Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Total internal reflection objective'
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1
Jia, Baohua, and n/a. "A study on the complex evanescent focal region of a high numerical aperture objective and its applications." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070205.150740.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, optical near-field has received an ever-increasing attention owing to
its ability to localise optical signals beyond the diffraction limit. Optical near-field is
a non-propagating field existing in the close vicinity of a matter within a range less
than the wavelength of the illumination light and it carries the high spatial frequency
information showing the fine details of the matter.
An optical near-field can be generated by a near-field optical microscope with a
nano-aperture or a metal-coated fibre tip. However, common difficulties associated
with this approach, such as a fragile probe, a low throughput and signal-to-noise ratio,
and a slow response of gap controlling between the probe and the sample, make it
less applicable. Alternatively, optical near-field can be produced by total internal
reflection (TIR) occurring at the interface of a prism, which is capable of localising
the electromagnetic (EM) field in the close vicinity of the interface. However, in this
geometry, no confinement of the field can be achieved in the transverse direction,
whereas, in most applications such as optical trapping, micro-fabrication and optical
data storage, a transverse confinement of the light field is essential.
In order to achieve a transverse confinement of the light field, maintaining the
high spatial resolution of the optical near-field, and at the same time eliminating
the drawbacks associated with the conventional near-field optical microscope, a novel
near-field probe based on a high numerical aperture (NA) TIR objective combined
with annular illumination has been developed recently. In this arrangement, an
obstruction disk is inserted at the back aperture of the objective to block the light
with a convergence angle lower than the critical angle determined by the refractive
indices of the two media, resulting in a pure focused evanescent field in the second
medium.
The evanescent field produced by this method provides a useful tool for studying
light-matter interaction at the single molecule level not only because of its high
resolution but also due to its inherent merits such as no distance regulation, no heating
effect and simple experimental setup. But, the most significant advantage that makes
this method unique and superior to the other approaches in terms of producing the
optical near-field is that it allows the dynamic control of the focal field by simply
modulating the phase or amplitude or even the polarisation state of the incident beam
before it enters the objective so that complex illumination beams can be generated,
whereas in other fibre probe based approaches this goal is extremely difficult to achieve.
To make use of such a novel near-field probe, a thorough theoretical and
experimental investigation is required. A complete knowledge of the focused evanescent
field is a prerequisite for a wide range of applications including single molecule
detection, Raman spectroscopy, near-field non-linear imaging and near-field trapping.
Therefore, it is not only necessary but also urgent to exploit the focusing properties
of a focused evanescent field under complex field illumination both experimentally and
theoretically and this is the major aim of this thesis.
The complex fields, which are of particular interest in this thesis, are the radially
polarised beam and the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam, because the former owns a
more compact circularly symmetric field distribution in the focal region when focused
by a high NA objective, while the latter is capable of rotating a trapped particle
by transferring the orbital angular momentum. Combining them with the focused
evanescent field is potentially able to induce novel functions in the near-field region,
which cannot be fulfilled by other near-field approaches. In this thesis, in order to
generate these two types of beams, a single liquid crystal spatial light modulator
(LCSLM) is employed to produce useful phase modulation to the incident beam.
Experimental characterisation of an evanescent focal spot is performed with
scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), which is capable of providing the direct
mapping of the focused evanescent field not only because of its high spatial resolution
and its ability to detect the near-field and far-field signals simultaneously, but also due
to the motion of the piezzo-stage enables a three-dimensional characterisation of the
evanescent focal spot.
In this thesis, a SNOM system with an aluminum coated aperture probe is
implemented. The field distributions at both the interface and parallel planes with
a small distance away from the interface are obtained. To verify the applicability of
SNOM as a characterisation methodology, the field distribution in the focal region
of a high NA objective illuminated by a linearly polarised plane wave is measured
first. A focus splitting along the direction of incident polarisation is observed threedimensionally
near the interface under such a circumstance. It has been demonstrated
that the depolarisation effect plays an important role in determining the coupling
behaviour of the light into the fibre probe of SNOM. The good match between the
experimental results and theoretical predications confirms the validity of SNOM.
Theoretical investigation of a tightly focused radially polarised beam is undertaken
based on the vectorial-Debye diffraction theory because under the tight focusing of a
high NA objective, the vectorial nature of the highly localised field has to be carefully
considered in order to represent the field distribution accurately. The calculations
on the focusing properties of a radially polarised beam suggest that the longitudinal
field component in the focal region plays a dominant role in determining the overall
field distribution. Direct measurement of the focused evanescent radially polarised
beam in a three-dimensional manner near the interface is performed with SNOM. A
highly localised focal spot is achieved in the close vicinity of the coverglass. The
measured intensity distributions from SNOM show that correction of the focal spot
deformation associated with a linearly polarised beam is achieved by taking advantage
of the radially symmetric focal spot of a radially polarised beam. A smaller focal spot is
acquired due to the dominant longitudinal polarisation component in the focal region,
which possesses a more compact focal intensity distribution than that of the overall
field. The experimental results demonstrate a good agreement with the theoretical
expectations.
The fact that a radially polarised beam is capable of eliminating the focus
deformation often presented in the focal region of a high NA objective when a linearly
polarised beam is employed can be very useful in many applications, including microfabrication
using two-photon photopolymerisation technique. The theoretical study
on the two-photon point spread function (PSF) of a radially polarised beam indicates
that the focus elongation and splitting associated with a linearly polarised beam are
eliminated and the achievable lateral size of the focal spot is approximately a quarter
of the illumination wavelength, which is less than half of that under the illumination
of a linearly polarised beam. A further reductiont of the lateral size can be expected
by using annular radial beam illumination.
The investigation on the focusing properties of LG beams has also been one of
the major tasks of this thesis. Theoretical investigations of a focused evanescent LG
beam suggest that the phase shift induced by the boundary effect when a light beam
passes the interface satisfying TIR condition plays a vital role in determining the
overall shape of the total field distribution. A severe focal intensity deformation is
predicted theoretically in the case of focused evanescent LG beam illumination, which
might involve new physical phenomena when applied in the near-field trapping. Such
a focal intensity deformation is evidenced experimentally by the direct mapping result
obtained from the SNOM probe. A quantitative cross-section comparison with the
theoretical predication is conducted, which demonstrates a good agreement.
To achieve a controllable optical trap and rotation in the near-field region, complex
optical fields such as LG beams carrying orbital angular momentum, have been induced
for the manipulation of a polystyrene particle. The influence of the focal intensity
deformation on a near-field trapping has been thoroughly investigated. Rotation
motion of the particle is examined by mapping the two-dimensional (2D) transverse
trapping efficiency of the particle. Theoretical investigation reveals that a significant
tangential force component is generated on the particle when it is illuminated by a
focused evanescent LG beam. Such findings may prove useful in introducing a rotation
mechanism in near-field trapping.
The research investigations and methodologies described in this thesis provide a new
approach to characterise the near-field focal spot under complex field illumination.
It enhances the understanding of the novel near-field probe, thus opening the
pathway for numerous near-field applications including optical trapping, two-photon
excitation (photopolymerisation) and spectroscopy. The focal field rotation phenomena
demonstrated in this thesis may prove particularly beneficial in introducing a rotation
mechanism in near-field trapping using a focused evanescent field.
2
Poksiński, Michał. "Total internal reflection ellipsometry /." Linköping : Univ, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/tek966s.pdf.
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3
Thomson, David. "Silicon based total internal reflection optical switch." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844092/.
Full textAbstract:
Total internal reflection (TIR) based optical switches offer wavelength insensitivity, thermal stability, a short device length, the ability for over-driving without pre-emphasis and polarisation independence. When implemented in silicon the plasma dispersion effect is normally employed, using a PIN diode to inject carriers into the active region of the device, and allowing electrical control of the switching operation. The free diffusion of these injected carriers inhibits the formation of a large and abrupt spatial variation in free carrier concentration (and therefore refractive index) as required for an efficient switching operation. In this work the use of two types of carrier restrictive barrier have been investigated as feasible methods of improving the injected free carrier profile. The first barrier consists of an insulating silicon dioxide layer which completely isolates the PIN diode from the surrounding silicon. A 2mm thick layer has been shown to be thin enough such that the propagating light is not significantly perturbed, whilst being effective at blocking free carrier diffusion. Full device modelling has demonstrated an improved performance over the only other carrier injection based TIR switch in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) from the literature. The second barrier consists of a region of ion implantation induced defective silicon which is positioned along the opposite half of the switching region to the PIN diode. Defective silicon has a decreased free carrier lifetime and therefore any free carriers which diffuse into such material experience an enhanced recombination rate, resulting in reduced diffusion lengths. Experimentally it has been shown that the required electrical and optical properties can be produced by fully amorphising the SOI overlayer and then thermally regrowing it into polycrystalline silicon. Results obtained from fabricated devices with defective silicon barriers have shown an improvement in switching performance over those without barriers, hence successfully demonstrating the principle of barrier enhanced switching.
4
Beck, Markus. "Extended resolution in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17974.
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5
Ouellette, Guy René. "Nonimaging light concentration using total internal reflection films." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30246.
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Here is presented a method of fabricating nonimaging light concentrators from total internal reflection film (TIRF). Prototypes have been made and tested, and found to operate in agreement with predictions of ray-tracing codes. The performance is comparable with that of concentrators made from specular reflecting materials.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
6
Marchington, Robert F. "Applications of microfluidic chips in optical manipulation & photoporation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1633.
Full textAbstract:
Integration and miniaturisation in electronics has undoubtedly revolutionised the modern world. In biotechnology, emerging lab-on-a-chip (LOC) methodologies promise all-integrated laboratory processes, to perform complete biochemical or medical synthesis and analysis encapsulated on small microchips. The integration of electrical, optical and physical sensors, and control devices, with fluid handling, is creating a new class of functional chip-based systems. Scaled down onto a chip, reagent and sample consumption is reduced, point-of-care or in-the-field usage is enabled through portability, costs are reduced, automation increases the ease of use, and favourable scaling laws can be exploited, such as improved fluid control. The capacity to manipulate single cells on-chip has applications across the life sciences, in biotechnology, pharmacology, medical diagnostics and drug discovery. This thesis explores multiple applications of optical manipulation within microfluidic chips. Used in combination with microfluidic systems, optics adds powerful functionalities to emerging LOC technologies. These include particle management such as immobilising, sorting, concentrating, and transportation of cell-sized objects, along with sensing, spectroscopic interrogation, and cell treatment. The work in this thesis brings several key applications of optical techniques for manipulating and porating cell-sized microscopic particles to within microfluidic chips. The fields of optical trapping, optical tweezers and optical sorting are reviewed in the context of lab-on-a-chip application, and the physics of the laminar fluid flow exhibited at this size scale is detailed. Microfluidic chip fabrication methods are presented, including a robust method for the introduction of optical fibres for laser beam delivery, which is demonstrated in a dual-beam optical trap chip and in optical chromatography using photonic crystal fibre. The use of a total internal reflection microscope objective lens is utilised in a novel demonstration of propelling particles within fluid flow. The size and refractive index dependency is modelled and experimentally characterised, before presenting continuous passive optical sorting of microparticles based on these intrinsic optical properties, in a microfluidic chip. Finally, a microfluidic system is utilised in the delivery of mammalian cells to a focused femtosecond laser beam for continuous, high throughput photoporation. The optical injection efficiency of inserting a fluorescent dye is determined and the cell viability is evaluated. This could form the basis for ultra-high throughput, efficient transfection of cells, with the advantages of single cell treatment and unrivalled viability using this optical technique.
7
Robertson, Rebecca. "The development of electroactive total internal reflection integrated optical waveguide and total internal reflection fluorescence devices for the characterization of metalloprotein films." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289791.
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Orientation distributions of redox active films that correlate with an electron transfer behavior were reported for the first time using electroactive total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy (EA-TIRF) and electroactive integrated optical waveguide (EA-IOW) absorbance technology developed here. The mean tilt angle and the angular distribution about the mean were recovered using a Gaussian model. Previous anisotropy calculations were only possible using a theoretical approach (Hansen's model). In the work presented here, a novel method was developed that was based on experimental measurements. This method used Fresnel's equations and Snell's law to determine the relative polarized electric field intensity at the interface of the EA-TIRF substrate. Optically transparent semiconductor surfaces of indium tin oxide (ITO) were used as the adlayer for EA-TIRF and EA-IOW devices. The ITO surface morphology, optical and conduction properties were characterized. The ITO was found to have adequate conduction, optical and surface morphology properties for molecular orientation distribution measurements. The results indicated the ITO morphology contributes a minimal degree of error to the calculated distribution. Surface-bound films of model methylene blue were used to characterize the EA-TIRF and EA-IOW techniques prior to the investigation of horse heart cytochrome c. The studies demonstrated potential control of redox active adsorbed films. The mean tilt angle and the angular distribution about that mean were successfully determined. In addition, the studies of the methylene blue films indicated the possibility of orientation-dependent quenching (the loss of an electron from the excited state LUMO to the ITO semiconductor conduction band). Studies of the cytochrome c films indicated anisotropic submonolayers electrostatically bound to the negative ITO surface. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed the films to be electroactive, exhibiting quasi-reversible electrochemistry. An average tilt angle and the orientation distribution about the angle, as a function of potential, were reported for horse heart cytochrome c. This potential-dependent orientation distribution of submonolayer films is reported for the first time.
8
Steele, Bridgett L. Thompson Nancy L. "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy for characterizing biochemical interactions." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2725.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 10, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
9
Chan, Ho Man. "Analysis of biomolecules by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1254.
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10
Pulikkaseril, Cibby. "A multi-interface total-internal-reflection based electro-optic switch /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80136.
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A novel method for implementing a 1 x 3 electro-optic switch in lithium tantalate is presented. Using multiple total-internal-reflection interfaces, an input beam is deflected to switch ports by reflection at a grazing angle; these interfaces are turned on by application of high voltage to a surface electrode. The expected performance of the device was simulated using a combination of in-house and commercial software, and the device was fabricated using a combination of university facilities and service vendors. Testing of the device showed that the concept of using multiple electro-optic interfaces is feasible and has potential applications in the creation of a package optical switch.
11
Orndorff, Josh. "Amplified Total Internal Reflection at the Surface of Gain Medium." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1365156891.
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Tuerxunjiang, Abulikemu. "FDTD measurement of the reflection coefficient associated with total internal reflection from gainy Lorentzian media." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/A_Tuerxunjiang_120108.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in physics)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 10, 2009). "Department of Physics and Astronomy." Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-68).
13
Elrifaei, Eman. "MODE LOCKED RESONANCE VIA INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REFLECTIONS." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1805.
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The goal of this research was to study the polarization effect on the achievability of mode locked laser signal in accordance to polarization dependency. Polarization characterization was studied in prior to mode locking to determine semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) polarization dependency. It was found that per SOA manufacturer a variation of dependency was recognized. Two setups were suggested based on dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) schemes, the external DSR with regenerative feedback and the total internal reflection (TIR) DSR. The laser operated at 1530nm for multiple SOA manufacturers and was capable of generating ultrashort pulses with different durations as listed in Table (3.2.3) and Table (3.3.2). For the external mode-lock, the maximum achieved average output power of 3.40mW corresponding to ~77.15fJ of output pulse energy through continuous pumping by gain modulation of an SOA used as the active medium. While the TIR mode-lock the maximum achieved average output power for mode-locked signal of 5.25mW corresponding to ~23.73fJ of output pulse energy.It was concluded that the output pulse of the external DSR setup showed polarization dependency for two SOAs A and C and provided mode locked signals with pulse width ranging between 1200ps and 1000ps with repetition rate approximately of 35MHz and 101MHz respectively. The TIR DSR had a variation in results also to be polarization related. While SOA D did not provide mode-locked signal output. The least polarization dependent SOAs E and X did not provide distinctive stable mode-locked signal. While increased sensitivity towards polarization however resulted in stronger mode locked signal for SOAs A and C with FWHM between 200ps and 350ps and a repetition rate of approximately 20MHz. For future work, it is recommended to adjust the setup length in addition to fine tuning polarizer and filters to improve pulse stability and eliminate the noise effect.
14
Gou, Steven Haiping. "Electrically controlled frustration of total internal reflection on transparent superhydrophobic surfaces." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30102.
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Superhydrophobic surfaces are those that have a very low adhesion to water due to a combination of surface chemistry and physical roughness. This low adhesion surface offers the potential for enabling low energy optical contact between a liquid and solid surface. For the purposes of this study, optical contact occurs when the distance between the liquid and solid surface is less than the evanescent wave region of light that is undergoing total internal reflection.
To develop an improved understanding of superhydrophobicity, a novel visualization technique was employed using neutrally buoyant immiscible liquids, which allowed liquid drops on the order of centimeters to be studied without distortion due to gravity. This allowed the visualization of wetting behaviors of liquids on different surface geometries, revealing the importance of overhanging structures to superhydrophobicity.
A nanoporous, optically transparent film of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) was fabricated via oxygen plasma etching with roughness features on the order of 100 nm. The surface was made superhydrophobic by spin-coating with Teflon® AF.
A new technique was developed to modulate reflectivity by changing the optical properties at an interface by moving water to and from the interface. The technique electrically controls reflectance of visible light at a transparent superhydrophobic surface by frustration of total internal reflection and was demonstrated in an experimental device. The device consisted of a water drop positioned above a dual-scale superhydrophobic surface. Application of an electrical potential difference between the water and the surface caused it to undergo electrostatic deformation. This deformation would move the water into optical contact with the transparent superhydrophobic surface, thereby changing the optical properties and enabling the modulation of the surface reflection. Removing the electrical potential caused the water to return to its original curvature, separating it from the superhydrophobic surface. Such a device has potential applications as a low-power reflective display.
The results presented in this work highlight the feasibility of this technique in practical devices, and suggest that further research is warranted.
15
CAMPOS, CARLOS ANDRE TAVARES. "COMPONENTS OF A MULTITOUCH SYSTEM BASED ON FRUSTRATED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14013@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROOs sistemas multi-toque (multitouch) estão se tornando cada vez mais utilizados, substituindo a tradicional interface humano-computador baseada em mouse (WIMP interfaces). Um sistema multi-toque pode se basear no fenômeno físico da reflexão interna total confinada (FTIR) da luz numa superfície de acrílico. Com o barateamento dos projetores e câmeras, a construção de mesas e painéis multi-toque se tornou uma possibilidade viável para universidades e empresas. Naturalmente, a qualidade desses sistemas depende do ajuste dos materiais, das luzes, das câmeras e dos projetores utilizados. Este assunto é ainda uma área em aberto, com pouca literatura disponível tendo em vista seus aspectos comerciais. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre a construção de mesas e painéis multi-toque com base em equipamentos e materiais de baixo custo. O princípio geral de funcionamento e a tecnologia de cada componente são discutidos. Um protótipo foi construído para avaliar o comportamento de cada componente. Com base nos resultados obtidos são apresentadas algumas conclusões e sugestões para trabalhos futuros.
Multitouch systems are becoming more popular replacing traditional WIMP user interfaces. A multitouch system can be based on frustrated total internal refraction of the light in an acrylic surface. With the use of commodity projectors and cameras these systems are now becoming widely affordable. Naturally the quality of these systems depends upon the right choice of material, lights, cameras and projectors. Giving its importance, there is a need for more information on this subject in the literature. This thesis presents the general design of a multitouch systems and a detailed discussion of the expected behavior of each component. A prototype was built to evaluate the proposed solution. Results are discussed to support some conclusions and suggestions of future work.
16
Radel, Jason C. "Electro-optic diffraction grating employing electrophoresis, supercapacitance, and total internal reflection." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/53163.
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Light beam steering is required in fields ranging from industrial laser drilling to telecommunications. Current methods for light beam steering to angles greater than 10° rely on mechanically moving parts, which results in expensive and difficult-to-maintain systems. An alternative method for light beam steering is presented that redirects a light beam to an angle of 33° without the need for moving parts. This is achieved by altering the reflectance of a surface by controlling the concentration of dye ions in a region adjacent to an optically transparent and electrically conductive thin film. Non-mechanical light deflection is achieved by altering the reflectance of a diffraction grating (an electro-optic method), an approach that creates new diffraction peaks that lie between those associated with the original grating spacing. This method for electro-optic diffraction is made practical by the supercapacitance exhibited at the interface between a layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) and a solution consisting of methylene blue dye ions dissolved in water. This interface was examined and measured to have a capacitance of 40 F/m² with a corresponding reversible change in the reflectance of this interface of greater than 50%.
The capability of this method to reversibly deflect light was experimentally verified by fabricating test cells consisting of two glass plates, each coated with a thin film of ITO. A solution of methylene blue dye ions dissolved in water was sealed between the two plates. Electro-optic diffraction modulation was demonstrated by patterning one of the two ITO films into an interdigitated design, done via standard photolithography techniques for initial experimental verification, and via focused ion beam milling for sub-micron scale electrodes. An electrical potential difference was applied between the interdigitated ITO electrodes and the radiant flux of the newly created diffraction peaks was measured. The light distribution that reflected by means of total internal reflection from the ITO/solution interface was measured to reversibly shift 0.7% of the incident light to new diffraction peaks.
This approach may be useful in applications where large diffractive deflection angles are required and alternate beam-steering methods are impractical.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
17
Suda-Cederquist, Keith David. "Near-Wall Thermometry via Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Micro-Thermometry (TIR-FMT)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14530.
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To effectively design systems of microchannels it is necessary for scientists and engineers to understand thermal transport characteristics of microchannels. To experimentally determine the convective heat transfer coefficient of microchannels it is necessary to measure both the bulk and surface temperature fields. This investigation aims to develop a technique, named Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Micro-Thermometry (TIR-FMT), to measure the temperature of water within several hundred nanometers of a wall--effectively, the surface temperature of the wall. In TIR-FMT, an evanescent-wave is generated in the water near the wall. The intensity of this evanescent-wave decays exponentially with distance from the wall. A fluorophore if illuminated by the evanescent-wave can absorb a photon. Excited fluorophores subsequently emit red-shifted photons, which are called fluorescence. The probability of a fluorescent emission is temperature-dependent. Therefore, by monitoring the intensity of the fluorescence a correlation can be made to the temperature of the region of illumination. Using the TIR-FMT technique the temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity from buffered fluorescein (pH=9.2) was determined to be 1.35%/C. TIR-FMT can be used to measure the temperature of a fluorophore solution within 600 nm of a wall across a temperature range of 12.5-55C. The average uncertainties (95% confidence) of the temperature measured was determined to be 2.3C and 1.5C for a single 1.5x1.5 and #956;m pixel and the entire 715x950 and #956;m viewfield. By spatial averaging, average uncertainties of 2.0C and 1.8C were attained with spatial resolutions of 16x16 and 100x100 and #956;m, respectively.
18
Bethea, Tomika R. C. "Silica Colloidal Crystals as Porous Substrates for Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193371.
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In cell biology and chemistry, total internal reflection microscopy (TIRFM) has proven to be a useful technique that allows the probing of cellular processes with high-signal-to-noise ratio imaging. However, samples on solid substrates limit the accessibility to probe processes on extracellular membrane surface closest to the microscope objective. Colloidal crystals provide a porous alternative to the traditional solid substrates. Thin crystals exhibit optical properties similar to that of a fused silica coverslip allowing for TIRFM in the same manner as with a typical coverslip as demonstrated by the observance of Chinese hamster ovary cells with fluorescently labeled receptors on both types of substrates. Accessibility of the cell membrane closest to the substrate and the ability to probe fluorophore orientation information was observed by the binding of TIPP-cy5 to the human delta opioid receptor.
19
Burgess, Helen Jane. "A bioelectrochemical FRET switch : combined total internal reflection (TIRF) microscopy and electrochemistry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437177.
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20
Byrne, Gerard. "Total internal reflection microscopy studies on colloidal particle endocytosis by living cells." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10979/.
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The purpose of this study was to develop novel optical microscopy techniques in order to investigate colloidal drug particle endocytosis by mammalian cells. A total internal reflection microscope (TIRM) was initially developed for high resolution cellular imaging. TIRM is a non-fluorescent imaging technique based on the principle of ‘scattering’ of the evanescent field created when a light beam undergoes total internal reflection at an interface between two media with different refractive indices, such as glass and air. The key design considerations with respect to development of a TIRM instrument are discussed. The technique is also compared and contrasted to the more commonly known non-fluorescent RICM (Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy) technique using computer simulations. Time-lapse video TIRM is applied to imaging the interaction between A549 and 3T3 cells, and a polylysine coated substrate. Real-time label-free visualisation of 0.5 and 1 m polystyrene particle endocytosis by living cells is then demonstrated. Modifications to the TIRM system to include a dual-colour fluorescent TIRF (Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence) microscope are described in detail. Results are shown which demonstrate the ability of a combined TIRM/TIRF instrument to selectively image the basal cell membrane both label-free and fluorescently. 3T3 fibroblast cells were genetically modified using standard molecular biology protocols to express the fluorescent fusion protein EGFP-Clathrin LCa (enhanced green fluorescent protein clathrin light chain a). Finally, colloidal particle endocytosis by the genetically modified cell was imaged using the TIRM/TIRF microscope. Direct visualisation of the internalisation of 500 nm particles via clathrin coated pits in 3T3 cells was shown for the first time.
21
Smith, Rachel Ann-Selina. "Detection of protein interactions at cellular membranes using total internal reflection ellipsometry." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2015. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20382/.
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The targeting and subsequent interaction of proteins with membranes and membrane bound receptors is central to numerous cellular processes. Membrane bound receptors play a vital function in cell signalling, and are thus a target for many drugs, whereas aberrant membrane interactions play a major role in human amyloid diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The analysis of these interactions in their native environments poses problems, due to the technical difficulty in depositing membranes for analysis by conventional techniques such as, surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The optical method of spectroscopic ellipsometry in its total internal reflection mode (TIRE) is a combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and SPR. This offers sensitive detection of binding between a ligand and its receptor, and gives potential solutions to the membrane deposition issues by Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) deposition. Therefore, TIRE enables the study of natively derived membranes in addition to synthetic lipid environments. The aim of this research was to develop the method of TIRE by focusing on the analysis of two distinct types of biological processes: model I tested protein: lipid interactions via amyloid fibrils at natively derived membrane from the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y; and model II tested protein: protein interactions involved in the targeting and binding of molecular chaperones to cognate receptors, using natively derived chloroplast (CP) membranes. Results of Model I demonstrated how short amyloid fibrils can bring about a toxic gain of function by increased membrane disruption, and Model II showed specific chaperone binding to cognate receptors, providing evidence that there are two predominant chaperone receptors to reside at the outer CP membrane. Together the results demonstrate that TIRE can be used with natively derived membranes to obtain biologically relevant information. The importance of studying membrane proteins is highlighted by the fact that nearly half of the top-selling drugs target membrane proteins, and organelles as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore this research will have a direct impact on the development of new therapeutics and our understanding of disease.
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Rahnavardy, Kambiz. "Investigation and application of the Frustrated-Total-Internal-Reflection phenomenon in optical fibers." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063335/.
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Chan, Hei Nga. "Analysis of biomarkers of age-related diseases by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/527.
Full textAbstract:
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) has been widely applied for the study of biomolecules because of their ability to quantify biomolecules in a sample pretreatment and enrichment free manner, when compared with those costly, sample consuming and labor intensive conventional detection assay. Here, we have applied the TIRFM imaging system for the direct quantification and analysis of the biomarkers for the age-related diseases. Three research works on the quantification and study of biomarkers with the aid of TIRFM were herein described.
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Haughey, Daniel A. "Studies of colloidal interactions." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295218.
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Ogden, Melinda Anne. "Two-photon total internal reflection microscopy for imaging live cells with high background fluorescence." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34786.
Full textAbstract:
Fluorescence microscopy allows for spatial and temporal resolution of systems which are inherently fluorescent or which can be selectively labeled with fluorescent molecules. Temporal resolution is crucial for imaging real time processes in living samples. A common problem in fluorescence microscopy of biological samples is autofluorescence, fluorescence inherent to the system, which interferes with detection of fluorescence of interest by decreasing the signal to noise ratio.
Two current methods for improved imaging against autofluorescence are two-photon excitation and total internal reflection microscopy. Two-photon excitation occurs when two longer wavelength photons are absorbed quasi-simultaneously by a single fluorophore. For this to take place there must be a photon density on the order of 1030 photons/(cm2)(s), which is achieved through use of a femtosecond pulsed laser and a high magnification microscope objective. Two-photon excitation then only occurs at the focal spot, significantly reducing the focal volume and therefore background autofluorescence.
The second method, total internal reflection, is based on evanescent wave excitation, which decreases exponentially in intensity away from the imaging surface. This allows for excitation of a thin (~200 nm) slice of a sample. Since only a narrow region of interest is excited, an optical slice can be imaged, decreasing excitation of out-of-focus autofluorescence, and increasing the signal to noise ratio.
By coupling total internal reflection with two-photon excitation, an entire cell can be imaged while still maintaining the use of lower energy photons to irradiate the sample and achieve two-photon excitation along the length traveled by the evanescent wave. This system allows for more sensitive detection of fluorescence of interest from biological systems as a result of a significant decrease in excitation volume and therefore a decrease in autofluorescence signal. In the two-photon total internal reflection microscopy setup detailed in this work, an excitation area of 20 μm by 30 μm is achieved, and used to image FITC-stained actin filaments in BS-C-1 cells
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Smith, Michael Sean Dyck. "Application of the differential method to diffraction gratings that utilize total internal reflection facets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ32250.pdf.
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Parsons, David. "The use of total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy to study polymer and particle adsorption." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304598.
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Ash, William Mason III. "Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy (TIRHM) for Quantitative Phase Characterization of Cell-Substrate Adhesion." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1564.
Full textAbstract:
Total Internal Reflection Holographic Microscopy (TIRHM) combines near-field microscopy with digital holography to produce a new form of near-field phase microscopy. Using a prism in TIR as a near-field imager, the presence of microscopic organisms, cell-substrate interfaces, and adhesions, causes relative refractive index (RRI) and frustrated TIR (f-TIR) to modulate the object beam's evanescent wave phase front. Quantitative phase images of test specimens such as Amoeba proteus, Dictyostelium Discoideum and cells such as SKOV-3 ovarian cancer and 3T3 fibroblasts are produced without the need to introduce stains or fluorophores. The angular spectrum method of digital holography to compensate for tilt anamorphism due to the inclined TIR plane is also discussed.
The results of this work conclusively demonstrate, for the first time, the integration of near-field microscopy with digital holography. The cellular images presented show a correlation between the physical extent of the Amoeba proteus plasma membrane and the adhesions that are quantitatively profiled by phase cross-sectioning of the holographic images obtained by digital holography. With its ability to quantitatively characterise cellular adhesion and motility, it is anticipated that TIRHM can be a tool for characterizing and combating cancer metastasis, as well as improving our understanding of morphogenesis and embryogenesis itself.
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Finzer, Brant M. "Detection of Oxyanion Adsorption at the Silica-Aqueous Interface using Total Internal Reflection (TIR)-Raman Spectroscopy." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417521135.
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Yordanov, Stoyan [Verfasser]. "Total internal reflection fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy: theory and application for studying boundary slip phenomenon / Stoyan Yordanov." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1030030928/34.
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Pero, Jamie Kay Thompson Nancy L. "Advancements in methodologies and theories regarding model membrane environments by total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1279.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
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Phimphivong, Samrane. "Applications of Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy for Studies of Chemical Phenomena at the Substrate-Liquid Interface." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194335.
Full textAbstract:
Applications of TIRFM for quantitative measurements of cells are limited due to high background fluorescence which can result in a low S/N ratio and therefore contribute to inaccuracy of measurements. Time-resolved total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TR-TIRFM) was developed by temporally gating a CCD camera using a liquid crystal shutter to optically filtering the short-live fluorescence and recording only the long-live emission. This technique was then applied to examine the extent of cell-substrate contacts. Tb+3 chelates such as DTPA-PhenylAS-Tb+3 was synthesized and applied as a membrane staining agent but was observed to internalized into the cell nucleus. A modified chelate molecule was therefore synthesized using DOPE as a carrier molecule. DOPE-DTPA-pAS-Tb+3 has a similar emission lifetime (1.5 msec) and appeared to stain only the cell membrane. TR-TIRF was applied to examine adherent cells on polystyrene-coated substrate. TR-TIRF images showed cellular autofluorescence and polystyrene emissions were optically filtered out, while the long-lived emission intensity of Tb+3 chelate was recorded. These results conclude that TR-TIRFM, with the use of long-live emission label (Tb+3 and Eu+3 chelates), is suitable as an analytical tool for probing a large number of cellular and molecular events occurring in the cell membrane and on the cell surface where background fluorescence would usually be problematic. Detection of K+ transported across a cell membrane is a prerequisite in the development of devices for screening drugs targeting K+ ion channels. K+ sensing film was fabricated by encapsulating a squaraine dye (aza-crown-SQR) in a sol-gel matrix for detection of K+. Sol-gel films were prepared by the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of TEOS or TMOS, APTS and GOPS mixtures. Formation of a DPhPC bilayer on sol-gel films was achieved by the vesicle fusion method and had diffusion coefficients of 2.3 and 2.1x10-8 cm2s-1 as measured by FRAP on TEOS-APTS-GOPS and TMOS-APTS-GOPS film, respectively. The time-based fluorescence intensity data from the H+ blocking experiments showed the sol-gel-supported DPhPC bilayers are impermeable to H+, and the K+ blocking experiments showed K+ was passively transported across a DPhPC bilayer by valinomycin.
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Bingham, Laura Maria. "Development of nanoparticle catalysts and total internal reflection (TIR) Raman spectroscopy for improved understanding of heterogeneous catalysis." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12445/.
Full textAbstract:
Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used very effectively for some time to probe heterogeneous catalytic reactions in situ. TIR Raman is a variant of non-resonant Raman spectroscopy which uses a totally internally reflected light, i.e. an evanescent electric field acts as the excitation source. TIR Raman reduces or avoids some key limitations of bulk Raman spectroscopy, including reduction of laser induced sample damage. This thesis has therefore been investigating the possible application of TIR Raman spectroscopy to studying heterogeneous catalysts, in particular films of size controlled metal nanoparticle catalysts. Potential catalytic materials (such as platinum, supported either on optical elements or in mesoporous silica) were synthesised, characterised by techniques such as TEM, UV-VIS, deposited on substrates both at monolayer and thicker coverages, and subjected to both conventional and TIR Raman spectroscopy. This included a significant amount of synthetic development, in particular of copper nanoparticles. Results indicated that TIR Raman enables acquisition of spectra with improved sensitivity, compared to bulk Raman, below the damage threshold of the materials, even at low levels of surface coverage. Specifically, Raman bands indicating the presence and removal (by plasma cleaning) of organic capping agents on nanoparticles have been detected for a number of systems. This was not achieved using confocal Raman spectroscopy. This was extended to develop a system for studying gas/solid catalytic reactions in situ using a specially constructed gas cell to enable application of the technique under reaction conditions. Finally, the nanoparticles synthesised primarily for the TIR Raman study have also been demonstrated as catalysts in improving the understanding of several catalysed reactions, in particular direct amide bond formation from amines and alcohols, cascade oxidations, and selective furfural hydrogenation.
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Kwok, Ka Cheung. "Measuring binding kinetics of ligands with tethered receptors by fluorescence polarization complemented with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/18.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the binding between estrogen receptors (ER) and their ligands in vitro has long been of interest mainly because of its application in anti-estrogen drug discovery for breast cancer treatment as well as in the screening of environmental contaminants for endocrine disruptors. Binding strength was conventionally quantified in terms of equilibrium dissociation constant (KD). Recently, emphasis is shifting towards kinetics rate constants, and off-rate (koff) in particular. This thesis reported a novel method to measure such binding kinetics based on fluorescence polarization complemented with total internal reflection fluorescence (FP-TIRF). It used tethered receptors in a flow cell format. For the first time, the kinetics rate constants of the binding of full-length human recombinant ERα with its standard ligands were measured. koff was found to range from 1.3 10-3 to 2.3 10-3 s-1. kon ranged from 0.3 105 to 11 105 M-1 s-1. The method could also be used to screen potential ligands. Motivated by recent findings that ginsenosides might be functional ligands of nuclear receptors, eleven ginsenosides were scanned for binding with ER and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR). None of the ginsenosides showed significant binding to ER, but Rb1 and 20(S)-Rg3 exhibited significant specific binding with PPAR.
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Shah, Suhani Kiran. "Modeling scattered intensity from microspheres in evanescent field." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2021.
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Hibbel, Anneke [Verfasser], Stefan [Gutachter] Diez, and Jonathon [Gutachter] Howard. "Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin Kip2 by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy / Anneke Hibbel ; Gutachter: Stefan Diez, Jonathon Howard." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231917253/34.
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Kaldaras, Leonora. "Single Molecule Studies of Enzymes Horseradish Peroxidase and Alkaline Phosphatase Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy and Confocal Microscopy." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1374686174.
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Shou, Xiao. "Low Frequency and Total Internal Reflection Raman Spectroscopic Study of Ions in Bulk and at the Silica/Aqueous Interface." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398878470.
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Yiu, Kwok Wing. "Measuring the binding between estrogen receptor alpha and potential endocrine disruptors by fluorescence polarization and total internal reflection fluorescence." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1503.
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Buckley, Charlotte. "Investigation of juxtaglomerular structure and function." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16881.
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Renin is the initiator and rate-limiting factor of the renin-angiotensin system, a major mechanism of blood pressure regulation. The synthesis and secretion of this active circulatory enzyme is confined exclusively to the dense core granules of kidney juxtaglomerular (JG) cells where its precursor prorenin is packaged, cleaved to the active form and stored for release on a regulated pathway. Given its importance, surprisingly little is known about this process, in part due to the difficulty in culturing primary JG cells in vitro and the lack of reliable cell lines. The initial aim of the current work was to investigate renin-containing granule dynamics in live JG cells. To achieve this, I attempted to derive novel cell lines from triple transgenic mouse models comprising immortalised granulated or non-granulated JG cells. Due to the nature of JG cells in culture, the use of these cell lines to investigate granulation was not feasible; therefore the culture of primary JG cell culture was modified and enhanced to visualise granule dynamics in live, primary JG cells for the first time. By isolating cells using a Percoll gradient and plating them on fibronectin-coated dishes, rapid and full adhesion of JG cells was achieved, as well as prolonged expression of renin from 3 days to up to 8 days post-isolation. Using this protocol to isolate JG cells from RenGFP renin reporter mice and identifying granules using the acidotropic fluorophore Lysotracker, granule dynamics were investigated in primary JG cells. High resolution, rapid image acquisition was performed using widefield and total internal reflection microscopy, showing that dense core granules respond dynamically to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, a known renin secretory stimulus. Two different pools of granules of varying granule diameters and dynamic parameters were identified optically, suggesting that separate granule pools were being identified. Mice null for the Ren-1d gene lack renin storage granules in their JG cells, however granulation was restored in Ren1d-null mice carrying a transgene encompassing the human renin (hRen) locus. Therefore in order to investigate the relationship between renin expression and the amount of granulation in JG cells, mice expressing human renin were used. To dissect the granulation phenotype in detail, 2D electron micrographs were taken of JG cells, which were immunogold stained to confirm renin content, and reconstructed in 3D. Female hRen mice showed a significantly higher volume of granulation and an increased granule number compared to males, a finding consistent with the sexually dimorphic expression of the transgene, supporting the hypothesis that granulation in JG cells is dependent on the level of renin expression. The macula densa (MD) is a critical sensor of flow and salt content in the blood; through extensive tubulo-vascular crosstalk known as tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), it releases key signalling factors stimulating and inhibiting renin synthesis and secretion from JG cells. Ren-1d-/- mice showed a hypercellular and columnar MD plaque, which was not restored by the introduction of the hRen transgene, indicating that TGF may be impaired in these mice. Using an isolated, perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus model it was shown that high salt- and increased flow-induced TGF functioned effectively in Ren1d-/- and huRen+/-Ren1d-/- mice, although animals on a Ren1d-/- background showed decreased sensitivity of glomerular tuft contraction and abnormal calcium signalling within macula densa cells. In conclusion, an appropriate in vitro model was developed for investigating granule dynamics in JG cells, using which granule motion was visualised and quantified for the first time in these cells. Although JG cell granulation is required for normal MD morphology, it was shown to not affect JGA function.
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Schmoranzer, Jan [Verfasser]. "Imaging Single Fusion Events at the Plasma Membrane using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy - Applications in Membrane Traffic / Jan Schmoranzer." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2002. http://d-nb.info/1021526401/34.
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Chen, Hsiu-Yen, and 陳修彥. "Single fluorescent molecule photobleaching detection using objective type Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89792786749984353758.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
生醫工程與環境科學系
94
In order to detect single molecule fluorescence signal, so I used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) to excite the fluorescent molecule. This setup can decrease much noise, and increase the chance of detection single fluorescent signal. Our laboratory used commercial TIRFM to combine with Dual-View and EMCCD, reached to single fluorescent molecule detection. The sample of my experiment is single strand DNA labeled Cy3. The single strand DNA are fixed to the cover slip surface by antibody-antigen binding force. Then I used the evanescent wave by total internal reflection to excite the fluorescence, and to observe the phenomenon of single fluorescent molecule photobleaching. In my TIRFM system, we already detected single fluorescent molecule photobleaching. In order to obtain better signal to noise ratio (SNR), I used three methods to analyze my experimental data. The method of mean value of 25 pixels in the fluorescence spot can obtain better SNR. By reducing the laser power, I detected the time of fluorescence photobleaching is increased, and the intensity of single fluorescent molecule is lowered. To enhance the time of fluorescent lifetime is important in the single molecule experiments. I hope to observe the phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) by using the double strands DNA labeled Cy3 and Cy5. The TIRFM system will combine with flow chamber to reach single molecule dynamical researches, and be integrated to high resolution laser tweezers system to study more biological programs in the future.
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Wei, Hao-Ting, and 魏浩庭. "Study of High-Sensitivity Total-Internal-Reflection Temperature Sensor." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25t4az.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系所
105
This thesis designs a temperature sensor based on the thermo-optic effect of ethanol and the highly sensitive total-internal-reflection (TIR) interferometry. A linearly heterodyne light propagates through a phase shifter, composed of a half-wave and two quarter-wave plates, subsequently penetrating an isosceles right-angle prism with an ethanol solution at an angle larger than the critical angle. When the azimuth angles of these wave plates and the analyzer are properly selected, the final phase difference exhibited by the solution refractive index of the interference signal can be greatly enhanced. As the ambient temperature shift occurs, the final phase-difference will significantly changes due to the thermo-optic effect of the ethanol. The phase-difference variation is easily measurable using heterodyne interferometric technique; hence, temperature shift is accurately obtainable from the data of the measured phase difference. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated by the experimental results, which yielded measurement sensitivity and resolution at least 1.4 °/℃ and 0.02 °, respectively. In addition to the high and the tunable sensitivity, the method also has advantages of high stability and accuracy, and rapid measurement due to its common-path configuration and phase measurement. Keywords: Highly sensitive,total internal reflection,temperature
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Lin, Tsung-Chieh, and 林聰捷. "Study of the LED Lighting with Total Internal Reflection." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99976917493052623200.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
機械工程系所
97
This research is design the light guide with total internal reflection. The light guide mainly applications uses LED’s for forming a device with ring-like lighting surface. This research, we use optical simulation software to analysis then we find the relationship between different length and thickness reflective efficiency with average illuminance values and uniformity.We useTaguchi Methods find the best size that the best control factor for parameter optimization. Finally, we use the experiments to contrast result of analysis.
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Cheng, Shu-Ya, and 鄭淑雅. "Single Molecule Detection by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00415403072887196824.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
化學研究所
92
Single molecule detection is a powerful and practical approach to explore bio-molecules, because it provides information about actual fluctuation and distribution of dynamic and kinetic parameters, enables relationship between inputs and outputs of events of proteins reaction to be qualified, and removes the need for synchronization. We use a laser of suitable wavelength to excite the selected fluorescent-labeled molecules, and then address the dynamic behaviors of target molecules by analysis and observation of the labeled molecules. This is namely single molecule fluorescence microscopy. This work is mainly about the construction of a Prism-type Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy system for the purpose of single molecule studies. The key of TIRFM is to reduce the background fluorescence effectively. When the light is totally reflected in the interface, the evanescent field is generated. The evanescent field is several times the intensity of the incident light, and diminishes exponentially with the distance form the interface. The penetration depth is quite narrow, around 100nm. Fluorescent-labeled molecules, which happen to be in this region, are excited selectively and emit fluorescence. The signal is collected by a high numerical aperture objective, and detected by CCD and APD. CCD is able to provide spatial information and extract statistics on numbers of individual molecules, while APD offers adequate temporal resolution. The signal pulses from one or double channels were counted and analyzed with time series. The reporters that are chosen for ATP synthase are CyDye, including Cy3 and Cy5. We use a green laser (wavelength = 532nm) to pump the Cy3. The substrates are spin-coated with Cy3 in agarose solution of 99% water as a test specimen, with concentrations in the range of 10~100pM. Both the CCD visualization and the APD photon counting measurements demonstrate that the TIRFM does work and is capable of probing single molecules. The background fluorescence value in our experiments goes around 20 photo-electrons/sec and the SBR averages 13, 20 at most, and still could be enhanced. Before photo-bleaching, about 100,000∼1,000,000 photo-electrons were detected from each Cy3 molecule by APD. Since the single molecule detection system has been built up successfully, we will carry on the investigation into the dynamic behaviors of bio-molecules and the study of the enzyme kinetic, such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer between Cy3 and Cy5, so as to elucidate the underlying mechanism of bio-motors from a chemist’s point of view.
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Lin, Yi-Shu, and 林義書. "Analysis of Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) Multi-touch Mode." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38868223314541268555.
Full textAbstract:
碩士義守大學
機械與自動化工程學系碩士在職專班
101
There are many different methods for detecting multi-touches on the device surfaces, which all have their advantages and disadvantages. Some of the methods require a lot of pressure to be activated; others are activated even if the user is only close to the surface. Most of the technologies are only used to detect touches, but some of the technologies can be used to detect hands. To use these advantages and overcome their disadvantages should be researched in the future. This study presents an optical technology, which are called Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR). This technology worked with infrared light reflected by fingertips, captured by an IR-sensitive camera. The multi-touch positions were determined through the well-known software. A tabletop hardware setup is successfully presented, which combines the FTIR eequipment included of the acrylic plate, the array IR-LED lights, a cameras, and a projector, etc.. In the process of this study easy to use software was developed by NUI group, for rapidly testing various processing steps which are needed for the detection process. Additionally, three different thickness of the complaint layer were investigated for the touching performance, namely 0.1-mm- PET, 1.0-mm- PVC and 3.0-mm-thickness PVC, respectively. Experimental results show that 1.0-mm-thickness PVC demonstrated a higher multi-touch sensitivity. With this FTIR system, images can be captured, preprocessed, analyzed, resulting information post-processed and afterwards sent to an application.
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Chiang, Keng-Huan, and 蔣庚寰. "Study of High Sensitivity Total-Internal-Reflection Atmosphere Pressure Sensor." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39b573.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
106
In this thesis, a method for measuring the air pressure is proposed using highly sensitive total reflection heterodyne interferometry. After passing through a phase shifter formed by some wave plates, a heterodyne light beam penetrates into an isosceles prism with the bottom in contact with an air pressure cavity, and it is totally reflected; then, the totally reflected light beam travels an analyzer for interference. When the fast axis and the transmission axis of the wave plates and the analyzer are set at specific azimuth angles, the phase difference associated with the air pressure of the interference signal is greatly increased. Therefore, the change of the air pressure in the cavity results in a significant the phase difference variation of the interference signal. The variation can easily be measured with heterodyne interferometry, and the pressure change is obtainable from the measured phase difference. The feasibility was demonstrated by experimental results. The sensitivity and the resolution of this method are up to 0.12 degree/torr and 0.25 torr, respectively in a range from 10 to 2090 torr. Due to being the common-path heterodyne interferometry, the method provides the advantages of instant response, excellent resistance to light source instability, adjustable sensitivity, and high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Mossman, Michele Ann. "Spectral control of total internal reflection for novel information displays." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13177.
Full textAbstract:
A new method for creating a reflective image device has been devised based on total
internal reflection (TIR). This technique has the potential to yield a brighter, highercontrast
image than those of current reflective displays by incorporating polymeric
micro-prismatic sheets that reflect by means of TIR. High surface reflectance is achieved
by efficiently redirecting ambient light toward the viewer, and an image is generated by
controllably preventing, or "frustrating", the reflection in selected regions through
absorption of light in the very thin evanescent wave region near the TIR interface. The
transition between the reflective and absorptive state requires a motion of less than a
micron of the absorber, and therefore it can occur quickly and efficiently.
A fundamental problem in this approach - interfacial adhesion - was ameliorated through
the use of liquid phase backing material, instead of gas. However, this complicated the
optical requirements by substantially reducing the refractive index ratio at the TIR
interface. To maintain TIR over an acceptable angular range, a low refractive index
perfluorinated hydrocarbon was identified as an ideal liquid, and an optical configuration
was devised to enhance the effective refractive index ratio at the interface.
Detailed Monte Carlo ray tracing verified that high reflectance and a high contrast ratio
are achievable with these designs over a useful range of viewing directions.
Electrophoresis of pigment particles in a perfluorinated hydrocarbon has been shown to
be a practical method for modulating TIR. The observed photometric performance is
consistent with a numerical model developed to describe the interaction of an incident
light ray with a density distribution of particles near the interface. Colour pigment
suspensions have yielded, for the first time, spectrally selective control of TIR, which
requires the particles to be essentially non-scattering but selectively absorptive.
The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of this TIR-based approach in
practical reflective image device applications, and are suggestive that further
development work in this area is warranted.
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廖育徵. "Study of sensitivity-tunable total internal reflection optical sensing system." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80472857185623887764.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
98
Based on total-internal reflection (TIR), a phase sensitivity-tunable optical sensing system is proposed. This thesis attempts to design a phase sensitivity-tunable optical sensing system consisting of a heterodyne light source, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an isosceles right-angle prism, and some quarter- and half- wave plates. When the azimuth angles of the quarter-wave plates are chosen properly, the final phase difference of the two interference signals is associated with the azimuth angle of the fast-axis of the half-wave plates, thus creating the controllable phase sensitivity. Numerical analysis demonstrates that the high phase measuring sensitivity and the small measuring range, and the low phase measuring sensitivity and the wide measuring range can be performed by selecting the suitable azimuth angle of the half-wave plates. The feasibility of the measuring method was demonstrated by the experiment results. Numerical calculations indicate that the sensitivity of 8.44～1077 degree/degree, and the measurement resolution of1.184×10-3~9.688×10-6 , can be achieved. In addition to the tunable phase sensitivity and small size TIR apparatus, this system also has the merits of high stability and high resolution due to its common-path configuration and heterodyne phase measurement.
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謝易霖. "Study of Sensitivity-tunable Heterodyne Interferometer Based on Total Internal Reflection." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84095868553524683092.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
97
In this thesis, we present a sensitivity-tunable total-internal-reflection (TIR) heterodyne interferometer by using a special-designed TIR apparatus that consists of parallelogram prism and a half-wave plate. When a light beam is incident on a parallelogram prism, the beam is totally reflected in the prism and then the output light passes through a half-wave plate. Finally, the beam enters an electric-optic modulator and an analyzer for modulation and interference. Since the phase difference between s- and p-polarizations of the interference signal is associated with the azimuth angle of the half-wave plates, the phase difference can be controlled by changing the angle, hence yielding the sensitivity-tunable result. The angular sensitivity of -15000~15000(deg/deg) and refractional sensitivity of -5000~5000(deg/RIU) should be achieved in the system. Our method has the merits of high sensitivity, tunable sensitivity, and a short TIR apparatus length.