Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Total bacterial count'

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC – Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample

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The present study aimed to compare three methods of conservation (no added preservative, azidiol and bronopol), conservation of raw milk for total bacteria count analysis (TBC) for the standard counting method plating, chemical composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids and fat solids), pH and freezing of milk. The research also aimed to study the influence of the storage period (days), temperature (cooled and uncooled) and the initial microbiological quality of raw milk samples. It was used a randomized block design with factorial arrangement of 3 (methods) x 2 (temperature) x 5 (times). The TBC was influenced by the preservative, since after seven days of storage the sample without preservative had greater TBC. In the unrefrigerated samples with bronopol there was a gradual reduction of TBC. It was observed that the samples preserved with azidiol, regardless of storage temperature, TBC reduced over time. The temperature affected the fat content (P <0.001). The protein, lactose, solids and milk medium density were influenced by the type of preservative and storage days (P <0.001). The pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the storage days (P <0.001). For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol, independent of refrigeration or storage, is the most appropriate method to maintain the original characteristics of the product. From the first day of storage of the samples, there was an increase of the average levels of protein, lactose and degreased solids in relation to the quantified on the collection day. On the other hand, the TBC was changed isolated by the initial TBC, storage temperature and storage days (P <0.001). There was an increase of TBC according to the days of storage, since until the first day of storage values increased already from the second day of storage TBC started to reduce. In fat content, there was only initial TBC effect and storage temperature (P <0.001). In the protein percentage there was the effect of days of storage, the protein increased until the first day of storage, where it stabilized until 7 days of storage. Lactose was amended by initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001), lactose increased until the first day of storage, which stabilized until the seventh day. The total solids (TS) content was amended by initial TBC, temperature and storage days (P <0.001), samples with high TBC showed higher initial TS levels. The SD content was changed only by the initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001). The pH was amended by initial TBC, temperature and days of storage. For TBC analysis, using azidiol preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage to maintain more stable microbiological characteristics over seven days of storage. For analysis of physical and chemical composition, from the first day of sample storage, there was an increase of protein, lactose and fat solids of milk, compared to levels observed when quantified in the same day of collection of milk
O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando comparar três métodos de conservação (sem adição de conservante, azidiol e bronopol), na conservação de leite cru destinado a análise de contagem bactéria total (CBT) pelo método de contagem padrão em placas, composição centesimal (gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos desengordurados), pH e do ponto de congelamento do leite. O trabalho também objetivou estudar a influência do período de armazenamento (dias), temperatura (refrigerado e não refrigerado) e a qualidade microbiológica inicial de amostras de leite cru. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial de 3 (métodos) x 2 (temperaturas) x 5 (tempos). A CBT foi influenciada pelo conservante, pois aos sete dias de armazenamento a amostra sem conservante apresentou maior CBT. Nas amostras com bronopol sem refrigeração houve redução gradual de CBT. Observou-se que as amostras conservadas com azidiol, independente da temperatura de armazenagem, reduziram a CBT ao longo do tempo. A temperatura influenciou o teor de gordura (P<0,001. Os teores de proteína, lactose, sólidos desengordurados e densidade média do leite foram influenciados pelo tipo de conservante e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi influenciado pelo tipo de conservante e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). Para análises de CBT, o uso de azidiol, independente de refrigeração ou armazenagem, é o método mais adequado para manter as características originais do produto. A partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras ocorre aumento dos teores médios de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados em relação aos quantificados no dia da coleta. Por outro lado, a CBT foi alterada de forma isolada pela CBT inicial, temperatura de armazenamento e dias de armazenagem (P<0,001). Houve aumento da CBT de acordo com os dias de armazenamento, uma vez que até o primeiro dia de armazenamento os valores aumentaram, já a partir do segundo dia de armazenamento a CBT começou a reduzir. Nos teores de gordura, houve apenas efeito de CBT inicial e temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,001). Nos percentuais de proteína houve efeito de dias de armazenamento, a proteína aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até 7 dias de armazenamento. Lactose foi alterada pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), teor de lactose aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até o sétimo dia. O teor de ST foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), amostras com alta CBT inicial apresentaram maiores teores de ST. O teor de SD foi alterado apenas pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento. Para análise de CBT, o uso de azidiol como conservante é dependente do uso de refrigeração durante a armazenagem para manter as características microbiológicas mais estáveis ao longo de sete dias de armazenamento. Para análises de composição físico-química, a partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras, ocorreu aumento dos teores de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados do leite, em relação aos teores observados quando quantificados no mesmo dia da coleta do leite

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The study aims to evaluate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) on the constituents of milk, checking the influence that the climatic variables have on these hygienic-sanitary indicators. Data were obtained from 1,541 dairy farms located in 15 municipalities in the dairy region of Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. It was tabulated the data from somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk composition, from June 2008 to December 2011, totaling 44,089 samples. The ambient temperature showed positive and significant correlation to score of somatic cell, while rainfall and relative humidity air showed no correlation. Moreover, the climatic variables have no significant correlation to the TBC. The fat, protein, minerals and total solids were directly correlated with the SCC and TBC, while solids-not-fat and lactose showed an opposite behavior. The principal component analysis (PCA) followed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, have showed that milk from SCC 401,000 to 750,000 cell mL-1 and TBC from 100,000 to 1,000,000 CFU mL-1, have the same quality, not justifying stratification in these intervals. In addition, it was observed that only limits regulatory standards are not sufficient to improve the quality of milk, suggesting parameters for payment system based on the bonus and penalty relative to the TBC and SCC milk.
Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre os constituintes do leite, verificando a influência que as variáveis climáticas exercem sobre estes indicadores higiênico-sanitários. Os dados utilizados foram de 1.541 unidades produtoras de leite referentes a 15 municípios da bacia leiteira do Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram tabulados os dados de contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e composição centesimal do leite, referentes ao período de junho de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, totalizando 44.089 amostras analisadas. A temperatura ambiente apresentou correlação positiva e significativa com o escore de células somáticas, enquanto a precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar ausência de correlação. Por outro lado, as variáveis climáticas não apresentaram correlação significativa com a CBT. Os teores de gordura, proteína, minerais e sólidos totais foram diretamente correlacionados com a CCS e a CBT, enquanto que os sólidos não gordurosos e a lactose apresentaram comportamento inverso. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) seguida pelo método hierárquico aglomerativo de agrupamento, permitiu constatar que leites com CCS maiores que 400.000 até 750.000 céls mL-1 e CBT superiores a 100.000 até 1.000.000 UFC mL-1, apresentam a mesma qualidade, não justificando a estratificação de intervalos nesta amplitude de variação. Paralelamente, observou-se que somente limites de normas regulatórias não são suficientes para melhoraria da qualidade do leite, sugerindo-se, parâmetros para sistemas de pagamento baseado na bonificação e penalização em relação à CCS e CBT do leite.

O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco associados com práticas de manejo e a qualidade higiênica do leite cru, e caracterizar o nível de conhecimento e opiniões de produtores de leite sobre controle de mastite e qualidade do leite. Os objetivos específicos foram avaliar os fatores de risco associados com a qualidade higiênica do leite, determinar o efeito do tipo de agente causador de mastite sobre a qualidade do leite cru, e avaliar a associação entre o nível de conhecimento dos produtores e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de tanque. O presente estudo foi dividido em três experimentos. No experimento 1, para avaliação de práticas de manejo associadas à qualidade higiênica do leite cru em rebanhos leiteiros, foram selecionados 120 rebanhos de acordo com a média geométrica da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 10 amostras de leite/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor dois grupos: 60 com alta CBT (1,11x104 UFC/mL) e 60 com baixa CBT (4,4x103 UFC/mL). Após a seleção, amostras de leite foram coletadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses para determinação da CBT, contagem do leite com incubação preliminar (CIP), contagem do leite pasteurizado (CLP), contagem de coliformes (CC), CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. Após a realização das análises, 63 rebanhos foram selecionados e visitados para aplicação de questionário sobre: a) informações gerais de manejo do rebanho; b) manejo de ordenha; c) procedimentos de limpeza de equipamento de ordenha e utensílios; d) programa de controle da mastite; e) condições de limpeza do úbere. Para o experimento 2, o nível de conhecimento e as opiniões dos produtores de leite sobre mastite e qualidade do leite, foram avaliados em 63 rebanhos selecionados e distribuídos de acordo com as médias geométricas da CCS (8 coletas semanais consecutivas durante dois meses) em três grupos: a) baixa CCS: ≤ 250.000 céls/mL(n = 16); b) média CCS: >250.000 ≤ 400.000 céls/mL (n = 24); c) alta CCS: > 400.000 céls/mL(n = 23). Nos rebanhos selecionados, foram aplicados questionários aos responsáveis pelo manejo do rebanho, com questões sobre: características socioeconômicas, conhecimentos a respeito de CCS, CBT e mastite e comportamentos dos produtores com relação a práticas de prevenção da mastite. No experimento 3, para avaliação da associação entre patógenos causadores de mastite e qualidade do leite, foram selecionados 90 rebanhos com base na CCS do tanque de 10 amostras/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor os seguintes grupos: a) ≤ 250.000 céls/mL (n = 30); b) >250.000 ≤ 600.000 céls/mL (n = 30); c) >600.000 céls/mL (n = 30). As amostras do leite de tanque foram coletadas, a cada 15 dias por um período de 3 meses, para determinação da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, contagem de Streptococcus agalactiae, contagem de estafilococos coagulase-negativa, contagem de estreptococos ambientais, contagem de Escherichia coli, contagem de coliformes totais, CBT, CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. A alta quantidade de matéria orgânica presente na válvula de saída do tanque de expansão é um fator de risco para a qualidade higiênica do leite cru; o uso do desinfetante de tetos pré e pós-ordenha são práticas de manejo que reduzem a contagem dos principais indicadores de qualidade higiênica do leite e a prática de ordenha com o bezerro ao pé da vaca está associada ao aumento de CBT, CIP e CC. Outros fatores socioeconômicos como ter o leite como principal atividade econômica na propriedade, o tipo de ordenha utilizada no rebanho, o uso de métodos para detecção de mastite e o conhecimento das exigências legais de CCS e CBT foram fatores associados à CCS do leite de tanque. Adicionalmente, altas contagens de Streptococcus agalactiae reduzem a qualidade do leite de tanque por estarem correlacionadas com o aumento de CCS.
The overall objectve of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with management practices and hygienic raw milk quality, and to caracterize the farmer\'s knowledge and opinions about mastitis control and milk quality. The specific objectives were to evaluate the risk factors associated with hygienic milk quality, to determine the effect of mastitis pathogens on raw milk quality and to assess the association between framers knowledge about mastitis control and somatic cell count (SCC) of bulk tank. Therefore, we proposed three experiments. For experiment 1, to evaluate management practices associated with hygienic quality of raw milk in dairy farms, 120 dairy herds were selected according to the geometric mean of the total bacterial count (TBC) from 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, which were distributed in two groups: high TBC (1.11 x104 CFU / mL, n = 60) and low TBC (4.4 x103 CFU / mL, n = 60). After selection of herds, milk samples were collected weekly for two months to perform analyzes of TBC, preliminary incubation count (PIC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), coliform count (CC), somatic cell count (SCC) and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. After laboratory analysis, 63 herds were visited for on-farm data collection by a questionnaire about: a) general aspects of farm management; b) milking management; c) milking equipment and utensils cleaning procedures; d) mastitis control; e) udder cleaning conditions. For experiment 2, to evaluate the knowledge and opinions of dairy farmers about mastitis control and milk quality, 63 herds were selected and distributed according to geometric means of SCC (8 weekly milk sampling during two consecutive months) into three groups: a) low SCC: ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 16); b) medium SCC: >250,000 ≤ 400,000 cells / mL (n = 24); c) high SCC:> 400,000 cells / mL (n = 23). Previously formulated questionnaires were submitted to the herd manager, with questions about the following topics: socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge about SCC, TBC, mastitis and mastitis prevention practices. For experiment 3, to evaluate the association between mastitis pathogens, SCC and TBC, 90 herds were selected based on the SCC of 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, to compose the following groups: a) ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 30), b) >250,000 ≤ 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30), c)> 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30). Bulk Tank milk samples were collected every 15 days for a period of three months, for Staphylococcus aureus count, Streptococcus agalactiae count, coagulase-negative staphylococci count, environmental streptococci count, Escherichia coli count, coliform count, TBC, SCC and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. The high amount of organic matter in the bulk tank outlet valve is a risk factor for the raw milk hygienic quality, the use of pre and post teat dipping is associated with a reduction of major indicators of raw milk hygienic quality and the presence of suckling calves before milking was associated with increased TBC, PIC and CC. Other social and economical factors, such as the milk as main economic activity in the farm, type of milking procedures used, the use of methods for mastitis detection and knowledge about legal requirements for SCC and TBC were correlated with CCS in bulk tank milk. Additionally, high Streptococcus agalactiae counts is associated with reduced bulk tank milk quality because of increased SCC.

Orientador: Luiz Francisco Prata
Banca: Gener Tadeu Pereira
Banca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima Ribeiro
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC - Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample
Mestre

Objetivou-se utilizar o controle estatístico de processo (CEP) como ferramenta de melhoria da qualidade do leite. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação de variações não naturais, na qualidade do leite, passíveis de serem manipuladas. Para este estudo, foram utilizados dados de produção de leite, de contagem de células somáticas (CSS) e de contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 384 fazendas, obtidos do banco de dados da Clínica do Leite - ESALQ/ USP no ano de 2009. Avaliou-se os efeitos naturais (época do ano e produção de leite) sobre a variação de CCS e CBT, e adicionalmente, foram gerados gráficos de controle para escore de células somáticas (ECS) e contagem bacteriana total transformada (tCBT), com a finalidade de identificar fontes de variação não naturais em um grupo de quatro fazendas. A variabilidade das informações foi avaliada pelo estimador do desvio padrão (sigma), calculado com base na amplitude móvel. Verificou-se que a época do ano influenciou significativamente o ECS e a tCBT. Os gráficos de controle, dentro de cada época, indicaram a presença de variações não naturais no ECS e na tCBT no grupo de fazendas avaliadas. Além disso, os gráficos de controle também caracterizaram fazendas em controle estatístico de processos. No segundo estudo objetivou-se utilizar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação e classificação de fazendas com maiores probabilidades de violarem os padrões de qualidade utilizados pela indústria. Foram utilizados dados de CCS e CBT de 452 fazendas, no período de janeiro de 2009 a março de 2010. Calcularam-se as proporções de violação nos padrões de qualidade, considerando os limites de CCS = 400.000 céls./ mL e CBT = 100.000 UFC/ mL. Foram calculados os índices de capacidade (Cpk) e classificaram-se as fazendas segundo quatro categorias de médias e de índices Cpk. As fazendas que apresentaram maiores médias e desvios obtiveram maiores frequências de violação. As fazendas com médias inferiores aos limites propostos para CCS e CBT representaram, respectivamente, 25,05 % e 97,78 % das fazendas. Entretanto, a proporção de fazendas que forneceram leite consistentemente dentro dos padrões de qualidade avaliados (Cpk 1) representou 4,65 % e 35,17 % das propriedades para CCS e CBT respectivamente. Portanto, a aplicação do CEP dentro das fazendas é uma ferramenta adicional para monitorar a qualidade do leite produzido, o índice Cpk pode ser utilizado em conjunto com os atuais modelos de caracterização da qualidade do leite de fazendas pelas indústrias, uma vez que identifica rebanhos mais consistentes em produzir leite dentro de um padrão de qualidade.
This study aimed to employ statistical process control (SPC) as a tool to improve milk quality. The first objective of the study was to evaluate SPC as tool to identify non-natural variation of milk quality that are possible to be manipulated. In this study, data on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) of 384 farms were used, provided by database of Clínica do Leite ESALQ/ USP in 2009. Natural effects (time of year and milk production) trough SCC and TBC variation were evaluated, and additionally, control charts for score cell somatic (SCS) and total bacterial count transformed (TBCt) were built aiming to identify sources of non-natural variations in a group of four farms. The variability of information was evaluated trough standard deviation estimator (sigma), calculated with basis of moving range. It was observed that time of year influenced significantly SCS and TBCt. The control charts, in each period, indicated signs of non-natural variation in SCS and TBCt in the group of herds evaluated. Furthermore, the control charts characterized the farms in statistical process control. The second study aimed to use SPC as a tool for identification and rating farms with larger probabilities of infraction on quality standard used by industry. Data of SCC and TBC from 452 farms, from January 2009 to March 2010, were used. The proportion of violation in quality standard, regarding the limits of SCC = 4000,000 cells/ mL and TBC = 100,000 CFU/ mL was calculated. Capability indices (Cpk) were calculated and farms were categorized into four classes of Cpk means and indices. Farms that presented larger means and deviation shoed superior frequencies of violation. Herds with means below the proposed limits of SCC and TBC represented, respectively, 25.05 % and 97.78 % of farms. However, proportion of farms that delivered milk consistently within the standards of quality evaluated (Cpk 1) represented 4.65 % and 35.17 % of farms for SCC and TBC, respectively. Therefore, application of SPC on farms is an additional tool for monitoring milk quality produced, the index Cpk can be used, by industries, associated with the current models to characterize milk quality from farms, since it identifies herds more consistent in producing quality-standard milk.

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Milk is nutritionally complete, but a highly perishable food and its characteristics easily altered by the action of microorganisms and by the manipulation to which it is submitted. The quality and shelf life of the product that reaches the consumer is directly related to the raw material received for industrialization, and consequently to the conditions and practices carried out in obtaining, storing and transporting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of transport of raw milk on the count of psychrotrophic microrganisms, total bacterial count, physical-chemical and compositional analyses of the refrigerated raw milk received in a dairy industry of Vale do Itajaí – SC, Brazil. Other objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the preservative azidiol ®, under controlled conditions and under field conditions, in the count of psychrotrophic microorganisms and in the total bacterial count of refrigerated raw milk. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, samples were collected, with and without the use of the preservative azidiol®, in bulk tanks of 3 dairy farms, which were stored under laboratory refrigeration (7ºC) and analyzed at pre-defined times (0, 6, 12 and 24 hours). In the second experiment, samples were collected with and without the use of the azidiol® preservative in the raw milk capture at routes of a dairy (in the storage tanks of the farms, in the isothermal compartments of the trucks and in the storage silo of the industry), doing analysis at varying times. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, regression analysis, means comparison and multivariate factorial analysis. Samples collected without preservatives showed increasing psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count as the time between collection and analysis increased. In the samples conserved by azidiol ®, psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count remained constant during the time between collection and analysis. The transport of raw milk in bulk worsened the microbiological quality of the milk, but did not show influence on the compositional and physical-chemical results of the milk received in the industry. Poor hygiene conditions in storage rooms and in expansion tanks influenced the increase of psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count. This increase was also related to farms with lower production, but with less representative influence. It was observed a relation of milk transport in bulk in cleaner trucks with lower counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms. The transport route time and temperature increase during the transport increased counts of total bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, with more pronounced effect for total bacterial count
O leite é um alimento nutricionalmente completo, porém altamente perecível, tendo suas características facilmente alteradas pela ação de microrganismos e pela manipulação a que é submetido. A qualidade e tempo de prateleira do produto que chega ao consumidor estão diretamente relacionados à matéria-prima recebida para industrialização e, consequentemente, às condições e práticas realizadas na obtenção, armazenamento e seu transporte. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação da influência do transporte do leite cru a granel sobre a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos, contagem bacteriana total, análises físico-químicas e composição do leite cru refrigerado recebido em uma indústria de laticínios da Região do Vale do Itajaí – SC. Também objetivou avaliar o uso do conservante azidiol®, em condições controladas e em condições a campo, na contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e na contagem bacteriana total de leite cru refrigerado. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram coletadas amostras, com e sem o uso do conservante azidiol®, em tanques de expansão de três propriedades rurais, as quais foram armazenadas em laboratório e sob refrigeração (7ºC) e analisadas em tempos pré-definidos (0, 6, 12 e 24 horas). No segundo experimento foram coletadas amostras com e sem a adição do agente bacteriostático azidiol® em rotas de captação de matéria-prima de um laticínio (nos tanques de armazenamento das propriedades rurais, nos compartimentos isotérmicos dos caminhões e no silo de armazenamento da indústria), analisando-as em tempos variáveis. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e de regressão, comparação de médias e pela técnica de análise multivariada fatorial. Amostras coletadas sem conservante demonstraram contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e CBT crescentes à medida que o tempo entre a coleta e a análise aumentava. Já nas amostras adicionadas do conservante azidiol® a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT se mantiveram constantes durante o tempo entre a coleta e a análise. O transporte do leite cru a granel piorou a qualidade microbiológica do leite; porém, não demonstrou influência nos resultados das análises composicionais e físico-químicas do leite recebido na indústria. Condições ruins de higiene nas salas de armazenamento e nos tanques expansão influenciaram o aumento da contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT. Este aumento também foi relacionado com propriedades com menor produção de leite, porém, com influência menos representativa. Observou-se relação do transporte do leite a granel em caminhões mais limpos com menores contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos. Maior tempo da rota de transporte e o aumento da temperatura do leite durante o transporte aumentaram as contagens de bactérias totais e de microrganismos psicrotróficos, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado para a CBT

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
With the objective to evaluate the effect of the level of specialization of dairy production units, what it results in more intense use, or not, production resources, on the quantiqualitative aspects of milk, an evaluation was conducted in dairy production units (UPL) in two mesoregions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: West Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense East Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense. Milk samples were collected in forty property and analyzed the composition and quality of milk. The UPL were divided into two groups: Specialized System (ES) and Semi-Specialized System (SS). The classification of production systems was based on the genetic composition of the herd, milking system, equipment used for cooling milk, nutritional planning of the herd, use of pastures and fodder reserves, presence of technical assistance in the property and the level of importance of the dairy activity for the farmers. Were also collected data regarding the productivity of properties, such as stocking rate and milk production per hectare. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and solids) were determined by Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the somatic cell count and total bacterial count were realized by eletronic count flow cytometry. There were no significant differences in composition, milk quality and productivity between the producers of the ES in winter and summer. In the SS system only percentage of fat was difference during winter and summer. For other values there was no difference in the SS. When compared, the SS and SE systems differ in composition, quality and productivity. Compared with the SS, the milk produced in the SE had lower chemical composition, but with better microbiological quality and higher production volume.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do nível de especialização de propriedades leiteiras, o que resulta em uso mais intenso, ou não, dos recursos de produção, sobre os aspectos quanti-qualitativos do leite, foi realizada uma avaliação de unidades produtoras de leite (UPL) de duas mesorregiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense e Mesorregião Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 40 UPLs e realizadas análises de composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite. As UPLs foram divididas em dois grupos: Sistema Especializado (SE) e Sistema Semi-Especializado (SS). A classificação dos sistemas de produção foi baseada na composição genética do rebanho, equipamentos utilizados para refrigeração do leite, planejamento nutricional do rebanho, utilização de pastagens e reservas forrageiras, presença de assistência técnica na propriedade e grau de importância da atividade leiteira para os produtores. Também foram coletados dados referentes à produtividade das propriedades, como lotação animal e produção de leite por hectare. Os componentes do leite foram determinados pela espectrofotometria por radiação infravermelha e a contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana total através de contagem eletrônica por citometria de fluxo. Não foram encontradas diferenças para composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite e produtividade no SE nos meses de inverno e verão. Já no sistema SS apenas o teor de gordura apresentou diferença nos meses de inverno e verão. Comparado com o SS, o leite produzido no SE apresentou composição química inferior, porém com melhor qualidade microbiológica e maior volume produzido.

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The purpose this work was to evaluate milk quality in different production systems and its variation throughout the year. The database used in this work were from 943 milk farms from different regions: south, midwest and central of state of Minas Gerais and Vale Paraíba, state of São Paulo. Data totaled 18.026 samples, collected between January (2009) and September (2011), and it was granted by Danone Firm. The milk farms were classified in three different production systems: confined, semi-confined and extensive system (grass fed). Somatic cells count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk protein and fat contents were evaluated. The data was analyzed in a completely randomized design in a repeated measured scheme, and theproc MIXED procedure of SAS (2008) was used. The production system did not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither the SCC. However, the production system affected the TBC, indicating that TBC is related to the available structure for feeding animals. It is possible that the results are consequence of a payment program for quality, whichwas started by the milk industry in 2002. Seasonal variations in results of SCC, CBT and milk protein and fat contents were observed. The milk protein content was greater between March and June, while the milk fat content was greater between May and August. TBC and SCC were greater between December and March. In conclusion, production system does not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither SCC. However, confined systems have better TBC results. Furthermore, month and year affect the milk quality (TBC, SCC, milk protein and fat content results), where better results are observed in cold seasons.
Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite cru em diferentes sistemas de produção e sua variação ao longo do ano. Os dados utilizados nesse trabalho foram obtidos de 943 propriedades leiteiras das regiões do Sul de Minas, Centro-Oeste e Central Mineira no estado de Minas Gerais e na região do Vale do Paraíba no estado de São Paulo. Os mesmos foram concedidos pela Empresa Danone, em um total de 18.026 amostras, no período de janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2011. As propriedades foram divididas em sistema de produção confinado, semi-confinado e extensivo. Os itens avaliados foram contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e teores de proteína e gordura. Os dados foram analisados em esquema de medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando o procedimento proc MIXED do SAS (2008). Não houve efeito de sistema de produção sobre os teores de proteína, gordura e CCS. Já a CBT foi afetada pelo sistema de produção estando relacionada com o tipo de estrutura para alimentar os animais. Possivelmente, os resultados são consequência do programa de pagamento por qualidade implantando pelo laticínio desde o ano de 2002. Foram encontradas variações sazonais de CCS, CBT, proteína e gordura; sendo os valores de proteína mais elevados de Março a Junho, os valores de gordura mais elevados de Maio a Agosto, os valores de CBT e CCS mais elevados de Dezembro a Março.Conclui-se que o sistema de produção não interfere na porcentagem de gordura e proteína e CCS do leite. No entanto, sistemas confinados apresentam melhor padrão de CBT. Conclui-se, também, que tanto mês quanto ano são fatores que interferem na CBT, CCS, proteína e gordura do leite, sendo os melhores padrões encontrados nas épocas mais frias do ano.

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In a globalization context, producing food only focused on quantity makes no more sense. At the same time, the quality becomes the most important step on food processing chain, since it s essential to guarantee life quality. Then, we purposed this study to verify the effect of private technical assistance on milk quality. The study was carried out during the dry and rain periods of the year, on 40 dairy farms located at the counties of Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba and Cristianópolis, in Goiás State, Brazil. The farms were randomly selected from herds with high results of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). The effect of technical assistance on milk quality was evaluated using the results of milk analyses before and after visits of technicians on the farms. Milk samples were taken from bulk milk tanks and analyzed to somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) in electronic devices. We observed a significant decrease on the SCC and TBC after farmers had received technical assistance on milking procedures and mastitis control. The rain period didn t affect the observed results. As the SCC decreased, we observed an increase on SNF values of milk. So, we confirmed that technical assistance leaves to better milk quality, in any time of the year
No mundo globalizado, produzir alimentos com a visão única voltada para a quantidade não faz sentido. A qualidade torna-se a etapa mais importante do processo industrial, pois constitui garantia da qualidade de vida. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo verificar o efeito da assistência técnica privada na qualidade do leite. Foram acompanhadas 40 propriedades rurais localizadas nos municípios goianos de Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba e Cristianópolis, no período de secas e águas. Os produtores foram previamente selecionados por sorteio dentre aqueles que apresentavam elevadas contagens de células somáticas (CCS) e bacteriana total (CBT) no leite. O efeito da assistência técnica foi avaliado por meio de análises realizadas no leite antes e após os produtores receberem as visitas dos técnicos. Amostras de leite foram colhidas em tanques de refrigeração por expansão direta e submetidas às análises de CBT e CCS, em equipamentos eletrônicos. Observou-se que os valores de CBT e CCS diminuíram significativamente após os produtores receberem assistência técnica. A intensidade das chuvas não interferiu nos resultados de CCS e CBT. Concomitantemente à redução dos valores de CCS, houve aumento nos valores do extrato seco desengordurado do leite. Verificou-se que a assistência técnica privada proporcionou melhoria da qualidade do leite, independentemente da época do ano

A cadeia do leite tem um importante papel na ordem econômica e social do agronegócio brasileiro. A qualidade do leite produzido no Brasil ainda está abaixo do tecnicamente recomendável, fazendo com que fique comprometida a inocuidade dos alimentos lácteos ofertados à população e também às possibilidades do Brasil de se estabelecer como um forte competidor no mercado internacional. A melhoria da qualidade sanitária do leite está relacionada a adoção de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias (BPA), visando prevenir possíveis falhas no processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as características das propriedades produtoras de leite associadas a uma Cooperativa do estado do RS, bem como avaliar a eficácia da implantação do Programa Alimentos Seguros (PAS Leite Campo), no âmbito dos critérios legais de conformidade na qualidade higiênico-sanitária do leite produzido. Para isto foi utilizada a metodologia de Implantação Orientada desenvolvida pelo PAS Campo – Leite, em 59 produtores. No início e no final da implantação foram identificados dados para caracterização das propriedades e avaliados os indicadores de percentagem de conformidade dos itens da lista de verificação das BPA, que foram divididos em localização e instalações; segurança da água; capacitação e saúde do trabalhador; manejo da ordenha; higiene de equipamentos e utensílios; refrigeração e estocagem; controle de pragas; manejo sanitário e armazenamento dos alimentos, bem como da qualidade higiênico-sanitária da matéria-prima (leite), através de análises de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem de bactérias totais (CBT), antes e no decorrer da implantação do programa Para analisar os dados foi utilizado o software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS), através do teste de ANOVA, a fim de identificar a diferença estatística entre resultados com significância de 5% para análise das médias. Todas as propriedades estudadas possuíam ordenha mecânica e equipamento de refrigeração, uma produção média de 22,91 L/vaca /dia, em um plantel de 3.127 vacas, sendo 1.577 em lactação, totalizando a produção de 36.130 litros por dia. Os resultados de conformidade geral apresentaram uma evolução positiva de 64,41% inicialmente e alcançaram no final da implantação 96,20% do total. As contagens de CCS e CBT apresentaram quedas significativas no desenvolver do projeto. Com base no exposto, pode-se concluir que a adoção da BPA através do PAS foi eficaz para adequação das propriedades produtoras de leite aos critérios legais, bem como para a melhoria-higiênico sanitária do leite.
Milk food chain has an important role in the economic and social order of Brazilian agrobusiness. Sanitary quality of milk produced in Brazil still remains well below the technically recommended, compromising both the harmlessness of dairy products offered to population and Brazil’s possibilities to be established as a strong competitor in international market. Improvements in milk sanitary quality are linked with the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), aiming to correct possible flaws in the production process. The objective of the present study was to identify the characteristics of milk producing proprieties associated with a state’s Cooperative from Rio Grande do Sul (RS), as well as evaluate the efficacy of the implantation of the Safe Food Program (SFP Milk - Field) in the scope of conformity legal criteria in the hygienic-sanitary quality of milk produced. For that, methodology of Oriented Implantation developed by the SFP Milk - Field was used, in 59 milk producers. At the start and ending of the implantation, data for the characterization of proprieties was identified, whereas indicators of the conformity percentage of items from the verification list of GAP were evaluated, the last being divided in localization and installations; water safety; health and capacity of workers; milking handling; hygiene of equipment and utensils; refrigeration and storage; plague control; sanitary handling and food storage, as well as hygienic-sanitary quality of raw material (milk), through the analyses of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), before and during the program’s implantation For data tabulation, software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS) was used together with ANOVA test, aiming to identify the statistical difference between results with significance of 5% for average analysis. All proprieties studied had mechanical milking and refrigeration equipment; average milk production was of 21.81 L/cow/day, in a herd of 3,127 cows, being 1,577 in lactation, totalizing a production of 36,130 Liters per day. General conformity results showed a positive evolution of 64.41%, reaching up to 96.20% at the end of implantation. SCC and TBC counting showed significant decreases with the development of the project. Based on the exposed, it is possible to conclude that the adoption of GAP through SFP is effective for the adequacy of milk producing proprieties to legal criteria, as well as to the improvement of milk hygienic and sanitary quality.

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For assessing compliance with the quality requirements established by the Normative Instruction No. 62, a milk sample each property or community tank should be analyzed on a monthly basis by one of the laboratories accredited by the Brazilian Laboratories Network for Milk Quality Control . There are still doubts about what would be the maximum temperature and the time of milk sample storage without jeopardizing the results of the electronic analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of temperature and storage time of cooled samples of raw milk on the results of milk quality electronic analysis. Refrigerated raw milk samples were collected from expansion tanks for individual use of farms located in the middle region of the state of Goiás, and stored at four different temperatures (3 °C, 11 °C, 17 °C and 25 °C) for 16 days. Total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC) and chemical composition were performed daily. The results were submitted to analysis of variance in split plot design in randomized blocks, and the means were compared by Duncan test. We concluded that, when azidiol is added as preservative to samples for TBC, they can be analyzed up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3 °C and 11 °C, and up to 10 days when stored at 17 °C. Moreover, when bronopol is added as preservative, samples for SCC and chemical composition analysis can be stored for up to 16 days after collection when stored at temperatures of 3 °C and 11 °C, and for up to seven days when stored at 17 °C.
Para a avaliação do cumprimento dos requisitos de qualidade estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 62, uma amostra de leite de cada propriedade ou tanque comunitário deve ser analisada mensalmente por um dos laboratórios credenciados pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Controle da Qualidade do Leite. Ainda existem dúvidas sobre quais seriam a temperatura e o tempo máximos de armazenamento das amostras de leite sem que houvesse comprometimento dos resultados das análises eletrônicas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite cru refrigerado nos resultados das análises eletrônicas da qualidade do leite. Amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas de tanques de expansão de uso individual de fazendas localizadas na mesorregião Centro Goiano no Estado de Goiás e armazenadas em quatro temperaturas diferentes (3°C, 11°C, 17°C e 25°C) durante 16 dias. Foram realizadas diariamente análises de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição química. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan. Concluiu-se que as amostras destinadas à análise de CBT, adicionadas do conservante azidiol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C e por até 10 dias quando armazenadas a 17°C. E as amostras destinadas às análises de CCS e composição química, adicionadas do conservante bronopol, podem ser analisadas por até 16 dias após a coleta quando armazenadas em temperaturas de 3°C e 11°C e por até sete dias quando armazenadas a 17°C.

Introduction. Milk is one of the most important economies of the country. In 2002, milk contained 20% of the total value of agricultural economy products, and more than 30% of the total value of export of agricultural economy and alimentary products. Milk is going to stay the underlying branch of agricultural economy in the future. Today, 95.5 % of all Lithuanian farms have 1-4 cows. These farms contain 74.7% of the total number of cows. This producer group is the biggest and most problematic, because its contribution to production of milk is very important. It is important to emphasize, that pensioners contain 45% of milker holders. Objective of the study. The aim of this master‘s paper is to analyze the composition of Lithuania‘s recast companies according to the data taken from state lab Pieno Tyrimai of procurement raw milk. This paper will also analyze the dynamic of the most important quality parameters including: domain, season, the number of milk providers and the number of tested milk samples. Materials ant methods. In this master‘s paper the quality and the consistency of raw milk were analyzed according to parameters set by the state lab „Pieno tyrimai“. The subjects of research were the quality and composition data of 2002-2004 year samples of raw milk. Tendencies of resources of raw milk were analyzed according to the newest statutory requirements in Lithuania and in compliance with the main EU legislation. Findings. According to the analyses of the... [to full text]

This project investigated the bacteria in water entering and leaving the slow sand filters at Ringsjö Water Works using flow cytometry. The purpose was to explore the possibility of utilising flow cytometry as a monitoring method for optimising water production using slow sand filters. Data describing the bacterial community in water was collected over seven weeks and analysed with FlowJo, flow cytometric image comparison and Minitab. The total cell count, intact cell count and the percentage of high nucleic acid bacteria were analysed. These parameters were highly dependent on scraping events, water entering the filters and season. The results indicated that flow cytometry has great potential for use as a monitoring method, although more data should be collected to establish expected trends and secure baseline values for routine comparisons.

Fördröjning av publikation fram till 31 december 2020.

In my thesis, I focused on monitoring of microorganisms in the sample of red grape juice and on the interactions between yeasts, bacteria and filamentous fungi. Three different media were applied for the cultivation of microorganisms; firstly for monitoring of total volume of microorganisms, secondly for yeasts and third time for lactic acid bacteria. The indirect method was used for the determination of the amount of viable cells. This method consists in enumerating of visible macroscopic colonies grown up on agar plates. When the cells grew up, the forms of colonies were analyzed visually and the morphology of microorganisms was detected microscopically. The operating time of enzymes in grape juice in the production of red wine was monitored after application of commercial enzymatic preparation. The enzym action in grape juice was observed on the basis of the process of degradation of high – molecular substrate by enzymes through the use of Ubbelohd´s viscometer. The research findings provided a lot of knowledge about the occurance of microflora in the process of production of red wine. The commercial preparations added to grape juice played a significant role.

碩士
中國文化大學
建築及都市計劃研究所
98
Abstract Taiwan is a sea-island nation with warm and humid climate environment, which is very favorable for the growths of microbe and bioaerosols. In Taiwan, the incidence rates of many related diseases, including the respiratory tract allergy, are even higher than that of the countries in the Frigid Zone. Related literature surveys show that Americans spend 87.2% of their time in the so-called indoor environment, 7.2% on traffic vehicles and only 5.6% on activities in outdoor environment (Lance, 1996). Therefore, more and more people begin to pay attention to the indoor air quality (IAQ). On December 30, 2005, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Executive Yuan released the suggestion value of bioaerosols for the biological pollution of indoor air quality. But there is no mandatory requirement, the people thus need to take care of themselves when in public places. This study only takes the said library as an example and wishes to obtain precise numerical values through the collecting methods and techniques of bioaerosols suggested by the EPA. Besides, it explores the relevance between the total bacterial count of bioaerosols and the environment and conducts comparative analyses. This study paper is divided into 5 chapters as shown below: Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter mainly introduces the motivation, objective, scope, content, procedure methods and flow as well as the expected results of this study. Chapter 2 Literature Exploration This chapter mainly describes the study’s related literatures, theories, regulations and the suggestion value as well as the potential hazards to human body due to over-high values. Chapter 3 Real Examples Survey By real examples, this chapter mainly introduces the survey architecture and the survey plan to illustrate the collecting methods and techniques collection for bioaerosols suggested by the EPA, and the present status survey for the library as well as the result analysis of the questionnaire survey. Chapter 4 Relationship and its Degree between the Total Bacterial Count of Bioaerosols and the IAQ. This chapter takes the library of the Cultural Affairs Bureau of Taoyuan County Government as an example to know the library’s environmental characteristics, and collects the viable bacteria counts of the bioaerosols, conducts comparative analyses with the space area and the number of people used, as well as the temperature, humidity and different time. Besides, it points out the relationship and its degree between the total bacterial count of bioaerosols and the IAQ. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions Finally, this paper presents its conclusions and suggestions, wishing the people to understand the importance of the IAQ, and wishing related units can self-manage the IAQ to really meet public health security standards. Keywords: indoor air quality (IAQ), bioaerosols

The goal of the graduation theses was a comparison of the hygenic quality of raw cows milk, it was expressed by the value of total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cells count (SCC) in four breeds of milking cows using only postdipping (3 breeds) in comparison with breed using predipping and postdipping. The breeds differed in technology of lairage and milking procedures, grazing and the size the herd. During two seasons 2006 till 2007 was discovered that the breeds using predipping and postdipping had significantly less average values of TBC (9,46.103.ml-1) in comparison with the breeds using only postdipping (15,97.103.ml-1), the difference was statistically significant (P = 0,007) on the level of significance P < 0,05. Also it was shown that SCC were below averages levels with using predipping and postdipping (293,47.103.ml-1) in comparison to breeds using only postdipping (312,06.103.ml-1), the difference was also statistically significant (P = 0,01) on the level of significance P < 0,05.

The aim of my thesis was to analyze the quality parameters of raw bulk milk with a focus on hygienic and microbiological quality. For this purpose we choose two markers: somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Data were obtained from two dairy farms Dolní Bukovsko and Popovice for the period from June 2008 to February 2011. For statistical evaluation was used MS Excel and Statistics 6.0. SCC and the average TBC values were recorded at higher density in Dolní Bukovsko. However, the averages for these two breeds are consistent with the legislation of the European Union and the Czech Republic (both TBC (?100,000/ml) and SCC (?400,000/ml)). Even though the average TBC value exceeded the limit of the breeding herd health PSB ? 200 thousand / ml, indicating the possible presence of subclinical mastitis and bonded with the considerable economic losses in milk production.

碩士
國立中興大學
生命科學院碩士在職專班
94
Whey, a protein complex derived from milk, has a number of physiological properties targeted at providing immunoprotective, growth and antimicrobial factors to the neonate. One of biological components in whey is lactoferrin (LF) provided with more health-care functions. This study is helpful for extracting whey proteins (WPs) of goat’s milk and separating high-purity LF. Seasonal variations on WPs and total bacterial counts (TBCs) in dairy goat’s milk were evaluated from colostrums within 5 days after parturition and normal lactating periods. TBCs and serum albumin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in summer than in winter. The concentrations of LF and immunoglobulin (Ig) of normal lactating periods did not differ among seasons. In first two days after parturition, WPs in colostrums were significantly higher than those beyond the 3rd day. However WPs were not different between 3rd to 5th days after parturition and normal lactating periods. These results indicated that the concentrations of LF and Ig in normal lactating milk with TBCs under 100000 CFU/ml did not differ among seasons, breeds or parities. Therefore it may serve as a reference for expanding the commercial use of WPs in goat’s milk.

Graduation theses were inquired into question of presence of total bacteria count (TBC) in four selected cattle-raising. The breeds differ from each other with technology of lairege and milking, predipping, grazing and herd size. The first was lairage in stanction housing and in-stall milking pipeline system and embodied average values TBC from 10 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1 till 179 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1. The second breed was lairaged in loose grate without littered housing and got milking parlour and embodied average values TBC from 5,5 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1 till 68,75 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1.The third and the fourth breeds were lairaged in loose cubicle littered housing and got milking parlour and embodied average values TBC from 5 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1 till 34,33 {$\bullet$} 103 {$\bullet$} ml-1. There was not statically conclusive difference in analysis of total bacteria count on level - significance P < 0,05 between lairage in stanction littered housing and in-stall milking pipeline system and lairage in loose cubicle littered housing and milking parlour and lairage in loose cubicle littered housing and milking parlour, when the Students test was used. The stud with lairage in loose grate without littered housing and milking parlour had the top microbial contaminaton of milk. It had serious defections of hygiene lairage and milking. It succeeded to significant differences in value TBC in bulk milk sample on level - significance P < 0,05.

The microbiological quality of raw milk from the perspective of the health of dairy products is one of the most important features. The amount of microorganisms is influenced by storage temperature and time of milk. In the thesis was observed dynamics of total bacteria count (TBC) in raw milk depending on the selected factors (months, seasons, point of collection, the length of storage). To life of microorganisms contributes warm weather. The largest increase in TBC was observed in the months of April and May to 108 thousand /1 Ml. It is necessary to place great emphasis on rapid cooling of milk (max 150 min.) to the desired temperature (8 °C). Increase TBC could be caused by long transportation time of sampling raw milk from a milk vending machine to evaluate the quality and microbiological indicators. In the second part of the thesis are compares the quality and microbiological characteristics of raw milk from selected milk vending machines. When evaluating the samples taken from the farm, average values of TBC were higher (43 thousand/ml) compared to samples collected from the milk vending machines (6 thousand/ml). Reason of higher values from farms could be caused by poor hygiene of the milk and his secondary contaminations. In contrast, the average results from samples taken from the milk vending machines were more than excellent. That´s shows tight control of cooling milk during transportation from the farm to the milk vending machine. Next reason better results is right cooling and to maintain a constant temperature in the grades (from 0.5 to 1 °C). That´s temperature, which prevents the growth of microorganisms.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
102
Bamboo shoots (Bambusa oldhami Munro) are immature body of bamboo. They grow up and become the bamboos. Since bamboo shoots are grown in the soil, harvesting of bamboo shoots always result in contamination with microorganisms and dint. In addition, harvesting of bamboo shoots creates a large incision and the incision surface turns brown and hard quickly. The storage life of the bamboo shoots is very shoot due to microorganism caused deterioration. Electrolyzed water (EW) is already widely used in agriculture, dentistry, pharmaceutical and food industries. Many studies had indicated that EW can also be used in fresh-cut vegetables to reduce microorganisms. The purposes of this study were to investigate suitable conditions in generating membrane-less EW (LS-MLEW) and to study EW on the reduction of the total plate count in bamboo shoots as well as on the impact of their shelf-life while applied EW to the bamboo shoots. In this study, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and calcium chloride were used as electrolytes of EW. There were good linear relationships between electrolyte concentration and free available chlorine (FAC) as well as pH value in both potassium chlorides and sodium chlorides solutions. Calcium ions of calcium chloride were deposited on the surface of the cathode plate, which resulted in reducing the efficiency of electrolysis. However, FAC did not change with concentration in calcium chloride solution, this probably due to the deposition Ca++ on the surface of the cathode. At low temperature (3.5℃), the efficiency of electrolysis decreased and the FAC of the EW of potassium chloride also decreased accordingly. Bamboo shoots incision surface contains large number of microorganisms which are difficult to be removed by washing. EW prepared by the electrolysis of 0.3 M potassium chloride at room temperature was used for bamboo shoot treatment. When the bamboo shoots were soaked in EW at low temperature (3.5℃) for 60 minutes, the standard plate counts in the incision surface of bamboo shoots decreased significantly. Comparing with soaking in the common bleach solution (NaOCl) or Oxonet solution (ClO2), soaking in EW significantly decreased the standard plate counts in the incision surface of bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoots were stored in sealed PE bags with a micropore 0.15mm at 3℃ after treated with EW or Oxonet. Results showed that the control group and the aqueous Oxonet, demonstrated significant browning symptoms after10 days in the refrigerator and the EW treatment turned browning after 15 days. Sensory evaluation of the bamboo shoots after 10 days showed no difference among treatments indicating there were no significant differences in the overall taste among treated or un-treated bamboo shoots.

Raw milk is one of the most monitored product not only in terms of microbial, but also in terms of technology, chemistry and sensory. The aim of the thesis was the examination of the influence of cold chain interruptions on dynamic of total bacteria count (TBC) in raw cow milk. The results show that the temperature and time have a significant impact on TBC. The samples stored during the first three hours of experiment at 15 °C showed (in time 0 - 27 hours) a continuous growth with changing dynamic (5.13, 6.66, resp. log CFU/ml). The samples stored at 30 °C showed a significant increase, however there was a decrease between an hour of 25th and 26th (6.88, 6.69, resp. log CFU/ml). An hour later another increase was found (to 7.37 log CFU/ml). The samples stored at 6 °C showed the lowest values of TBC, although an increase was found after 24 hours (5.87 log CFU/ml). The second part of the thesis was an evaluation of the questionnaire survey among people consuming raw cow milk from a vending machine. The survey showed that more than a half of respondents (88%) interrupt the cold chain for no more than an hour. Then it was found that 75% of respondents do not overcook raw milk. The consumers appreciate the taste of raw milk (35%), freshness (19%), quality (16%), and a nutritional value (12%).

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
食品科學系碩士班
102
Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported having bioactivities and widely used in health foods. However, many commercial probiotic products are mislabeled with wrong bacteria species and having insufficient count. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a reliable identification method for LAB. With the development of molecular biology techniques, using gene sequences for identification have received more attention nowadays. This study found that 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ITS) could not be used to distinguish closely related species because of high similarity of sequences. We used dnaK gene instead as a molecular maker for LAB in this study. Combining this gene with two restriction enzymes (DraI and PstI) for PCR-RFLP resulted unique RFLP profiles to identify between Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Besides, sub-specific primers were designed according to dnaK gene to enhance their distinguishability. Using the sub-specific primers combining with nested-PCR technique could improve the identification of the target LAB from others strains. Therefore, dnaK gene can be an ideal molecular maker for discriminating the used three LABs. 16S rDNA, with high similarity among these used strains, was used as an molecular maker for LAB count for quantitative analysis in this study. Viability PCR technique using 16S rDNA has been demonstrated that there was a high exponential growth relationship (R>0.99) between the PCR products and live LAB count in the tested commercial products. This technique shows potential to be used for quality control of LAB probiotic products during storage and for estimating their shelf lifes.

The aim of this thesis is to monitor how the amount of water (water activity) affects the amount of microorganisms is selected packaged meat products from the point of view standards, which specify their specific requirements for the health safety of these products. The first part of this work describes various types of packaging materials of meat products, the microorganisms that occur in them and the definition of water activity. The second part describes the actual measurement of water activity and the measurement of the occurrence of microorganisms and coliforms, from selection of suitable meat products, their types of packaging, sample preparation and evaluation of measured methods. The results showed, that the activity of water affects the occurrence of microorganisms and coliforms, in that the higher the activity of water, the higher microorganisms presence.