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1
Lawag, Ivan Lozada, Elisa S. Nolden, Arthur A. M. Schaper, Lee Yong Lim, and Cornelia Locher. "A Modified Folin-Ciocalteu Assay for the Determination of Total Phenolics Content in Honey." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042135.
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The Folin-Ciocalteu assay is a widely used method for measuring the total phenolic content (TPC) in honey, but it can be affected by the presence of reducing sugars in honey, which can lead to interference and an over-estimation of its TPC. To optimize the Folin-Ciocalteu assay for honey analysis, the effect of pH on the assay was investigated. A number of pH scenarios were tested using different concentrations of Na2CO3 (0.00%, 0.75%, 0.94%, and 7.50%) in order to minimize reducing sugar interference and maximize the reaction of phenolics in the assay. The modified TPC method was then validated in accordance with current International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The findings of this study demonstrate that the traditional Folin-Ciocalteu assay (using 7.50% aqueous Na2CO3 solution, pH 10.8) leads to a significant overestimation of the TPC of honey due to the interference of reducing sugars. However, a pH of 7.9, achieved by using a 0.75% aqueous Na2CO3 solution, provides suitable conditions to account for most of the phenolic compounds without interference from reducing sugars. This finding was further confirmed by testing various sugar solutions and artificial honey which yielded TPC values below the established limit of detection and quantification of the assay. However, a slight increase in pH, even by a moderate deviation (pH 8.9), leads to significant discrepancies in absorbance readings, indicating that pH control is crucial for the accurate analysis of TPC in honey.
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Lam, Hoa-Hung, Thi-My-Thuong Nguyen, Thi-An-Sa Do, Tuan-Hoang Dinh, and Trung Dang-Bao. "Quantification of total sugars and reducing sugars of dragon fruit-derived sugar-samples by UV-Vis spectrophotometric method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 947, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/947/1/012041.
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Abstract In the present work, the phenol-sulfuric acid method and the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method were developed with the aim to quantitatively analyze total sugars and reducing sugars, respectively. In regard with the phenol-sulfuric acid assay, 1.0 mL of sample was treated with 1.0 mL of 5% phenol, 5.0 mL of concentrated H2SO4 and measured at 485 nm, with the linearity range of 10–100 ppm for total sugars. The DNS method was performed on 2.0 mL of sample, using 1.5 mL of DNS at 80 °C for 10 minutes and measured at 510 nm, with the linearity range of 50–400 ppm for reducing sugars. The sugar contents of white dragon fruit-derived sugar-samples (extracted from species in Binh Thuan province, Vietnam) were also estimated by the above measured methods, exhibiting the total sugars of above 90% and the reducing sugars of above 5%. The methods were well-performed with the acceptable relative standard deviations of repeatability in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).
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Khatri, Deepa, and Sumit Bahadur Baruwal Chhetri. "Reducing Sugar, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Potential of Nepalese Plants." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7296859.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the reducing sugar, total phenolic content, and in vitro antioxidant activity of 70% ( v / v ) ethanolic extract of seven medicinal plants grown in Nepal. The reducing sugar content and total phenolic content were determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and the Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The reducing sugar content of the studied plant samples ranged from 6.89 ± 2.44 to 674.13 ± 2.43 mg GE/g dry extract weight and the total phenolic content ranged from 14.87 ± 0.41 to 281.71 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g dry extract weight. The reducing sugar and total phenolic content were found highest in Ficus glaberrima. Antioxidant activity was found highest in Melastoma malabathricum (IC50 value = 6.27 μg/mL), followed by F. glaberrima (IC50 value = 11.7 μg/mL). A positive and significant correlation was found between (i) total phenolic content and reducing sugar content and (ii) total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The present study is the first study for the analysis of reducing sugar content of selected plants and for the scientific exploration of F. glaberrima. The present result suggests that the various parts of these studied plants could be assumed as a rich source of biologically active compounds and considered beneficial for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Malakar, Tilak, D. N. Hazarika, S. Langthasa, R. K. Goswami Goswami, M. K. Kalita, and D. Kalita. "Qualitative Analysis of Strawberry Varieties in Sub Tropical Climatic Condition of Assam." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1105.006.
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An experiment was carried out in the Instructional cum Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Biswanath College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Biswanath Chariali, Assam during 2015-16 to analyse the qualitative characters of strawberry varieties in subtropical climatic condition of Assam. Five varieties namely, Cristal (V1), Subarina (V2), Sweet Charlie (V3), Winter Dawn (V4) and Eliyana (V5) were selected and planted in three cultivation situations i.e. open condition (S1), poly house (S2) and in net house (S3). Altogether 15 treatment combinations were laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, ascorbic acid content and anthocyanin content were selected as qualitative characters of strawberry in the experiment. The data revealed that the qualitative characters of fruits in terms of total soluble solids (8.13°Brix), total sugars (6.60%), reducing sugars (3.29%), non-reducing sugars (3.31%) and anthocyanin content (20.01 mg/100g) were significantly higher in strawberry variety Subarina as compared to other varieties. The variety “Subarina” performed well in all the environmental conditions as compared to the other varieties. Titratable acidity of fruits ranged from 0.53 to 0.68 percent among all the treatment combinations and no significant differences were found among the varieties, cultivation situations or their interaction. The ascorbic acid content was significantly higher in Cristal (32.19 mg/100 g) followed by Subarina (31.18 %). The results of the study revealed that the performance in terms of qualitative characters of fruits were superior in Subarina as compared to other four varieties. The variety “Subarina” performed well in terms of quality in all the cultivation situations as compared to other four varieties selected under the study.
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McCleary, Barry V., Ann Murphy, David C. Mugford, Rikki Andersen, John Ashton, Tony Blakeney, Julie Boorman, et al. "Measurement of Total Fructan in Foods by Enzymatic/Spectrophotometric Method: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.2.356.
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Abstract An AOAC collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an enzyme assay kit procedure for measuring oligofructans and fructan polysaccharide (inulins) in mixed materials and food products. The sample is extracted with hot water, and an aliquot is treated with a mixture of sucrase (a specific sucrose-degrading enzyme), α-amylase, pullulanase, and maltase to hydrolyze sucrose to glucose and fructose, and starch to glucose. These reducing sugars are then reduced to sugar alcohols by treatment with alkaline borohydride solution. The solution is neutralized, and excess borohydride is removed with dilute acetic acid. The fructan is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose using a mixture of purified exo- and endo-inulinanases (fructanase mixture). The reducing sugars produced (fructose and glucose) are measured with a spectrophotometer after reaction with para-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide. The samples analyzed included pure fructan, chocolate, low-fat spread, milk powder, vitamin tablets, onion powder, Jerusalem artichoke flour, wheat stalks, and a sucrose/cellulose control flour. Repeatability relative standard deviations ranged from 2.3 to 7.3%; reproducibility relative standard deviations ranged from 5.0 to 10.8%.
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Roy, Debendra Nath, A. K. Azad, Farzana Sultana, A. S. M. Anisuzzaman, and Proma Khondkar. "Nutritional profile and mineral composition of two edible mushroom varieties consumed and cultivated in Bangladesh." Journal of Phytopharmacology 4, no. 4 (October 10, 2015): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4405.
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In this study we have evaluated the nutritional analysisand mineral content of two varieties of mushroom species include oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Reshii (Ganoderma lucidum). The mushroom varieties were harvested and dried, then taken to the laboratory for proximate and mineral analysis by standard assay methods. For both mushrooms the nutritional composition was analyzed namely pH, moisture content, crude fibre, ash, water soluble protein, total lipid, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and starch content. However ten mineral elements were analyzed: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, cupper, iron, manganese and zinc having no significance difference in values of both mushroom species. Based on the result these mushrooms have high nutrient potentials hence it will serve as a good means of reducing the incidence and high prevalence of malnutrition in Bangladesh since it is a cheap food source that is within the reach of the poor.
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Konyak, P. M., Moaakum M, Z. Hiese, S. Lakshmana Prabu, K. Ruckmani, V. Hiese, T. Ajungla, and H. S. Rathore. "Persuasive and Strategic Approaches for Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Clematis napaulensis DC Indigenous to Nagaland, India." Journal of Plant Science Research 38, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2022.38.02.27.
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The present study is designed to extract and investigate the bioactive phytoconstituents, their secondary metabolites, and antioxidant potential from the leaf extracts of Clematis napaulensis belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. Extract was investigated for its preliminary phytoconstituents by chemical analysis method. Quantification of total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteau assay; Total Flavonoid Content and Total Triterpenoid Content (TTC) were quantified by colorimetric method. Antioxidant potential was evaluated in vitro using Phosphomolybdenum assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Reducing power assay, and the DPPH method. The preliminary phytochemical screening results suggested that a wide variety of pharmacologically active phytoconstituents such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, gums, proteins, and reducing sugars were present whereas non-reducing sugar was absent. The total phenolic content in the methanolic extract was 0.8308 μg/mL of gallic acid equivalent; the total flavonoid content of the plant was 1.3850 μg/mL of quercetin equivalent and the total triterpenoid content was found to be 1.414 μg/mL of oleanolic acid equivalent. In vitro antioxidant studies revealed that Clematis napaulensis possess good antioxidant potential. This is the first report of Clematis napaulensis, the phytochemical screening results suggested that the extract would be a potential alternative also it can be explored to discover and development of new chemical moieties for treating various diseases.
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Shetty, Premalatha, Avila D’Souza, Sangeetha Poojari, Jayadurgi Narayana, and Priya Rajeeva. "Study of Fermentation Kinetics of Palm Sap from Cocos nucifera." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i3.18297.
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Palm wine plays an important role as an alcoholic beverage in traditional practices. It is important to study the biochemical characteristics and microbiological aspects to understand the fermentation kinetics of palm saps. In the present investigation an elaborate study was carried out to study the fermentation kinetics of coconut palm sap. Total sugar, reducing sugar content and glucose concentration was estimated periodically during fermentation for 16h. Microbial load and invertase assay results were related to the changes in sugar concentration. Initial predominance of lactic acid bacteria was followed by dominance of yeasts. Hydrolysis of non reducing sugar occured at a faster rate between 3-9h of fermentation. During this period, the multiplication of yeasts began and reached its peak at 11h fermentation. Ethanol concentration was around 4.0 and 4.1% at 11h and 13h of fermentation respectively.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(3): 375-381
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Gogoi, S., P. Ghosh, and R. Chakravorty. "Evaluation of superior som (Persea bombycina Kost.) genotypes for Muga silkworms (Antherea assamensis, Helfer.) through bioassay and chemoassay studies." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-m03viq.
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Four diploid som genotypes viz., PB003, PB004, PB005, and PB006 along with four polyploid counterparts viz., PB009, PB010, PB011, and PB012 were evaluated through rearing of Muga silkworm from brushing till spinning during spring and autumn seasons under the agro-climatic conditions of Jorhat, Assam. Observations on leaf yield per plant, parameters for rearing performances and biochemical constituents such as crude protein, crude fiber, total carbohydrate, reducing sugar, total soluble sugar and moisture content were made. The results revealed that tetraploid som genotype namely PB012 is comparatively superior than other genotypes.
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Sheikh, K. H. A., Barun Singh, Songthat William Haokip, Shankar Kripa, Raju Debbarma, Gaitri Devi Athokpam, and T. H. Nengparmoi. "Response of Yield and Fruit Quality to Foliar Application of Micronutrients in Lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] cv. Assam Lemon." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 16, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v16i2.893.
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Assam lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.], an indigenous lemon cultivar of Assam, is widely cultivated in warm southern slopes of the Himalayas in North-Eastern India. Since this cultivar of lemon is having a prominent trait of bearing fruits in several flushes throughout the year, it is essential to provide sufficient nutrition for obtaining optimum yield with good quality fruits. In the current experiment, a randomized block design having twelve treatments with three replications was followed to find out the response of lemon fruit yield and quality to foliar application of micronutrients during the year 2019. Among all, the treatment ZnSO4 (0.2%) + FeSO4 (0.2%) + Borax (0.2%) + CuSO4 (0.2%) gave the best performance in improving the yield and quality of fruits. The highest number of fruits per plant at the time of harvesting (73), yield per plant (11.5 kg), fruit fresh weight (158 g), fruit length (9.60 cm), fruit diameter (5.80 cm), juice content (152 mL/fruit), TSS (6.40 °B), ascorbic acid (49.10 mg/100g), total sugar (6.30%), reducing sugar (3.90%), non-reducing sugar (2.40%) with lowest titratable acidity(3.13%) were obtained which revealed that the yield and fruit quality of lemon depends on the application of different micronutrients.
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HUI, KEE XIAO, and SITI RAIHANAH SHAFIE. "ADDITION OF MILK ENHANCED THE TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Camellia sinensis (GREEN TEA) BEVERAGES." Malaysian Applied Biology 50, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v50i3.2011.
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The study was aimed to determine the effects of adding milk, sugar and sweeteners to the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) powder. Six green tea samples were brewed in cold water and whisked: Green tea powder (G), green tea powder with sugar (GS), green tea powder with aspartame (GA), green tea powder with milk (GM), green tea powder with milk and sugar (GMS) and green tea powder with milk and aspartame (GMA). The total phenolic content of green tea powder samples was evaluated by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay while α,α-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to measure the antioxidant activity. Results showed that milk addition significantly enhanced by 59.84% of total phenolic content and also increased 26.3% (DPPH) and 42.35% (FRAP) of antioxidant activity of green tea powder, as compared to green tea samples without milk (p<0.05). Strong and positive correlations were found between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of green tea powder by using DPPH (r=0.990) and FRAP assays (r=0.997). In conclusion, it might be beneficial when milk is added to green tea as it could help to increase its antioxidant properties.
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Biswas, Nripendra Nath, Amit Kumar Acharzo, Shams Anamika, Shamsunnahar Khushi, and Bishwajit Bokshi. "Screening of Natural Bioactive Metabolites and Investigation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antihyperglycemic, Neuropharmacological, and Cytotoxicity Potentials ofLitsea polyanthaJuss. Ethanolic Root Extract." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3701349.
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This study was designed to identify some bioactive phytochemicals from ethanolic extract of roots ofLitsea polyanthaand to evaluate some of its pharmacological activities. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of reducing sugar, combined reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenol. In the antioxidant assay using 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, the IC50value was found to be 82.31 μg/mL. Total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoid, and tannin was found to be 152.69 mg GAE/gm, 85.60 mg QE/gm, and 77.22 mg GAE/gm of dry extract, respectively. In disc diffusion antibacterial assay, the extract exhibited highest zone of inhibition up to 12.25 mm againstEscherichia coliat the concentration of 500 μg/disc. For brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extract exhibited LC5056.082 μg/mL. Inin vivoantihyperglycemic activity test by oral glucose tolerance test usingSwiss Albinomice at the oral dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the extract showed statistically significant antihyperglycemic effect. Finally,in vivo,the extract exhibited the dose dependent CNS depressant effects by reducing the locomotors ofSwiss Albinomice which was confirmed through three different neuropharmacological activity tests such as open field, hole cross, and hole board test.
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Bhattacharya, Bhaskarjyoti, and Dibakar Chandra Deka. "Biochemical Indices and Consumption Pattern of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages by Tribal Communities of North-East India: A Review." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 470–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.11.2.02.
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The North-Eastern part of India consists of seven states namely Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. This region is popularly referred to as seven sisters, and is inhabited by different tribal communities, each of which has unique cultural and linguistic identity. All the communities are known for their traditional homemade alcoholic beverages prepared from rice. These rice-based alcoholic beverages are parts of their food and socio-cultural life as well as used to earn a livelihood by some families. In this article, we have made an effort to review the biochemical indices of the beverages such as physical state, color, taste, pH, total solid content, opacity, sugar content, total acidity, volatile acidity, carbohydrate content, protein content, amino acid content, ethanol content, non-reducing sugar content, etc. along with the consumption pattern within the communities.
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Pinky, Sagorika Sing, Sirajum Monira, Md Akbar Hossain, and Amir Hossain. "Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxic and Analgesic Activities of Sensevieria trifasciata." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v23i2.48341.
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Sansevieria trifasciata is a common perennial ornamental plant which freely grows and widely found in homes, parks, and woodlands. Traditionally, this plant has been used against acne, allergy, helminths and fungal infections. In the present study, the ethanolic extract of leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata (STET) has been used to study the phytoconstituents and several bioactivities. In vitro antioxidant activity of STET has been determined by DPPH scavenging assay and measuring the total tannins and phenolic contents. Anti-inflammatory activity has been evaluated by hypotonic solution and heat induced hemolysis. Moreover, cytotoxic and analgesic activities have also been evaluated by brine shrimp lethality assay and acetic acid induced writhing inhibition method, respectively. STET confirmed the presence of reducing sugar, combined reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins and steroids. In DPPH scavenging assay, STET revealed the IC50 value 2.19 μg/ml whereas the standard showed 1.39 μg/ml. In addition, the total tannins and total phenolic contents were found to be 10.78 mg and 31.99 mg GAE/g of dried plant extract, respectively. In hypotonic solution induced hemolysis test, the plant extract exhibited 39.27, 37.04 and 33.19 % inhibition at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml concentration where the reference standard displayed 30.57 % inhibition. In heat-induced hemolysis, the STET also displayed 34.25 % inhibition of hemolysis at 1 mg/ml. Furthermore, in analgesic and cytotoxic activity tests, STET showed potential activities in a dose dependent manner. The results of the present studies suggest that STET has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and analgesic activities.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(2): 195-200, 2020
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Jolayemi, Olusola Samuel, Olufunke Janet Olanrewaju, and Oluwamayowa Ogunwale. "Exploring in Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Selected Under-Exploited Tropical Fruits." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2020-0015.
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Abstract Dacryodes edulis (DE), Dalium guineensis (DG), Spondias mombin (SM) and Irvingia gabonensis (IG) as notable underexploited tropical wild fruits in Nigeria, were evaluated for quality characteristics, phenolic contents and in-vitro antioxidant activity. pH of the fruits ranked thus DE > IG > DG > SM and the reverse order was true for acidity. IG exhibited highest obrix, vitamin C and total sugar content. DE had no detectable reducing sugar compared to 18.84% in IG. Total phenol and flavonoid contents followed the same pattern with DG as the highest (1796.89 ± 71.1 and 860.64 ± 3.7 mg/100g) and IG as the lowest (454.23 ± 13.9 and 304.98 ± 7.5 mg/100g), respectively. Regarding antioxidant activities, SM was significant for ABTS•, DE and IG were similar in FRAP assay, while all the fruits were effective DPPH• radical scavengers. Generally, the fruits demonstrate high food application potentials with possible health benefits if consumed adequately.
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Chen, Zhuo, Dan Zhang, Jia-Jia Guo, Wei Tao, Rui-Xue Gong, Ling Yao, Xing-Long Zhang, and Wei-Guo Cao. "Active Components, Antioxidant, Inhibition on Metabolic Syndrome Related Enzymes, and Monthly Variations in Mature Leaf Hawk Tea." Molecules 24, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040657.
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Hawk tea is a rich and edible resource, traditionally used as a beverage in South China. This drink has many pharmacologic effects, such as acting as an antioxidant and reducing blood sugar and lipids. The objective of this work was to explore the active compound contents, bioactivities and their monthly changes, and optimize the harvest time. In the present study, Hawk tea from each month in 2017 was collected and extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol. The contents of the total flavonoids and total phenols were determined using the colorimetric method. We determined the contents of seven characteristic active substances—hyperin, isoquercitrin, trifolin, quercitrin, astragalin, quercetin, and kaempferol—using high-performance liquid chromatography. The crude extract was tested for its antioxidant and inhibitory properties on enzymes involved in metabolic syndrome. Specifically, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric-reducing power assay, and the inhibition capacity test on α-glucosidase and lipase were conducted to determine the antioxidant effect in vitro, as well as the reduction of blood sugar and lipids. Monthly variations in activities and components were determined by numeric analysis and comparison. Correlation analysis revealed that antioxidant effects are significantly correlated with the total flavonoids. The hierarchical cluster analysis of bioactivities and their contents indicates that October and November are the best harvesting months, which differs with the habitual collection of Hawk tea.
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Tran, Gia-Buu, and Thanh-Minh Thi Ngo. "THE EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON ANTIOXIDANT AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK SHALLOT (ALLIUM ASCALONICUM)." Jurnal Teknologi 85, no. 4 (June 25, 2023): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v85.19244.
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Black shallot is the newly developed food product from shallot (Allium ascalonicum), which is characterized by dark brown color, sweet taste and jelly texture. However, the effect of thermal treatment on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity has not been assessed yet. In this study, we determined the changes of some physicochemical properties (reducing sugar, pH, moisture, and acidity), polyphenols, and its antioxidant activity (via DPPH radical scavenging assay) during aging process at three different temperatures (60, 70, 80oC) with sampling intervals 3 days for a 21-day period. All thermal treatment conditions gradually reduced the moisture and pH versus increased the acidity, reducing sugar, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity. The optimal conditions to produce the antioxidant and polyphenols - enriched black shallot were 70oC for 18 days (63.95 ± 1.24 % and 52.86 ± 2.02 mg of GAE/g DW, respectively). These findings not only gives the basis for the optimization of processing for improvement food quality with desired attributes but also suggests black shallot as the promising source to extract bioactive compounds for application in pharmaceutical and food industry.
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BĂBEANU, Cristina, Maria DINU, and Rodica SOARE. "PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TWO CULTIVARS OF WHITE CABBAGE." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i1.1309.
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The purposeof this study was to evaluate comparatively the phytochemical content, the antioxidant enzymes activities and the antioxidant activity in two cultivars of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba). The content of reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, total phenolic, flavonoids, catalase and peroxidase activity were determined by colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The results show that studied chemical indices vary depending on the analyzed cultivar. This study recommends introducing the investigated varieties in diet due to the rich content of compounds with antioxidant properties.
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Ajiboye, A. E., M. Aliyu, and M. R. Adedayo. "Production of itaconic acid from sweet potato (Ipomoea batata) peel using naturally occurring fungi in solid state fermentation." Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jbbd2023.180.
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This study evaluates the potentials of sweet potato peel as a substrate for itaconic acid production in solid state fermentation using naturally occurring fungi. Sweet potato peel was analyzed for proximate composition using standard methods. Fungi were obtained from the peel by solid state fermentation and identified using microscopic and molecular methods. Fermentation for itaconic acid production was done using isolated fungus and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16888) was used as control. Optimization of fermentation parameters was carried out using standard procedures. Assay for itaconic acid and total titratable acidity (TTA) were analyzed using standard methods. Reducing sugar was obtained using DNSA method. Proximate composition of the peel reveals carbohydrate content to be 79%, protein, 5% and ash, 4%. Fungus isolated was identified as Aspergillus flavus L-2482/2012. Highest itaconic acid production by A. flavus was 7.74±0.00 mg/ml on day 5 at 30 g substrate concentration. Using 2 ml of 1 x 107 spores/ml, A. flavus and A. niger produced 6.97±0.13 and 6.67±0.09 mg/ml respectively. Optimum temperature for itaconic acid production was 30°C for A. niger and A. flavus. TTA ranged between 0.04±0.00 to 0.21±0.01 and 0.05±0.00 to 0.26±0.00 mg/ml for A. niger and A. flavus respectively. The highest reducing sugar, 0.51±0.00 mg/ml was obtained at substrate concentration 40 mg/ml on day 5 by A. flavus while A. niger had reducing sugar value of 0.37±0.00 mg/ml. In conclusion, A. flavus L-2482/2012. has great potentials for itaconic acid production using sweet potato peel in solid state fermentation under optimized conditions.
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Senjam, Bidyarani Devi, and SR Singh. "Effects of foliar spray of NAA, 2,4-D and urea on fruit yield and quality of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Assam lemon." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i1.52687.
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Effects of foliar spray of NAA, 2, 4-D and urea on fruit yield and quality of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. cv. Assam lemon was studied. Nine treatments were imposed in RBD for two seasons (summer and winter). Among the treatments in T6 (NAA @ 20 ppm + 2,4-D @ 20 ppm + 1% urea) the maximum pulp content (81.58 g/fruit), juice content (40.47 ml/fruit), reducing sugar (0.51%) and ascorbic acid (48.56 mg/100 g) were recorded. Whereas, maximum TSS (9.88%), total sugar (1.66%) with minimum titratable acidity (3.10%) was recorded in treatment T5 (NAA @ 10 ppm + 2,4-D @ 10 ppm + 1% urea). Hence, the combination of recommended dose of fertilizers 100 : 100 : 100 g NPK/plant/year along with 20 kg FYM and NAA @ 20 ppm + 2,4-D @ 20 ppm + 1% urea foliar spray twice (after fruit setting and fully developed stage) may be recommended for improvement of yield and quality of this main cultivar lemon for the North East region of India in the future.
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McCleary, Barry V. "Importance of Enzyme Purity and Activity in the Measurement of Total Dietary Fiber and Dietary Fiber Components." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.4.997.
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Abstract A study was made of the effect of the activity and purity of enzymes in the assay of total dietary fiber (AOAC Method 985.29) and specific dietary fiber components: resistant starch, fructan, and β-glucan. In the measurement of total dietary fiber content of resistant starch samples, the concentration of α-amylase is critical; however, variations in the level of amyloglucosidase have little effect. Contamination of amyloglucosidase preparations with cellulase can result in significant underestimation of dietary fiber values for samples containing β-glucan. Pure β-glucan and cellulase purified from Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase preparations were used to determine acceptable critical levels of contamination. Sucrose, which interferes with the measurement of inulin and fructooligosaccharides in plant materials and food products, must be removed by hydrolysis of the sucrose to glucose and fructose with a specific enzyme (sucrase) followed by borohydride reduction of the free sugars. Unlike invertase, sucrase has no action on low degree of polymerization (DP) fructooligosaccharides, such as kestose or kestotetraose. Fructan is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose by the combined action of highly purified exo- and endo-inulinases, and these sugars are measured by the p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide reducing sugar method. Specific measurement of β-glucan in cereal flour and food extracts requires the use of highly purified endo-1,3:1,4 β-glucanase and A. niger β-glucosidase. β-Glucosidase from almonds does not completely hydrolyze mixed linkage β-glucooligosaccharides from barley or oat β-glucan. Contamination of these enzymes with starch, maltosaccharide, or sucrose-hydrolyzing enzymes results in production of free glucose from a source other than β-glucan, and thus an overestimation of β-glucan content. The glucose oxidase and peroxidase used in the glucose determination reagent must be essentially devoid of catalase and α- and β-glucosidase.
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Lee, Hee Yul, Kye Man Cho, and Ok Soo Joo. "Kiwi-persimmon wine produced using wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with sugar, acid, and alcohol tolerance." Korean Journal of Food Preservation 30, no. 1 (February 2023): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2023.30.1.52.
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100 different yeast colonies were isolated from spontaneously fermented kiwis, persimmons, apples, pears, watermelons, grapes, grape fruits, peachs, and plums, and selected yeast strains were used to produce kiwi-persimmon mixed wine (KPMW). Among the isolates, five representative strains exhibited tolerance to sucrose, alcohol, pH, and potassium metabisulfite when compared with the control yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12615). All five yeast strains (Y4, Y10, Y28, Y78, and Y81) exhibited 99% 26S rDNA sequence similarity to S. cerevisiae. The pH, acidity, Brix, reducing sugar, alcohol, and organic acid contents were consistent in KPMW prepared from the S. cerevisiae KCCM 12615 and Y28 strains. KPMW made from the Y4, Y10, and Y28 strains exhibited lower quantities of free sugars than those of the KPMW made from the other yeast strains. The level of ethyl esters in KPMW prepared from the Y28 was higher than that in the other KPMWs. All strains, except for Y28, produced lower concentrations of sulfur and ketone compounds. Furthermore, the KPMW produced by the Y28 strains had total phenolic contents with 1.1 g/L, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 57.06% and 55.62%, respectively, and a FRAP assay value of 0.72. Our results suggest that Y28 is a promising yeast strain for producing high-quality wines.
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Nguyen, G. T. N., and T. M. Nguyen. "Effect of extraction conditions (temperature, pH and time) by cellulase on chemical properties of dried oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) extract." Food Research 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).613.
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Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) is known to be highly nutritious food. However, the understanding of its quality and food products produced from it are still very limited. With the desire to increase the value of oyster mushroom and to create an intermediate product with high nutrients content for further processing, a cellulase enzyme-assisted extract of dried oyster mushroom was investigated. The effects of extraction conditions in terms of temperature (40, 45, 50, 55oC), pH (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0) and extraction time (4, 6, 8, 10 hrs) on nutrients and bioactive compounds of extract were studied. The results showed that the highest extraction efficiency was obtained at 50oC, pH 5.5 and 8 hrs of hydrolysis. The Brix of the extract was 2.53. In 100 g dry matter of extract, the content of saccharose, reducing sugar, total protein, amino acids, lysine, β-glucan, total phenolic and total flavonoid was 15.13 g, 19.41 g, 43.65 g, 7.96 g, 0.82 g, 10.63 mg, 62.60 mg TAE, 5.54 mg QE, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity of the extract determined by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) was 165.50 mM Fe2+/100 g dry matter and that measured by scavenging 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was 69.32%.
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Fulkerson, J. Matt, and Douglas D. Archbold*. "Impact of Modified Atmosphere Storage on Eastern Thornless Blackberry Quality and Antioxidant Levels." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 826A—826. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.826a.
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Modified atmosphere (MA) storage of blackberries may maintain quality and increase storage life, but there is limited information about how eastern thornless cultivars respond to MA's. Because there is also a growing interest in the health benefits of antioxidants in blackberries, it would be useful to know how those levels might change during MA storage. In 2002, the eastern thornless blackberry variety Chester was stored in MA; treatments included a control, or initial levels of 20% CO2 or 5% O2. Color, pH, firmness, fresh weight, soluble sugars, titratable acidity, total antioxidant capacity, and the levels of major classes of compounds with antioxidant activity of the fruit were measured at harvest, after 1 week of MA storage at 4 °C, and after 3 additional days at room temperature to simulate common industry practices and grocery display. Total antioxidant capacity was measured using the FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay, and total phenolics and anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically. In 2002, soluble sugar levels, fresh weight, titratable acidity, and all classes of antioxidants decreased from day 0 to day 7 to day 10 while the pH increased. Color values did not change. The only trait that differed among treatments was berry firmness; from day 0 to day 7 control fruit was the most firm, and those from the high CO2 treatment were the least firm. Studies were continued in 2003 with the addition of two more eastern thornless blackberry cultivars, Hull Thornless and Triple Crown, and these results will also be presented.
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Tandukar, Pooja, Nabin Das, Ishwor Pathak, and Daman Raj Gautam. "GC-MS Profiling and Bioactivities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Leaves from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Amrit Research Journal 3, no. 01 (December 23, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/arj.v3i01.50496.
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The present work reports the phytoconstituents present in the essential oil and four different solvent extracts of Cinnamomum tamala leaves. Their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potential were also evaluated. The extraction of essential oil was performed by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and its chemical composition was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf extracts were obtained by the cold percolation method. Linalool and cinnamaldehyde (E) were major compounds in the oil. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of terpenoid, glycoside, tannin, reducing sugar, polyphenol, saponin, flavonoid, and alkaloid. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The methanol extract (98.36 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate extract (90.44 mg GAE/g) showed higher TPC values. Similarly, the TFC value of ethyl acetate extract was higher (478.78 mg QE/ g) than the other extracts. The antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed by using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay in which the ethyl acetate extract showed high antioxidant efficacy. The essential oil and chloroform extract showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, while only the oil showed activity against Shigella dysenteriae.
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Mishra, Amita, Amit Kumar Sharma, Shashank Kumar, Ajit K. Saxena, and Abhay K. Pandey. "Bauhinia variegataLeaf Extracts Exhibit Considerable Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/915436.
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The present study reports the phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities ofBauhinia variegataleaf extracts. The reducing sugar, anthraquinone, and saponins were observed in polar extracts, while terpenoids and alkaloids were present in nonpolar and ethanol extracts. Total flavonoid contents in various extracts were found in the range of 11–222.67 mg QE/g. In disc diffusion assays, petroleum ether and chloroform fractions exhibited considerable inhibition againstKlebsiella pneumoniae. Several other extracts also showed antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains ofE. coli,Proteusspp. andPseudomonasspp. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of potential extracts were found between 3.5 and 28.40 mg/mL. The lowest MBC (3.5 mg/mL) was recorded for ethanol extract againstPseudomonasspp. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants. Dose dependent response was observed in reducing power of extracts. Polar extracts demonstrated appreciable metal ion chelating activity at lower concentrations (10–40 μg/mL). Many extracts showed significant antioxidant response in beta carotene bleaching assay. AQ fraction ofB. variegatashowed pronounced cytotoxic effect against DU-145, HOP-62, IGR-OV-1, MCF-7, and THP-1 human cancer cell lines with 90–99% cell growth inhibitory activity. Ethyl acetate fraction also produced considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and THP-1 cell lines. The study demonstrates notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities inB. variegataleaf extracts.
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Zafar, Irsa, Abdullah Ijaz Hussain, Tabinda Fatima, Sulaiman Mohammed Abdullah Alnasser, and Ashfaq Ahmad. "Inter-Varietal Variation in Phenolic Profile, Sugar Contents, Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative and Antibacterial Activities of Selected Brassica Species." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 5811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125811.
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The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the variation in nutritional profile, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of selected species of Brassica. Five locally grown Brassica species (cauliflower, broccoli, red cabbage, white cabbage and Chinese cabbage) were collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan. Polyphenolic rich extracts of these Brassicaceae species were prepared by Soxhlet extraction technique using ethanol. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and sugar contents of the investigated species were determined and quantified by RP-HPLC. Antioxidant activity was carried out by measurement of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), reducing potential and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. Anti-proliferative activity of all the extracts was determined by MTT assay on lung cancer cell line A549. Antibacterial activity was tested against the two bacterial strains, i.e., Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and benzoic acid as the major phenolic acids, whereas catechine was the major flavonoid in most of the extracts. The TPC ranged from 9.7 to 32.8 mg/g of dry plant material, measured GAE and TFC ranged from 7.7 to 23.7 mg/g of dry plant material, measured as CE. Higher TPC and TFC were found in red cabbage extract followed by cauliflower, broccoli, white cabbage and Chinese cabbage. Red cabbage extract also showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.3 µg/mL) followed by cauliflower, broccoli, white cabbage and Chinese cabbage. Maltodextrose was the major sugar followed by fructose in all species of Brassica. Promising anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities were also recorded by the selected Brassica extracts.
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Yeh, Ming-Yei, Wen-Ching Ko, and Li-Yun Lin. "Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activity of Enoki Mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes)." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/352385.
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According to the literatures,Flammulina velutipescontains biologically active components such as dietary fiber, polysaccharide, and mycosterol, whose effects in reducing blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol have been proven. This study used the active components extracted fromFlammulina velutipespowder (FVP) andFlammulina velutipesextract (FVE) to investigate the impact of these active components on lipid metabolism of hamsters. The results show that the total dietary fiber content in FVP and FVE is 29.34 mg/100 g and 15.08 mg/100 g, respectively. The total mycosterol content is 46.57 ± 0.37 mg/100 g and 9.01 ± 0.17 mg/100 g, respectively. The male hamsters were subjected to lipid metabolism monitoring by adding 1, 2, and 3% FVP or FVE into their diets for a period of 8 weeks. The animal assay results show that the 3% FVP and FVE groups have the lowest concentration of TC (total cholesterol), TG (triacylglycerol), LDL (low density lipoprotein cholesterol), and LDL/HDL (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) in the serum and liver (P< 0.05). Our results demonstrate that the addition of 3% FVP or FVE has a significant effect on the lipid metabolism in hamsters whose increased level of HDL in the serum was induced by high fat diet.
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Imtiaz, Hasnain, Amir Hossain, Fahrima Islam, Razia Sultana, and Md Mustafizur Rahman. "Bioactivities of Aeschynomene aspera (Fabaceae) Leaf Extract." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v23i2.48330.
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Aeschynomene aspera (Family- Fabaceae), a traditionally used medicinal plant, is aquatic, perennial, erect subshrub up to 200 cm tall with compound leaves and locally it is called Shola (Bangladesh), Laugaun (India). The study started with phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extract of A. aspera followed by bioactivity study such as in-vitro antioxidant activity by free radical (DPPH) scavenging assay, estimation of total phenolic as well as total flavonoid contents and the analgesic, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activities. Analgesic, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activities were evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing inhibition in mice, castor oil induced diarrheal episode in mice and using living parasites Haemonchus contortus, respectively. The presence of carbohydrate, reducing sugar, glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, gums and flavonoids was estimated with the help of phytochemical screening. In DPPH scavenging assay the extract showed IC50 value of 86.14μg/mL where ascorbic acid showed 12.02μg/mL. It also exhibited total phenolic and flavonoid contents as 461.09 GAE/100g and 297.20mg Quercetin/100g of dried plant extract. About 36% and 61% writhing inhibitions were observed in mice at 250 and 500mg/kg doses of A. aspera leaf extract, respectively. Anthelmintic activity showed by the extract was dose dependent. The extract also showed 46.01 and 71.68% inhibition of defecation in mice at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. All these suggest that the A. aspera extract possesses antioxidant, analgesic, anthelmintic and antidiarrheal activities.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(2): 109-116, 2020
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Başkan, Kevser Sözgen, Esma Tütem, Esin Akyüz, Seda Özen, and Reşat Apak. "Spectrophotometric total reducing sugars assay based on cupric reduction." Talanta 147 (January 2016): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.049.
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Sanvee, Sabrina, Oudjaniyobi Simalou, Gneiny Whad Tchani, Hèzouwè Kagnou, Batomayena Bakoma, Kossi Metowogo, Kokou Agbékonyi Agbodan, and Kafui Kpegba. "Antidiabetic activity of tannin fraction of Bridelia ferruginea (Benth) leaf extract on fructose-induced diabetic mice." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 10, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2021.06.
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Introduction: Bridelia ferruginea is a plant known for its antidiabetic properties. However, few studies on leaf extracts have induced anti-hyperglycemic activity on normal mice subjected to carbohydrate overload. The current study was designed to assess the effect of the leaf extracts’ fraction on fructose-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The in vitro ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were carried out and the condensed tannins quantified. The vanillin-HCl method was used to characterize the condensed tannins. The antidiabetic effect on fructose-induced diabetic mice was evaluated for 28 days using a fructose-enriched fat diet approach. Results: The fraction confirmed the antioxidant activity with a reducing power of 800 μg/mL comparable to ascorbic acid at 200 μg/mL. The condensed tannins were estimated at 79.6 ± 3.4 mg catechin equivalent per gram of sample. Significant decreases in blood sugar levels of 6.25% at the 7th day, 11.04% at the 14th day, 12.61% at the 21th day, and 11.35% at the 28th day were obtained in mice treated with the extract dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight, compared to the positive control group. The decreases of 37.11% of triglycerides and 40.16% of total cholesterol were also obtained. Conclusion: The investigated fraction showed notable antidiabetic activity and might be a good candidate in the treatment of diabetes.
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Sipping, Marius Trésor Kemegne, Francine Kengne Mediesse, Larissa V. Kenmogne, Judith Emery Ngomoyogoli Kanemoto, Dieudonné Njamen, and Thaddée Boudjeko. "Polysaccharide-Rich Fractions from Ganoderma resinaceum (Ganodermataceae) as Chemopreventive Agents in N-Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Wistar Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8198859.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal diseases worldwide. Its treatment remains ineffective and the prognosis remains severe, thus favoring the emergence of a preventive approach. Mushroom-derived polysaccharides offer great opportunities because of their less toxicity and bioactivities. The present study aimed to investigate the chemopreventive effects of water-soluble polysaccharides from Ganoderma resinaceum on HCC. Two G. resinaceum polysaccharide-rich fractions (GRP I and GRP II) were obtained following hot water and alcohol precipitation. Their proteins, phenol compounds, and total neutral sugar content were assayed. The in vitro antiproliferative effect was assessed in MDA-MB 231, Hela, and HepG2 using the MTT assay. Further, for the in vivo study, seven groups of nine rats each received N-diethylnitrosamine (100 mg/kg BW), vehicle (NaCl 0.9%), doxorubicin (10 mg/kg BW), or G. resinaceum polysaccharides (125 and 250 mg/kg BW). Liver cancer initiation and progression was assessed by evaluating histomorphology of liver section, hepatic injury markers, hematology, cytokines/chemokines levels, and stress oxidative markers. GRP II presented higher protein and sugar and lower phenol compound content than GRP I. GRP exhibited CC50 of 340 and 261.7 in HepG2 cells after 48 h. Moreover, GRP I and GRP II (125 and 250 mg/kg) prevented the alteration of the histoarchitecture of the liver induced by the DEN. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), proinflammatory cytokines (G-CSF, IFNγ, and TNFα), and chemokines (eotaxin and fractalkine) levels were significantly decreased in the GRP I- and GRP II-treated groups, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12p70) levels were increased. The antioxidant defense was also stimulated by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO2) levels, increasing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. Our results indicate that GRP I exhibits chemopreventive effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and restoring liver architecture, antioxidant enzymes, and cytokines/chemokines balance.
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Lu, Xikun, Margaret A. Brennan, Wenqiang Guan, Jie Zhang, Li Yuan, and Charles S. Brennan. "Enhancing the Nutritional Properties of Bread by Incorporating Mushroom Bioactive Compounds: The Manipulation of the Pre-Dictive Glycaemic Response and the Phenolic Properties." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040731.
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Wheat bread supplemented with mushroom powder from three different species of mushrooms was investigated in terms of starch characteristics (content, gelatinisation, and digestibility) and antioxidant capacities. The decrease in total starch contents, and increase in phenolic contents of the breads, were associated with increased mushroom powder contents. Mushroom inclusion reduced the rate of reducing sugar released over 120 min in an in vitro digestion compared to the control sample, implying a lower area under the curve (AUC) value with the inclusion of mushroom powder and a potentially lower predicted glycaemic response of the bread. Mushroom powder incorporation also enhanced the DPPH radical scavenging assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) compared to control bread. The action of the addition of different mushroom powders on the bread crust and crumb microstructure properties was also studied. Mushroom powder altered the internal microstructure of the bread crust and crumb by affecting the interactions between starch and the other components of the bread. Overall, this shows that mushroom powder could be added to bread to deliver health benefits to consumers.
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Akhi, Tuz Mia Nur, Mohiminul Adib, Quazi Sufia Islam, Irin Sultana, Rafiqul Haider, and Muhammad Ibrahim. "Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Pharmacological Activities of Leaves and Stems of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v22i1.40078.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical profiles and pharmmacological activities of different extractives (methanol and chloroform) of the leaves and stems of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. Preliminary phytochemical screenings demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, gums and amides and reducing sugar in leaves and stems. Significant α-amylase inhibitory activities were found by the methanol (66.67%) and chloroform (70.63%) extracts of leaves of G. procumbens as compared to the standard drug acarbose (95.45%) at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea, the maximum inhibition of defecation was found by the chloroform fraction. During the anxiolytic activity test which was performed by open field and hole cross method, different extractives of leaves and stems of G. procumbens (500 mg/kg bw) reduced the total count of square crossed and hole crossed to a considerable extent in comparison to the control groups. In antipyretic assay, both extracts reduced the temperature to a significant extent in comparison to the standard group.
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 79-84, 2019
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ADHIKARI, DIPAN, and TUHIN GHOSH. "Chemical Profiling of Polysaccharides Present in Peels of Citrus limetta and Bioassay based Screening of in vitro Antioxidant Activities." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 9 (2020): 2308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22798.
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In this analyses, the chemical compositions of polysaccharides isolated from the peels of Citrus limetta had been studied and discussed its antioxidant activity of different active fractions. To emphasize the chemical structure of polysaccharides, a rhamnoglucan polysaccharide was identified with probable ester linked phenolic acid. The sugar composition and purification by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been presented. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts prepared from Citrus limetta peel powder were determined using well known in vitro systems and standard procedure for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical (OH•), nitric oxide (NO) assay, total antioxidant activity (TAA) and metal chelation property. The rhamnoglucan (A) present exhibited the highest bioactivity potentiality succeeded by traces of uronic acid and galactan. From the investigation, it could be emphasized that water extracted polysaccharide, which brings forth potent pharmacological activities figures out the importance as alternative natural compounds as to-be-exploited leads for low-cost sources of efficient bioactive molecules with strong antioxidant activities in different pharmaceutical and cosmoceutical formulations.
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Bajgain, Abhishek, Bashu Dev Neupane, Diwakar Sarraf, Jwalant Karmacharya, Saksham Ranjitkar, Rajan Shrestha, and Rajendra Gyawali. "Quality Evaluation of Apis laboriosa and Apis mellifera Honey Collected from Bagmati Province, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.228.
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Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by Apis sp. from floral nectar or other plant parts which are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycombs by honeybees. The current research was aimed to analyze the quality parameters of locally available honey. Honey samples of Apis laboriosa and Apis mellifera were collected during spring of 2019 & 2021 and autumn 2021 from the Bagmati province, Nepal. Samples were analyzed their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. The result shows that, the pH was ranged between [4.467 0.0306 - 5.05 0.02], rheological studies showed Newtonian flow and pseudo-plastic type of Non-Newtonian flow, specific optical rotation was ranged between [(+) 5.75 0.4684 - (-) 12.71 0.234], specific gravity was ranged between [1.35 0.00017 - 1.409 0.00022], moisture content was ranged between [19.2% - 25%]. Secondary Metabolite screening showed the honey samples possesses flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, protein and reducing sugar. Total phenolic content was ranged between [1.0427 - 6.86288] gm GAE/Kg honey while total flavonoid content ranged between [0.016755 - 0.353132] gm QE/Kg Honey. IC50 obtained from DPPH assay ranged between [649.6465 - 9867.1617] ppm. Properties and qualities of honey are affected by seasonal factors and various floral sources. The samples were in positive correlation between flavanoid content, phenolic content and their respective anti-oxidant potency.
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Mansotra, Pallavi, Poonam Sharma, Asmita Sirari, and Sunita Sharma. "Impact of Piriformospora indica, Pseudomonas species and Mesorhizobium cicer on growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.619.
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The present study was conducted to examine synergistic interactions among Piriformospora indica (PI) with potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mesorhizobium cicer (LGR33, MR) in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties viz. desi PBG1 and kabuli BG1053. Different PGPR species were used viz. native isolates of Pseudomonas argentinensis (LPGPR1), Pseudomonas sp. (LPGPR2) along with national check Pseudomonas sp. (LK884). Compatibility of MR, PI and differentPseudomonas spp. was studied by streak assay method and growth of fungal pellicle in-vitro. Consortium of MR+PI+LPGPR1 (0.605 g dry weight fungal pellicle/100ml nutrient broth) was found as the best compatible treatment. In vivo the synergistic effect of consortia was studied for improving dry weight of roots, nutrient acquisition, colonization and stress tolerance ability in chickpea. Significant improvement in dry weight of root was observed with MR+PI+LPGPR1 (1.316 g plant-1) in comparison to MR alone treatment (0.980 g plant-1) at 90 days after sowing (DAS). Percentage colonization of P.indica improved significantly with consortium MR+PI+LPGPR1 (75.5 and 78.3 %) treatment at 90 DAS. All the treatments significantly improved total soluble sugar content (12.2-26.9 %); amino N content (1.36-1.80 fold) and stress tolerance ability (4-6 fold) over the MR alone treatment. Reducing sugar content significantly improved with MR+PI+LPGPR1 (0.62 and 0.79 mg mL–1) over MR alone (0.42 and 0.58 mg mL–1) treatment in desiPBG1 and kabuli BG1053 chickpea, respectively. The tripartite combination MR+LPGPR1+PI can be explored as potent biofertilizer for improvment in chickpea productivity.
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El-Haskoury, Redouan, Noori Al-Waili, Jaouad El-Hilaly, Waili Al-Waili, and Badiaa Lyoussi. "Antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous and ethyl acetate extract of carob honey in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats." December-2019 12, no. 12 (December 2019): 1916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1916-1923.
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Aim: The aim of the study included the effect of aqueous extract (AE) and ethyl acetate extract (EAE) on blood sugar in diabetic rats and their effects on liver enzymes and lipid panel in control and diabetic rats. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the EAE was studied in vitro and compared with AE. Materials and Methods: Sugar and antioxidant content of AE and EAE were determined. In vitro antioxidant activity of AE and EAE was estimated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS*+ radical scavenging assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, and total antioxidant assay. To study the effect of the extracts on blood glucose level (BGL), lipid profile, and liver function in non-diabetic and diabetic rats, five groups of six rats each were treated with distilled water, AE, EAE, glibenclamide (GLB), and sucrose for 8 days. Plasma glucose level (PGL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), transaminases (alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined. The effect of the interventions on BGL after acute administration also was investigated. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Results: EAE contains significantly lower content of fructose and glucose than AE (p<0.05), and it has no sucrose. AE and EAE exhibited a significant antioxidant activity and high antioxidant content; the antioxidant content was higher in AE than EAE (p<0.05). In diabetic rats, acute treatment by AE increased PGL, while EAE significantly lowered BGL as compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Both interventions significantly decreased BGL as compared to the sucrose treated group in diabetic rats (p<0.05). EAE was more potent than GLB. Sucrose caused 13% increment in BGL after 8 days of induction of diabetes, while AE caused only 1.3% increment. Daily treatment by EAE decreased significantly AST, ALT, ALP, and TC. EAE decreased significantly TC and TG level in diabetic rats in comparison to the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The study showed for the 1st time that EAE has more hypoglycemic effect than AE, and both extracts prevent the increment in BGL on day 8 after induction of diabetes observed in the control and sucrose treated group. EAE significantly ameliorated the lipid and liver function disorders induced by diabetes.
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Bouhrim, Mohamed, Nour Elhouda Daoudi, Hayat Ouassou, Amina Benoutman, El Hassania Loukili, Abderrahim Ziyyat, Hassane Mekhfi, et al. "Phenolic Content and Antioxidant, Antihyperlipidemic, and Antidiabetogenic Effects of Opuntia dillenii Seed Oil." Scientific World Journal 2020 (September 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5717052.
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Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw. is a medicinal plant that is widely used by the Moroccan population to treat many diseases, thanks to its richness in bioactive molecules. This study aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetogenic activities of O. dillenii seeds oil (ODSO), in vivo. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu method were applied in this study to determine antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ODSO, respectively. The antihyperlipidemic effect of the ODSO (2 ml/kg) was evaluated in the high-fat diet-fed albino mice, relying on lipid profile, blood glucose, and growth performance variations. Moreover, the preventive effect of ODSO was evaluated against alloxan monohydrate-induced diabetes in albino mice. ODSO had the highest total phenolic content (518.18 ± 14.36 mg EAC/kg) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.08 mg/mL). Furthermore, ODSO showed a significant antidiabetogenic effect by reducing bodyweight loss, blood sugar level rise, and mortality rate caused by alloxan in albino mice. Then, ODSO has exhibited a significant antihyperlipidemic effect by improving the lipid profile disorder and glucose level rise in the blood, produced by the high-fat diet-fed albino mice. Results suggest that antidiabetogenic and antihyperlipidemic activities of ODSO correlate to the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of this oil. Hence, this plant could be a significant source of medically important critical compounds.
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Nithya, K., Isabel W, Angeline T, Priscilla As, and Asirvatham Aj. "ASSESSMENT OF DNA STRAND BREAKS AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT COMPLICATIONS- A CASE-CONTROL STUDY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.17020.
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Objective: To evaluate the total antioxidant status (TAS) and the extent of DNA strand breaks (damage) as a measure of oxidative stress biomarkers in Type 2 diabetic patients (with and without complications) and controls.Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=100 with complications and n=100 without complications) and 100 healthy individuals. Oxidative DNA damage was evaluated using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Total antioxidant status was assessed by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay.Results: TAS was found to be significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients (with and without complications) compared to controls (p< 0.001). Similarly, patients with complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly lower TAS when compared to diabetic patients (p= 0.007). DNA damage analysis showed that the extent of damage was high in patients with diabetes mellitus (with and without complications) compared to controls (p< 0.001). Fasting glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) was found to be significantly higherin diabetic patients than controls (p< 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there is no association between age, duration, sugar level, HbA1c, TAS and DNA damage in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: Alterations in TAS and the extent of DNA damage was observed in patients with complications of diabetes mellitus indicate that oxidative stress is more in patients with complications when compared to patients without complications and healthy individuals. Therefore, further DNA damage and onset of complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus could be prevented by counteracting the oxidative stress by therapeutic interventions using appropriate antioxidants.Key words: Hyperglycemia, Oxidative stress, DNA damage, Total antioxidant status, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Vascular complication
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D. S.G. G. C. Swarnathilake and Don Chandana Abeysinghe. "Improving the quality and the taste of green tea ice cream by identifying suitable cultivar, agronomic practices and processing techniques of Assamica tea grown in Sri Lanka." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.1.0354.
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The objectives of this study were to find the most suitable tea cultivar, shading effect and best tea processing technique for production of green tea powder with low astringency and amount of green tea addition to produce ice cream with best flavor and medicinal values. Green tea powder was manufactured using five different cultivars i.e. TRI 2023, TRI 2026, TRI 2027, TRI 4042 and TRI 4047 grown under shaded and un-shaded conditions with three processing techniques namely; steaming, pan firing and freeze drying and green tea ice cream was prepared using processed green tea powder. To reveal the health benefits of green tea powder and green tea ice cream, total phenolic content (TPC) , total flavonoid content (TFC) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were checked by using modified folin-ciocalteu method , colorimetric method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. The best quality green tea in terms of colour and flavour can be produced from tea leaves of TRI 4047 cultivar which was cultivated under shaded conditions with freeze drying processing technique. In terms of colour and flavour, 15 g of green tea added for ice cream mixture (500 mL of milk, 125 mL of whipping cream and 150 g of sugar) is the most suitable amount to add for green tea ice cream preparation. Significantly, higher TAC, TPC and TFC in green tea ice cream when compared to normal ice cream (without green tea powder) indicating the importance of consuming value added green tea ice cream as a healthy food.
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Osibote, E. A., A. S. Ojikutu, O. A. Adeyemo, and N. J. Nwankwo. "Chemoprofiling and In vitro antioxidant potentials of methanol water extracts from Nigerian ginger (Zingiber officinale)." Ife Journal of Science 25, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v25i1.14.
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the popular spices in Nigeria. It is highly utilised over the world as spice as well as for the treatment of inflammation, arthritis and other conditions involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to damage human cells. The proximate, phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of the plant are reported in this work. Extraction by maceration was used for the pulverized rhizomes with methanol-water (50:50). Further partitioning of the extract was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol into different fractions according to their polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 1,1-diphenyl-2-icrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NOSA) and lipid peroxidation scavenging activity (LPSA). The proximate content was determined using conventional chemical methods. The FTIR analyses of n-hexane fraction of Z. officinale revealed some functional groups that may be present in two likely classes of secondary metabolites: terpenes and alkaloids. The ethyl acetate fraction produced flavonoid (121.31 mg/100 g; quercetin) and alkaloids because of the functional groups associated with them, while the butanol fraction with functional groups present revealed cardiac glycosides (4.88 mg/100 g; digoxin) and alkaloids (45.19 mg/100 g). The plant also contained reducing sugar (64.62 mg/100 g glucose), steroids (8.65 mg/100 g; cholesterol), tannins (56.82 mg/100 g; tannic acid) and phenolic compounds (110.64 mg/100 g; gallic acid) from the phytochemical analyses. The proximate analysis revealed that it has a high carbohydrate content (54.54%), but a relatively modest crude fibre (10.21%), moisture content (10.02%), total ash (9.30%), crude fat (8.80%) and crude protein (7.12%). The presence of these phyto-compounds could explain its customary use as oxidative stress inhibitor.
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G, Abirami, Ramprasath C, Suganthi M, Abinaya Devi E, and Mathivanan N. "Partial Purification of Extracellular Amylase From Halotolerant Actinomycetes Streptomyces brasiliensis MML2028." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(5).1053.1068.
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Amylase is considered as an industrially important enzyme as it occupies the most important function in the food, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. The present study is concerned with the optimization, production and partial purification of halotolerant amylase from newly isolated Streptomyces brasiliensis MML2028, from Kelambakkam salt pan, Tamil Nadu, India. The primary screening was carried out by well diffusion assay to find the zone of lysis. The assay was observed for each media optimization by measuring the release of reducing sugar (RS) by the 3,5 dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method and expressed in the international unit (UI). Ammonium sulphate precipitation was used to partially purify the enzyme and then lyophilized. SDS-PAGE was performed to identify the molecular weight. The production medium was optimized with 1% of the starch substrate, 3% of NaCl at 24˚C and pH 9, and incubation of 9 days. The total activity of the partially purified α-amylase was observed to be 1806.9U/mL. The partially purified enzyme was more active with 3% NaCl, pH 8, and 24˚C which is known to be a halotolerant alkaline α-amylase. The enzyme showed tolerance towards magnesium, manganese ions, Triton x-100, and urea. De-inking of α-amylase showed good results proving that the enzyme activity is more efficient. Hence, the alkaliphilic amylase from Halotolerant actinomycetes S. Brasiliensis MML2028 could be a better microbial source that can be used in many industries, especially in paper and textiles.
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Al-Zahrani, Hassan S., Hesham F. Alharby, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Reiaz Ul Rehman. "Exogenous Application of Zinc to Mitigate the Salt Stress in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek—Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Processes." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051005.
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Salt stress adversely affects the growth and productivity of crops. However, reports suggest that the application of various micronutrients could help the plant to cope with this stress. Hence, the objective of the study was to examine the effect of exogenous application of Zinc (Zn) on salt tolerance in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek (mungbean). Mungbean is considered to be an economically important crop and possess a strategic position in Southeast Asian countries for sustainable crop production. It is rich in quality proteins, minerals and vitamins. Three weeks old grown seedlings were subjected to NaCl (150 mM and 200 mM) alone or with Zn (250 µM). After 21 days of treatment, plants were harvested for investigating morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. We found that the Zn application mitigates the negative effect upon plant growth to a variable extent. This may be attributed to the increased shoot and root length, improved chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, enhanced total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP) and proline accumulation, decreased H2O2 content and increased enzymatic antioxidant activities. Zn’s application improved the performance of the enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) of the secondary metabolism, which resulted in the improvement of total phenol and flavonoids. The antioxidant activities such as 1,1diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and ferrous reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of the plants also showed improved results in their salt only treatments. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (SOD) scavenging activity were also improved upon the application of 250 µM zinc. Thus, Zn application in low doses offers promising potential for recovering plants suffering from salinity stress. In conclusion, we assume that zinc application improved salt tolerance in mungbean through the improvement of various physiological and photochemical processes which could prove to be useful in nutrient mediated management for crop improvement.
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Sapkota, Susmita, Sujan Khadka, Aava Gautam, Rojina Maharjan, Ruby Shah, Sandhya Dhakal, Om Prakash Panta, Santosh Khanal, and Pramod Poudel. "Screening and Optimization of Thermo-Tolerant Bacillus Sp. For Amylase Production and Antifungal Activity." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v24i1.24628.
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Amylases are starch degrading enzymes which are produced by plants, animals and microorganisms. Amylases produced by microorganisms have a wide range of industrial applications such as in pharmaceutical, food, textile and paper industries. However, there are still limitations in the isolation of amylase producing microorganisms. The objective of this study was to isolate the potent amylase producing Bacillus sp. from soil samples and evaluate their abilities for inhibiting the aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus. In this study, 30 soil samples were used. For the screening and identification of Bacillus strain, morphological and biochemical tests were performed. Iodine assay was done to screen the potent amylase producers. Two parameters (pH and temperature) were used to optimize the cultural conditions for the production of amylase. To determine the total reducing sugar, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay was used. Altogether 29 colonies were selected and identified as Bacillus spp out of which 16 were selected to determine enzyme activity by cup plate method. Four isolates (DK9, DK10, IM4 and KD7) showing highest amylolytic activities (16 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm and 14 mm zone of hydrolysis) were subjected for further study. Isolate KD7 showed the highest amylolytic activity (0.19 U/mL) compared to other isolates. Maximum amylase production was found at pH 6 and temperature 50° C (0.19 U/mL). Among these 4 isolates, DK9 and KD9 showed strong antagonistic activity against Aspergillus flavus while DK10 and IM4 showed moderate antifungal activities. Thus, the bacterial isolate KD7 was identified as the most potent strain for maximum amylase production.
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Simon, Philipp W. "SUGAR METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CARROT ROOTS FROM POPULATIONS VARYING IN SUGAR TYPE AND CONCENTRATION." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 591b—591. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.591b.
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Four carrot populations with low total sugar/low reducing sugar concentration, low total sugar/high reducing sugar concentration, high total sugar/low reducing sugar concentration, and high total sugar/high reducing sugar concentration were compared for pH 4.5 invertase, pH 7.5 invertase, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase activity. Invertase activities correlated well with reducing sugar concentration. Sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were low in all populations. Total sugar level was not well-correlated with the activity of any enzyme measured. Developmental analysis indicated some reduction in enzyme activity as roots grew.
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Hugues Calixte Eyi Ndong and André Ledoux Njouonkou. "Mycochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Macrolepiota africana (Heim) Heinem. (Agaricaceae), an edible mushroom from Gabon." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.2.1.0134.
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Macrolepiota africana is a fungus used as food in Gabon for its culinary properties. However, its nutritional value, mycochemical contents, antioxidant properties and health potential still unknown. The present study investigated the phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of this mushroom species. This chemical screening was followed by a study of the antioxidant activity and a prediction of additional pharmacological activities of M. africana. Using standard methodology, the mycochemical analyses were carried out on aqueous, hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic fungi extracts. The antioxidant activity of the mushroom extracts was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Apart from Digitoxigenine, flavonol and gitoxigenine that were not found in any of the extracts, all other tested mycochemical were found in atleast one of the extracts. Alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, oses and holosides, proanthocyanidins and coumarins were found in all extracts at different intensity. Saponosids, sterols and triterpenes, tannins gallics, reducing sugar, anthracenosides and digitoxine were found in two extracts while tannins catechics, flavone and gitoxine were detected only in one extract. The dosage of phenolic compounds confirmed the richness of this fungus in total polyphenols, its moderate richness in proanthocyanidins, the lack of flavonoids in the aqueous extract and the moderate richness of the hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic extracts in flavonoids. Regarding the antioxidant activities, the results obtained for the DPPH trapping test showed that the different extracts had low to moderate antioxidant activity with antioxidant activity index (IAA) ranged 0.29 to 0.97 respectively in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The presence of these mycochemical compounds along with the identified antioxidant activities shows that this M. africana have some pharmacological potential.
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G, KOTESWARA RAO, SATYANARAYANA E, and BALASUBRAMANYAN K. "COMPATRATIVE STUDY OF CHLOROPHYLL AND SUGAR CONTENTS IN RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS OF SORGHUM TO CHARCOAL ROT." Madras Agricultural Journal 79, April (1992): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01751.
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Chemical components like total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' Chlorophyll 'b' reducing sugar, non reducing sugar and total sugar in relation to charcoal rot disease across three seasons were estimated and compared in each of the two proven resistant and susceptible sorghum cultivars. It was observed that the lower concentrations of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'b' and higher concentration of chlorophyll 'a', reducing sugar, non reducing sugar and total sugars were associated with resistance reaction to charcoal rot whereas the reverse trend was observed in the susceptible cultivars. The relative magnitude of concentrations of chlorophyll 'a', chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll were higher during summer, whereas reducing sugar, non reducing sugar and total sugars were higher in Kharif for all the cultivars. It is further projected that the higher concentrations of chlorophyll 'a', reducing sugar, non reducing sugar and total sugars may be utilised as possible indices to screen sorghum genotypes against charcoal rot disease.
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Erdei, Éva, Pál Pepó, János Csapó, Szilárd Tóth, and Béla Szabó. "Sweet sorghum (Sorghum dochna L.) restorer lines effects on nutritional parameters of stalk juice." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 36 (November 2, 2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/36/2792.
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Sweet sorghum can be utilized for bioethanol production because it has high sugar content (14-17%). We determined the most important nutritional values of 5 silo type sorghum lines in waxy and full maturation. The examined restorer lines were: RL 4, RL 9, RL 15, RL 18, K 1. The following nutritional parameters were examined: dry material content, refractometric total sugar content, reducing sugar content. In waxy maturation 73.85-87.37% of dry matter in stalk juice makes the total sugar. Dry material content, total and reducing sugar content of stalkdecreases from waxy mature to full maturation.There are differences between lines in dry matter (SzD5%=0.76), total sugar (SzD5%=0.79), reducing sugar content (SzD5%=0.30). RL 4 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 10.07% to 10.02% during this period, reducing sugar also decreased from 4.01% to 2.47%. RL 9 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 11.76% to 11.08% during this period. Reducing sugar also decreased from 3.17% to 2.01% in the waxymaturation. RL 15 showed a total sugar content decrease from 15.43 % to 15.36%. The reducing sugar also decreased from 3.23% to 1.71% in waxy maturation. In RL 18 total mean sugar content during waxy maturation was 13.78% which dropped to 13.26% approaching full maturation. Reducing sugar also decreased from 4.11% to 2.23% in waxy mature. K 1 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 9.35% to 6.15% during this period, while reducing sugar also decreased from 1.52% to 0.77%. These lines upcoming for experiments are perspectives since having excellent stalk juice nutritional parameters they are of great or very great height and their stalks are thick-very thick, stalk medullas are wet.
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RNA, Khan, Anjum KI, Roshni NA, Islam MZ, and Islam MF. "Evaluation of physical characteristics and nutritional status of market available Guava (Psidium guajava L.) of Noakhali district in Bangladesh." Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 04, no. 01 (2023): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47440/jafe.2023.4104.
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Guava is a popular, export-promising, fast-growing fruit crop in Bangladesh that encompasses an important demand within the local market. We conducted a study of four types of guavas, specifically Thai guava, Strawberry guava, Kazi guava, and Deshi guava, by observing various parameters. The aim of this investigation to explore the physiochemical characteristics of the guava varieties procured from the local market of Noakhali district of Bangladesh. Physical characteristics such as weight, size, length, diameter, shape, and color were determined, as well as the nutritional status of guava varieties, including their non-reducing,reducing sugar , total sugar contents, vitamin C content, and the relationship between total sugar and vitamin C content, was assessed. According to the results, Kazi guava showed the highest fruit weight (220 gm), length (5.96 cm), and breadth (6.6 cm) compared to the other guava varieties available on the market. All the guava varieties had a similar color (green to pale green), while strawberry guava was red in color. Statistically significant variations were found among the chemical characteristics such as total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total sugar, reducing sugar and the vitamin C content of various varieties. The highest value of reducing sugar (6.19%), non-reducing sugar (2.02%), and total sugar (8.55%) was found in Thai guava. Vitamin-C content was highest in Deshi guava (74.73 mg/100gm), whereas Kazi guava had the lowest value (61.20 mg/100 gm) of vitamin C content. However, this research explored that Thai guava had comparatively higher nutrition than others, but physical parameters were found to be best in the Kazi guava variety.