulado por escoamento superficial. O efeito do biochar na imobilização do cobre foi evidenciado sobretudo após a aplicação de cobre, observando um comportamento visivelmente diferente entre os tratamentos com e sem adição de biochar. A aplicação de biochar em baixas concentrações mostrou ser efetiva na redução da exportação de sedimentos e consequentemente na exportação de cobre. Não obstante, será importante compreender as implicações que o cobre continuará a exercer nos organismos terrestres e na sua potencial lixiviação para águas subterrâneas.
In viticulture, treatment with copper-based fungicides often results in high levels of copper in vineyard soils. Knowing that copper in certain concentrations can be assumed as a toxic compound, its accumulation in soils can have impacts on terrestrial organisms, compromising the ecosystem functions assured by the soil. In addition, considering that vineyards often suffer from severe erosion processes, copper transport and input into adjacent aquatic systems may also impact the aquatic biota. To improve soil properties and ensure effective agricultural production, several measures have been proposed, such as the use of biochar. Biochar is a coal obtained through the pyrolysis process that is used in soil remediation due to its benefits in soil quality. In order to assess de concentration of copper in a vineyard soil and understand the role of biochar in soil quality and in reducing the transport of copper enriched sediments through surface runoff, this work tested the use of two biochar treatments with different applications (5 kg/m2 and 10 kg/m2) and its influence on soil properties in a vineyard located in the demarcated region of Bairrada. By comparing the two biochar treatments, it was verified that the treatment with lower application rate of biochar improved the soil quality in general and its infiltration capacity. A reduction of 69% in sediment transport and a 76% reduction in the transport of particulate copper from surface runoff was observed in this treatment. The effect of biochar on the immobilization of copper was particularly evident after the application of copper, with a noticeably different behaviour between the treatments with and without addition of biochar. The application of biochar in low rates has shown to be effective in the reduction of the export of sediments and consequently in the export of copper. Nonetheless, it is important to understand the implications that copper will continue to exert on terrestrial organisms and its potential leaching into groundwater.
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Fromant, Guillaume. "Mesure de Matières En Suspension (MES) dans la colonne d'eau par combinaison de méthodes acoustiques et optiques." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0058/document.
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La mesure de Matières En Suspension (MES) est cruciale autant pour comprendre les transferts sédimentaires que pour les études des écosystèmes marins. Elles sont classiquement mesurées ponctuellement par des prélèvements d’eau in situ, ou à partir des propriétés optiques de l’eau. Mais depuis plusieurs décennies, les appareils acoustiques, ont montré leur capacité à mesurer ces MES sur de plus grands volumes. Ces mesures, en particulier celles de la concentration, s’appuient sur les propriétés de rétrodiffusion des particules. Mais ces mesures demeurent peu représentatives dans la mesure où le contenu en MES dans la colonne d’eau varie à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace. Dans un premier temps, ces travaux de thèse visent à montrer à travers des mesures in situ réalisées dans l’estuaire de l’Aulne qu’il est possible d’étendre spatialement la mesure par inversion des données issues de sondeurs multifaisceaux (SMF). Un modèle de rétrodiffusion adapté à la suspension d’intérêt, constituée dans cette étude d’agrégats estuariens, est d’abord élaboré. Puis grâce à des observations issues d’un profileur multifréquences, la concentration massique en MES, distribuée par classes de tailles, a pu être déterminée par la résolution d’un problème inverse. Ces informations permettent de déterminer les rayons équivalents de la suspension, grâce auxquels les données issues du SMF, au préalable calibrées par une méthode innovante, peuvent être inversées de manière directe. Une étude des incertitudes attachées aux valeurs de concentrations estimées est par la suite proposée afin de qualifier la pertinence des résultats. Puis dans un second temps, les conditions nécessaires à l’établissement d’un protocole de mesure des MES par système multi-capteur sont identifiées. Ce dernier permet la caractérisation en continu des MES à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace, en exploitant la complémentarité des mesures issues des différents instrumentsMeasuring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is essential to better understand sediment transport and marine ecosystems. SPM is traditionnaly estimated through in situ water samples analysis, or based on the optical properties of water. Yet for several decades, acoustical devices have shown their capability to measure SPM on larger volumes. These measurements (especially in terms of SPM concentration) are based on the backscattering properties of the particles. However, these measurements remain limited, since the SPM content in the water column is subjected to variations on both spatial and temporal scales.As a first step, this work aims at showing that it is possible to increase the degree of spatialization of the SPM measurements by inverting MultiBeam EchoSounder (MBES) data, through in situ measurements acquired in the Aulne macrotidal estuary. A backscattering model was first designed to describe the backscattering properties of the suspension of interest, consisting in this study in estuarine agregates. Then, thanks to multifrequency observations, the SPM mass concentration sorted by size classes was retrieved through the the resolution of the inverse problem. This kind of information allows to determine the equivalent spherical radius of the the whole suspension, through which the MBES data, calibrated beforehand using an original method, can be directly inverted. Subsequently, a study of the uncertainties attached to the final concentration estimate is proposed in order to qualify the relevance of the results.In a second step, the necessary conditions for establishing a measurement protocol of the SPM are identified. The latter allows continuous characterization of SPM at different spatial and temporal scales, by exploiting the complementarity of the measures delivered by different instruments
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Gutierrez, Mariana Tramujas. "Variabilidade espacial e temporal da distribuição do material particulado em suspensão nas proximidades do canal de navegação da baía de Sepetiba (RJ)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4082.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEste estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar os padrões de distribuição do material particulado em suspensão ao longo da baía de Sepetiba, associando as variabilidades espaciais e temporais com ciclos de maré. Além disso, o estudo também avalia a utilização de equipamentos acústicos como ferramentas à estimativa das concentrações de material particulado em suspensão. A aquisição de dados foi realizada num total de sete campanhas realizadas entre novembro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011. Sete estações foram posicionadas nas proximidades do canal principal de acesso à baía, ao longo de um transecto que se estende do seu interior até sua desembocadura. As sete campanhas amostrais se distribuem em duas séries longas, de 13 e 25 horas, de aquisição em um ponto fixo, e cinco amostragens ao longo das estações. A aquisição de dados envolve: coleta de amostras de água, utilizadas nas estimativas das concentrações de material particulado; coleta de sedimentos de fundo para caracterização granulométrica das estações amostradas; perfis de parâmetros físico-químicos; dados de correntômetria adquiridos junto ao fundo. O processamento das amostras de água e sedimentos foi realizado no laboratório de Geologia Marinha da Faculdade de Oceanografia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As concentrações de material particulado em suspensão foram utilizadas na calibração de sensores acústicos e óticos, permitindo uma avaliação espaço-temporal mais detalhada dos padrões de distribuição junto ao fundo e ao longo da coluna dágua. Os dados observados permitiram identificar que as maiores concentrações de material particulado em suspensão ocorrem em condições de maré enchente, e estão associadas à assimetria de maré. A baía pode ser dividida em dois setores: um na porção mais interna, onde se observou maior influência do aporte fluvial, onde as concentrações de material particulado em suspensão respondem à propagação da pluma do canal de São Francisco; e outro que se estende da porção central até sua desembocadura, onde predomina o domínio marinho, com influência de eventos oriundos da plataforma continental. Também pode ser identificada a influência do fenômeno La Niña, que provavelmente foi responsável por: altas salinidades encontradas no interior da baía e ocorrência da Água Central do Atlântico Sul à baixas profundidades. Quanto à utilização de equipamentos acústicos nas estimativas das concentrações de material particulado, os dados se demonstraram ricos em detalhes, que permitiram avaliar o comportamento do material particulado junto ao fundo frente a diferentes condições de maré, turbulência e incidência de oscilações.
This study aimed to characterize the distribution patterns of suspended particulate matter along the Sepetiba Bay, linking spatial and temporal variability with tidal cycles. Furthermore, the study also evaluates the applicability of acoustic devices as tools for estimation of concentrations of suspended particulate matter. Data acquisition was performed in a total of seven campaigns carried out between November 2010 and December 2011. Seven stations were located near the main channel access to the bay along a transect that extends from its interior to its mouth. The seven sampling campaigns are distributed in two long series of 13 and 25 hours of acquisitions at a fixed station, and five campaigns along the transect. Data acquisition involves: collecting water samples to estimate the concentrations of particulate matter, bottom sediments collected to characterize particle size of the stations sampled; profiles of physicochemical parameters; current data obtained at the bottom. The processing of water samples and sediments was conducted in the Oceanografic Geology Laboratory Laboratório de Oceanografia Geológica of the Faculdade de Oceanografia - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. The concentrations of suspended particulate matter were used for the calibration of acoustic and optical sensors, allowing an evaluation of more detailed spatial and temporal patterns of distribution along the bottom and along the water column. The analysis allowed to identify that the highest concentrations of suspended particulate matter occur in conditions of high tide, and are associated with tidal asymmetry (highest current velocities). The bay can be divided into two sectors: one in the northern area, where riverine characteristics are more pronounced, and concentrations of suspended particles respond to the spread of the plume of São Francisco channel, and another that extends from the central portion to its mouth, where dominate the marine domain, influenced by events from the continental shelf. It can also be identified the influence of La Niña, which was probably responsible for: high salinities found inside the bay and occurrence of South Atlantic Central Water at lower depths. Regarding the use of acoustic equipment in the estimation of concentrations of particulate matter, the results were rich in detail, which allowed us to evaluate the behavior of particulate material near the bottom for different tidal conditions, turbulence and incidence of oscillations.
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Fonseca, Sabrina Aparecida Ramos da. "Circulação e fluxo de material particulado em suspensão no principal canal de acesso à baía de Sepetiba." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8800.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEntre 06/08/11 e 25/02/12 foram obtidas séries temporais contínuas de intensidade e direção das correntes e intensidade do eco ao longo de toda a coluna dágua, e medições, de temperatura e pressão, próximas ao fundo, na região adjacente ao canal de acesso à baía de Sepetiba (230'16.5"S e 4359'29.4"W, profundidade local de aproximadamente 25 m) através da utilização de um perfilador acústico ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), modelo WorkHorse BroadBand Sentinel (600 kHz, Teledyne-RDI). A partir dos dados adquiridos, observou-se a existência de correntes intensas próximo ao fundo (até 1,02 m/s), principalmente durante os períodos de enchente sob condições de sizígia, que são fortemente influenciadas pela orientação do canal de navegação. A análise das séries temporais das componentes da velocidade mostraram, em conformidade ao relatado por alguns autores, que esta é uma baía cuja circulação é fortemente influenciada pela dinâmica da maré sendo M2, M4, M6 e M8 as principais componentes harmônicas que atuam no sistema. Além disso, observou-se significativa assimetria da maré, sendo os períodos de enchente consideravelmente mais curtos e associados às correntes mais intensas, o que permite concluir que no setor investigado da baía de Sepetiba há dominância de enchente. Outra característica interessante da área de estudo relaciona-se à observação de que ventos intensos de S-SO são responsáveis pelo empilhamento de água no interior da baía, sendo que altura do nível da superfície da água apresenta relação direta com as variações da pressão atmosférica local. Em diversos períodos, quando há atuação de ventos de E-NE é possível encontrar Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) no interior da baía de Sepetiba, desde a sua entrada principal até as adjacências da ilha Guaíba. Além disso, foram identificadas diversas oscilações de baixa frequência que puderam ser associadas à variação da pressão atmosférica. Oscilações de alta frequência foram associadas à dinâmica da maré, a co-oscilações da maré e ao vento. Em relação à concentração de Material Particulado em Suspensão (MPS), durante os períodos de sizígia foram registradas as maiores concentrações material particulado na coluna dágua. Durante os períodos de sizígia, o fluxo de MPS é mais pronunciado do que durante as quadraturas, sendo que, independente do período da maré, o fluxo cumulativo de material particulado em suspensão é dirigido para o interior da baía de Sepetiba. Considerando o alinhamento dos vetores de velocidade em conformidade a direção preferencial do canal de navegação, tem-se que o fluxo cumulativo de MPS varia entre dirigido para SE na região próxima ao fundo, a dirigido para NE próximo ao topo da coluna dágua, o que sugere a deflexão do movimento das correntes em consequência do atrito. Ao longo de um dia, o fluxo do material particulado é mais pronunciado durante as enchentes, quando há aumento das tensões cisalhantes que atuam sobre o leito da baía redisponibilizando para a coluna dágua o material que estava depositado no fundo.
Between August 6, 2011 and February 25, 2012, continuous time series of water column current speed and direction, echo intensity, as well as nearbed pressure and water temperature were obtained in a station located at the rim of Sepetiba bay main access channel (230'16.5"S and 4359'29.4"W, local depth 25 m). The data set was recorded by a 600 kHz WorkHorse BroadBand Sentinel Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (Teledyne-RDI). Strong flood currents (up to 1.02 m/s) were documented in the nearbed area, particularly under springtide conditions. It was observed that channel orientation strongly influence current direction. The analysis of the alongchannel current velocity component substantiated previous claims that tides strongly control Sepetiba bay circulation. The main tidal harmonic components that were identified through spectral analysis are M2, M4, M6 and M8. Moreover, tides are strongly asymmetric: floods are up to 2 hours shorter than ebbs and are associated with the strongest flows. For this reason, it was concluded that at least in the sector that was monitored during this study, Sepetiba bay is a flood-dominated environment. Another interesting observation is that under the influence of strong S-SW winds, water gets piled up inside the bay and water level is directly related to the local atmospheric pressure variability. In several occasions, under E-NE winds, South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) was observed inside Sepetiba bay, extending from its entrance up to the Guaíba island area. Furthermore, several low frequency oscillations could be related to atmospheric pressure oscillations. On the other hand, higher frequencies could be associated with tides, tidal co-oscillations and local winds. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration, which was quantitatively determined from the corrected echo intensity signal, exhibited higher values throughout the water column during springtide conditions. The cumulative SPM flux was predominantly directed towards the bay, except close to the bottom, where the lowest measurement, at 2.2 mab, was directed to the shelf. This pattern of cumulative SPM flux, that rotates from going toward the southeast close to the bottom to the NE close to the water surface, suggests the occurrence of current deflection due to shear. When looked into the time scale of a complete tidal cycle (13 hours) SPM fluxes are larger during floods, when higher shear stresses resuspend and redistribute SPM throughout the water column, whereas during ebbs higher concentrations are more limited to the nearbed area, particularly under neap tide conditions.
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Le, Meur Mathieu. "Matières en suspension de la Moselle (Lorraine, France) : caractérisation minérale et organique et réactivité vis-à-vis des contaminants métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0161/document.
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Les matières en suspension (MES) sont constituées de colloïdes et particules et sont couramment décrites comme des agrégats hétérogènes formées de phases minérales, organiques et biologiques et possédant une forte réactivité de surface. Cette étude vise à étudier l’évolution de composition spatiale et temporelle des MES de la rivière Moselle (Lorraine, France) et également d’étudier la réactivité des MES vis-à-vis de contaminants métalliques. Les MES ont été collectées à différentes stations le long de la rivière Moselle et selon différents régimes hydriques. Des études microscopiques et macroscopiques ont été réalisées dans le but de caractériser les MES. Les résultats ont montré que la composition minérale des MES était relativement constante (1) le long de la Moselle (2) durant différents régimes hydriques et que la géologie du bassin versant contribuait grandement à la composition des MES. Les affluents de la Fensch et de l’Orne, deux rivières impactées par l’héritage industriel ont cependant montré la présence de particules d’origine anthropique. Cette étude a également montré le rôle majeur des MES dans le transport des TMEs et REEs quel que soit le débit. La caractérisation organique des MES a également montré des variations atténuées révélant l’aspect intégrateur d’un bassin versant de cette taille. Des variations saisonnières ont tout de même été observées avec une production autochtone plus élevée durant l’été. L’augmentation du débit a engendré une diminution de la teneur en matière organique ainsi que la présence d’une matière organique plus dégradée. Hormis les stations sur la Fensch et l’Orne, les propriétés de surface des MES sont homogènes, en relation avec la composition des particules. Les études ont également montré que le zinc s’associait de manière différente selon la quantité de zinc en solution. Enfin, l’étude comparée du mode d’association du zinc sur les composés modèles et les MES naturelles a montré la contribution des phyllosilicates dans le transport du zincSuspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in rivers, are constituted of colloidal and particulate matter, and described as heterogeneous aggregates of mineral, organic and biological phases which display high and reactive surface area. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal composition evolution (Mineral and organic) of SPM along the Moselle River (Lorraine, France). SPM were collected at different stations along the river and at different regime flow. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed in order to characterize natural SPM. The second objective was to investigate the reactivity of SPM toward metallic contaminants. The results showed that the grain size distribution, elemental composition and mineralogy of SPM along the Moselle River and during different regime flow showed only slight variations, except for the Fensch and Orne tributaries, two rivers that were impacted by inherited steel making industrialization and different land use. The results also revealed that the catchment geology greatly contributed to the SPM composition in the river and highlighted the fact that SPM play a high contribution in TMEs and REEs transportation. The SPM organic matter characterization also showed slight variations through the catchment revealing the diffuse pollution in a catchment of this size. Seasonal variations were observed with strong autochthonous production during low flow level in summer. Regime flow increase resulted in the decrease of TOC content and in the presence of more degraded OM. Except for Fensch and Orne stations, surface properties of SPM are similar in relation with SPM composition. This study also showed that Zn association mode differed with different Zn concentrations. The comparison between Zn association mode on lab controlled particles and natural SPM revealed the contribution of phyllosilicates in zinc transport
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Moraes, Liz Mary Bueno de. "Utilização da técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia (EDXRF) na avaliação do material particulado em suspensão na cidade de Limeira - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-15042010-105123/.
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O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química do material particulado em suspensão na atmosfera na cidade de Limeira/SP, pela técnica de fluorescência de raios X dispersiva em energia (EDXRF). Um amostrador tipo stacker foi utilizado para coletar particulados fino (partículas com diâmetro aerodinâmico entre 2,5 e 10 \'mü\'m) e grosso (partículas maiores que 10 \'mü\'m), utilizando filtros de policarbmüonato de 47 mm de diâmetro e com diâmetros de poro de 0,4 e 8 \'mü\'m, respectivamente. As amostras foram coletadas em 2006 (de janeiro a dezembro), 2008 (de janeiro a abril e de julho a dezembro) e 2009 (de janeiro a março). Na excitação da técnica de EDXRF utilizou-se um tubo de Mo com filtro de Fe (análise sob vácuo) para a determinação dos elementos do Al ao Ca, e com filtro de Zr (análise sob ar atmosférico) para determinação do Sc ao Zn e também do Pb. Para a detecção dos raios X utilizou-se um detector semicondutor de Si(Li) acoplado a um analisador multicanal, com um tempo de aquisição de 300 s. Os espectros de raios X foram interpretados através do programa AXIL e a para a quantificação dos elementos químicos fez-se o uso da metodologia dos parâmetros fundamentais. Realizou-se também microanálises nas amostras utilizando-se um microscópio eletrônico de varredura acoplado a um sistema de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia (SEM/EDS) para a caracterização química e morfológica das partículas coletadas no material particulado em suspensão. Determinou-se também a concentração de negro de fumo (black carbon) utilizando a técnica de reflectância. Embora a amostragem não tenha sido suficiente para indicar a contribuição de cada fonte de emissão, a metodologia de análise de agrupamento possibilitou a identificar duas principais fontes para o material particulado em suspensão: poeira de solo e resíduos de queima de cana-de-açúcarThe main objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of the suspended particulate matter from the atmosphere of the city of Limeira, State of São Paulo, by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. A stacker filter sampler was used to collect the fine (particles with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 \'mü\'m) and the gross particulates (particles larger than 10 \'mü\'m) employing 47 mm polycarbonate filters, with 0.4 and 8 \'mü\'m pore diameters, respectively. Samples were collected in 2006 (from January to December), 2008 (from January to April and from July to December), and 2009 (from January to March). The EDXRF excitation was carried out using a Mo X-ray tube with Fe filter (analysis under vacuum) to determine elements from Al to Ca, and with Zr filter (analysis under air atmosphere) to determine from Sc to Zn and also Pb. A Si(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer was used for X-ray detection, with 300 s acquisition time. The X-ray spectra were deconvoluted by the AXIL software, and fundamental parameters methodology was adopted for quantification. Samples microanalysis by scanning electron microscope, connected to an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence system (SEM/EDS) was carried out for chemical and morphological characterization of collected particles in the suspended particulate matter. Black carbon content was also evaluated by reflectance. Despite the fact that the sampling was not enough to indicate the contribution of each emission source, grouping analysis statistical method allowed to identify two main sources of the particulate matter in suspension: dust soil and sugar cane burning residues
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Duarte, Laura Azevedo. "Mineralogia e geoquímica do material particulado em suspensão na bacia do Rio Piabanha, RJ." Niterói, 2018. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5740.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
O material particulado em suspensão (MPS) é formado principalmente por partículas originadas do intemperismo das rochas presentes na bacia, além de partículas orgânicas. O conhecimento acerca do MPS pode fornecer informações sobre proveniência, processos e influências antrópicas. Alterações na bacia de drenagem, como as relacionadas ao uso do solo e construções de barragens, influenciam principalmente na quantidade de material transportada, enquanto a urbanização sobretudo na qualidade. O presente trabalho buscou estabelecer a contribuição de MPS da bacia do rio Piabanha (RJ) para o rio Paraíba do Sul e caracterizá-la química e mineralogicamente, além de estabelecer diferenças temporais e espaciais na bacia, qualitativa e quantitativamente. Foram feitas sete coletas ao longo do ano de 2016, em três pontos da bacia, e as amostras tiveram seus valores de concentração, carga e fluxo de MPS calculados. Foram realizadas análises químicas por fluorescência de raios X e análises mineralógicas por difração de raios X, essas últimas acrescidas de quantificação pelo método de Rietveld. Os resultados encontrados indicaram variação sazonal na quantidade de sedimentos produzida (10‒1600 ton dia⁻¹ na foz) e também variação espacial, fruto principalmente das diferenças da cobertura e uso do solo ao longo da bacia. As barragens também se mostraram importantes na retenção de sedimentos. Os minerais encontrados no MPS foram caulinita, gibbsita, goethita, illita, feldspatos, quartzo, muscovita, anatásio e weddelita, sendo esta última mais presente na região urbanizada, funcionando como um traçador de influência antrópica. A caulinita foi o mineral mais representativo do MPS em todas as amostras (28‒55%), indicando um material significativamente intemperizado. As análises químicas mostraram predominância de SiO2 (35‒46%) e Al2O3 (25‒41%). Houve maior participação de P2O5 e Fe2O3 no período seco, relacionados direta ou indiretamente à influência antrópica na bacia, como lançamento de efluentes, contudo essa diferença sazonal foi vista principalmente nas áreas urbanizadas
The suspended particulate matter (SPM) is formed mainly by particles resulted from rock weathering, but also by organic ones. The knowledge of SPM is able to provide information about provenience, processes and anthropic influences. River basin alterations, like the ones related to land use and dam constructions, can change mainly the transported load’s quantity, while urbanization is related mostly to quality. The present study aimed to determine the SPM contribution from Piabanha river basin (RJ) to Paraiba do Sul river and characterize its mineralogy and chemistry, as well as set temporal and spatial variation, qualitatively and quantitatively. Samples were collected in three points of Piabanha basin, in seven different days of 2016, and concentration, load and flow values of SPM were calculated. The samples analysis included its chemistry (X-ray fluorescence) and mineralogy (X-ray diffraction), the last one with addition of quantification by Rietveld method. The results showed seasonal (10‒1600 ton day⁻¹ in the mouth) and spatial variation in sediments yield, due to differences in cover and land use along the basin. Dams also exposed their importance in sediments retention. Minerals found in SPM were kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, illite, feldspars, quartz, muscovite, anathase and weddellite, with the last one more present in urban areas, working as a tracer of anthropic influence. Kaolinite was the most representative mineral of SPM in all samples (28‒55%), denoting a material associated to significant weathering. The chemical analysis showed SiO2 (35‒46%) and Al2O3 (25‒41%) predominance. P2O5 and Fe2O3 were higher in the dry period, related directly or indirectly to anthropic influence, like effluents release. However, this seasonal difference was observed mainly in urban areas.
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Sampaio, Francisco Edison. "METAIS ASSOCIADOS AO MATERIAL PARTICULADO NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DA CIDADE DE GOIÂNIA E OS POSSÍVEIS AGRAVOS À SAÚDE DA POPULAÇÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2012. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2896.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-28All forms of environmental pollution are potentially harmful to human health, fauna, flora and environment in general. Air pollution, understood as the presence of various substances in the atmosphere, altering its natural composition, making it dangerous for all living beings which depend on it, has received increasing attention. The diversity of pollutants and their concentration in the atmosphere is quite broad and complex. For this reason, and considering other aspects such as the toxicological profile of pollutants and the main sources of atmospheric emissions, several countries have set standards of air quality for specific groups of pollutants. In Brazil, there are standards for seven pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PTS, PM10 (all acronyms are in Portuguese), and smoke). This research focus on the characterization of the concentration of PTS in the atmosphere, especially the occurrence of metals associated with these particles and the possible injuries to human health. To fulfill this purpose it was necessary to make the collection of material particles in the central region of Goiania - GO, during the winter of 2011. The analysis was set for metals: Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Pb, and Zn. The collection of PTS was performed through the Sampler of Great Volume (AGV in Portuguese) method and through the detection of metals, with the application of spectrometry of optical emission with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES in Portuguese). The results showed a concentration of PTS which at no time exceeded the primary standard for this pollutant, as defined by the CONAMA Resolution 03/90, different reality when the pattern established by the Decree 1.745/79 of the State of Goiás was observed, which demonstrated that for six times the concentrations PTS were above this standard. The average concentration of metals in the twenty-two samples of material particles resulted in values which were considered low in relation to the standards proposed by international agencies and institutions (EPA, ASTDR, and OMS in Portuguese), and, similarly, when compared to the occurrence of metals in material particle in other cities in the country. Human exposure to metals, especially those considered toxic, in high concentrations, or even in low ones but for a long period of time, can cause severe consequences to health, ranging from simple allergic reactions to diseases like cancer that can lead to death. Through the generated, we can conclude that, in general, the air quality in the region observed by the research varies from good to regular, and that the concentrations of metals associated with PTS does not present a significant threat to the health of the population.
Todas as formas de poluição ambiental possuem potencial deletério à saude humana, à fauna, à flora e ao meio ambiente de uma forma geral. A poluição do ar, que se traduz na presença de substancias diversas na atmosfera, alterando sua composição natural, tornando-a perigosa para todos os seres vivos que dela dependem, tem merecido uma atenção crescente. A diversidade de poluentes e a concentração destes na atmosfera é algo bem amplo e complexo. Por essa razão, e considerando outros aspectos como o perfil toxicológico de poluentes e as principais fontes de emissão atmosférica, vários países definem padrões da qualidade do ar para grupos específicos de poluentes. No Brasil, existem padrões para sete poluentes (CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PTS, PM10 e fumaça). Esse trabalho deteve-se na caracterização da concentração de PTS na atmosfera, especialmente a ocorrência de metais associados à essas partículas e os possiveis agravos à saúde humana. Para cumprimento de tal finalidade promoveu-se a coleta de material particulado na região central de Goiânia GO, durante o inverno, no ano de 2011. Os metais definidos para análises foram: Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Pb e Zn. A coleta de PTS foi realizada pelo método do Amostrador de Grande Volume (AGV) e a detecção dos metais, com aplicação da espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Os resultados demonstraram uma concentração de PTS que em nenhum momento ultrapassou o padrão primário para este poluente, definido pela Resolução CONAMA 03/90, realidade diferenciada quando observado o padrao estabelecido pelo Decreto 1.745/79 do Estado de Goiás, onde por 6 vezes as concentrações de PTS posicionaram-se acima desse padrão. As concentrações médias dos metais nas vinte e duas amostras do material particulado resultaram em valores considerados baixos em relação a padrões propostos por entidades e instituições internacionais (EPA, ASTDR e OMS) e, da mesma forma, quando comparadas a ocorrencia de metais em material particulado em outras cidades do País. A exposição humana a metais, especialmente os considerados tóxicos, em concentrações elevadas ou mesmo baixas, mas de forma prolongada pode provocar sérias consequencias à saúde, variando de simples reações alérgicas até doenças como cancer que pode levar a morte. Pelos resultados gerados, pode-se concluir, em linhas gerais, que a qualidade do ar, na regiao afetada pelo estudo, apresenta-se entre boa e regular e as concentrações de metais associados âs PTS não oferceu ameaças significativas à saúde da população.
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Chapalain, Marion. "Dynamique des matières en suspension en mer côtière : caractérisation, quantification et interactions sédiments/matière organique." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0010/document.
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La connaissance de la dynamique des matières en suspension (MES) et des turbidités en milieu côtier est un élément clé pour comprendre les écosystèmes marins. Les processus de floculation/défloculation représentent des mécanismes essentiels contrôlant la dynamique des caractéristiques physiques des MES et, par conséquent, leur devenir dans l’environnement. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre la caractérisation des MES et leur variabilité de l’échelle tidale à l’échelle annuelle en mer côtière, en réponse aux différents forçages hydrodynamiques, hydrologiques et biologiques ayant lieu à l’interface entre estuaire et baie. À cette fin, des capteurs optiques et acoustiques ont été déployés in situ, lors de 6 campagnes en mer réalisées en 2016, en vue de caractériser et de quantifier les MES dans la colonne d’eau, à la sortie de l’embouchure de l’estuaire de Seine (France). Une analyse critique des mesures granulométriques issues du LISST-100X est proposée. Un travail de quantification des incertitudes de mesure associées à l’estimation de la concentration en MES a mis en avant le risqué lié à un rinçage insuffisant des filtres et a conduit à définir une masse minimum à filtrer, de l'ordre de 10 mg, quelle que soit la concentration. Ce travail a notamment permis de proposer une méthode d’estimation d’un volume optimal de filtration basée sur une mesure préalable de turbidité de référence. Les mesures à haute fréquence ont montré que la dynamique des caractéristiques physiques des MES en termes de concentration et de taille médiane sont contrôlées par le cycle advection-floculation-sédimentation-remise en suspension. Ces résultats ont permis de hiérarchiser les paramètres de contrôle des processus de floculation. La turbulence a été identifiée comme le principal paramètre de contrôle à l’échelle tidale et semi-lunaire, la taille médiane maximale des flocs étant inversement corrélée à l’intensité des courants. À l’échelle saisonnière, la variation des caractéristiques des MES (taille, densité, vitesse de chute) est liée à la variabilité du contenu en matière organique (MO), avec une floculation favorisée quand le taux de MO particulaire augmente. Ces flocs plus grands et moins denses sont également plus résistants à la fragmentation induite par cisaillement turbulent. Ces travaux ont également permis de discuter le concept de structuration fractale des flocs.La dynamique de la dimension fractale, déterminée en combinant des données in situ de concentration en MES et de distribution en classe de taille, peut traduire des variations de composition des MES, mais peut aussi résulter d'incertitudes de mesure associées aux instruments. Ces dernières sont discutées dans cette thèse. La variabilité saisonnière des caractéristiques des MES est plus prononcée au large que dans la zone sous influence de l’estuaire de Seine. À partir des observations ponctuelles en Baie de Seine et d’une série de mesure long terme dans la zone côtière belge acquise par le laboratoire RBINS, les méthodes acoustiques et optiques sont combinées. Ces dernières ont mis en avant une augmentation de la rétrodiffusion acoustique lorsque la densité moyenne des flocs diminueThe knowledge of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and turbidity dynamics in coastal waters is essential for studying marine ecosystems. Flocculation/deflocculation processes are crucial mechanisms controlling the dynamics of SPM physical characteristics and thus, the fate of these SPM in the environment. This PhD thesis focuses on the SPM characteristics and their dynamics in coastal waters, from tidal to annual scales, in response to hydrodynamic, hydrological and biological forcing that take place at the interface between estuaries and coastal seas. To this end, optical and acoustic sensors were deployed in situ through 6 field campaigns in 2016, in order to characterize and quantify SPM in the water column, near the mouth of the Seine estuary (France). A critical analysis of LISST-100X measurements in coastal waters is presented. The quantification of uncertainties on SPM concentration measurements is investigated: it highlights the crucial effect of salt retention, and the need for a minimum mass to filter, around 10 mg. A method for estimating an optimal filtration volume based on a reference turbidity measurement is proposed. High frequency measurements show that the dynamics of SPM and median diameter are controlled by the advection-flocculationsedimentation-resuspension cycle.These results allow to classify the factors controlling flocculation processes. Turbulence is identified as the main factor at the semi-diurnal and semi-lunar tidal scales, as the maximum median size of flocs decreases when the tidal currents intensify.At the seasonal scale, the variation of SPM characteristics (size, density, settling velocity) is correlated to the variability of the organic matter (OM) content: in particular, flocculation is enhanced by an increase of the particular OM fraction. The resulting larger and lesser dense flocs are also more resistant to the fragmentation induced by shear. This work also investigates the fractal approach applied to flocs. The fractal dimension variability, calculated by combining in situ data of SPM concentration and particle size distribution, can be associated to variations of the SPM composition, but can also result from uncertainties linked to instrument limitations. The latter are discussed in this PhD thesis. The seasonal variability of SPM characteristics is more pronounced offshore than at the mouth of the Seine estuary. From short-term observations in the Seine Bay and from long-term series in the Belgian coastal zone provided by the RBINS, optical turbidity and acoustic backscatter measurements are combined. They highlight an increase of the acoustic backscatter intensity when mean floc density
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Kayvantash, Dariouche. "Caractérisation des particules ferrugineuses dans la Seine avec le magnétisme environnemental." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM056/document.
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Le fer et ses composés, notamment les (oxyhydr)oxydes, sont présents dans la nature et produits par les activités anthropiques. Ce caractère ubiquiste du fer et sa sensibilité aux conditions environnementales en fait un excellent traceur de sources et de processus.Cette thèse a pour objectif de tracer l’impact de l’Homme sur les matières en suspension (MES) de la Seine à partir des propriétés magnétiques de sa fraction ferrugineuse en utilisant les outils et méthodes du magnétisme environnemental.Un échantillonnage des MES a permis de couvrir le cours de la Seine et ses affluents durant différents contextes hydrologiques. Des analyses ont été conduites sur ces MES afin de caractériser les particules ferrugineuses magnétiques et d'examiner leurs relations avec les conditions environnementales dans lesquelles elles se sont formées et/ou ont évolué.La magnétite apparait comme l’oxyde dominant et montre une forte affinité avec la fraction fine des MES et ses propriétés magnétiques peuvent être utilisées pour décrire la charge sédimentaire de la Seine et les phénomènes de remise en suspension.Des augmentations de tailles et de concentration de magnétites sont associées à l’urbanisation et aux activités industrielles. Les variations spatiales entre amont et aval des confluences et les variations temporelles montrent que le cours d’eau joue un rôle dans les mécanismes d’accumulation, transport et dilution de ces particulesIron and its compounds, in particular iron (hoxyhydr)oxides are ubiquitous in both nature and human activity, and are sensitive to environmental conditions. They can hence be used as environmental source and process tracers.This thesis focuses on tracing the human activities impact in the ferruginous compound of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Seine River (France) using environmental magnetism tools.SPM sampling was conducted along the Seine path and its tributaries during different hydrological contexts. Magnetic properties were measured to characterize the ferruginous magnetic particles and to examine their relationship with the environment in which they have been formed.The main magnetic carrier is magnetite. It is concentrated in the fine sediment fraction and its magnetic properties can be used to trace the sediment load and hydrodynamic processes of the Seine.Increases in concentration and grain size of magnetite particles are associated to urbanization and industrial activities which are sources of anthropogenic particles. Significant variations can be observed between upstream and downstream of confluences and in the temporal scale and can be associated to hydrodynamic processes such as dilution, accretion, transport and re-suspension of the ferruginous particles
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Neto, Edgard Villarinho Garcia. "Observação do transporte de sedimentos em suspensão ao longo do Canal Norte do rio Amazonas durante condições de baixa descarga (outubro 2008)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3030.
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroThe Amazon river, located in northernBrazil, discharges between 80,000 and 250,000 m3s-1 of water onto the adjacent shelf, creating a plume of brackish water that extends hundreds of kilometers away from the river mouth. This river also carries a large amount of fine sediments to the ocean where fluid mud has been found in the topset and upper foreset layers of the subaqueous delta formed on the mid-shelf. One of the main goals of this dissertation is to describe how turbulence and suspended sediment concentration vary along the Northern Channel of the Amazon river. Water column measurements were carried out in October 2008 at six anchor stations (P1, P3, P5, P6, P8 e P9) located seaward of the river mouth; P1 and P9 were 125 km apart. Each station was occupied during 13 hours during which current speed and direction were continuously sampled with a 600 kHz Teledyne-RDI ADCP; hourly profiles of temperature, salinity, turbidity and depth were also obtained. Water samples were collected for determination of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration and calibration of the turbidity sensor. Current speed reached values above 1.5 m s1 in the along-channel direction (NE-SW); a remarkable ebb-flood asymmetry was observed and flows were strongly ebb-dominated. Throughout the water column, SPM concentration at stations P1 and P3 varied between 100 and 300 mg L1 in association with the presence of freshwater. In contrast, a strong salinity gradient was observed between stations P6 and P9, coinciding with the occurrence of concentrations of SPM above 10 g L-1 (fluid mud). At stations P3, P5 and P6, interface between freshwater from the Amazon river and salt water from the continental shelf, shear stresses wereestimated through four diferents methods: Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), modified TKE and Quadratic Law; in the nearbed region (3 mab) the computed values varied between 0 and 3 Pa. At the three stations (P3, P5 and P6) the lowest and the highest shear stress values were obtained through, respectively, the Reynolds and the TKE methods. Over the whole water column turbulence intensity was estimated through the standard deviation of the turbulent component of the along-channel current velocity (root-mean square of u); from these values, it was estimated the turbulent dissipation of energy (G), whose values at 3 mab varied between zero and 20 s1.
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Sousa, Diana Nara Ribeiro de. "Ocorrência e distribuição de contaminantes emergentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí - São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6332.
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Previous issue date: 2015-01-29Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Three different classes of emerging contaminants were analyzed in surface water samples, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments from the Jundiaí River Basin - SP. The hormones 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol were the only compounds that were not detected in the matrices studied. Caffeine was the compound detected with the highest concentrations for water samples, with values up to 25000 μg/L, while in sediment samples and MPS, triclosan was the compound that had the highest concentrations, with 0.90 μg/g 79.1 g/g, respectively. Other compounds more often detected included atenolol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, propranolol and triclosan, with mean concentrations up to 17 ng/L in samples from Piraí Creek and greater than 120 ng/L for samples from Jundiaí River. A seasonal effect was observed in the concentrations of the compounds and the higher values for all of these were obtained for samples from a sampling point located downstream of a sewage treatment plant. It was found a high correlation between the concentrations of detected compounds and the electrical conductivity, which allowed suggesting the use of new contamination markers by sewage. The occurrence of studied compounds was widespread among samples from Rio Jundiaí, showing the high level of environmental impact to which this water body is exposed.
Três diferentes classes de contaminantes emergentes foram analisadas em amostras de água superficial, material particulado suspenso (MPS) e sedimentos provenientes da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí - SP. Os hormônios 17-β- estradiol e 17-α-etinilestradiol foram os únicos compostos não detectados nas matrizes estudadas. A cafeína foi o composto detectado com as maiores concentrações para as amostras de água, com valores de até 25000 μg/L, enquanto nas amostras de sedimento e MPS, o triclosan foi o composto que apresentou as maiores concentrações, atingindo 0,90 μg/g e 79,1 μg/g, respectivamente. Outros compostos mais frequentemente detectados incluíram o atenolol, a carbamazepina, o diclofenaco, o propranolol e o triclosan, com concentrações médias de até 17 ng/L nas amostras do Ribeirão Piraí e superiores a 120 ng/L para o Rio Jundiaí. Observou-se um efeito sazonal nas concentrações dos compostos e os valores mais elevados para todos estes foram obtidos no ponto amostral localizado a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos. Verificou-se uma alta correlação entre as concentrações dos compostos detectados e a condutividade elétrica, o que possibilitou sugerir a utilização de novos marcadores de contaminação por esgotos. A ocorrência dos compostos em estudo foi generalizada para as amostras do Rio Jundiaí, demonstrando o alto nível de impacto ambiental a que esse corpo aquático está exposto.
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Malmaeus, Jan Mikael. "Predictive Modeling of Lake Eutrophication." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4625.
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This thesis presents predictive models for important variables concerning eutrophication effects in lakes. The keystone is a dynamic phosphorus model based on ordinary differential equations. By calculating mass fluxes of phosphorus into, within and out from a lake, the concentrations of different forms of phosphorus in different compartments of the lake are estimated.
The dynamic phosphorus model is critically tested and several improvements are presented, including two new compartments for colloidal phosphorus, a sub-model for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and new algorithms for lake outflow, water mixing, diffusion, water content and organic content of accumulation sediments are implemented. Predictions with the new version show good agreement against empirical data in five tested lakes.
The sub-model for SPM uses the same driving variables as the basic phosphorus model, so the inclusion of this model as a sub-model does not require any additional variables. The model for SPM may also be used as a separate model giving monthly predictions of suspended particulate matter in two water compartments and one compartment with SPM available for resuspension in ET-sediments.
Empirical data from Lake Erken (Sweden) and Lake Balaton (Hungary) are used to evaluate the variability in settling velocity of SPM. It is found that the variability is substantial and may be accounted for by using a dimensionless moderator for SPM concentration. Empirical data from accumulation area sediments in Lake Erken are used to develop a model for the dynamics of phosphorus sedimentation, burial and diffusion in the sediments. The model is shown to provide reasonable monthly predictions of four functional forms of phosphorus at different sediment depths.
Simulations with the lake phosphorus model using two different climate scenarios indicate that lakes may respond very differently to climate change depending on their physical character. Lake Erken, with a water retention time of 7 years, appears to be much more sensitive than two basins of Lake Mälaren (Sweden) with substantially shorter retention times. The implication would be that in eutrophic lakes with long water retention times, eutrophication problems may become serious if the future becomes warmer. This will be important in contexts of lake management when remedial measures against lake eutrophication have to be taken.
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Gyllenhammar, Andreas. "Predictive Modelling of Aquatic Ecosystems at Different Scales using Mass Balances and GIS." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4143.
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This thesis presents models applicable for aquatic ecosystems. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) form an important part of the thesis. The dynamic mass balance models focus on nutrient fluxes, biotic/abiotic interactions and operate on different temporal and spatial scales (site, local, regional and international). The relevance and role of scale in mass balance modelling is a focal point of the thesis.
A mesocosm experiment was used to construct a model to estimate the nutrient load of phosphorus and nitrogen from net cage fish farming (i.e., the site scale). The model was used to estimate what feeding conditions that are required for a sustainable aquaculture scenario, i.e., a zero nutrient load situation (a linkage between the site scale and the regional scale).
A dynamic model was constructed for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sedimentation in coastal areas (i.e., the local scale) with different morphometric characteristics and distances to the Sea. The results demonstrate that the conditions in the Sea (the regional and international scale) are of fundamental importance, also for the most enclosed coastal areas.
A foodweb model for lakes was transformed and recalibrated for Baltic Sea conditions (i.e., the international scale). The model also includes a mass balance model for phosphorus and accounts for key environmental factors that regulate the presuppositions for production and biomasses of key functional groups of organisms. The potential use of the new model for setting fish quotas of cod was examined.
For the intermittent (i.e., regional) scale, topographically complex areas can be difficult to define and model. Therefore, an attempt was made to construct a waterscape subbasin identification program (WASUBI). The method was tested for the Finnish Archipelago Sea and the Okavango Delta in Botswana. A comparison to results from a semi-random delineation method showed that more enclosed basins was created with the WASUBI method.
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Normandin, Cassandra. "Apport de la télédétection spatiale à haute résolution pour l’étude des cycles des eaux de surface et des matières particulaires en suspension le long du continuum bassin versant – océan côtier." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0139/document.
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L’anticipation et l’adaptation de nos sociétés aux bouleversements résultants du changement climatique sont aujourd’hui des questions majeures guidant les activités humaines et l’action publique. Néanmoins, la prévision reste un défi essentiel en raison des fortes incertitudes existantes et il est primordial de continuer à progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine de ces bouleversements. Au sein du cycle hydrologique, le réservoir de surface (incluant les lacs, les rivières et les plaines d’inondation) occupe une place importante car il est l’une des principales ressources en eau des écosystèmes et des populations. Or, la dynamique des stocks d’eau de surface est toujours mal connue aux échelles régionale et globale, du fait de l’absence de mesures pluriannuelles d’extension et de hauteur d’eau des zones inondées, et de la prise en compte limitée de ces variables dans les modèles hydrologiques et hydrodynamiques. La télédétection spatiale offre désormais la possibilité d’effectuer un suivi des stocks d’eau de surface en utilisant la complémentarité entre l’imagerie multi-spectrale, permettant de cartographier les étendues inondées, et l’altimétrie radar fournissant des séries temporelles de hauteur d’eau des hydro-systèmes continentaux. L’objectif de ma thèse est de tirer le meilleur parti de la complémentarité entre les différents types d’observations spatiales pour évaluer les ressources en eau du réservoir de surface et mesurer la dynamique des transferts d’eau des continents aux océans, et son impact sur la zone côtière en utilisant les concentrations de matières en suspension comme traceur des masses d’eau. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, la multiplication des missions multi-spectrales à moyenne résolution (< 1 km de résolution spatiale) et des altimètres radars à haute précision (comprise entre 10 et 30 cm) permet de réaliser un suivi hebdomadaire à mensuel des volumes d’eau de surface dans les grands bassins fluviauxThe anticipation and adaptation of our societies to the upheavals resulting from climate change are today major issues guiding human activities and public action. Nevertheless, the forecast remains a key challenge because of the strong uncertainties that exist and it is essential to continue to progress in understanding the mechanisms behind these upheavals. Within the hydrological cycle, the surface reservoir (including lakes, rivers and floodplains) occupies an important place as it is one of the main water resources of ecosystems and populations. However, the dynamics of surface water stocks are still poorly known at the regional and global scales, due to the absence of multi-year measures of extension and water depth of the flooded areas, and the limited consideration of these variables in hydrological and hydrodynamic models. Satellite remote sensing now offers the possibility of monitoring surface water stocks by using the complementarity between multispectral imagery, allowing to map flooded areas, and the radar altimetry providing time series of water depths of continental hydro systems. The aim of my thesis is to make the most of the complementarity between the different types of spatial observations to evaluate the water resources of the surface reservoir and to measure the dynamics of water transfers between land and ocean, and its impact on the coastal zone using suspended particulate matter as tracer of water bodies. Since the mid-1990s, the multiplication of multispectral missions with medium resolution (<1 km of spatial resolution) and high-precision radar altimeters (between 10 and 30 cm) makes it possible to carry out weekly-to-monthly monitoring of volumes surface water in large river basins
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Massoni, Paulo Rogério. "Determinação da concentração de elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos em aerossóis presentes no interior de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais, utilizando amostrador temporal e a técnica de fluorescência de raios X." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-30092009-144607/.
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Este trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando a determinação e a avaliação dos perfis temporais da concentração de alguns elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes no material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no interior de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais bronze, ferro e alumínio que, em concentrações elevadas, podem acarretar sérios riscos à saúde do trabalhador. Para isso foi utilizado um amostrador temporal de MPS, que coleta amostras de aerossóis em intervalo de tempo pré-programados, separando-os por tamanho: (a) fração fina ou respirável (partículas com diâmetro aerodinâmico menor que 2,5 m, MP2,5) e (b) fração grossa ou inalável (entre 2,5 a 10 m, MP10-2,5), durante todo o período do processo de fundição (da fusão à moldagem). As amostras coletadas, na forma de faixas (strips) sobre um filtro (fração fina) e sobre um impactador (fração grossa), foram analisadas pela técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF), utilizando na excitação um tubo de raios X com alvo de Mo e e na detecção dos raios X característicos um detector semicondutor de Si(Li) acoplado a um analisador de pulsos multicanal, interpretando-se posteriormente os espectros de raios X obtidos pelo aplicativo AXIL. Para algumas amostras também foi feita uma análise com microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM/EDS) para se conhecer a morfologia dos particulados. Deste modo foi possível determinar a concentração de elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes em um ambiente de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais, mostrando que o momento mais crítico dessa atividade foi o da moldagem e também determinar a forma do MPS. Na fundição do bronze e ferro, as concentrações dos elementos Cr, Mn, Ni e Pb, principalmente na fração fina no momento de moldagem, mostraram-se muito superior aos limites recomendados pelas agências brasileira e norte-americana. Apesar de não haver limites recomendados para o elemento Zn, foi verificada uma alta concentração principalmente na concentração na fração fina, o mesmo sucedendo para o Cu. Com respeito a fundição de alumínio, foi observado altas concentrações principalmente de Zn e Cu, somente na fração fina, não ocorrendo na fração grossa. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os trabalhadores estão sujeitos a condições insalubres de trabalho nesse tipo de ambiente, aconselhando-se o uso permanente de equipamentos adequados de proteção visando de preferência a fração fina, assim como um monitoramento constante desses elementos químicos durante todas as etapas do processo de fundição, principalmente na de moldagemThe aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical concentration of some potentially toxic inorganic chemical elements and the time profiles in fine (PM2.5, particles up to 2.5 m) and coarse (PM2.5-10, particles from 2.5 to 10 m) suspended particulate matter (SPM) inside a small foundry plant - bronze, iron and aluminium -, in which at high concentrations turns a healthy concern. For these purpose, a rotating streaker airparticulate sampler for sampling during all day foundry activity was utilized. Fine SPM was collected on a filter and coarse SPM in turn by an impactor. The collected samples were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique employing a Mo target tube in the excitation, and the detection was carried out through Si(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to multichannel analyser, deconvolutting the X-ray spectra with AXIL software help. It was also carried out particulated morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer coupled (SEM/EDS). In this manner, the inorganic chemicals content were determined in the small foundry allowing concluding that the moulding step is the critical one taking into account the amount of pollutant released. During bronze and iron melting, the Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb contents in SPM were higher than allowed values by Brazilian and United States legislations. It was also verified a high Zn and Cu content, mainly in the fine suspended particulate matter, although these elements are not contemplated by national nor international laws. Thus, due to this unhealthy environmental working conditions inside the small foundry plant,a proper individual protection equipment is mandatory mainly for fine suspended particulate matter, and a constant air pollutant monitoring in foundry plants is demanded, mainly during the moulding step