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Journal articles on the topic 'Total degradation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Miyahira, T. F., H. N. Becker, S. S. McClure, L. D. Edmonds, A. H. Johnston, and Y. Hishinuma. "Total dose degradation of mems optical mirrors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 50, no. 6 (December 2003): 1860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2003.820764.

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2

Sun, Youwen, Mathias Palm, Cheng Liu, Frank Hase, David Griffith, Christine Weinzierl, Christof Petri, Wei Wang, and Justus Notholt. "The influence of instrumental line shape degradation on NDACC gas retrievals: total column and profile." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2018): 2879–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2879-2018.

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Abstract. We simulated instrumental line shape (ILS) degradations with respect to typical types of misalignment, and compared their influence on each NDACC (Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) gas. The sensitivities of the total column, the root mean square (rms) of the fitting residual, the total random uncertainty, the total systematic uncertainty, the total uncertainty, degrees of freedom for signal (DOFs), and the profile with respect to different levels of ILS degradation for all current standard NDACC gases, i.e. O3, HNO3, HCl, HF, ClONO2, CH4, CO, N2O, C2H6, and HCN, were investigated. The influence of an imperfect ILS on NDACC gases' retrieval was assessed, and the consistency under different meteorological conditions and solar zenith angles (SZAs) were examined. The study concluded that the influence of ILS degradation can be approximated by the linear sum of individual modulation efficiency (ME) amplitude influence and phase error (PE) influence. The PE influence is of secondary importance compared with the ME amplitude. Generally, the stratospheric gases are more sensitive to ILS degradation than the tropospheric gases, and the positive ME influence is larger than the negative ME. For a typical ILS degradation (10 %), the total columns of stratospheric gases O3, HNO3, HCl, HF, and ClONO2 changed by 1.9, 0.7, 4, 3, and 23 %, respectively, while the columns of tropospheric gases CH4, CO, N2O, C2H6, and HCN changed by 0.04, 2.1, 0.2, 1.1, and 0.75 %, respectively. In order to suppress the fractional difference in the total column for ClONO2 and other NDACC gases within 10 and 1 %, respectively, the maximum positive ME degradations for O3, HNO3, HCl, HF, ClONO2, CO, C2H6, and HCN should be less than 6, 15, 5, 5, 5, 5, 9, and 13 %, respectively; the maximum negative ME degradations for O3, HCl, and HF should be less than 6, 12, and 12 %, respectively; the influence of ILS degradation on CH4 and N2O can be regarded as being negligible.

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3

Mondal, Tanmay, and Bhubaneswar Mandal. "Total degradation of extracellular amyloids by miniature artificial proteases." Chemical Communications 56, no. 15 (2020): 2348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09409a.

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4

Kasperek, G. J., and R. D. Snider. "Total and myofibrillar protein degradation in isolated soleus muscles after exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 257, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): E1—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.1.e1.

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The effect of exercise on the rate of total and myofibrillar protein degradation was determined by measuring the rate of release of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine, respectively, from isolated rat soleus muscle strips after exercise. The rate of tyrosine release was 30–50% greater from the muscles of the exercised rats, whereas the rate of 3-methylhistidine release was unchanged. Thus the exercise-induced increase in the rate of protein degradation is due to increased breakdown of nonmyofibrillar proteins. The rate of protein degradation increases as a function of exercise duration and rapidly returns to the preexercise level during recovery. The exercise-induced increase in the rate of protein degradation is not inhibited by chloroquine. Together these observations suggest that the increase in the rate of protein degradation observed immediately after exercise is due to the breakdown of nonmyofibrillar proteins and occurs via the nonlysosomal pathway of protein degradation.

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5

Nicolaou, K. C., P. G. Nantermet, H. Ueno, R. K. Guy, E. A. Couladouros, and E. J. Sorensen. "Total Synthesis of Taxol. 1. Retrosynthesis, Degradation, and Reconstitution." Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, no. 2 (January 1995): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00107a006.

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6

Vasileska, D., D. K. Schroder, and D. K. Ferry. "Scaled silicon MOSFETs: degradation of the total gate capacitance." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 44, no. 4 (April 1997): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.563362.

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7

Ma, Guo-Feng, Ahmed Ali, Nicole Verzijl, Roeland Hanemaaijer, Johan TeKoppele, Yrjö T. Konttinen, and Jari Salo. "Increased collagen degradation around loosened total hip replacement implants." Arthritis & Rheumatism 54, no. 9 (2006): 2928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22064.

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8

Johnston, A. H., and R. E. Plaag. "Models for Total Dose Degradation of Linear Integrated Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34, no. 6 (1987): 1474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1987.4337502.

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9

Moctezuma, Edgar, Elisa Leyva, Claudia A. Aguilar, Raúl A. Luna, and Carlos Montalvo. "Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol: Intermediates and total reaction mechanism." Journal of Hazardous Materials 243 (December 2012): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.010.

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10

Leyva, Elisa, Edgar Moctezuma, and Saúl Noriega. "Photocatalytic degradation of omeprazole. Intermediates and total reaction mechanism." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 92, no. 7 (April 3, 2017): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5263.

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11

Lockwood, T. D. "Distinction between major chloroquine-inhibitable and adrenergic-responsive pathways of protein degradation and their relation to tissue ATP content in the Langendorff isolated perfused rat heart." Biochemical Journal 251, no. 2 (April 15, 1988): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2510341.

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In the Langendorff isolated perfused rat heart, 36% of total basal protein degradation was inhibited by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (30 microM), after elimination of rapid turnover proteins during a 3 h preliminary degradation period. Prior inhibition of degradation with chloroquine was additive to the 30% inhibition caused by simultaneous infusion of 50-200 nM-isoprenaline. This additivity suggests that the adrenergic-controlled process is independent of the lysosomal degradative pathway. After discontinuation of drug infusions, the isoprenaline-inhibited degradation rate returned to the previous baseline; however, the chloroquine-inhibited degradation rate transiently exceeded the previous baseline. NaN3 (0.3 mM) caused a decrease of left-ventricular myocardial ATP content of approx. 60% at 14 min and extreme impairment of contractile function; however, the total lysosomal and non-lysosomal protein degradation was not changed at this time. Conversely, left-ventricular tissue ATP content was not changed during proteolytic inhibition by 10 nM-isoprenaline or 10 microM-chloroquine at 14 min. The results indicate that depletion of myocardial energy stores in this preparation is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause inhibition of the total of lysosomal and non-lysosomal protein degradation.

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12

XU, Shou-long, and Shu-Liang Zou. "ICONE23-1155 TOTAL-IONIZING-DOSE EFFECTS IN PIXEL PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION OF CMOS IMAGE SENSORS UNDER LOW DOSE RATE." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2015.23 (2015): _ICONE23–1—_ICONE23–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2015.23._icone23-1_83.

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13

Salame, C., F. Pelanchon, and P. Mialhe. "Degradation of VDMOSFET by Heavy Ion Irradiations." Active and Passive Electronic Components 22, no. 4 (2000): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/90585.

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This article focuses on the effect of the heavy ions irradiations on the electrical characteristics of VDMOSFET (Vertical Diffusion Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) devices. A summary of the total dose effects and the single event effects is covered to evaluate the experimental observations. Device degradations due to the hot carriers junction avalanche are studied by a physical parameters extraction method, leading to an understanding of the degradation processes. Results show that a protective resistor load can reduce the degradation effect in the device.

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14

Wang, Le, Wei Huang, Yu Sha, Haicheng Yin, Ying Liang, Xin Wang, Yan Shen, Xingquan Wu, Dapeng Wu, and Jinshui Wang. "Co-Cultivation of Two Bacillus Strains for Improved Cell Growth and Enzyme Production to Enhance the Degradation of Aflatoxin B1." Toxins 13, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070435.

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Bacillus sp. H16v8 and Bacillus sp. HGD9229 were identified as Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degrader in nutrient broth after a 12 h incubation at 37 °C. The degradation efficiency of the two-strain supernatant on 100 μg/L AFB1 was higher than the bacterial cells and cell lysate. Moreover, degradations of AFB1 were strongly affected by the metal ions in which Cu2+ stimulated the degradation and Zn2+ inhibited the degradation. The extracellular detoxifying enzymes produced by co-cultivation of two strains were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration. The molecular weight range of the detoxifying enzymes was 20–25 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The co-culture of two strains improved the total cell growth with the enhancement of the total protein content and detoxifying enzyme production. The degradation efficiency of the supernatant from mixed cultures increased by 87.7% and 55.3% compared to Bacillus sp. H16v8 and HGD9229, individually. Moreover, after the degradation of AFB1, the four products of the lower toxicity were identified by LC-Triple TOF-MS with the two proposed hypothetical degradation pathways.

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15

Lim, Heonsang. "Optimum Accelerated Degradation Tests for the Gamma Degradation Process Case under the Constraint of Total Cost." Entropy 17, no. 5 (April 23, 2015): 2556–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e17052556.

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16

Mostow, W. R., A. G. Ferguson, M. Lesch, R. S. Decker, and A. M. Samarel. "Nonrandom turnover of actin and tubulin in cultured rabbit cardiac fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 255, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): C202—C213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.2.c202.

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Total protein fractional rates of growth, synthesis, and degradation were assessed in primary cultures of rabbit cardiac fibroblasts. Differences in fractional growth rates were produced by subculturing cells at low density and growing them to confluence. Total protein fractional degradative rates were then derived by subtracting fractional growth rates from measured fractional synthetic rates (obtained in [3H]leucine pulse-labeling experiments). Actin and tubulin degradation were studied in similar rapidly and slowly growing cultures. [35S]methionine pulse-chase experiments, followed by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and densitometry were used to determine the amount of labeled actin and tubulin remaining in cultures at various times during the chase (0-96 h). The indirect study showed a substantially lower total protein fractional degradative rate during rapid vs. slow growth (0.04 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.42 +/- 0.01 d-1 at 2 and 15 days after subculture, respectively; P less than 0.01). At both growth rates, the disappearance of labeled actin and tubulin was delayed, suggesting a more complex model for their degradation than random decay. Serum deprivation of slowly growing fibroblasts increased the rate of disappearance of both proteins by eliminating the delay in their breakdown. Thus the suppression of protein degradation during rapid growth appears to result from the presence of relatively greater amounts of “new” actin and tubulin (and possible other long-lived proteins) that are kinetically distinct from the total intracellular pools of these proteins with respect to their susceptibility to proteolysis.

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17

Tobita, S., and S. Iyobe. "Total Degradation of 4-Chlorobenzoic Acid by an Acinetobacter sp." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0320.

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An organism isolated from a soil sample with 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) as the sole carbon and energy source was tentatively identified as an Acinetobacter sp. This organism, strain ST-1, could completely mineralize 4-CBA in pure culture. The strain hydrolytically dehalogenated 4-CBA as the first step in the degradation pathway. The product, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was further metabolized via protocatechuic acid (PCA) under aerobic conditions. The conversion of 4-CBA into 4-hydroxybenzoic acid occurred with a yield greater than 80% under anaerobic conditions with continuous passage of nitrogen into the culture, so molecular oxygen was not essential for dehalogenation. Spectrophotometrical studies showed that the strain oxidized PCA to form β-carboxy-cis, cis-muconic acid as the ortho-ring fission product. Cell extracts converted PCA to β-ketoadipic acid, which was evidence that PCA was cleaved by ortho fission and further degraded in the β-ketoadipate pathway.

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18

Schwank, J. R., R. D. Nasby, S. L. Miller, M. S. Rodgers, and P. V. Dressendorfer. "Total-dose radiation-induced degradation of thin film ferroelectric capacitors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 37, no. 6 (1990): 1703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.101180.

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19

Bo lade, O. P., B. M. Durodola, A. B. Williams, and N. U. Benson. "Persulphate-based degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated water." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (December 2019): 032050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032050.

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20

Galla, U., P. Kritzer, J. Bringmann, and H. Schmieder. "Process for Total Degradation of Organic Wastes by Mediated Electrooxidation." Chemical Engineering & Technology 23, no. 3 (March 2000): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4125(200003)23:3<230::aid-ceat230>3.0.co;2-3.

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21

Graves, A. R., J. Morris, L. K. Deeks, R. J. Rickson, M. G. Kibblewhite, J. A. Harris, T. S. Farewell, and I. Truckle. "The total costs of soil degradation in England and Wales." Ecological Economics 119 (November 2015): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.026.

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22

Moctezuma, Edgar, Elisa Leyva, Carmen Lara-Pérez, Saúl Noriega, and Antonio Martínez-Richa. "TiO2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Diclofenac: Intermediates and Total Reaction Mechanism." Topics in Catalysis 63, no. 5-6 (April 22, 2020): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-020-01262-7.

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23

Iswandi, M. Helmi, and Hadiyanto. "Analysis of Total Mangrove Carbon Stock Degradation in Kendari Bay." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 448 (April 4, 2020): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/448/1/012026.

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24

Chen, Lihua, Zhongchun Lei, Xiaofang Luo, Dongmei Wang, Li Li, and An Li. "Biological Degradation and Transformation Characteristics of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oil Degradation Bacteria Adsorbed on Modified Straw." ACS Omega 4, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 10921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00906.

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25

Stoiljkovic, Zora, Milka Jadranin, Svetlana Djuric, Slobodan Petrovic, Avramov Ivic, and Dusan Mijin. "Investigation of forced and total degradation products of amlodipine besylate by liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq121226011s.

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An isocratic, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was applied for the investigation of the degradation products of amlodipine besylate under the stressed conditions in solution. Amlodipine besylate stock solutions were subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, chemical oxidation and photodegradation as well as to the electrochemical degradation by cyclic voltammetry in 0.05 mol/L NaHCO3 on gold electrode. The total degradation of amlodipine besylate was achieved in 5 mol/L NaOH at 80?C for 6 h and the compound with molecular formula C15H16NOCl was identified as a main degradation product. Under acidic (5 mol/L HCl at 80?C for 6 h) stress conditions 75.2% of amlodipine besylate degradation was recorded. Oxidative degradation in the solution of 3% H2O2-methanol 80:20 at 80?C for 6 h showed that amlodipine besylate degraded to 80.1%. After 14 days of expose in photostability chamber amlodipine besylate solution showed degradation of 32.2%. In electrochemical degradation after 9 hours of cyclization the beginning of amlodipine oxidation was shifted for 200 mV to more negative potentials, with the degradation of 66.5%. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of dehydro amlodipine derivate with molecular formula C20H23N2O5Cl in oxidative and acidic conditions while in electrochemical degradation was detected in traces.

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26

Cardak, Osman, and Musa Dikmenli. "Student Science Teachers’ Ideas about the Degradation of Ecosystems." International Education Studies 9, no. 3 (February 24, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n3p95.

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<p class="apa">The aim of this research is to investigate student science teachers’ opinions about the causes of degradation of ecosystems and the effects of such degradations on the environment. This research focuses on the following questions: What kind of descriptions do student science teachers ascribe to the reasons of degradation in ecosystems? What are the effects of ecosystem degradations on the environment? What are the misconceptions in relation to degradations in ecosystems? A total of 130 participating students, who were studying to become science teachers at Faculty of Education of Necmettin Erbakan University in Turkey, participated in this study. To reveal the participating students’ opinions about the reasons for degradations in ecosystems and their effects on the environment, they were asked to answer two open questions: (1) What are the reasons for degradations in ecosystems? (2) What are the effects of degradations in ecosystems on the environment? The participants were asked to answer these two questions. Data obtained from the questions were analyzed and the frequencies of the answers were classified in different categories. Moreover, these included some misconceptions such as ‘the greenhouse effect can lead to skin cancer’ and ‘ozone layer depletion leads to global warming’. The findings are compared with related literature and suggestions are presented.</p>

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27

BARNABY, H. J. "TOTAL DOSE EFFECTS IN LINEAR BIPOLAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 02 (June 2004): 519–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002491.

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Electronics systems that operate in space or strategic environments can be severely damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation. Space-based systems that utilize linear bipolar integrated circuits are particularly susceptible to radiation-induced damage because of the enhanced sensitivity of these circuits to the low rate of radiation exposure. The phenomenon of enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) demonstrates the need for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of total dose effects in linear bipolar circuits. The majority of detailed bipolar total dose studies to date have focused on radiation effects mechanisms at either the process or transistor level. The goal of this text is to provide an overview of total dose mechanisms from the circuit perspective; in particular, the effects of transistor gain degradation on specific linear bipolar circuit parameters and the effects of circuit parameter degradation on select linear bipolar circuit applications.

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28

Wang Bin, 王斌, 胡辽林 Hu Liaolin, and 薛瑞洋 Xue Ruiyang. "Image Restoration Based on Degradation Conversion and Seperable Total Variation Model." Acta Optica Sinica 34, no. 10 (2014): 1011002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201434.1011002.

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29

Nörtemann, Bernd. "Total Degradation of EDTA by Mixed Cultures and a Bacterial Isolate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, no. 2 (1992): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.58.2.671-676.1992.

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30

De Munck, J., B. Van Meerbeek, Y. Yoshida, S. Inoue, M. Vargas, K. Suzuki, P. Lambrechts, and G. Vanherle. "Four-year Water Degradation of Total-etch Adhesives Bonded to Dentin." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 2 (February 2003): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200212.

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31

Jagannathan, S., T. D. Loveless, E. X. Zhang, D. M. Fleetwood, R. D. Schrimpf, T. D. Haeffner, J. S. Kauppila, et al. "Sensitivity of High-Frequency RF Circuits to Total Ionizing Dose Degradation." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60, no. 6 (December 2013): 4498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2013.2283457.

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32

Marín, Fernando, Hugo Navarrete, and Alexandra Narvaez-Trujillo. "Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation by Endophytic Fungi from the Ecuadorian Amazon." Advances in Microbiology 08, no. 12 (2018): 1029–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2018.812070.

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33

Rosati, Stefano, Enzo Alberto Candreva, Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli, and Giovanni E. Corazza. "A closed-form expression for the total degradation in OFDM systems." International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking 33, no. 6 (September 22, 2014): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.1093.

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34

Purushothaman, Bushan K., Michael Pelsozy, Philip W. Morrison, Vadim F. Lvovich, and Heidi B. Martin. "In situ infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroelectrochemical study of lubricant degradation." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 42, no. 2 (January 10, 2012): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-011-0377-x.

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35

Ngigi, Anastasiah N., Zachary M. Getenga, Ulrike Dörfler, Hamadi I. Boga, Benson Kuria, Paul Ndalut, and Reiner Schroll. "Effects of carbon amendment onin situatrazine degradation and total microbial biomass." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 48, no. 1 (January 2013): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.716727.

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36

Nedunuri, K. V., R. S. Govindaraju, M. K. Banks, A. P. Schwab, and Z. Chen. "Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Field-Scale Degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons." Journal of Environmental Engineering 126, no. 6 (June 2000): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2000)126:6(483).

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37

bunugha Ere, Woyengi, and Balogun Timothy Ayodeji. "Modeling the Degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil using Mushroom." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 66, no. 2 (December 25, 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v66p215.

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38

Kardile, Nilesh B., Vikas Nanda, and Shubhangi Thakre. "Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Total Carotenoid and Colour of Mixed Juice." Agricultural Research 9, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40003-019-00434-6.

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39

Gonzalez-Munoz, S., J. Sanchez, S. Lopez-Aguirre, J. Vicente, and J. Pinos-Rodriguez. "Ruminal fermentation and digestion of cattle diets with total and partial replacement of soybean meal by a slow-release urea product." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 7 (July 25, 2019): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/159/2018-vetmed.

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One in vitro assay and one in vivo trial with ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were conducted to evaluate the effects of a dietary substitution of soybean meal by a urea and slow-release urea source of fermentation and degradation of diets for cattle. The experimental diets consisted of the total mixed rations defined as the control with soybean meal (SBM), U (urea), SRU (slow-release urea), and SRU+U+AA (0.42% + 0.42% + 1% amino acids methionine and lysine). The dietary substitution of SBM by U or SRU reduced (P < 0.05) the total gas production (V), microbial mass and degradation at 72 h incubation under the in vitro conditions, as well as the degradation rate (c) and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of the steers; however, when the dietary substitution of SBM was by U+SRU+AA, those values did not decrease. In the steers, the dietary substitution of SBM by U and SRU reduced the ruminal degradation rate and the total VFA, and increased the ammonia N, but when SBM was substituted by U+SRU+AA in the diets, these changes were not observed. No advantage of SRU over U was found. The dietary substitution of SBM by U, SRU, U+SRU+AA did not modify the molar proportion of the VFA in the rumen nor were there changes in the nutrient digestion or excretion. Both the in vitro assay and the in vivo trial indicated that replacing SBM with U or SRU increases the ruminal ammonia N concentrations and reduces the degradation rate in the rumen, although those undesirable findings were not found when the SBM was replaced by U+SRU+AA. Therefore, it is feasible to replace the SBM with a combination of urea, slow-release urea, lysine and methionine in the diet for the ruminants.

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40

Silver, G., and J. D. Etlinger. "Regulation of myofibrillar accumulation in chick muscle cultures: evidence for the involvement of calcium and lysosomes in non-uniform turnover of contractile proteins." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 2383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.6.2383.

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The effect of calcium on myofibrillar turnover in primary chick leg skeletal muscle cultures was examined. Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 at subcontraction threshold levels (0.38 microM) increased significantly rates of efflux of preloaded 45Ca+2 but had no effect on total protein accumulation. However, A23187 as well as ionomycin caused decreased accumulation of the myofibrillar proteins, myosin heavy chain (MHC), myosin light chain 1f (LC1f), 2f (LC2f), alpha-actin (Ac), and tropomyosin (TM). A23187 increased the degradation rate of LC1f, LC2f, and TM after 24 h. In contrast, the calcium ionophore caused decreased degradation of Ac and troponin-C and had no effect on the degradation of MHC, troponin-T, troponin-I, or alpha, beta-desmin (Dm). In addition, A23187 did not alter degradation of total myotube protein. The ionophore had little or no effect on the synthesis of total myotube proteins, but caused a marked decrease in the synthesis of MHC, LC1f, LC2f, Ac, TM, and Dm after 48 h. The mechanisms involved in calcium-stimulated degradation of the myofibrillar proteins were also investigated. Increased proteolysis appeared to involve a lysosomal pathway, since the effect of the Ca++ ionophore could be blocked by the protease inhibitor leupeptin and the lysosomotropic agents methylamine and chloroquine. The effects of A23187 occur in the presence of serum, a condition in which no lysosomal component of overall protein degradation is detected. The differential effect of A23187 on the degradative rates of the myofibrillar proteins suggests a dynamic structure for the contractile apparatus.

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41

Fernández-Romero, Editha, Segundo G. Chavez-Quintana, Raúl Siche, Efraín M. Castro-Alayo, and Fiorella P. Cardenas-Toro. "The Kinetics of Total Phenolic Content and Monomeric Flavan-3-ols during the Roasting Process of Criollo Cocoa." Antioxidants 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020146.

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Cocoa beans are the main raw material for the manufacture of chocolate and are currently gaining great importance due to their antioxidant potential attributed to the total phenolic content (TPC) and the monomeric flavan-3-ols (epicatechin and catechin). The objective of this study was to determine the degradation kinetics parameters of TPC, epicatechin, and catechin during the roasting process of Criollo cocoa for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min at 90, 110, 130, 150, 170, 190, and 200 °C. The results showed a lower degradation of TPC (10.98 ± 6.04%) and epicatechin (8.05 ± 3.01%) at 130 °C and 10 min of roasting, while a total degradation of epicatechin and a 92.29 ± 0.06% degradation of TPC was obtained at 200 °C and 50 min. Reaction rate constant ( k ) and activation energy ( E a ) were 0.02–0.10 min−1 and 24.03 J/mol for TPC and 0.02–0.13 min−1 and 22.51 J/mol for epicatechin, respectively. Degradation kinetics of TPC and epicatechin showed first-order reactions, while the catechin showed patterns of formation and degradation.

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42

Goula, Athanasia M., A. Tzika, and K. G. Adamopoulos. "Kinetic Models of Evaporation and Total Phenolics Degradation during Pomegranate Juice Concentration." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0016.

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Abstract Pomegranate juice was concentrated by conventional heating at different temperatures (45, 50, 55, 60, and 65°C), and the effect of temperature on evaporation rate and on thermal degradation of total phenolics was investigated. Concentration kinetics modeling was developed based on thin-layer drying models. The logarithmic model was found to give better predictions than the others. The temperature dependence of the model constants was expressed by polynomial relationships. In addition, a first-order decay model, with an Arrhenius and a polynomial dependency on temperature and water content, respectively, was used to describe the joint influence of temperature and moisture content on the thermal degradation of total phenolics in a concentration process of pomegranate juice.

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43

Schmidt, E. "Degradation of 3-chlorobenzoate by benzoate or 3-methylbenzoate-utilising cultures 3-chlorobenzoate; mixed cultures; total degradation; incompatible substrates." FEMS Microbiology Letters 31, no. 6 (December 1985): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1097(85)90035-7.

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44

Podhrázská, Jana, Jan Szturc, Petr Karásek, Josef Kučera, and Jana Konečná. "Economic impacts of farmland degradation in the Czech Republic – Case Study." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 11 (November 20, 2019): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/89/2019-agricecon.

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To analyse the potential changes in soil characteristics and associated impacts on the land price, the region of South Moravia was selected, strongly threatened by erosion and by claiming the most valuable land in suburban territories due to industrial and housing expansion. For the detailed analysis of the impacts of erosion and land appropriation in the region of South Moravia, the model territories of Brno surroundings with the municipality of Dolní Heršpice and Hustopeče surroundings with the municipality of Starovice were selected. The price of land degraded by potential erosion in the South Moravian region fluctuates between 88 and 2 400 EUR/ha. In the past 180 years, 148 ha of agricultural land in the total value of 822 815 EUR have been used for construction in the location under study in Dolní Heršpice. Further growth of the municipality should involve additional appropriation of agricultural land in the value of 411 000 EUR. In the studied land block of 100.5 ha, located in the Starovice municipality area, water erosion caused degradation in the total value of 92 000 EUR in the period 1978–2013. Extensive losses of fertile agricultural land are to be expected in the future. Their main causes are continuing land appropriation and degradation processes – soil erosion.

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45

Réblová, Z., D. Tichovská, and M. Doležal. "Heating of Plant Oils-Fatty Acid Reactions versus Tocopherols Degradation." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S185—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/968-cjfs.

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Relationship between polymerised triacylglycerols formation and tocopherols degradation was studied during heating of four commercially accessible vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, classical sunflower oil, soybean oil and olive oil) on the heating plate with temperature 180°C. The content of polymerised triacylglycerols 6% (i.e. half of maximum acceptable content) was achieved after 5.3, 4.2, 4.1, and 2.6 hours of heating for olive oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil, respectively, while decrease in content of total tocopherols to 50% of the original content was achieved after 3.4, 1.6, 1.3, and 0.5 hours of heating for soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and olive oil, respectively. Because of the high degradation rate of tocopherols, decrease in content of total tocopherols to 50% of the original content was achieved at content of polymerised triacylglycerols 0.6%, 1.9%, 2.8% and 4.9% for olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil, respectively, i.e. markedly previous to the frying oil should be replaced.

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46

Seiliez, Iban, Karine Dias, and Beth M. Cleveland. "Contribution of the autophagy-lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteasomal proteolytic systems to total proteolysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) myotubes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 11 (December 1, 2014): R1330—R1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00370.2014.

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The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is recognized as the major contributor to total proteolysis in mammalian skeletal muscle, responsible for 50% or more of total protein degradation in skeletal muscle, whereas the autophagic-lysosome system (ALS) plays a more minor role. While the relative contribution of these systems to muscle loss is well documented in mammals, little is known in fish species. The current study uses myotubes derived from rainbow trout myogenic precursor cells as an in vitro model of white muscle tissue. Cells were incubated in complete or serum-deprived media or media supplemented with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and exposed to selective proteolytic inhibitors to determine the relative contribution of the ALS and UPS to total protein degradation in myotubes in different culture conditions. Results indicate that the ALS is responsible for 30–34% and 50% of total protein degradation in myotubes in complete and serum-deprived media, respectively. The UPS appears to contribute much less to total protein degradation at almost 4% in cells in complete media to nearly 17% in serum-deprived cells. IGF-1 decreases activity of both systems, as it inhibited the upregulation of both proteolytic systems induced by serum deprivation. The combined inhibition of both the ALS and UPS reduced degradation by a maximum of 55% in serum-deprived cells, suggesting an important contribution of other proteolytic systems to total protein degradation. Collectively, these data identify the ALS as a potential target for strategies aimed at improving muscle protein retention and fillet yield through reductions in protein degradation.

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Zanardini, Elisabetta, Marco Negri, Giovanna Boschin, Alessandra D'Agostina, Anna Valle, Anna Arnoldi, and Claudia Sorlini. "Biodegradation of Chlorsulfuron and Metsulfuron-Methyl byAspergillus niger." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.281.

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In this work, investigations were performed under laboratory conditions of the degradation ability by a common soil fungus,Aspergillus niger, toward chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl. The results were very encouraging (79% for chlorsulfuron and 61% for metsulfuron-methyl of total degradation), especially compared to those registered in our previous studies with a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain B2 (about 21 to 32%). Furthermore, the chemical degradation of the two compounds was studied and two products (1[2-methoxy-benzene-1-sulfonyl]-7-acetyltriuretand 1[2-chlorobenzene-1-sulfonyl]-7-acetyltriuret)were isolated and characterised by hydrolysis in acidic conditions. Our aim in the future will be the identification of intermediate metabolites by HPLC and LC-MS analyses in order to identify the degradative pathway by the fungal strain and to compare this to those obtained by chemical degradation and byP. fluorescens strain.

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48

Wang, Zujun, Baoping He, Wuying Ma, Zhibin Yao, Shaoyan Huang, Minbo Liu, and Jiangkun Sheng. "Evaluation of the Degradation on a COTS Linear CCD Induced by Total Ionizing Dose Radiation Damage." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9604042.

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The evaluation of the degradation on a COTS linear Charge Coupled Device (CCD) induced by total ionizing dose (TID) radiation damage was presented. The radiation experiments were carried out at a60Coγ-ray source. The parameters of DALSA’s linear CCD were measured at the CCD test systems as the EMVA1288 standard before and after the radiation. The dark current, dark signal nonuniformity (DSNU), photo response nonuniformity (PRNU), saturation output, full-well capacity (FWC), quantum efficiency (QE), and responsivity versus the TID were analyzed. The behavior of the tested CCD had shown a remarkable degradation after radiation. The degradation mechanisms of the CCD induced by TID damage were also discussed.

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49

Hattori, Hiromu, Elias Kaufmann, Hideki Miyatake-Ondozabal, Regina Berg, and Karl Gademann. "Total Synthesis of Tiacumicin A. Total Synthesis, Relay Synthesis, and Degradation Studies of Fidaxomicin (Tiacumicin B, Lipiarmycin A3)." Journal of Organic Chemistry 83, no. 13 (March 29, 2018): 7180–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b00101.

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50

Mousa, Ibrahim E. "Total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by hybrid electrobiochemical reactor in oilfield produced water." Marine Pollution Bulletin 109, no. 1 (August 2016): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.053.

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