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1
Newbold, C. J., F. M. McIntosh, and R. J. Wallace. "Changes in the microbial population of a rumen-simulating fermenter in response to yeast culture." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-086.
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Yeast increased the total viable count of bacteria on a medium containing rumen fluid and soluble sugars by 38% (P < 0.05) and the cellulolytic population increased by 49%, although the increase was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Microscopic counts indicated a 25% increase in total bacteria (P < 0.05). Bacterial counts with mannitol as sole energy source also increased (P < 0.05), indicating an increased Selenomonas population; that was not in itself sufficient to account for the increase in the total bacterial count. The protozoal population was significantly lower in yeast supplemented vessels (P < 0.001), which may account partly for the increased bacterial numbers. Key words: Yeast culture, probiotics, rumen bacteria, Rusitec
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Alves, Edmar da Costa, Alice Maria Dahmer, and Aurélio Ferreira Borges. "Total bacterial count and somatic cell count in refrigerated raw milk stored in communal tanks." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 17, no. 3 (September 2014): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.1114.
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The current industry demand for dairy products with extended shelf life has resulted in new challenges for milk quality maintenance. The processing of milk with high bacterial counts compromises the quality and performance of industrial products. The study aimed to evaluate the total bacteria counts (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) in 768 samples of refrigerated raw milk, from 32 communal tanks. Samples were collected in the first quarter of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and analyzed by the Laboratory of Milk Quality - LQL. Results showed that 62.5%, 37.5%, 15.6% and 27.1% of the means for TBC in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, were above the values established by legislation. However, we observed a significant reduction in the levels of total bacterial count (TBC) in the studied periods. For somatic cell count, 100% of the means indicated values below 600.000 cells/mL, complying with the actual Brazilian legislation. The values found for the somatic cell count suggests the adoption of effective measures for the sanitary control of the herd. However, the results must be considered with caution as it highlights the need for quality improvements of the raw material until it achieves reliable results effectively.
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Haque, Md Mansurul, MG Sorrowar, and Harun Ur Rashid. "Effects of frozen storage, radiation and their combined Treatments on microorganisms of freshwater mola fish Amblypharyngodon mola." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 37, no. 1 (July 13, 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i1.15677.
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The study revealed that the total viable bacterial count, staphylococcal count, coliform count, faecal coliform count, Aeromonas count and total fungal counts varied from 8.8×107 to 1.27×108, 2.7×106 to 4.2×106, 9.0×104 to 1.03×105, 4.8×105 to 7.3×105, 2.7×105 to 5.0×105 and 1.6×103 to 3.5×103 cfu/gm, respectively. Seventy six bacterial strains were isolated and identified, where Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus varians, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella ozaenae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella edwardsii, Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Micrococcus radiodurans were 16 (21.06%), 11 (14.47%), 9 (11.82%), 6 (7.89%), 6 (7.89%), 8 (10.53%), 6 (7.89%), 4 (5.26%), 7 (9.21%) and 3 ( 3.95% ), respectively. Total coliform, faecal coliform, Aeromonas bacteria and total fungi were found to be totally inactivated by the irradiation dose of 2.5 kGy onwards and total viable bacteria and staphylococcal bacteria were eliminated completely at the irradiation dose of 7.5 kGy. The bacterial counts were shown to be gradually decreased in all the samples from initial to final storage. The combined treatments were found more effective than that of the single treatment for reducing or eliminating the associated bacteria. The moisture contents of the studied fish were found nearly similar during initial and final storage periods and also at different radiation doses but the total protein contents decreased during final storage period and also at different radiation doses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i1.15677 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 21-31, 2013
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Karoki, W. H., D. N. Karanja, L. C. Bebora, and L. W. Njagi. "Isolation, Characterization, and Quantification of Bacteria from African Sausages Sold in Nairobi County, Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2018 (October 23, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3861265.
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African sausages are local popular delicacies in Kenya. Demand for these sausages has resulted in this delicacy’s vendors being on the increase. However, health risk posed to unsuspecting consumers of African sausages sold in informal, unhygienic make shift road-side kiosks in major cities of Kenya is largely unknown. A descriptive study was designed to isolate, characterize and quantify bacteria from African sausages sold in Nairobi County. A total of hundred (100) African sausages (62 roasted and 38 nonroasted) were conveniently collected from three meat eatery points of Westlands, Kangemi slum, and Pangani estates. Five genera of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus spp. at 50.4%, Bacillus spp. at 19.5%, Streptococcus spp. 9.8%, Proteus spp. 2.4%, and E. coli spp. at 1.6%, were isolated from 80 African sausage samples. The total aerobic bacterial count range was between 1.0-9.9x101 and 1.0-9.9x107 log cfu/g with 37 samples having total aerobic bacterial count of between 1.0-9.9 x104 and 1.0-9.9 x107 log cfu/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in distribution of isolates and total aerobic bacterial count across geographical sites studied among the roasted and nonroasted African sausages. This study has demonstrated presence of bacteria in African sausages which are potentially zoonotic to humans. Comprehensive study is needed to sample more eatery meat points in Nairobi and other areas in order to demonstrate pathogenic attributes of these isolates and establish the respective total aerobic bacterial count. There is also need to establish the sources of bacteria due to high total aerobic bacterial count determined in the current study.
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Townsend, David E., and Ali Naqui. "Comparison of SimPlate TotalTM Plate Count Test with Plate Count Agar Method for Detection and Quantitation of Bacteria in Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.563.
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abstract The SimPlateTM Total Plate Count (TPC) test, developed by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., detects and quantitates total bacterial concentration in food after 24 h of incubation. The performance of SimPlate TPC was compared with that of the plate count agar (PCA) method for enumerating total bacterial concentration of 255 food samples representing 15 different food matrixes. Total bacterial counts on SimPlate TPC were measured after 24 h of incubation and plotted against values obtained from PCA after 48 h. Simple regression analysis of the data showed strong correlation between the methods (r = 0.95); the sensitivity of SimPlate TPC for foodborne bacteria was 96% relative to PCA (slope = 0.96). It was concluded that SimPlate TPC is a suitable alternative for the detection and quantitation of foodborne bacteria. The method has been granted Performance Tested Certification by the AOAC Research Institute.
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Casida Jr., L. E. "Arthrobacter species as a prey cell reservoir for nonobligate bacterial predators in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-089.
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The possibility was investigated that, in soil, Arthrobacter species might serve as a major reservoir of prey cells for the nonobligate bacterial predators in the soil. Previous evidence had indicated this. Arthrobacter globiformis cells added to soil caused an increase in the total bacterial count and the gram-negative bacteria count of the soil. Copper-resistant bacterial predators, such as Cupriavidus necator, also increased in number, apparently in response to the A. globiformis cells. Other bacterial predators did not respond to A. globiformis. Certain soil bacteria responded specifically and quickly (within 2.5 h) to the A. globiformis cell additions. They had gliding motility and could hydrolyze GELRITE (the solidifying agent for media). Addition of these hydrolyzer bacteria to soil caused marked increases in the total bacteria count, the gram-negative bacteria count, and the bacterial predator counts. These responses mimicked those for A. globiformis soil additions. The results from an alternative method of soil incubation that speeded up the processes, and from other observations, indicated that the large apparent bacterial predator attack on A. globiformis in soil may actually be on other bacteria in soil that respond to A. globiformis in a nonpredatory manner. Therefore, A. globiformis and other Arthrobacter species may not be serving as a major reservoir of prey cells in soil.Key words: predation, predators, prey, soil, Arthrobacter.
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Hassan, Hayat, and Hatil EL-Kamali. "Effect of soil physico-chemical properties and plant type on bacterial diversity in semi- arid parts in central Sudan. Part ii. Sharq El-neel region, Khartoum state." International Journal of Scientific World 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5482.
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<p>Total viable counts of bacteria and bacterial diversity of the different soil samples from three different localities in Sharq EL-Neel region: Soba, AL-Aelafoon and Um Dawan Ban sub-regions were carried out. Soil physical and chemical characteristics (pH, EC,SP,solublecations: Na, K, Ca, Mg and anion P, organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil texture)in each studied sub-regions were measured. Qualitative analysis of microorganisms isolated from the studied soil samples reveal a total of thirteendifferent species of bacteria, of which two are unidentified. The ten species are classified under Bacillus genus. In Sharq EL-Neel regionsoil samples, total bacterial counts ranged from 9.5 × 10<sup>4 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup> to 1×10<sup>3</sup> with a mean of 4×10<sup>3 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>. The quantitative data on microbial population recorded in the present study was analysed using two diversity indices. High Shannon-Weiner diversity Index value for bacteria was obtained in AL-Aelfoon sub-region (1.79361), whereas high Simpson's index value was obtained in Um Dawan Ban sub-region (2.80).ActinomycesActinomyces spp. and Streptomyces spp. Where the most abundant microorganisms identified in the three sub-regions. Total bacterial count in Soba soil was positively correlated with pH (r= 0.0194) and sand (r= 0.3205); the total bacterial count in AL-Aelafoon soilwas positively correlated with EC (r= 0.1062), clay (r= 0.3816), silt (r= 0.1936), SP (r= 0.9302), K (r= 0.6252), Ca (r= 0.0015) and Mg (r= 0.1556), whereas the total bacterial count in Um Dawan Ban soil was positively correlated with clay (r= 0.2614), silt (r= 0.0216), SP (r= 0.565), K (r= 0.9645), P (r= 0.0197), Ca (r= 0.7377), Mg (r= 0.0267), N (r= 0.5215) and O.C (r= 0.3214). There were obvious differences in correlation coefficients among the selected criteria (46 % from the total number of correlation coefficients were positively correlated between bacterial counts and soil physico-chemical properties whereas 54% from the total number were positively correlated between plant type and bacterial counts).</p>
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Akpoka, Obhioze Augustine. "Isolation and Characterization of Crude Oil Degrading Bacteria in Association with Microalgae in Saver Pit from Egbaoma Flow Station, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Archives of Ecotoxicology 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2020.2.2.12-16.
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The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utilize crude oil as their sole source of carbon and energy provides an environmentally friendly and economical process for dealing with crude oil pollution and its inherent hazards. In view of the toxicity of crude oil spillages to indwellers of the affected ecosystems and the entire affected environment, the isolation of pure bacterial and microalgae cultures from crude effluents is a step in the right direction, particularly for bio-augmentation or bioremediation purposes. The total heterotrophic bacteria count and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count, as well as the microalgae count, were determined with the pour plate technique. The physicochemical properties of the effluent samples were also analyzed. Identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was performed with phenotypic techniques. The result shows a mean total heterotrophic bacterium count of 5.91 log CFU/ml and a mean microalga count of 4.77 log cells/ml. When crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) were used as sole carbon sources, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were respectively estimated at 3.89 and 2.89 log CFU/ml. Phenotypic identification of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the crude oil effluents revealed the presence of two main bacterial genera: Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Data obtained from this study confirmed the biodegradative abilities of indigenous bacterial species, thus, ultimately resulting in the amelioration of the toxicity associated with the crude oil effluents.
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Morozumi, Toshiya, Takehiko Kubota, Daisuke Abe, Taro Shimizu, Kaname Nohno, and Hiromasa Yoshie. "Microbiological Effect of Essential Oils in Combination with Subgingival Ultrasonic Instrumentation and Mouth Rinsing in Chronic Periodontitis Patients." International Journal of Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/146479.
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Thirty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control, saline, and essential oil-containing antiseptic (EO). Subgingival plaque was collected from a total of 90 pockets across all subjects. Subsequently, subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation (SUI) was performed by using EO or saline as the irrigation agent. After continuous mouth rinsing at home with EO or saline for 7 days, subgingival plaques were sampled again. Periodontopathic bacteria were quantified using the modified Invader PLUS assay. The total bacterial count in shallow pockets (probing pocket depth (PPD) = 4-5 mm) was significantly reduced in both saline (P<0.05) and EO groups (P<0.01). The total bacterial count (P<0.05) andPorphyromonas gingivalis(P<0.01) andTannerella forsythia(P<0.05) count in deep pockets (PPD≥6 mm) were significantly reduced only in the EO group. In comparisons of the change ratio relative to baseline value of total bacteria counts across categories, both the saline and EO groups for PPD 4-5 mm and the EO group for PPD 6 mm showed a significantly low ratio (P<0.05). The adjunctive use of EO may be effective in reducing subgingival bacterial counts in both shallow and deep pockets. This trial is registered with UMIN Clinical Trials RegistryUMIN000007484.
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Henry, J. G., and D. Prasad. "Microbial Aspects of the Inuvik Sewage Lagoon." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0021.
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A facultative sewage lagoon in Inuvik, N.W.T. was studied in August (ice free) and November (ice covered) 1984. Emphasis was placed on the microbiological aspects and their relation to lagoon performance. Analyses performed included, pH, total alkalinity, total solids, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and BOD5 determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (1°C). Results indicated that the Inuvik sewage lagoon system achieved removal efficiencies, ranging from 90% BOD5 removal in summer to about 80% in winter. The total bacterial count was found to decrease in the liquid of the primary cells in the winter, but the bacterial count in the secondary cell was similar under both winter and summer conditions. No significant difference existed in bacterial counts in the sludge samples between primary and secondary cells. The total bacterial number decreased by one order of magnitude in the winter in sludges from all cells. A shift from mesophilic to psychrotrophic bacteria occurred in the winter. The percentage of psychrotrophs increased from less than 1% to over 80% with the change in season. The role of psychrotrophs in lagoon performance is discussed.
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Ratrinia, Putri Wening, Nirmala Efri Hasibuan, Aulia Azka, Sumartini Sumartini, Apri Mujiyanti, Kurnia Sada Harahap, and Muh Suryono. "IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PADA SERASAH DAUN MANGROVE YANG TERDEKOMPOSISI DI BANDAR BAKAU KOTA DUMAI." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 7, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v7i2.2349.
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Bacteria has an important role in decomposition and productivity activities in mangrove ecosystem. The study about identification of decomposing mangrove litter bacteria in Dumai has never been done. The aim of this study is to determine Total Plate Count and identify the dominant bacterial species from decomposing Rizhopora sp, Xylocarpus sp, dan Avicennia sp litter in Dumai. The method used in this research was survey method, bacterial isolation was done by pour plate method which is used in total calculation of bacteria was Total Plate Count (TPC), and identify the dominant bacterial in mangrove litter. The total bacteria which gained on Avicennia sp leaf litter are 0,64 x 105 Cfu/ml. On the other hand, the total bacteria from Rhizopora sp leaf litter has a lower number of colonies that is 0,55 x 105± 0,01 Cfu/ml. The bacterial identification test was carried out by gram staining method and morphological observation by microscopy. The dominant bacterial species in three mangrove species (Rizhopora sp, Xylocarpus sp, dan Avicennia sp) are Micrococcus sp dan Aerococcus sp. Keywords : Total Plate Count, Micrococcus sp, Aerococcus sp, Organic Matterial
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Rodrίguez-Otero, J. L., M. Hermtoa, A. Cepeda, and C. Franco. "Total Bacterial Count in Raw Milk Using the BactoScan 8000." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.4.838.
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Abstract The BactoScan 8000 (Foss Electric) automatically performs a total count of bacteria in raw milk. It was designed for fast, repeatable counting. The apparatus counts the individual bacteria (IBC) instead of colony forming units (CFU). IBC provides more information on the state of milk hygiene than the CFU count. The repeatability, sr, was 0.033 log (IBC/μL), which is equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 7.9% (IBC/μL). The carryover, which is the contamination one sample imposes on the next, was 0.19%. The BactoScan 8000 was calibrated against the reference method of counting colonies on a Petri dish. The correlation coefficient for 429 milk samples was r= 0.88, and the standard deviation of the residuals, syx, was 0.259. The detection limit was 15 CFU/μL. We recommend establishing a system of payment to farmers based on the bacteriological quality of their milk as determined by the BactoScan 8000. Because results are obtained in IBC/μL, analytical differences resulting from conversion to CFU/|iL are eliminated.
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Al-Hissen, Sanaria F. "Study the incidence of bacterial and fungal contaminants in imported chicken femurs." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v29i2.849.
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Incidence of bacterial and fungal contaminants in imported chicken femurs wasdetermined and compared with standard microbiological limits. A total of (12) Kgof imported chicken femurs were randomly collected at two batches from (6) areasin Baghdad city. Total aerobic bacterial count, coli form count and Staphylococcusaureus count were used as an indicator for bacterial contamination, in addition toyeast and mould count as an indicator for fungal contamination.Data revealed that skins of imported chicken femurs produced high level ofcontamination, in which most of the bacterial counts were near the maximumstandard limit as well as contamination with fungi, whereas the level ofcontamination in the meat of these femurs were low in comparison with standardlimits.
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Vieira, F. N., C. C. Buglione, J. P. L. Mouriño, A. Jatobá, M. L. Martins, D. D. Schleder, E. R. Andreatta, M. A. Barraco, and L. A. Vinatea. "Effect of probiotic supplemented diet on marine shrimp survival after challenge with Vibrio harveyi." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62, no. 3 (June 2010): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352010000300019.
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The effect of a Lactobacillus plantarum-supplemented diet on shrimp growth, digestive tract bacterial microbiota, survival, and some hemato-immunological parameters after an experimental challenge with Vibrio harveyi was studied. No difference (P>0.05) was observed in shrimp survival (80±6%) and final weight (6.63±0.56g) after 60 days feeding trial. Total bacteria count and Vibrio spp. count in the digestive tract were not diferent (P>0.05) until day 40, but they were lower (P<0.05) in the probiotic-supplemented group on day 60. Total lactic bacteria in the shrimp digestive tract was higher after day 20 in the probiotic-supplemented group. Ten hours after V. harveyi challenge, survival of the probiotic-supplemented group (65.7±2.9%) was higher (P>0.05) than the control group (39.9±4.4%). Bacterial counts in hemolymph and hepatopancreas was lower (P<0.05) in the probiotic-supplemented group than in the control group after V. harveyi challenge. Total hemocyte count and serum agglutination activity were higher (P>0.05) in the probiotic-supplemented group after challenge with V. harveyi. Probiotic-supplemented diet modifies shrimp digestive tract bacterial microbiota, increasing resistance to V. harveyi infection.
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Chikere, Chioma Blaise, Chinyere Augusta Ajuzieogu, and Michael Chukwugoziem Miller. "Characterization of Indigenous Bacterial Communities in Crude-Oil Impacted Sites at Obagi Town, Onelga, Rivers State, Nigeria." Fine Focus 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.2.1.7-14.
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Hydrocarbon utilizers are expected to be indigenous in crude-oil polluted environments. The isolation and characterization of hydrocarbon utilizers is often a key strategy in bioremediation of hydrocarbon-polluted environments. In this study, crude-oil polluted soil samples from Obagi town, Onelga, Rivers state were enumerated and characterized for putative hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial populations. Biochemical characterization identified five bacterial species representative of five genera: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus. Amongst the genera of bacteria isolated, Bacillus had the highest frequency of occurrence (40%). The mean count of total heterotrophic bacteria was 1.7 X 107 cfu/g, while hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) count mean density was 1.0 X 107 cfu/g for the three soil samples. Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference at p>0.05 between Total Heterotrophic Bacterial (THB) and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacterial (HUB) counts, suggesting that most of the bacteria present in the sampled sites were hydrocarbon utilizers. Findings from this study suggest the presence of indigenous putative hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the crude-oil polluted soil of Obagi town. Hence, a promising potential exists for future bioremediation studies on the site.
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Ryšánek, Dušan, Monika Zouharová, and Vladimír Babák. "Major Mammary Pathogens as Contributors to Total Bacterial Counts in Raw Milk." Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 3 (2009): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978030455.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of major mammary pathogens, as well as of coliform and Gram-negative non-coliform bacteria to standard plate counts (SPCs) of bulk tank milk samples (BTMSs). Randomly selected anonymous BTMSs were collected from 268 dairy herds (with approximately 29,000 cows) in the Czech Republic during 2007. The most frequently detected pathogens were found to be E. faecalis (16.1%; geometric mean 9.8 × 102 CFU/ml) and S. uberis (13.6%; 9.0 × 102 CFU/ml). Highly significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) between the bacterial counts of the dominant pathogens and the relevant SPC were found for E. faecalis and S. dysgalactiae, as were significant correlations (P < 0.05) for S. uberis, E. faecium, and S. aureus. Highly significant positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between SPC and coliform count and between SPC and Gram-negative non-coliform bacteria count. The results suggest, therefore, a recent dominance of environmental pathogens especially streptococci and enterococci, over contagious mammary pathogens in BTMSs. The geometric means of SPC in BTMSs with mammary pathogen (7.7 × 104 CFU/ml for environmental; 7.4 × 104 CFU/ml for contagious pathogens) exceed significantly (P < 0.05) the geometric means of SPC of pathogen free BTMSs (4.4 × 104 CFU/ml). This study revealed that the major mammary pathogens contribute significantly to SPCs of BTMSs.
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Lisle, John T., Martin A. Hamilton, Alan R. Willse, and Gordon A. McFeters. "Comparison of Fluorescence Microscopy and Solid-Phase Cytometry Methods for Counting Bacteria in Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 9 (September 2004): 5343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.9.5343-5348.2004.
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ABSTRACT Total direct counts of bacterial abundance are central in assessing the biomass and bacteriological quality of water in ecological and industrial applications. Several factors have been identified that contribute to the variability in bacterial abundance counts when using fluorescent microscopy, the most significant of which is retaining an adequate number of cells per filter to ensure an acceptable level of statistical confidence in the resulting data. Previous studies that have assessed the components of total-direct-count methods that contribute to this variance have attempted to maintain a bacterial cell abundance value per filter of approximately 106 cells filter−1. In this study we have established the lower limit for the number of bacterial cells per filter at which the statistical reliability of the abundance estimate is no longer acceptable. Our results indicate that when the numbers of bacterial cells per filter were progressively reduced below 105, the microscopic methods increasingly overestimated the true bacterial abundance (range, 15.0 to 99.3%). The solid-phase cytometer only slightly overestimated the true bacterial abundances and was more consistent over the same range of bacterial abundances per filter (range, 8.9 to 12.5%). The solid-phase cytometer method for conducting total direct counts of bacteria was less biased and performed significantly better than any of the microscope methods. It was also found that microscopic count data from counting 5 fields on three separate filters were statistically equivalent to data from counting 20 fields on a single filter.
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Hasan, Md Kamrul, Md Mostafizer Rahman, Md Shahidur Rahman Khan, and Farzana Afroz. "Determination of Bacterial Loads of Ice cream in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh." Microbes and Health 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v4i2.30560.
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The present study was conducted for the determination of bacterial loads of ice cream. A total of nine samples of three brands-Igloo, Polar and Kwality were collected from local market from Dinajpur during the period from July to December, 2012. Thereafter, microbiological attribute were analyzed and studied comparatively. Total viable count (TVC), total Escherichia coli counts (TEC) and total Staphylococcal counts (TSC) were performed according to the American Public Health Association, using plate count agar medium for TVC and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar media for total E. coli count and Staphylococcus agar no. 110 for total Staphylococcal count. The average TVC counts/ml of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 1.19 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1), 1.39 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1) and 8.53 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.9) respectively. It was found that the highest extent of microbial contamination and proliferation of viable bacteria occurred in Polar ice cream The average E. coli counts obtained from the study was in Igloo 9.26 x 103 CFU/ml (log 4.0), in Polar 1.14 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.0) and in Kwality 7.95 x 102 CFU/ml (log 2.9). The presence of numbers of E. coli in Igloo ice cream was little bit high indicated the poor hygienic practices during manufacture, post process contamination and unsatisfactory transportation. Statistically the E. coli were more closely related to total viable counts than the Staphylococcal counts. The average Staphylococcal counts in the samples of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 2.60 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.4), 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), and 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), respectively. The results demonstrated that kwality ice creams are of the superior quality product in respect of sanitary condition.
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Luna, G. M., E. Manini, and R. Danovaro. "Large Fraction of Dead and Inactive Bacteria in Coastal Marine Sediments: Comparison of Protocols for Determination and Ecological Significance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 7 (July 2002): 3509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.7.3509-3513.2002.
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ABSTRACT It is now universally recognized that only a portion of aquatic bacteria is actively growing, but quantitative information on the fraction of living versus dormant or dead bacteria in marine sediments is completely lacking. We compared different protocols for the determination of the dead, dormant, and active bacterial fractions in two different marine sediments and at different depths into the sediment core. Bacterial counts ranged between (1.5 ± 0.2) × 108 cells g−1 and (53.1 ± 16.0) × 108 cells g−1 in sandy and muddy sediments, respectively. Bacteria displaying intact membrane (live bacterial cells) accounted for 26 to 30% of total bacterial counts, while dead cells represented the most abundant fraction (70 to 74%). Among living bacterial cells, nucleoid-containing cells represented only 4% of total bacterial counts, indicating that only a very limited fraction of bacterial assemblage was actively growing. Nucleoid-containing cells increased with increasing sediment organic content. The number of bacteria responsive to antibiotic treatment (direct viable count; range, 0.3 to 4.8% of the total bacterial number) was significantly lower than nucleoid-containing cell counts. An experiment of nutrient enrichment to stimulate a response of the dormant bacterial fraction determined a significant increase of nucleoid-containing cells. After nutrient enrichment, a large fraction of dormant bacteria (6 to 11% of the total bacterial number) was “reactivated.” Bacterial turnover rates estimated ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 day−1 but were 50 to 80 times higher when only the fraction of active bacteria was considered (on average 3.2 day−1). Our results suggest that the fraction of active bacteria in marine sediments is controlled by nutrient supply and availability and that their turnover rates are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than previously reported.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2, 2012): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.4.600-607.
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Bacterial contamination of AL-Habania and AL-Tharthar reservoirs were studied during the period from February 2001 to January 2002, samples were collected from four stations in AL-Habania reservoir (AL-Warrar, AL-Theban regulator, middle of the reservoir and the fourth was towards AL-Razzaza reservoir) and from two stations at AL-Tharthar reservoir (Ein AL-Hilwa and the middle of the reservoir). Coliform bacteria, faecal Coliforms, Streptococci, faecal Streptococci and total count of bacteria were used as parameters of bacterial contamination in waters of both reservoirs through calculating the most probable number. Highest count of Coliform bacteria (15000 cell/100ml) was recorded at Ein AL-Hilwa and lowest count at AL-Theban regulator and middle of AL-Tharthar reservoirs and reached (400 cell/100ml), faecal Coliform bacteria ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (2300 cell/100ml). Total Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (24000 cell/100ml), faecal Streptococci ranged between less than (300 cell/100ml) to (900 cell/100ml). Total bacterial count showed variable values due to ecological changes at the stations of study which reached (3980 cell/ml) in the forth station towards AL-Razzaza reservoir and was declined to (580 cell/ml) at the middle of AL-Tharthar reservoir. Results were discussed in the research text.
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Akter, Sabrina, and Sangita Ahmed. "Bacterial Analysis of Different Types of Ice Creams from Dhaka City." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 29, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v29i1.28434.
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Different types of ice creams available in Dhaka were analyzed for their bacteriological quality. A total number of 24 ice cream samples from two different brands (Brand 1 and 2) were collected from street vendors and local shops of different parts of Dhaka city. Average total viable count in the Brand 1 samples ranged from 9.5x102 to 4.72 x104 cfu/ml, while total coliform count and fecal coliform counts were 2.3x101 to 2.43x103 cfu/ml and zero to 100 cfu/ml, respectively. In case of Brand 2, average total viable count, total coliform count and fecal coliform count were 9.5x103 to 4.43x104 cfu/ml; 10 to 2.49x103 cfu/ml and zero to 200 cfu/ml, respectively. Bacteria isolated from the ice cream samples included Staphylococcus sp. (96%), Bacillus sp (50%), Listeria sp. (41.66%), Micrococcus sp. (12.5%), Escherichia coli (8.33%) and Klebsiella sp (8.33%). Presence of these bacteria in the ice cream indicates the lack of good manufacturing practice in the production of ice cream, which imposes great risk to the consumers.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 29, Number 1, June 2012, pp 41-43
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JEFFREY, D. C., and J. WILSON. "Effect of mastitis-related bacteria on total bacterial count of bulk milk supplies." International Journal of Dairy Technology 40, no. 2 (May 1987): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1987.tb02829.x.
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MOOSAVI-NASAB, MARZIEH, EHSAN SHAD, ESMAEIL ZIAEE, SEYYED HOSSEIN ASADI YOUSEFABAD, MOHAMMAD TAGHI GOLMAKANI, and MEHDI AZIZINIA. "Biodegradable Chitosan Coating Incorporated with Black Pepper Essential Oil for Shelf Life Extension of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) during Refrigerated Storage." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-246.
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ABSTRACT Chitosan (Ch) coating incorporated with black pepper essential oil (Ch+BPEO) was studied to extend the shelf life of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1°C. The chemical composition of BPEO was characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial properties of BPEO were determined by disk diffusion agar, MIC, and MBC. Ch (2% [wt/vol]) and Ch+BPEO (2% [wt/vol] Ch with 1.5% [vol/vol] BPEO) were used for common carp fillet coating. The samples were analyzed periodically for chemical (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen) and microbiological (aerobic plate count, psychrophilic bacteria count, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae bacterial counts) characteristics during 16 days. The GC-MS results indicated that main components in BPEO were carene, caryophyllene, limonene, β-pinene, and α-pinene. The samples coated with Ch and Ch+BPEO resulted in lower pH and total volatile basic nitrogen values in comparison with the control. The microbiological analysis of fish fillets during refrigerated storage clearly indicated that Ch+BPEO coating significantly reduced the fish fillet microbial load. The aerobic plate count, psychrophilic bacteria count, lactic acid bacteria count, and Enterobacteriaceae bacterial count of samples coated with Ch+BPEO were reduced approximately 4.1, 3.9, 2.3, and 2.8 log CFU/g, respectively, at the end of the storage period. Finally, Ch and Ch+BPEO effectively improved the quality of fish fillet during refrigerated storage and extended the shelf life of fish fillets from 8 to 16 days.
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Paludetti, L. F., K. Jordan, A. L. Kelly, and D. Gleeson. "Evaluating the effect of storage conditions on milk microbiological quality and composition." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 57, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2018-0006.
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Abstract In this study, the effect of storage temperature (2 or 4°C) on the composition of milk and microbiological load was investigated over 96 h. Milk samples were collected from farm bulk milk tanks after one complete milking and stored at 2 or 4°C over 96 h. Total bacterial count (TBC), psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC) and proteolytic bacterial count (PROT) were affected by storage time and temperature and varied significantly between farms (P < 0.05). The levels of TBC, PBC and PROT bacterial count increased from 4.37 to 6.15 log cfu/mL, 4.34 to 6.44 log cfu/mL and 3.72 to 4.81 log cfu/mL, respectively, when the milk was stored for 96 h at 2°C. The milk samples stored at 4°C had higher increases in these bacterial counts after 72 h in comparison to milk samples stored at 2°C. The casein fraction content was lower in milk samples stored at 4°C, which could be due to high levels of PROT bacteria or enzyme activity in these samples. Milk stored for 96 h at 2°C has less impact on composition or processability parameters compared to milk stored at 4°C.
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Ciric, Slavica, Olga Petrovic, and Dragan Milenkovic. "Low-nutrient R2A medium in monitoring microbiological quality of drinking water." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 1 (2010): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq090603004c.
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The possibility of using low-nutrient R2A medium for determining the total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria was investigated. Sampling of water from particular points of water treatment and distribution at Krusevac drinking water treatment plant was conducted. The samples were inoculated simultaneously on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and R2A media, and incubated at 37 ?C and at room temperature. The bacterial count was determined after 48, 72, 120 and 168 h. The statistical analysis of the results showed significantly higher bacterial count on R2A medium compared to PCA. Moreover, a significantly higher bacterial count developed at room temperature compared to the temperature of 37?C. R2A medium recorded 3.6% of unsafe samples in the distribution system after the 7-day incubation at room temperature. On the basis of the obtained results, an optimum method for determining the total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria for all investigated waters has been defined. The process of incubation is predictable and it can be described by a mathematical model in the form of a polynomial of the second or the third power.
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McKinnon, Charles H., G. John Rowlands, and A. John Bramley. "The effect of udder preparation before milking and contamination from the milking plant on bacterial numbers in bulk milk of eight dairy herds." Journal of Dairy Research 57, no. 3 (August 1990): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900026959.
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SummaryThe effect of teat washing and drying on bacterial numbers in bulk milk was compared with that of no teat preparation in eight commercial herds over one year. Using in-line milk samplers, milk was collected at various points during its passage through the milking plant and the samples were used to establish the relative significance of the sources of contamination of raw milk. Teat washing and drying of cows housed during winter reduced the total counts by 40% and streptococcal and coliform counts by 50%. Bacterial counts were significantly lower in cows at pasture during the summer and there was no reduction in count due to teat washing and drying. Bacteriological counts increased at each stage as the milk passed through the milking machine. The milking equipment significantly increased the total colony count by between 2000 and 3000/ml, and the bulk tank added a further 1500 to 2000/ml. The mean rinse bacterial counts of the milking equipment were higher in summer than winter, averaging 4·4 x 107bacteria/m2compared with 3·5 x 107/m2respectively. Although this level of bacterial contamination of the equipment is high by current standards, very low bulk milk bacterial counts were nevertheless achieved, particularly in the summer. This confirms that organisms from this source are not a major contaminant of the bulk milk. There was a very poor correlation between rinse counts and the bulk milk bacterial count, but a strong correlation (0·98) between total and streptococcal counts of the bulk milk. The unreliability of the use of rinse techniques to assess the contribution of milking equipment to bacterial counts of raw milk is emphasized.
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DAHER, N. SAYEM EL, and R. E. SIMARD. "Putrefactive Amine Changes in Relation to Microbial Counts of Ground Beef During Storage." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.1.54.
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Seven amines currently found in ground beef, 1,3 diaminopropane, histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine and tyramine, were evaluated as indicators of total bacterial, psychrotrophic and coliform counts in raw ground beef stored for 12 d at 4, 7 and 10°C. At 2-d intervals, amines were analyzed by extraction with 0.6 N HC104, separation by ion exchange column chromatography, and detection by ninhydrin. Lysine decarboxylase positive bacteria (LD+) during storage at 4°C were also studied. Correlation and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship of amine concentration to bacterial count. The percentage of lysine decarboxylase-positive bacterial colonies increased until the 6th day of storage and then decreased until the 12th day. Total and psychrotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 102 to 109 bacteria/g and were correlated significantly with putrescine, 1,3 diamino-propane, tyramine, cadaverine and spermidine. Cadaverine was the only amine that correlated significantly with coliforms (P≥0.95).
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Albino, R. L., J. L. Taraba, M. I. Marcondes, E. A. Eckelkamp, and J. M. Bewley. "Comparison of bacterial populations in bedding material, on teat ends, and in milk of cows housed in compost bedded pack barns." Animal Production Science 58, no. 9 (2018): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16308.
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The objective of this study was to observe relationships among somatic cell count (SCC) and bacteria counts in milk, on teat ends of lactating cows, and in compost samples from the aerated layer of the compost bedded pack. Twenty-nine lactating cows were used in this study. Clinically mastitis cows were not selected for the trial. The correlation between total bacteria count (TBC) and Streptococcus spp. of teat end and hygiene score was (r = 0.49) and (0.44, P = 0.01), respectively. In addition, there was a positive correlation (0.40, P = 0.03) between TBC on teat ends and somatic cell score. When analysing bacterial populations on teat ends and in milk, there was a positive correlation (0.39, P = 0.03) between Escherichia coli at the teat end and coliform counts in milk and also a positive correlation (0.38, P = 0.04) between coliform counts at the teat end and milk. Furthermore, Streptococcus spp. counts on teat end were positively correlated (0.38, P = 0.04) with TBC in milk. Although correlations were observed between hygiene score and SCC with bacterial population, all correlations were moderate. Therefore, hygiene score was not an efficient tool to estimate bacterial populations on teat end and milk.
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HARA-KUDO, Y., K. OHTSUKA, Y. ONOUE, Y. OTOMO, I. FURUKAWA, A. YAMAJI, Y. SEGAWA, and K. TAKATORI. "Salmonella Prevalence and Total Microbial and Spore Populations in Spices Imported to Japan." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2519.
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A total of 259 samples of 40 types of spices were tested for Salmonella prevalence and total microbial and spore populations. Salmonella enterica serotypes Weltevreden and Senftenberg were isolated from a black- and red-pepper sample, respectively. Because Salmonella was not detected by the most-probable-number method, it indicated that at least one cell of the microorganism was present in 25 g of sample. The mean aerobic bacterial count was greater than 5.39 log CFU/g in turmeric, garam masala, curry powder, and paprika. The mean bacterial spore counts were greater than 4.33 log CFU/g in turmeric and curry powder. The mean aerobic bacterial count in the two Salmonella-isolated samples was 6.93 log CFU/g. These results indicate that spices can be a source of contamination in the products where they are used as ingredients, and methods to reduce the microbial load in spices should be used.
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Coccollone, A., A. Canever, M. Trevisani, A. Borsari, F. Giacometti, and A. Serraino. "M1 AFLATOXIN, TOTAL BACTERIAL COUNT AND SOMATIC CELL COUNT IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MILK." Italian Journal of Food Safety 1, no. 5 (September 13, 2009): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2009.5.49.
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Borges, L. R., L. M. Fonseca, R. T. Martins, and M. C. P. P. Oliveira. "Milk quality according to the daily range in farm production in the Mesoregion Central Mineira and Oeste of Minas Gerais regions, Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 65, no. 4 (August 2013): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352013000400041.
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The objective of this work was to characterize milk production from the Central Mineira and Oeste Mesoregions regions in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, according to quality parameters such as somatic cell count, total bacteria count, and composition for specific production ranges. Average results for milk fat, protein, total and nonfat solids were compliant with Brazilian legal requirements (IN-62/2011) in all the production ranges selected. Average somatic cell counts (SCC) complied with the legal requirements of 600,000 cells/mL, except for the range with a daily production above 1,000 liters. However, average maximum values of 400,000 cells/mL are recommended for good milk quality. Total bacterial count was the most critical quality factor, with the highest values found in breeds with milk production above 500 liters per day.
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Buchanan-Mappin, J. M., P. M. Wallis, and A. G. Buchanan. "Enumeration and identification of heterotrophic bacteria in groundwater and in a mountain stream." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-020.
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Populations of heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated from stream and groundwater samples taken from an undisturbed catchment basin in southwestern Alberta. Direct counts using epifluorescence microscopy were compared with total viable counts using standard plate count methods, the iodonitrotetrazolium formazan method (reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitro phenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan), the nalidixic acid method, and the slide culture method. The nalidixic acid method gave the highest results, with total viable counts as high as 34.6% of the total direct count. Attempts to enumerate bacteria on media made from decaying leaves and algal–bacterial slime gave lower values, approximately 10% of the numbers obtained on enriched media. Stream waters were found to be dominated by Pseudomonas spp. and groundwaters were dominated by Bacillus spp. No differences were found in either numbers or species identified between tryptone – glucose – yeast extract agar, brain–heart infusion agar, nutrient agar, or casein–peptone–starch agar.
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Asnita Kamumu, Rita Amini Warastuti, and Agusrianto Yusuf. "THE TEST OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION ON MEATBALL PRODUCTS IN THE TRADITIONAL MARKET OF MARISA, POHUWATO." Journal of Health, Technology and Science (JHTS) 2, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47918/jhts.v2i1.152.
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ABSTRACT
Meatball is one of Indonesia's typical meat-based products. It is usually served at a high temperature, moreover, it contains high nutrient due to the high animal nutrient that is necessary for human growth. The current study aims to determine the test of bacterial contamination on meatball that are sold in the traditional market of Marisa, district of Pohuwato. Five meatball samples were taken from five different vendors, and the sample testing was done in the laboratory of the faculty of science, technology, and health on July 13th, 2020. The test included the total plate count microbial pathogens contamination and E. coli bacteria in the meatballs.
The data were analyzed descriptively and presented in a tabular to illustrate the total plate count of pathogen contamination and E. coli bacteria in the meatballs. According to SNI 01-3818-1995, the maximum total plate count (ALT) of colonies/g is 0.1x102, and for the E. coli bacteria, the AMP/g is <3.0.
As the results. It shows that the total microbes on the meatballs in the traditional markets of Marisa is ranged between 4.5x104 colonies/g to 2.3x105 colonies/g. It also shows that the meatballs still meet the requirement for the counts of microbial colonies, while the most probable number (AMP) of coliform bacteria is still high
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Pantoja, J. C. F., G. J. M. Rosa, D. J. Reinemann, and P. L. Ruegg. "Sampling strategies for total bacterial count of unpasteurized bulk milk." Journal of Dairy Science 95, no. 5 (May 2012): 2326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5098.
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Wasfi, Ola A. S., Nehad Mahdy, and Amal Ahmed. "The Effect of Miswak and Toothbrush on Saliva Total Bacterial Count and Cariogenic Bacteria." Journal of High Institute of Public Health 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2008.20906.
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Kumar, Naresh, and Jangir Op. "MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND DRUG RESISTANCE OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM READY TO EAT FOOD IN LUDHIANA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17918.
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Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the enteropathogenic bacteria from the most common street food sold in Ludhiana at differentplaces.Methods: A total of 90 samples of street food samples were randomly collected from four locations of Ludhiana. Samples investigated for the presence of bacteria using appropriate selective and differential culture media. The spread plate technique was used to analyze the samples.Results: A total of 90 samples were analyzed, and the total viable counts of the bacterial population in all food samples were in the range of2.0 × 103 to 1.8 × 106 CFU/g. The nonvegetarian food samples recorded the 1.8 × 106 CFU/g; however, other street foods also have highest total viablemicrobial count 1.1 × 106 CFU/g. The total coliform count ranged from 1.9 × 103 to 9.4 × 105 CFU/g, and pani-puri has significant count. The range ofStaphylococci count was 1.9 × 103 to 5.3 × 103 CFU/g, chicken tandoori sample also high count bacteria. The incidence of manifestations of the sevenpathogenic bacteria isolated from all street food Proteus sp. (2%) Staphylococci were the most predominant. This was followed by Salmonella (6%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%), Klebsiella sp. (5%), and Enterococcus sp. (2%) were least predominant.Conclusion: The study exhibited contagion may be due to poor techniques of food preparation adopted by the street food vendors. This is of community health worry as these bacteria are known as food-borne illnesses and toxic syndrome.Keywords: Pathogenic organisms, Ready-to-eat, Food, Toxic syndrome, Ludhiana.
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TIRARD-COLLET, PATRICK, JOHN A. ZEE, LUCIE CARMICHAEL, and RONALD E. SIMARD. "A Study of the Microbiological Quality of Goat Milk in Quebec." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.4.263.
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The microbiological quality of goat milk collected at Quebec farms was observed over a one-year period. Microbial counts increased during the summer period. Only one farm had a total aerobic count of >105 CFU/ml in >50% of samples taken from storage tanks. Coliform counts were <103/ml even when the total aerobic count was 106/ml. No relationship between somatic cell counts and bacterial counts was found. Exponential bacterial growth began after a lag of at least 3 d at 0–4°C. Good hygiene, rapid cooling and refrigeration, as well as frequent collection by refrigerated vehicles, ensured the production of good quality milk.
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KALITA, MICHAŁ, MARTA PALUSIŃSKA-SZYSZ, ANNA TURSKA-SZEWCZUK, SYLWIA WDOWIAK-WRÓBEL, and TERESA URBANIK-SYPNIEWSKA. "Isolation of Cultivable Microorganisms from Polish Notes and Coins." Polish Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 3 (2013): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2013-036.
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The potential role of currency in the spread of pathogenic microflora has been evaluated in many countries. In this study Polish paper notes and the coins in general circulation were assayed for the presence of cultivable bacteria and fungi. Bacterial isolates identification was based on cultural and biochemical characters and by comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Fungal isolates were recognized with biochemical and morphological criteria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, (43.6% of the total bacterial count) including Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis, and Enteroccus spp. (30.8% of the total bacterial count), i.e. E.faecalis, E.faecium and E. durans, were the most numerous bacterial contamination. Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were the most frequently detected moulds whereas Candida spp. was the most frequent yeast isolated from currency. A visible dependence between the banknote denomination, the physical condition of paper currency, and the number of bacteria and fungi was found. The overall count of bacteria isolated from currency was thousand-fold higher than that of fungal isolates. The total amount of bacteria and fungi recovered from the coins was approximately 2.7-fold lower than that isolated from the notes. In summary, the Polish currency notes were found to be contaminated mainly with commensal bacteria and fungi while the opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas stutzeri and C. albicans were detected at a low frequency.
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Kačániová, Miroslava, Simona Kunova, Elena Horská, Ľudmila Nagyová, Czeslaw Puchalski, Peter Haščík, and Margarita Terentjeva. "Diversity of microorganisms in the traditional Slovak cheese." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1061.
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The aim of the present study was to describe the microbial groups of the traditional Slovak cheese Parenica during rippening. The microbial group included the total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, and microscopic filamentous fungi, which may affect the organoleptic characteristics of this product. A total of 42 cheese samples were collected from four different farms during three months. The total bacterial counts were cultivated on Plate count agar at 30 °C, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on MRS, APT and MSE at 37 °C, coliform bacteria on VRBL at 37 °C. Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus faecium were the most frequently identified species of bacteria. Candida kefyr was the most distributed yeast according to microbiological methods. Lactic acid bacteria group was represented by Lactobacillus helveticus, L. jensenii, L. alimentarius, L. crispatus, L. curvatus, L. fermentum, L. suebicus, L. delbrueckii ssp. lactis, L. paracasei ssp. paracasei, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Leuconostoc lactis and Le. mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides . This report describing the indigenous microbiota of the traditional raw milk cheeses from Slovakia. Our results provide useful information on occurrence of valuable microbial strain for the industrialization of producing of the traditional dairy products in Slovakia.
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Valentin-Bon, Iris, Andrew Jacobson, Steven R. Monday, and Peter C. H. Feng. "Microbiological Quality of Bagged Cut Spinach and Lettuce Mixes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 4 (December 21, 2007): 1240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02258-07.
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ABSTRACT Analysis of 100 bagged lettuce and spinach samples showed mean total bacterial counts of 7.0 log10 CFU/g and a broad range of <4 to 8.3 log10 CFU/g. Most probable numbers (MPN) of ≥11,000 /g coliforms were found in 55 samples, and generic Escherichia coli bacteria were detected in 16 samples, but no E. coli count exceeded 10 MPN/g.
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IBEAWUCHI, J. A., and D. M. DALYOP. "COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF FRESH COW MILK OFFERED FOR SALE IN PARTS OF PLATEAU STATE OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i1.2038.
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The gross composition and quality of fresh cow milk purchased from Fulani milk vendors in three locations of Plateau State were investigated. Milk quality was assessed by the methylene blue reduction test while bacterial contamination was by the agar plate count and the direct microscopic count. The mean contents of total solids, butterfat, protein and ash of a total of 100 samples from Barkin Ladi, Jos and Bukuru markets were 12.45, 4.77, 3.90, 0.92; 12.85, 4.50, 3.68, 0.93; and 12.41, 5.26, 3.72, 0.91% respectively. The proximate constituents did not differ significantly between locations. The methylene blue test indicated that only 23.5% of the sample were of good quality while 41.2 and 35.3% were rated fair and poor respectively. No sample merited excellent rating. The agar plate count showed a range of 1.97 x 106 for Bukuru to 2.54 x 106 cells/ml for Jos market. The direct microscopic count showed the highest mean bacteria value for Barkin Ladi samples. The high bacterial counts as observed were probably indicative of poor milking hygiene and handling. It is suggested that such milk should be properly pasteurized before consumption and delivered/marketed early at source to reduce the time for microbial multiplication.
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Susanti, S., B. E. Setiani, H. Rizqiati, D. R. Febriandi, V. P. Bintoro, and B. E. Setiani. "Inhibitory Activity of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale) Extract Marinade on The Meat Total Bacteria." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 24, 2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.1.11.
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Microbial activities cause physical and functional alteration, which can decrease the quality and shelf life of meat. Inhibiting the bacterial growth becomes a crucial effort to prevent spoilage of meat. Previous studies reported that human pathogen bacterias could be inhibited by using cashew apple juice. It was interested to explore the utilization of cashew apple as marinade solution to suppress the meat bacteria. Current study was aimed to get more insight the effectiveness of cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) as growth inhibitor for spoilage bacteria on beefs and chickens. Results indicated that inhibition zone of 20% CAM were significant higher than 0% CAM on the medium of E. coli, and S. aureus. The pretty high polyphenols content in CAM was considered as an active compound responsible for antibacterial activity. Furthermore, total bacterial count assay showed that 10 to 30% CAM significantly reduced the beef total bacteria in comparison to 0% while 15 % CAM significantly decreased the chicken total bacteria. It was suggested the range of effective level of CAM to reduce the meats bacteria is 10 to 30%. Thus, cashew apple can be a promising natural food preservative in the future, especially for extending the shelf life of meat.
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Pratten, J., and M. Wilson. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Composition of Microcosm Dental Plaques Supplemented with Sucrose." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 1595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.7.1595.
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ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of repeated chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) pulsing on the viability and bacterial composition of microcosm dental plaques derived from human saliva. The biofilms were grown on bovine enamel discs in a constant-depth film fermentor fed with an artificial saliva which was supplemented thrice daily with sucrose. The microcosm plaques had total viable anaerobic counts of 5 × 108 CFU per mm2 and consisted of 12% Actinomyces spp., 85% streptococci, and 0.2% Veillonella spp. When pulsed twice daily with 0.2% CHG, there was an immediate 1.3-log10 reduction in the total viable (anaerobic) count. However, as pulsing continued, the viable counts recovered, and after 4 days, the anaerobic count reached its pre-CHG-pulsing level, although the bacterial composition of the biofilms had changed. The results of this study show that twice-daily pulsing with 0.2% CHG over a 4-day period was ineffective at reducing the total anaerobic viable count of the biofilms but did alter their bacterial composition.
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Kačániová, Miroslava, Ľudmila Nagyová, Jana Štefániková, Soňa Felsöciová, Lucia Godočíková, Peter Haščík, Elena Horská, and Simona Kunová. "The characteristic of sheep cheese “Bryndza” from different regions of Slovakia based on microbiological quality." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (February 27, 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1239.
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The aim of our study was to describe microorganisms which occur in the traditional Slovak cheese „Bryndza“. There were a total of 60 cheese samples collected from ten different farms during May 2019. The microbiota studies included the total bacterial count, coliforms, enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and microscopic fungi. The total bacterial counts were cultivated on plate count agar at 30 °C in aerobic conditions, lactic acid bacteria on MRS at 37 °C in anaerobic conditions, coliform on VRBL and VRBG at 37 °C in aerobic condition, yeasts and microscopic fungi on MEA at 25 °C under aerobic condition. Gram-positive, Gram-negative and yeasts isolates were identified with MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. Totally, a number of 1175 isolates of G-, G+ and yeast were identified with score higher than 2 and moulds. Escherichia coli and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were the most frequently identified species of Gram-negative and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. mesenteroides and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis from Gram-positive bacteria. Yarrowia lipolitica and Kluyveromyces lactis were the most distributed yeasts. Lactic acid bacteria group was represented by Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus. The most abundant genera of lactic acid bacteria were Lactobacillus with 11 species. This study describes the indigenous microbiota of the traditional ewe's milk cheeses from Slovakia.
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Bava, Luciana, Maddalena Zucali, Anna Sandrucci, Milena Brasca, Laura Vanoni, Lucio Zanini, and Alberto Tamburini. "Effect of cleaning procedure and hygienic condition of milking equipment on bacterial count of bulk tank milk." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 2 (March 4, 2011): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991100001x.
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The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of cleaning procedures for milking equipment applied in intensive dairy farms in Lombardy (Italy) and to study their relationships with bacterial count of bulk milk and hygienic condition of milking machine components. A group of 22 dairy farms was visited twice (winter and summer) in order to collect bulk tank milk and post-rinse water samples and swabs from liners and milk receiver. Samples were analysed to determine: standard plate count (SPC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PBC), coliform count (CC) and Escherichia coli. Cleaning procedures were monitored using electronic milk flow meters with specific software for the measurement of the duration of each cleaning phase, circulating solution temperature and electrical conductivity, turbulence and water filling percentage of pipelines. The results showed that farms classified as high and low milk total bacteria count significantly differed both in terms of liners and receiver bacterial contamination and in terms of water temperature reached during the detergent phase of cleaning milking equipment. Significant positive correlations were found among total bacteria count in milk and bacterial contamination of the liners. Maximum water temperature reached during the cleaning cycle of milking equipment was very low (34·4±8·9°C on average); most of the observations (88·6%) corresponded to water temperatures <45°C. Cleaning temperature was related to psychrotrophic bacteria count of milk and post-rinse water and coliform count in liners. Routine check and regulation of water temperature during the washing phase of the milking machine can be a simple and effective way to control one of the main risk factors for bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk.
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HOGAN, J. S., K. H. HOBLET, K. L. SMITH, D. A. TODHUNTER, P. S. SCHOENBERGER, W. D. HUESTON, D. E. PRITCHARD, et al. "Bacterial and Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Tank Milk from Nine Well Managed Herds1." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.12.930.
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Factors associated with bulk tank milk bacterial and somatic cell counts were investigated for one year on nine well managed dairies. Geometric mean total bacterial count among dairies was 4.4 × 103 colony cfu/ml. Geometric mean bulk tank milk somatic cell counts among herds was 265 × 103ml. Bacterial counts in bulk tank milk were correlated with rates of coliform and environmental streptococcal clinical mastitis cases. Rates of total clinical cases were also correlated with bulk tank milk somatic cell counts. Correlations were measured among bulk tank milk bacterial counts and gram-negative bacterial, coliform, Klebsiella species, and streptococcal counts in materials used to bed lactating cows. Total bacterial and staphylococcal bulk tank milk counts increased when synthetic rubber liners were used greater than 800 quarter milkings. Correlations measured indicated that monitoring bulk tank milk may be an effective means of detecting management changes in herds with low bacterial and milk somatic cell counts.
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Sırt Çıplak, Elif, and Kiraz Göze Akoğlu. "Enzymatic Activity as a Measure of Total Microbial Activity on Historical Stone." Heritage 3, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3030038.
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Stones of historical monuments exposed to the open air deteriorate over the course of time depending on physical, chemical, and biological factors acting in co-association. Among the biological factors, microorganisms play a key role in the deterioration process of stones. Detecting the level of microbial activity on stones is an essential step in diagnostic and monitoring studies of stone biodeterioration, and aids in controlling the performance of treatments applied to the stones. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a practical and rapid method for the determination of microbial activity on historical stones and use this method on the Mount Nemrut monuments (MNMs) (Adiyaman, Turkey). For that purpose, the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis method, frequently employed for soil environments, was adapted for the estimation and assessment of total microbial activity to understand whether microorganisms posed a potential risk for the biodeterioration of the limestones and sandstones of the MNMs. The traditional plate count method was also applied simultaneously to the same stone samples to compare and assist in the interpretation of the results of the FDA hydrolysis method, which relies on the quantitative determination of bacterial and fungal colonies in nutrient agar and malt extract agar medium, respectively. The results of the FDA hydrolysis and plate count methods showed consistency. The total microbial activity determined by the FDA hydrolysis method was low for both types of stone samples. In addition, the plate count method showed low bacterial and fungal counts on all of the samples. This revealed that microbial activity did not play an important role in the stone deterioration process on the MNMs, although different lichen species were frequently observed on both the sandstones and the limestones. Hence, further investigation must be undertaken for determination of their long-term behavior and effects on the stones of the MNMs. On the other hand, the results of the FDA hydrolysis and plate count methods showed correlation. Lower bacterial counts were observed when lower enzymatic activity was observed in the stone samples, and likewise, higher bacterial counts were observed when higher enzymatic activity was observed. Consequently, the application of the FDA hydrolysis method was determined to be reliable for the estimation of total microbial activity on historical stones. The method had obvious advantages in terms of its rapid measurement rate and sensitivity, even on small samples.
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TAKAHASHI, HAJIME, HIROTAKA KONUMA, and YUKIKO HARA-KUDO. "Development of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method To Enumerate Total Bacterial Counts in Ready-to-Eat Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2504.
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A newly developed real-time PCR assay rapidly quantifies the total bacterial numbers in contaminated ready-to-eat vegetables and fruits compared with the standard plate count method. Primers targeting the rpoB gene, which encodes for the β subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase and which is common to most bacterial species, was used instead of the 16S rRNA gene, which has multiple copies and varies among bacterial species. A primer pair specific for rpoB was confirmed to amplify rpoB in a wide range of bacterial species after we assessed 49 strains isolated from five kinds of fruits and vegetables. We purchased fruits and vegetables from retail shops and enumerated the bacteria associated with them by use of real-time PCR and compared this to the number found by the culture method. We found a high correlation between the threshold PCR cycle number when compared with the plate count culture number. The real-time PCR assay developed in this study can enumerate the dominant bacterial species in ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables.
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Alessio, Dileta Regina Moro, João Pedro Velho, Concepta Margaret McManus, Deise Aline Knob, Franciele Rampazzo Vancin, Gustavo Veiverberg Antunes, Marcos Busanello, Flávio De Carli, and Andre Thaler Neto. "Lactose and its relationship with other milk constituents, somatic cell count, and total bacterial count." Livestock Science 252 (October 2021): 104678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104678.
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Nur, Farjahan, Ummay Kulsum Libra, Prova Rowsan, Md Abul Kalam Azad, and Kohinur Begum. "Assessment of Bacterial Contamination of Dried Herbs and Spices Collected from Street Markets in Dhaka." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21, no. 2 (August 15, 2018): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v21i2.37919.
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Crude plant parts used as a source of medicine is an ancient practice and important for health care system worldwide. In Bangladesh, a large number of population depends on the traditional medicine using crude drugs. In traditional systems, street sellers collect powered plant parts or dried plant parts from whole sale markets locally or from various parts of Bangladesh. Favorable environmental condition for microbial growth and handling with unhygienic conditions may result in microbial contamination. The present study was performed to assess the total bacterial count and presence of coliform bacteria from 33 powdered plant part samples collected from street markets, Dhaka. Bacterial count was performed using pour plate technique in nutrient agar according to microbiological standard USP method. Bacterial growth was done by streak plate technique on MacConkey and EMB agar plates. Results showed that, 13 out of 33 samples exceeded permissible limit of bacterial count (>105 cfu/gm). However, 20 samples showed bacterial count ranging from 3.1×102 to 2×103 cfu/gm. About 48.5% samples contained Escherichia coli indicating the presence of coliform bacteria and 21.2% samples contained other enteric bacteria (unidentified) which was confirmed by bacterial growth on MacConkey and EMB agar plates. Therefore, from this study, it may be concluded that crude herbal products contain a high level of bacteria that may be associated with health risk.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(2): 96-100, 2018