Academic literature on the topic 'Total bacterial count'
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Journal articles on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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Newbold, C. J., F. M. McIntosh, and R. J. Wallace. "Changes in the microbial population of a rumen-simulating fermenter in response to yeast culture." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-086.
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Yeast increased the total viable count of bacteria on a medium containing rumen fluid and soluble sugars by 38% (P < 0.05) and the cellulolytic population increased by 49%, although the increase was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Microscopic counts indicated a 25% increase in total bacteria (P < 0.05). Bacterial counts with mannitol as sole energy source also increased (P < 0.05), indicating an increased Selenomonas population; that was not in itself sufficient to account for the increase in the total bacterial count. The protozoal population was significantly lower in yeast supplemented vessels (P < 0.001), which may account partly for the increased bacterial numbers. Key words: Yeast culture, probiotics, rumen bacteria, Rusitec
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Alves, Edmar da Costa, Alice Maria Dahmer, and Aurélio Ferreira Borges. "Total bacterial count and somatic cell count in refrigerated raw milk stored in communal tanks." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 17, no. 3 (September 2014): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.1114.
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The current industry demand for dairy products with extended shelf life has resulted in new challenges for milk quality maintenance. The processing of milk with high bacterial counts compromises the quality and performance of industrial products. The study aimed to evaluate the total bacteria counts (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) in 768 samples of refrigerated raw milk, from 32 communal tanks. Samples were collected in the first quarter of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and analyzed by the Laboratory of Milk Quality - LQL. Results showed that 62.5%, 37.5%, 15.6% and 27.1% of the means for TBC in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively, were above the values established by legislation. However, we observed a significant reduction in the levels of total bacterial count (TBC) in the studied periods. For somatic cell count, 100% of the means indicated values below 600.000 cells/mL, complying with the actual Brazilian legislation. The values found for the somatic cell count suggests the adoption of effective measures for the sanitary control of the herd. However, the results must be considered with caution as it highlights the need for quality improvements of the raw material until it achieves reliable results effectively.
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Haque, Md Mansurul, MG Sorrowar, and Harun Ur Rashid. "Effects of frozen storage, radiation and their combined Treatments on microorganisms of freshwater mola fish Amblypharyngodon mola." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 37, no. 1 (July 13, 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i1.15677.
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The study revealed that the total viable bacterial count, staphylococcal count, coliform count, faecal coliform count, Aeromonas count and total fungal counts varied from 8.8×107 to 1.27×108, 2.7×106 to 4.2×106, 9.0×104 to 1.03×105, 4.8×105 to 7.3×105, 2.7×105 to 5.0×105 and 1.6×103 to 3.5×103 cfu/gm, respectively. Seventy six bacterial strains were isolated and identified, where Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus varians, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella ozaenae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella edwardsii, Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Micrococcus radiodurans were 16 (21.06%), 11 (14.47%), 9 (11.82%), 6 (7.89%), 6 (7.89%), 8 (10.53%), 6 (7.89%), 4 (5.26%), 7 (9.21%) and 3 ( 3.95% ), respectively. Total coliform, faecal coliform, Aeromonas bacteria and total fungi were found to be totally inactivated by the irradiation dose of 2.5 kGy onwards and total viable bacteria and staphylococcal bacteria were eliminated completely at the irradiation dose of 7.5 kGy. The bacterial counts were shown to be gradually decreased in all the samples from initial to final storage. The combined treatments were found more effective than that of the single treatment for reducing or eliminating the associated bacteria. The moisture contents of the studied fish were found nearly similar during initial and final storage periods and also at different radiation doses but the total protein contents decreased during final storage period and also at different radiation doses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i1.15677 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 21-31, 2013
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Karoki, W. H., D. N. Karanja, L. C. Bebora, and L. W. Njagi. "Isolation, Characterization, and Quantification of Bacteria from African Sausages Sold in Nairobi County, Kenya." International Journal of Food Science 2018 (October 23, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3861265.
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African sausages are local popular delicacies in Kenya. Demand for these sausages has resulted in this delicacy’s vendors being on the increase. However, health risk posed to unsuspecting consumers of African sausages sold in informal, unhygienic make shift road-side kiosks in major cities of Kenya is largely unknown. A descriptive study was designed to isolate, characterize and quantify bacteria from African sausages sold in Nairobi County. A total of hundred (100) African sausages (62 roasted and 38 nonroasted) were conveniently collected from three meat eatery points of Westlands, Kangemi slum, and Pangani estates. Five genera of bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus spp. at 50.4%, Bacillus spp. at 19.5%, Streptococcus spp. 9.8%, Proteus spp. 2.4%, and E. coli spp. at 1.6%, were isolated from 80 African sausage samples. The total aerobic bacterial count range was between 1.0-9.9x101 and 1.0-9.9x107 log cfu/g with 37 samples having total aerobic bacterial count of between 1.0-9.9 x104 and 1.0-9.9 x107 log cfu/g. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in distribution of isolates and total aerobic bacterial count across geographical sites studied among the roasted and nonroasted African sausages. This study has demonstrated presence of bacteria in African sausages which are potentially zoonotic to humans. Comprehensive study is needed to sample more eatery meat points in Nairobi and other areas in order to demonstrate pathogenic attributes of these isolates and establish the respective total aerobic bacterial count. There is also need to establish the sources of bacteria due to high total aerobic bacterial count determined in the current study.
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Townsend, David E., and Ali Naqui. "Comparison of SimPlate TotalTM Plate Count Test with Plate Count Agar Method for Detection and Quantitation of Bacteria in Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.563.
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abstract The SimPlateTM Total Plate Count (TPC) test, developed by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., detects and quantitates total bacterial concentration in food after 24 h of incubation. The performance of SimPlate TPC was compared with that of the plate count agar (PCA) method for enumerating total bacterial concentration of 255 food samples representing 15 different food matrixes. Total bacterial counts on SimPlate TPC were measured after 24 h of incubation and plotted against values obtained from PCA after 48 h. Simple regression analysis of the data showed strong correlation between the methods (r = 0.95); the sensitivity of SimPlate TPC for foodborne bacteria was 96% relative to PCA (slope = 0.96). It was concluded that SimPlate TPC is a suitable alternative for the detection and quantitation of foodborne bacteria. The method has been granted Performance Tested Certification by the AOAC Research Institute.
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Casida Jr., L. E. "Arthrobacter species as a prey cell reservoir for nonobligate bacterial predators in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-089.
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The possibility was investigated that, in soil, Arthrobacter species might serve as a major reservoir of prey cells for the nonobligate bacterial predators in the soil. Previous evidence had indicated this. Arthrobacter globiformis cells added to soil caused an increase in the total bacterial count and the gram-negative bacteria count of the soil. Copper-resistant bacterial predators, such as Cupriavidus necator, also increased in number, apparently in response to the A. globiformis cells. Other bacterial predators did not respond to A. globiformis. Certain soil bacteria responded specifically and quickly (within 2.5 h) to the A. globiformis cell additions. They had gliding motility and could hydrolyze GELRITE (the solidifying agent for media). Addition of these hydrolyzer bacteria to soil caused marked increases in the total bacteria count, the gram-negative bacteria count, and the bacterial predator counts. These responses mimicked those for A. globiformis soil additions. The results from an alternative method of soil incubation that speeded up the processes, and from other observations, indicated that the large apparent bacterial predator attack on A. globiformis in soil may actually be on other bacteria in soil that respond to A. globiformis in a nonpredatory manner. Therefore, A. globiformis and other Arthrobacter species may not be serving as a major reservoir of prey cells in soil.Key words: predation, predators, prey, soil, Arthrobacter.
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Hassan, Hayat, and Hatil EL-Kamali. "Effect of soil physico-chemical properties and plant type on bacterial diversity in semi- arid parts in central Sudan. Part ii. Sharq El-neel region, Khartoum state." International Journal of Scientific World 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i1.5482.
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<p>Total viable counts of bacteria and bacterial diversity of the different soil samples from three different localities in Sharq EL-Neel region: Soba, AL-Aelafoon and Um Dawan Ban sub-regions were carried out. Soil physical and chemical characteristics (pH, EC,SP,solublecations: Na, K, Ca, Mg and anion P, organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil texture)in each studied sub-regions were measured. Qualitative analysis of microorganisms isolated from the studied soil samples reveal a total of thirteendifferent species of bacteria, of which two are unidentified. The ten species are classified under Bacillus genus. In Sharq EL-Neel regionsoil samples, total bacterial counts ranged from 9.5 × 10<sup>4 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup> to 1×10<sup>3</sup> with a mean of 4×10<sup>3 </sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup>. The quantitative data on microbial population recorded in the present study was analysed using two diversity indices. High Shannon-Weiner diversity Index value for bacteria was obtained in AL-Aelfoon sub-region (1.79361), whereas high Simpson's index value was obtained in Um Dawan Ban sub-region (2.80).ActinomycesActinomyces spp. and Streptomyces spp. Where the most abundant microorganisms identified in the three sub-regions. Total bacterial count in Soba soil was positively correlated with pH (r= 0.0194) and sand (r= 0.3205); the total bacterial count in AL-Aelafoon soilwas positively correlated with EC (r= 0.1062), clay (r= 0.3816), silt (r= 0.1936), SP (r= 0.9302), K (r= 0.6252), Ca (r= 0.0015) and Mg (r= 0.1556), whereas the total bacterial count in Um Dawan Ban soil was positively correlated with clay (r= 0.2614), silt (r= 0.0216), SP (r= 0.565), K (r= 0.9645), P (r= 0.0197), Ca (r= 0.7377), Mg (r= 0.0267), N (r= 0.5215) and O.C (r= 0.3214). There were obvious differences in correlation coefficients among the selected criteria (46 % from the total number of correlation coefficients were positively correlated between bacterial counts and soil physico-chemical properties whereas 54% from the total number were positively correlated between plant type and bacterial counts).</p>
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Akpoka, Obhioze Augustine. "Isolation and Characterization of Crude Oil Degrading Bacteria in Association with Microalgae in Saver Pit from Egbaoma Flow Station, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Archives of Ecotoxicology 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2020.2.2.12-16.
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The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utilize crude oil as their sole source of carbon and energy provides an environmentally friendly and economical process for dealing with crude oil pollution and its inherent hazards. In view of the toxicity of crude oil spillages to indwellers of the affected ecosystems and the entire affected environment, the isolation of pure bacterial and microalgae cultures from crude effluents is a step in the right direction, particularly for bio-augmentation or bioremediation purposes. The total heterotrophic bacteria count and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count, as well as the microalgae count, were determined with the pour plate technique. The physicochemical properties of the effluent samples were also analyzed. Identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was performed with phenotypic techniques. The result shows a mean total heterotrophic bacterium count of 5.91 log CFU/ml and a mean microalga count of 4.77 log cells/ml. When crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) were used as sole carbon sources, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were respectively estimated at 3.89 and 2.89 log CFU/ml. Phenotypic identification of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the crude oil effluents revealed the presence of two main bacterial genera: Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Data obtained from this study confirmed the biodegradative abilities of indigenous bacterial species, thus, ultimately resulting in the amelioration of the toxicity associated with the crude oil effluents.
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Morozumi, Toshiya, Takehiko Kubota, Daisuke Abe, Taro Shimizu, Kaname Nohno, and Hiromasa Yoshie. "Microbiological Effect of Essential Oils in Combination with Subgingival Ultrasonic Instrumentation and Mouth Rinsing in Chronic Periodontitis Patients." International Journal of Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/146479.
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Thirty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control, saline, and essential oil-containing antiseptic (EO). Subgingival plaque was collected from a total of 90 pockets across all subjects. Subsequently, subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation (SUI) was performed by using EO or saline as the irrigation agent. After continuous mouth rinsing at home with EO or saline for 7 days, subgingival plaques were sampled again. Periodontopathic bacteria were quantified using the modified Invader PLUS assay. The total bacterial count in shallow pockets (probing pocket depth (PPD) = 4-5 mm) was significantly reduced in both saline (P<0.05) and EO groups (P<0.01). The total bacterial count (P<0.05) andPorphyromonas gingivalis(P<0.01) andTannerella forsythia(P<0.05) count in deep pockets (PPD≥6 mm) were significantly reduced only in the EO group. In comparisons of the change ratio relative to baseline value of total bacteria counts across categories, both the saline and EO groups for PPD 4-5 mm and the EO group for PPD 6 mm showed a significantly low ratio (P<0.05). The adjunctive use of EO may be effective in reducing subgingival bacterial counts in both shallow and deep pockets. This trial is registered with UMIN Clinical Trials RegistryUMIN000007484.
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Henry, J. G., and D. Prasad. "Microbial Aspects of the Inuvik Sewage Lagoon." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0021.
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A facultative sewage lagoon in Inuvik, N.W.T. was studied in August (ice free) and November (ice covered) 1984. Emphasis was placed on the microbiological aspects and their relation to lagoon performance. Analyses performed included, pH, total alkalinity, total solids, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and BOD5 determinations. The microbiological tests included total plate counts (20°C) and psychrotrophic counts (1°C). Results indicated that the Inuvik sewage lagoon system achieved removal efficiencies, ranging from 90% BOD5 removal in summer to about 80% in winter. The total bacterial count was found to decrease in the liquid of the primary cells in the winter, but the bacterial count in the secondary cell was similar under both winter and summer conditions. No significant difference existed in bacterial counts in the sludge samples between primary and secondary cells. The total bacterial number decreased by one order of magnitude in the winter in sludges from all cells. A shift from mesophilic to psychrotrophic bacteria occurred in the winter. The percentage of psychrotrophs increased from less than 1% to over 80% with the change in season. The role of psychrotrophs in lagoon performance is discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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Caselani, Kelly [UNESP]. "Avaliação dos controles microbiológicos e do programa de redução de patógenos no abate de bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94629.
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caselani_k_me_jabo.pdf: 1897501 bytes, checksum: 58d7092f2bddb55a69e072e202d99cf8 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC – Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample
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Wentz, Andréia Garcia. "Diferentes métodos e tempos de conservação de amostras de leite cru para determinação da composição físico-química e qualidade microbiológica." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1583.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07The present study aimed to compare three methods of conservation (no added preservative, azidiol and bronopol), conservation of raw milk for total bacteria count analysis (TBC) for the standard counting method plating, chemical composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids and fat solids), pH and freezing of milk. The research also aimed to study the influence of the storage period (days), temperature (cooled and uncooled) and the initial microbiological quality of raw milk samples. It was used a randomized block design with factorial arrangement of 3 (methods) x 2 (temperature) x 5 (times). The TBC was influenced by the preservative, since after seven days of storage the sample without preservative had greater TBC. In the unrefrigerated samples with bronopol there was a gradual reduction of TBC. It was observed that the samples preserved with azidiol, regardless of storage temperature, TBC reduced over time. The temperature affected the fat content (P <0.001). The protein, lactose, solids and milk medium density were influenced by the type of preservative and storage days (P <0.001). The pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the storage days (P <0.001). For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol, independent of refrigeration or storage, is the most appropriate method to maintain the original characteristics of the product. From the first day of storage of the samples, there was an increase of the average levels of protein, lactose and degreased solids in relation to the quantified on the collection day. On the other hand, the TBC was changed isolated by the initial TBC, storage temperature and storage days (P <0.001). There was an increase of TBC according to the days of storage, since until the first day of storage values increased already from the second day of storage TBC started to reduce. In fat content, there was only initial TBC effect and storage temperature (P <0.001). In the protein percentage there was the effect of days of storage, the protein increased until the first day of storage, where it stabilized until 7 days of storage. Lactose was amended by initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001), lactose increased until the first day of storage, which stabilized until the seventh day. The total solids (TS) content was amended by initial TBC, temperature and storage days (P <0.001), samples with high TBC showed higher initial TS levels. The SD content was changed only by the initial TBC and the storage days (P <0.001). The pH was amended by initial TBC, temperature and days of storage. For TBC analysis, using azidiol preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage to maintain more stable microbiological characteristics over seven days of storage. For analysis of physical and chemical composition, from the first day of sample storage, there was an increase of protein, lactose and fat solids of milk, compared to levels observed when quantified in the same day of collection of milk
O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando comparar três métodos de conservação (sem adição de conservante, azidiol e bronopol), na conservação de leite cru destinado a análise de contagem bactéria total (CBT) pelo método de contagem padrão em placas, composição centesimal (gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais e sólidos desengordurados), pH e do ponto de congelamento do leite. O trabalho também objetivou estudar a influência do período de armazenamento (dias), temperatura (refrigerado e não refrigerado) e a qualidade microbiológica inicial de amostras de leite cru. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial de 3 (métodos) x 2 (temperaturas) x 5 (tempos). A CBT foi influenciada pelo conservante, pois aos sete dias de armazenamento a amostra sem conservante apresentou maior CBT. Nas amostras com bronopol sem refrigeração houve redução gradual de CBT. Observou-se que as amostras conservadas com azidiol, independente da temperatura de armazenagem, reduziram a CBT ao longo do tempo. A temperatura influenciou o teor de gordura (P<0,001. Os teores de proteína, lactose, sólidos desengordurados e densidade média do leite foram influenciados pelo tipo de conservante e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi influenciado pelo tipo de conservante e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). Para análises de CBT, o uso de azidiol, independente de refrigeração ou armazenagem, é o método mais adequado para manter as características originais do produto. A partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras ocorre aumento dos teores médios de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados em relação aos quantificados no dia da coleta. Por outro lado, a CBT foi alterada de forma isolada pela CBT inicial, temperatura de armazenamento e dias de armazenagem (P<0,001). Houve aumento da CBT de acordo com os dias de armazenamento, uma vez que até o primeiro dia de armazenamento os valores aumentaram, já a partir do segundo dia de armazenamento a CBT começou a reduzir. Nos teores de gordura, houve apenas efeito de CBT inicial e temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,001). Nos percentuais de proteína houve efeito de dias de armazenamento, a proteína aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até 7 dias de armazenamento. Lactose foi alterada pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), teor de lactose aumentou até o primeiro dia de armazenamento, onde estabilizou até o sétimo dia. O teor de ST foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento (P<0,001), amostras com alta CBT inicial apresentaram maiores teores de ST. O teor de SD foi alterado apenas pela CBT inicial e pelos dias de armazenamento (P<0,001). O pH foi alterado pela CBT inicial, temperatura e dias de armazenamento. Para análise de CBT, o uso de azidiol como conservante é dependente do uso de refrigeração durante a armazenagem para manter as características microbiológicas mais estáveis ao longo de sete dias de armazenamento. Para análises de composição físico-química, a partir do primeiro dia de armazenamento das amostras, ocorreu aumento dos teores de proteína, lactose e sólidos desengordurados do leite, em relação aos teores observados quando quantificados no mesmo dia da coleta do leite
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Vargas, Diego Prado de. "EFEITO DA CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS E CONTAGEM BACTERIANA TOTAL SOBRE OS CONSTITUINTES DO LEITE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5728.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe study aims to evaluate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) on the constituents of milk, checking the influence that the climatic variables have on these hygienic-sanitary indicators. Data were obtained from 1,541 dairy farms located in 15 municipalities in the dairy region of Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. It was tabulated the data from somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk composition, from June 2008 to December 2011, totaling 44,089 samples. The ambient temperature showed positive and significant correlation to score of somatic cell, while rainfall and relative humidity air showed no correlation. Moreover, the climatic variables have no significant correlation to the TBC. The fat, protein, minerals and total solids were directly correlated with the SCC and TBC, while solids-not-fat and lactose showed an opposite behavior. The principal component analysis (PCA) followed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, have showed that milk from SCC 401,000 to 750,000 cell mL-1 and TBC from 100,000 to 1,000,000 CFU mL-1, have the same quality, not justifying stratification in these intervals. In addition, it was observed that only limits regulatory standards are not sufficient to improve the quality of milk, suggesting parameters for payment system based on the bonus and penalty relative to the TBC and SCC milk.
Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre os constituintes do leite, verificando a influência que as variáveis climáticas exercem sobre estes indicadores higiênico-sanitários. Os dados utilizados foram de 1.541 unidades produtoras de leite referentes a 15 municípios da bacia leiteira do Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram tabulados os dados de contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e composição centesimal do leite, referentes ao período de junho de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, totalizando 44.089 amostras analisadas. A temperatura ambiente apresentou correlação positiva e significativa com o escore de células somáticas, enquanto a precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar ausência de correlação. Por outro lado, as variáveis climáticas não apresentaram correlação significativa com a CBT. Os teores de gordura, proteína, minerais e sólidos totais foram diretamente correlacionados com a CCS e a CBT, enquanto que os sólidos não gordurosos e a lactose apresentaram comportamento inverso. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) seguida pelo método hierárquico aglomerativo de agrupamento, permitiu constatar que leites com CCS maiores que 400.000 até 750.000 céls mL-1 e CBT superiores a 100.000 até 1.000.000 UFC mL-1, apresentam a mesma qualidade, não justificando a estratificação de intervalos nesta amplitude de variação. Paralelamente, observou-se que somente limites de normas regulatórias não são suficientes para melhoraria da qualidade do leite, sugerindo-se, parâmetros para sistemas de pagamento baseado na bonificação e penalização em relação à CCS e CBT do leite.
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Cortinhas, Cristina Simões. "Qualidade do leite cru e práticas de manejo em fazendas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-21082014-111709/.
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O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco associados com práticas de manejo e a qualidade higiênica do leite cru, e caracterizar o nível de conhecimento e opiniões de produtores de leite sobre controle de mastite e qualidade do leite. Os objetivos específicos foram avaliar os fatores de risco associados com a qualidade higiênica do leite, determinar o efeito do tipo de agente causador de mastite sobre a qualidade do leite cru, e avaliar a associação entre o nível de conhecimento dos produtores e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de tanque. O presente estudo foi dividido em três experimentos. No experimento 1, para avaliação de práticas de manejo associadas à qualidade higiênica do leite cru em rebanhos leiteiros, foram selecionados 120 rebanhos de acordo com a média geométrica da contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 10 amostras de leite/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor dois grupos: 60 com alta CBT (1,11x104 UFC/mL) e 60 com baixa CBT (4,4x103 UFC/mL). Após a seleção, amostras de leite foram coletadas uma vez por semana durante dois meses para determinação da CBT, contagem do leite com incubação preliminar (CIP), contagem do leite pasteurizado (CLP), contagem de coliformes (CC), CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. Após a realização das análises, 63 rebanhos foram selecionados e visitados para aplicação de questionário sobre: a) informações gerais de manejo do rebanho; b) manejo de ordenha; c) procedimentos de limpeza de equipamento de ordenha e utensílios; d) programa de controle da mastite; e) condições de limpeza do úbere. Para o experimento 2, o nível de conhecimento e as opiniões dos produtores de leite sobre mastite e qualidade do leite, foram avaliados em 63 rebanhos selecionados e distribuídos de acordo com as médias geométricas da CCS (8 coletas semanais consecutivas durante dois meses) em três grupos: a) baixa CCS: ≤ 250.000 céls/mL(n = 16); b) média CCS: >250.000 ≤ 400.000 céls/mL (n = 24); c) alta CCS: > 400.000 céls/mL(n = 23). Nos rebanhos selecionados, foram aplicados questionários aos responsáveis pelo manejo do rebanho, com questões sobre: características socioeconômicas, conhecimentos a respeito de CCS, CBT e mastite e comportamentos dos produtores com relação a práticas de prevenção da mastite. No experimento 3, para avaliação da associação entre patógenos causadores de mastite e qualidade do leite, foram selecionados 90 rebanhos com base na CCS do tanque de 10 amostras/ rebanho coletadas durante dois meses consecutivos, para compor os seguintes grupos: a) ≤ 250.000 céls/mL (n = 30); b) >250.000 ≤ 600.000 céls/mL (n = 30); c) >600.000 céls/mL (n = 30). As amostras do leite de tanque foram coletadas, a cada 15 dias por um período de 3 meses, para determinação da contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, contagem de Streptococcus agalactiae, contagem de estafilococos coagulase-negativa, contagem de estreptococos ambientais, contagem de Escherichia coli, contagem de coliformes totais, CBT, CCS e de concentrações de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais. A alta quantidade de matéria orgânica presente na válvula de saída do tanque de expansão é um fator de risco para a qualidade higiênica do leite cru; o uso do desinfetante de tetos pré e pós-ordenha são práticas de manejo que reduzem a contagem dos principais indicadores de qualidade higiênica do leite e a prática de ordenha com o bezerro ao pé da vaca está associada ao aumento de CBT, CIP e CC. Outros fatores socioeconômicos como ter o leite como principal atividade econômica na propriedade, o tipo de ordenha utilizada no rebanho, o uso de métodos para detecção de mastite e o conhecimento das exigências legais de CCS e CBT foram fatores associados à CCS do leite de tanque. Adicionalmente, altas contagens de Streptococcus agalactiae reduzem a qualidade do leite de tanque por estarem correlacionadas com o aumento de CCS.The overall objectve of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with management practices and hygienic raw milk quality, and to caracterize the farmer\'s knowledge and opinions about mastitis control and milk quality. The specific objectives were to evaluate the risk factors associated with hygienic milk quality, to determine the effect of mastitis pathogens on raw milk quality and to assess the association between framers knowledge about mastitis control and somatic cell count (SCC) of bulk tank. Therefore, we proposed three experiments. For experiment 1, to evaluate management practices associated with hygienic quality of raw milk in dairy farms, 120 dairy herds were selected according to the geometric mean of the total bacterial count (TBC) from 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, which were distributed in two groups: high TBC (1.11 x104 CFU / mL, n = 60) and low TBC (4.4 x103 CFU / mL, n = 60). After selection of herds, milk samples were collected weekly for two months to perform analyzes of TBC, preliminary incubation count (PIC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), coliform count (CC), somatic cell count (SCC) and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. After laboratory analysis, 63 herds were visited for on-farm data collection by a questionnaire about: a) general aspects of farm management; b) milking management; c) milking equipment and utensils cleaning procedures; d) mastitis control; e) udder cleaning conditions. For experiment 2, to evaluate the knowledge and opinions of dairy farmers about mastitis control and milk quality, 63 herds were selected and distributed according to geometric means of SCC (8 weekly milk sampling during two consecutive months) into three groups: a) low SCC: ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 16); b) medium SCC: >250,000 ≤ 400,000 cells / mL (n = 24); c) high SCC:> 400,000 cells / mL (n = 23). Previously formulated questionnaires were submitted to the herd manager, with questions about the following topics: socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge about SCC, TBC, mastitis and mastitis prevention practices. For experiment 3, to evaluate the association between mastitis pathogens, SCC and TBC, 90 herds were selected based on the SCC of 10 milk samples collected during two consecutive months, to compose the following groups: a) ≤ 250,000 cells / mL (n = 30), b) >250,000 ≤ 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30), c)> 600,000 cells / mL (n = 30). Bulk Tank milk samples were collected every 15 days for a period of three months, for Staphylococcus aureus count, Streptococcus agalactiae count, coagulase-negative staphylococci count, environmental streptococci count, Escherichia coli count, coliform count, TBC, SCC and fat, protein and total solids concentrations. The high amount of organic matter in the bulk tank outlet valve is a risk factor for the raw milk hygienic quality, the use of pre and post teat dipping is associated with a reduction of major indicators of raw milk hygienic quality and the presence of suckling calves before milking was associated with increased TBC, PIC and CC. Other social and economical factors, such as the milk as main economic activity in the farm, type of milking procedures used, the use of methods for mastitis detection and knowledge about legal requirements for SCC and TBC were correlated with CCS in bulk tank milk. Additionally, high Streptococcus agalactiae counts is associated with reduced bulk tank milk quality because of increased SCC.
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Caselani, Kelly. "Avaliação dos controles microbiológicos e do programa de redução de patógenos no abate de bovinos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94629.
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Orientador: Luiz Francisco PrataBanca: Gener Tadeu Pereira
Banca: Anna Monteiro Correia Lima Ribeiro
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC - Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample
Mestre
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Takahashi, Fabio Henrique. "Aplicação do controle estatístico de processo (CEP) como ferramenta para a melhoria da qualidade do leite." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-21092011-103622/.
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Objetivou-se utilizar o controle estatístico de processo (CEP) como ferramenta de melhoria da qualidade do leite. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação de variações não naturais, na qualidade do leite, passíveis de serem manipuladas. Para este estudo, foram utilizados dados de produção de leite, de contagem de células somáticas (CSS) e de contagem bacteriana total (CBT) de 384 fazendas, obtidos do banco de dados da Clínica do Leite - ESALQ/ USP no ano de 2009. Avaliou-se os efeitos naturais (época do ano e produção de leite) sobre a variação de CCS e CBT, e adicionalmente, foram gerados gráficos de controle para escore de células somáticas (ECS) e contagem bacteriana total transformada (tCBT), com a finalidade de identificar fontes de variação não naturais em um grupo de quatro fazendas. A variabilidade das informações foi avaliada pelo estimador do desvio padrão (sigma), calculado com base na amplitude móvel. Verificou-se que a época do ano influenciou significativamente o ECS e a tCBT. Os gráficos de controle, dentro de cada época, indicaram a presença de variações não naturais no ECS e na tCBT no grupo de fazendas avaliadas. Além disso, os gráficos de controle também caracterizaram fazendas em controle estatístico de processos. No segundo estudo objetivou-se utilizar o CEP como ferramenta de identificação e classificação de fazendas com maiores probabilidades de violarem os padrões de qualidade utilizados pela indústria. Foram utilizados dados de CCS e CBT de 452 fazendas, no período de janeiro de 2009 a março de 2010. Calcularam-se as proporções de violação nos padrões de qualidade, considerando os limites de CCS = 400.000 céls./ mL e CBT = 100.000 UFC/ mL. Foram calculados os índices de capacidade (Cpk) e classificaram-se as fazendas segundo quatro categorias de médias e de índices Cpk. As fazendas que apresentaram maiores médias e desvios obtiveram maiores frequências de violação. As fazendas com médias inferiores aos limites propostos para CCS e CBT representaram, respectivamente, 25,05 % e 97,78 % das fazendas. Entretanto, a proporção de fazendas que forneceram leite consistentemente dentro dos padrões de qualidade avaliados (Cpk 1) representou 4,65 % e 35,17 % das propriedades para CCS e CBT respectivamente. Portanto, a aplicação do CEP dentro das fazendas é uma ferramenta adicional para monitorar a qualidade do leite produzido, o índice Cpk pode ser utilizado em conjunto com os atuais modelos de caracterização da qualidade do leite de fazendas pelas indústrias, uma vez que identifica rebanhos mais consistentes em produzir leite dentro de um padrão de qualidade.This study aimed to employ statistical process control (SPC) as a tool to improve milk quality. The first objective of the study was to evaluate SPC as tool to identify non-natural variation of milk quality that are possible to be manipulated. In this study, data on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and total bacterial count (TBC) of 384 farms were used, provided by database of Clínica do Leite ESALQ/ USP in 2009. Natural effects (time of year and milk production) trough SCC and TBC variation were evaluated, and additionally, control charts for score cell somatic (SCS) and total bacterial count transformed (TBCt) were built aiming to identify sources of non-natural variations in a group of four farms. The variability of information was evaluated trough standard deviation estimator (sigma), calculated with basis of moving range. It was observed that time of year influenced significantly SCS and TBCt. The control charts, in each period, indicated signs of non-natural variation in SCS and TBCt in the group of herds evaluated. Furthermore, the control charts characterized the farms in statistical process control. The second study aimed to use SPC as a tool for identification and rating farms with larger probabilities of infraction on quality standard used by industry. Data of SCC and TBC from 452 farms, from January 2009 to March 2010, were used. The proportion of violation in quality standard, regarding the limits of SCC = 4000,000 cells/ mL and TBC = 100,000 CFU/ mL was calculated. Capability indices (Cpk) were calculated and farms were categorized into four classes of Cpk means and indices. Farms that presented larger means and deviation shoed superior frequencies of violation. Herds with means below the proposed limits of SCC and TBC represented, respectively, 25.05 % and 97.78 % of farms. However, proportion of farms that delivered milk consistently within the standards of quality evaluated (Cpk 1) represented 4.65 % and 35.17 % of farms for SCC and TBC, respectively. Therefore, application of SPC on farms is an additional tool for monitoring milk quality produced, the index Cpk can be used, by industries, associated with the current models to characterize milk quality from farms, since it identifies herds more consistent in producing quality-standard milk.
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Felipus, Nadine Cristina. "Impacto do transporte a granel na qualidade microbiológica e físico-química e na composição do leite cru refrigerado em indústria de laticínios." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2017. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2562.
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Milk is nutritionally complete, but a highly perishable food and its characteristics easily altered by the action of microorganisms and by the manipulation to which it is submitted. The quality and shelf life of the product that reaches the consumer is directly related to the raw material received for industrialization, and consequently to the conditions and practices carried out in obtaining, storing and transporting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of transport of raw milk on the count of psychrotrophic microrganisms, total bacterial count, physical-chemical and compositional analyses of the refrigerated raw milk received in a dairy industry of Vale do Itajaí – SC, Brazil. Other objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the preservative azidiol ®, under controlled conditions and under field conditions, in the count of psychrotrophic microorganisms and in the total bacterial count of refrigerated raw milk. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, samples were collected, with and without the use of the preservative azidiol®, in bulk tanks of 3 dairy farms, which were stored under laboratory refrigeration (7ºC) and analyzed at pre-defined times (0, 6, 12 and 24 hours). In the second experiment, samples were collected with and without the use of the azidiol® preservative in the raw milk capture at routes of a dairy (in the storage tanks of the farms, in the isothermal compartments of the trucks and in the storage silo of the industry), doing analysis at varying times. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, regression analysis, means comparison and multivariate factorial analysis. Samples collected without preservatives showed increasing psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count as the time between collection and analysis increased. In the samples conserved by azidiol ®, psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count remained constant during the time between collection and analysis. The transport of raw milk in bulk worsened the microbiological quality of the milk, but did not show influence on the compositional and physical-chemical results of the milk received in the industry. Poor hygiene conditions in storage rooms and in expansion tanks influenced the increase of psychrotrophic microrganisms counts and total bacterial count. This increase was also related to farms with lower production, but with less representative influence. It was observed a relation of milk transport in bulk in cleaner trucks with lower counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms. The transport route time and temperature increase during the transport increased counts of total bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria, with more pronounced effect for total bacterial count
O leite é um alimento nutricionalmente completo, porém altamente perecível, tendo suas características facilmente alteradas pela ação de microrganismos e pela manipulação a que é submetido. A qualidade e tempo de prateleira do produto que chega ao consumidor estão diretamente relacionados à matéria-prima recebida para industrialização e, consequentemente, às condições e práticas realizadas na obtenção, armazenamento e seu transporte. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação da influência do transporte do leite cru a granel sobre a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos, contagem bacteriana total, análises físico-químicas e composição do leite cru refrigerado recebido em uma indústria de laticínios da Região do Vale do Itajaí – SC. Também objetivou avaliar o uso do conservante azidiol®, em condições controladas e em condições a campo, na contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e na contagem bacteriana total de leite cru refrigerado. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foram coletadas amostras, com e sem o uso do conservante azidiol®, em tanques de expansão de três propriedades rurais, as quais foram armazenadas em laboratório e sob refrigeração (7ºC) e analisadas em tempos pré-definidos (0, 6, 12 e 24 horas). No segundo experimento foram coletadas amostras com e sem a adição do agente bacteriostático azidiol® em rotas de captação de matéria-prima de um laticínio (nos tanques de armazenamento das propriedades rurais, nos compartimentos isotérmicos dos caminhões e no silo de armazenamento da indústria), analisando-as em tempos variáveis. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e de regressão, comparação de médias e pela técnica de análise multivariada fatorial. Amostras coletadas sem conservante demonstraram contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e CBT crescentes à medida que o tempo entre a coleta e a análise aumentava. Já nas amostras adicionadas do conservante azidiol® a contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT se mantiveram constantes durante o tempo entre a coleta e a análise. O transporte do leite cru a granel piorou a qualidade microbiológica do leite; porém, não demonstrou influência nos resultados das análises composicionais e físico-químicas do leite recebido na indústria. Condições ruins de higiene nas salas de armazenamento e nos tanques expansão influenciaram o aumento da contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos e a CBT. Este aumento também foi relacionado com propriedades com menor produção de leite, porém, com influência menos representativa. Observou-se relação do transporte do leite a granel em caminhões mais limpos com menores contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos. Maior tempo da rota de transporte e o aumento da temperatura do leite durante o transporte aumentaram as contagens de bactérias totais e de microrganismos psicrotróficos, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado para a CBT
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Araujo, Fernando Oliveira de. "Qualidade do leite produzido nos meses de inverno e verão na região central do Rio Grande do Sul em diferentes níveis tecnológicos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10771.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorWith the objective to evaluate the effect of the level of specialization of dairy production units, what it results in more intense use, or not, production resources, on the quantiqualitative aspects of milk, an evaluation was conducted in dairy production units (UPL) in two mesoregions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul: West Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense East Central Mesoregion Rio-Grandense. Milk samples were collected in forty property and analyzed the composition and quality of milk. The UPL were divided into two groups: Specialized System (ES) and Semi-Specialized System (SS). The classification of production systems was based on the genetic composition of the herd, milking system, equipment used for cooling milk, nutritional planning of the herd, use of pastures and fodder reserves, presence of technical assistance in the property and the level of importance of the dairy activity for the farmers. Were also collected data regarding the productivity of properties, such as stocking rate and milk production per hectare. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose and solids) were determined by Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the somatic cell count and total bacterial count were realized by eletronic count flow cytometry. There were no significant differences in composition, milk quality and productivity between the producers of the ES in winter and summer. In the SS system only percentage of fat was difference during winter and summer. For other values there was no difference in the SS. When compared, the SS and SE systems differ in composition, quality and productivity. Compared with the SS, the milk produced in the SE had lower chemical composition, but with better microbiological quality and higher production volume.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do nível de especialização de propriedades leiteiras, o que resulta em uso mais intenso, ou não, dos recursos de produção, sobre os aspectos quanti-qualitativos do leite, foi realizada uma avaliação de unidades produtoras de leite (UPL) de duas mesorregiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense e Mesorregião Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 40 UPLs e realizadas análises de composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite. As UPLs foram divididas em dois grupos: Sistema Especializado (SE) e Sistema Semi-Especializado (SS). A classificação dos sistemas de produção foi baseada na composição genética do rebanho, equipamentos utilizados para refrigeração do leite, planejamento nutricional do rebanho, utilização de pastagens e reservas forrageiras, presença de assistência técnica na propriedade e grau de importância da atividade leiteira para os produtores. Também foram coletados dados referentes à produtividade das propriedades, como lotação animal e produção de leite por hectare. Os componentes do leite foram determinados pela espectrofotometria por radiação infravermelha e a contagem de células somáticas e contagem bacteriana total através de contagem eletrônica por citometria de fluxo. Não foram encontradas diferenças para composição química e qualidade microbiológica do leite e produtividade no SE nos meses de inverno e verão. Já no sistema SS apenas o teor de gordura apresentou diferença nos meses de inverno e verão. Comparado com o SS, o leite produzido no SE apresentou composição química inferior, porém com melhor qualidade microbiológica e maior volume produzido.
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Jácome, Daniele Canabrava. "Avaliação da qualidade do leite cru em diferentes sistemasde produção e épocas do ano." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5752.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-12The purpose this work was to evaluate milk quality in different production systems and its variation throughout the year. The database used in this work were from 943 milk farms from different regions: south, midwest and central of state of Minas Gerais and Vale Paraíba, state of São Paulo. Data totaled 18.026 samples, collected between January (2009) and September (2011), and it was granted by Danone Firm. The milk farms were classified in three different production systems: confined, semi-confined and extensive system (grass fed). Somatic cells count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and milk protein and fat contents were evaluated. The data was analyzed in a completely randomized design in a repeated measured scheme, and theproc MIXED procedure of SAS (2008) was used. The production system did not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither the SCC. However, the production system affected the TBC, indicating that TBC is related to the available structure for feeding animals. It is possible that the results are consequence of a payment program for quality, whichwas started by the milk industry in 2002. Seasonal variations in results of SCC, CBT and milk protein and fat contents were observed. The milk protein content was greater between March and June, while the milk fat content was greater between May and August. TBC and SCC were greater between December and March. In conclusion, production system does not affect milk protein and fat contents, neither SCC. However, confined systems have better TBC results. Furthermore, month and year affect the milk quality (TBC, SCC, milk protein and fat content results), where better results are observed in cold seasons.
Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite cru em diferentes sistemas de produção e sua variação ao longo do ano. Os dados utilizados nesse trabalho foram obtidos de 943 propriedades leiteiras das regiões do Sul de Minas, Centro-Oeste e Central Mineira no estado de Minas Gerais e na região do Vale do Paraíba no estado de São Paulo. Os mesmos foram concedidos pela Empresa Danone, em um total de 18.026 amostras, no período de janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2011. As propriedades foram divididas em sistema de produção confinado, semi-confinado e extensivo. Os itens avaliados foram contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e teores de proteína e gordura. Os dados foram analisados em esquema de medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando o procedimento proc MIXED do SAS (2008). Não houve efeito de sistema de produção sobre os teores de proteína, gordura e CCS. Já a CBT foi afetada pelo sistema de produção estando relacionada com o tipo de estrutura para alimentar os animais. Possivelmente, os resultados são consequência do programa de pagamento por qualidade implantando pelo laticínio desde o ano de 2002. Foram encontradas variações sazonais de CCS, CBT, proteína e gordura; sendo os valores de proteína mais elevados de Março a Junho, os valores de gordura mais elevados de Maio a Agosto, os valores de CBT e CCS mais elevados de Dezembro a Março.Conclui-se que o sistema de produção não interfere na porcentagem de gordura e proteína e CCS do leite. No entanto, sistemas confinados apresentam melhor padrão de CBT. Conclui-se, também, que tanto mês quanto ano são fatores que interferem na CBT, CCS, proteína e gordura do leite, sendo os melhores padrões encontrados nas épocas mais frias do ano.
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GUIMARÃES, Caroline Paixão do Amaral. "Impacto da assistência técnica sobre a qualidade do leite." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/925.
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-21In a globalization context, producing food only focused on quantity makes no more sense. At the same time, the quality becomes the most important step on food processing chain, since it s essential to guarantee life quality. Then, we purposed this study to verify the effect of private technical assistance on milk quality. The study was carried out during the dry and rain periods of the year, on 40 dairy farms located at the counties of Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba and Cristianópolis, in Goiás State, Brazil. The farms were randomly selected from herds with high results of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). The effect of technical assistance on milk quality was evaluated using the results of milk analyses before and after visits of technicians on the farms. Milk samples were taken from bulk milk tanks and analyzed to somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) in electronic devices. We observed a significant decrease on the SCC and TBC after farmers had received technical assistance on milking procedures and mastitis control. The rain period didn t affect the observed results. As the SCC decreased, we observed an increase on SNF values of milk. So, we confirmed that technical assistance leaves to better milk quality, in any time of the year
No mundo globalizado, produzir alimentos com a visão única voltada para a quantidade não faz sentido. A qualidade torna-se a etapa mais importante do processo industrial, pois constitui garantia da qualidade de vida. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo verificar o efeito da assistência técnica privada na qualidade do leite. Foram acompanhadas 40 propriedades rurais localizadas nos municípios goianos de Bela Vista de Goiás, São Miguel do Passa Quatro, Piracanjuba e Cristianópolis, no período de secas e águas. Os produtores foram previamente selecionados por sorteio dentre aqueles que apresentavam elevadas contagens de células somáticas (CCS) e bacteriana total (CBT) no leite. O efeito da assistência técnica foi avaliado por meio de análises realizadas no leite antes e após os produtores receberem as visitas dos técnicos. Amostras de leite foram colhidas em tanques de refrigeração por expansão direta e submetidas às análises de CBT e CCS, em equipamentos eletrônicos. Observou-se que os valores de CBT e CCS diminuíram significativamente após os produtores receberem assistência técnica. A intensidade das chuvas não interferiu nos resultados de CCS e CBT. Concomitantemente à redução dos valores de CCS, houve aumento nos valores do extrato seco desengordurado do leite. Verificou-se que a assistência técnica privada proporcionou melhoria da qualidade do leite, independentemente da época do ano
Books on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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Virginia. Department of Environmental Quality. Bacteria TMDL for Carter Run, Fauquier County, Virginia. Richmond, Va.]: Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2005.
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Virginia. Department of Environmental Quality. Bacteria TMDL for Matadequin Creek, Hanover County, Virginia. Richmond, Va.]: Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2004.
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Virginia. Department of Environmental Quality. Bacteria TMDL for White Oak Swamp, Henrico County, Virginia. Richmond, Va.]: Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2004.
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Concepts, Inc Engineering. Bacteria TMDL for Deep Run, Stafford and Fauquier County, Virginia. Richmond, Va.]: Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2004.
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Kenner, Scott J. Fecal coliform bacteria total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Spring Creek, Pennington County, South Dakota. [Pierre, S.D.]: South Dakota Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Financial and Technical Assistance, 2008.
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Virginia. Department of Conservation and Recreation. Bacteria TMDLs for Abrams Creek and Upper and Lower Opequon Creek located in Frederick and Clarke County, Virginia. Richmond, Va.]: Dept. of Environmental Quality, 2004.
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Moyer, Douglas L. Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Christians Creek, Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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Moyer, Douglas L. Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Blacks Run, Rockingham County, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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Moyer, Douglas L. Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Christians Creek, Augusta County, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
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Moyer, Douglas L. Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Blacks Run, Rockingham County, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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Jay, J. M. "MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS | Total Bacterial Count." In Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences, 768–73. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-464970-x/00094-5.
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"Design and Characterization of the Integrated Biosensor for Total Bacterial Count." In Biosensors and Environmental Health, 357–71. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12775-45.
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Fernández, Javier, and Vicente Arroyo. "Cirrhosis and ascites." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jack Satsangi, 3058–68. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0318.
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Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the most common complication of cirrhosis, when it is associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs only when portal hypertension has developed and is mainly due to renal sodium retention secondary to splanchnic arterial vasodilation that leads to homeostatic activation of vasoconstrictor and sodium-retaining systems. Clinical presentation is with abdominal distension. The initial evaluation of a patient with ascites must include (1) history and physical examination; (2) liver and renal function tests including serum and urine electrolytes; (3) analysis of ascitic fluid (diagnostic paracentesis) for cell count and culture, and protein/albumin concentration; other tests such as cytology (suspicion of malignancy), amylase (pancreatic disease), and polymerase chain reaction and culture for mycobacteria (tuberculosis) should be done only when the diagnosis is unclear; (4) abdominal ultrasonography for evidence of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or malignancy. First-line manoeuvres include dietary salt restriction, and therapeutic or total paracentesis. Water restriction is only recommended if there is severe dilutional hyponatraemia. Refractory ascites is managed by repeated paracentesis or insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Cirrhotic patients with ascites should be considered for liver transplantation. All patients with cirrhosis and ascites are at risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Typical symptoms are abdominal pain and fever, but the condition may be asymptomatic. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics should be started as soon as a presumptive diagnosis is made following diagnostic paracentesis. Mortality is around 10% for the acute episode and 75% at 1 year; hence (unless contraindicated), all patients with SBP should be considered for liver transplantation. Patients with cirrhosis and ascites are also at high risk of other complications.
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Hoff, Kjell Arne. "Total and Specific Bacterial Counts by Simultaneous Staining with DAPI and Fluorochrome-Labeled Antibodies." In Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 149–54. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203752746-20.
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Breuker, A., and A. Schippers. "Data report: total cell counts and qPCR abundance of Archaea and Bacteria in shallow subsurface marine sediments of North Pond: gravity cores collected during site survey cruise prior to IODP Expedition 336." In Proceedings of the IODP. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.336.201.2013.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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STOŠKUS, Robertas, Jonas JATKAUSKAS, Vilma VROTNIAKIENĖ, and Vida JUOZAITIENĖ. "THE EFFECT OF HOMO - AND HETERO - FERMENTATIVE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA MIX ON THE ENSILED LUCERNE FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS AND AEROBIC STABILITY IN BIG BALES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.029.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of homo- and hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria mix on the ensiled lucerne fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability in big bales. The lucerne was ensiled without additives (C) and treated with a mix of bacterial inoculant that contains Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri (50:50) (I). Silage was treated with bacterial inoculant, which significantly increased the total organic acids concentration by 69 %, lactic acid by 92% and acetic acid by 76 %. If the results were compared with the C silage, the inoculation significantly decreased the concentrations of butyric acid by 73 %, ethanol by 53 % and ammonia - N concentration by 33%. Inoculated silage had significantly lowered the yeast count by 59 % and moulds count by 34 %. Compared to the inoculated silage and during the aerobic exposure, the untreated silage maximum temperature was significantly higher (13.9 0C vs 4.6 0C) (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Therefore, the bacterial inoculant improved the quality of fermentation and aerobic stability in lucerne silages.
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Xiuying Tang, He Guo, Yankun Peng, Yang Xu, and Jie Zheng. "Prediction of the total viable bacterial count based on visible/near infrared spectra during pork spoiling." In 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131593677.
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Hinz, Brandon J., Karim H. Muci-Küchler, and Pauline M. Smith. "Distribution of Bacteria in Simplified Surrogate Extremities Shot With Small Caliber Projectiles." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64803.
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Experiments were conducted to determine bacteria distribution trends in wound cavities of simplified surrogate extremities shot using small caliber projectiles. Two different shapes of targets, cylindrical and square, were used in this study. Cylindrical targets are more representative of an extremity but create difficulties while conducting tests due to inconsistent cavity lengths and optical distortions. Square targets, which are not as susceptible to the problems mentioned above, could be used in place of cylindrical ones if their shape does not significantly affect the distribution of bacteria within the wound cavity. Surface contamination of the targets in the experiments was represented using a circular piece of filter paper moistened with a solution with a known amount of Escherichia coli strain K-12. The projectiles used were 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber round nose projectiles shot from a commercially available air rifle. The permanent cavities were extracted from the targets and sliced into small, evenly spaced segments and the area surrounding the permanent cavities was removed with a biopsy punch. The radial tears that were made by the formation of the temporary cavity and surround the permanent cavity were removed using a scalpel. The permanent cavity and radial tears for each section were processed and plated on agar plates. Commercial software was used to count the number of colony forming units on each plate and the percentage of the total bacterial colony count per segment was determined. High speed video and motion analysis software was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the temporary cavities in the cylindrical and square targets. The data from the experiments showed that the bacteria distribution trends for the cylindrical and square targets were similar even though the maximum openings of the temporary cavity at the entrance and exit locations were higher for the cylindrical ones. For both target shapes, the bacterium was evenly distributed between the permanent cavity and the radial tears in the middle sections of the “wound tracks.” In addition, significantly higher amounts of bacterium were found in the entrance and exit segments compared with the rest of the segments in the “wound tracks”.
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Arora, Rahul D. "Definition, etiopathogenesis, management and role of flouroquinolone prophylaxis in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis complicating malignant ascites." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685345.
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Background: Malignancy related ascites encompasses multiple etiologies which include peritoneal carcinomatosis, hepatic synthetic dysfunction due to parenchymal involvement by the tumour, transcoeloemic metastasis and chylous ascites due to lymphatic obstruction. Primary Cancer type, liver metastasis and serum albumin have been listed as independent prognostic markers in malignant ascites. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis is usually seen as a complication of decompensated chronic liver disease due to translocation of bacteria or haematogenous dissemination from a distant focus of infection. The combination of a positive peritoneal fluid culture and an ascitic fluid neutrophil count >250 cells/mm3 and no evidence of intra-abdominal source of infection; or 2) culture negative neutrocytic ascites: the combination of negative peritoneal fluid bacterial culture and neutrophil count >500 cells/mm3, without antibiotics within 7 days with no obvious source of infection are used to define spontaneous bacterialperitonitis. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis has been proposed as a prophylaxis to reduce the incidence and prevent the recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Materials and Methods: A web search of indexed literature was carried out articles containing information on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy or malignancy related ascites or malignant ascites. Articles that carried relevant information about etiopathogenesis, management and translational research in the context of malignant ascites were also included. Results: A total of 32 articles were analysed and about half of them included in the discussion to answer the research question. Discussion: Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach leading to formation of spheroids which imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis and chemotherapeutics leading to efficient feed forward progressive cycle of seeding and growth of peritoneal metastasis. Intraperitoneal metastasis can cause peritoneal dysfunction, adhesions and malignant ascites. Epithelial mesenchymal transistion and myofibroblastic transformation occur in the mesothelial cells in response to pathological stimuli. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important mitogen for endothelial cells and plays an important role in increasing capillary vascular permeability. In preclinical studies systemic administration of VEGF Trap which acts as a decoy receptor for VEGF has shown to decrease the formation of ascites fluid and prevent tumour dissemination. Epithelial ovarian cancer cells have developed various mechanisms to evade immune surveillance like development of surface microvesicles which contain CD 95 ligand leading to apoptosis of immune cells. Higher levels of osteoproteogerin, IL 10 and leptin in the ascitic fluid have been associated with a poor prognosis in malignant ascites. Tethered bowel sign and presence of fluid in the omental bursa on CT have been shown to distinguish between malignant ascites and Cirrhotic ascites with accuracy. Immunological approaches to management of malignant ascites include use of intraperitoneal triamcinolone, interferon, long acting synthetic corticosteroids and the trifoliate antibody catumaxomab. VEGF Inhihibitors like octreotide and long acting depot preparations of lanreotide have also been shown to be feasible therapeutic options. Anti androgenic agents and PARP inhibitors have also been proposed as management options. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the setting of malignancy in the absence of hepatic dysfunction has been reported to have a poorer prognosis than SBP in the setting of decompensated liver disease. Monomicrobial and polymicrobial bacterascites have been proposed in the absence of an elevated neutrophil ascitic fluid count that does not meet the diagnostic criteria. Extensive liver metastasis where the diseased liver can be expected to behave like a cirrhotic liver and gastrointestinal bleeding (on the basis of an isolated case report) have been considered as risk factors for the development of SBP in malignant ascites. In a case series of 8 patients with malignancy related ascites Patients with total ascitic fluid concentration of less than 1 gm per litre were found to be at risk for Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and warrant flouroquinolone prophylaxis. Conclusion: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis complicating malignant ascites is questionable entity. Good quality Audits and Randomised control trials are warranted to in this domain to enable the definition of incidence, antecedent complications, management and prophylaxis to ensure applicability of translational research to the clinical domain.
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Lukjanova, Е. А., А. N. Sysoeva, D. А. Ivasenko, D. А. Ivasenko, and Y. А. Frank. "EFFECT OF THE “BIOBAKT “MICROCLIMATE” BIOLOGICAL PREPARATION ON MICROFLORA OF INDOOR LIVESTOCK FARM SECTIONS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.683-685.
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Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of the biological preparation "BioBact" Microclimate" based on Bacillus subtilis D18 on the microflora of indoor livestock farm sections. Experimental treatment of farrowing sections was carried out at one of the livestock farms in Tomsk region, West Siberia. Monitoring of the sanitary-indicative microorganisms counts revealed a decrease in the total aerobic microbial counts, number of E. coli group bacteria, enteric bacteria and Staphylococcus spp. in the experimental sections of the livestock farm compared to control conditions.
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Yankun Peng and Wei Wang. "Prediction of Pork Meat Total Viable Bacteria Count Using Hyperspectral Imaging System and Support Vector Machines." In Food Processing Automation Conference Proceedings, 28-29 June 2008, Providence, Rhode Island. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24558.
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Stojanova, Monika, Olga Najdenovska, and Dragutin Đukic. "THE INFLUENCE OF TWO STARTER CULTURES ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL STABILITY OF MACEDONIAN TRADITIONAL SAUSAGE." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.441s.
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The aim of this paper is to monitor the influence of two starter cultures on the microbiological stability of Macedonian traditional sausage. The research covered three variants: Control variant; Variant 2: with addition of starter culture CS-300; Variant 3: with addition of starter cultures CS-300 and BLC-78. The total bacteria count and Lactobacillus sp. in all three variants decreases compared to the initial value. There is no presence of Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae.Starter culture CS-300 is recommended, while better stability of the microflora is achieved during the storage period, as well as a good quality. At the same time, the use of nitrite salt is eliminated, which results in getting a safe product.
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Nnanna, A. G. Agwu, Chenguang Sheng, Kimberly Conrad, and Greg Crowley. "Performance Assessment of Pre-Filtration Strainer of an Ultrafiltration Membrane System by Particle Size Analysis." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53447.
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One of the industrial applications of ultrafiltration membrane system is water purification and wastewater treatment. Membranes act as physical barriers by eliminating particles such as pollen, yeast, bacteria, colloids, viruses, and macromolecules from feed water. The effectiveness of the membrane to separate particles is determined by its molecular weight cut-off and feed water characteristics. Typically, pre-filtration strainers are installed upstream of an ultrafiltration membrane system to separate large particles from the flow stream. The criteria for selection of the strainer pore size is unclear and is often determined by the feed water average particle size distribution. This paper is motivated by the hydraulic loading failure of a 125 μm strainer by average feed water particle size of 1.6 μm when the volumetric flow is at or greater than 40% of the rated design flow capacity. The objective of this paper are to: a) determine if the feed particle size distribution is a sufficient parameter for selection of pre-filtration strainer, b) evaluate the effect of feed flow velocity on strainer performance, and c) enhance strainer performance using vortex generator. In this experimental study, a Single Particle Optical Sensing, Accusizer, was used to analyze particle size distribution of five water samples collected at strainer feed, strainer filtrate, and strainer backwash. All samples were analyzed using a lower detection limit of 0.5 μm. In order to capture more counts of the larger particles present in the sample, a second analysis was done for each sample at a higher detection limit, 5.09 μm for feed sample, and 2.15 μm for the rest of the samples. Particle size data based on individual detection limits were statistically combined to generate comprehensive blended results of total number and total volume. The volume was determined based on assumption that each particle is spherically shaped. The Particle Size Distribution Measurement Accuracy is ±0.035 μm. Results showed that the feed particle size diameter and volume was insufficient to determine strainer size. Particle size distribution is needed at the feed, filtrate, and backwash to evaluate the strainer particle separation efficiency. It was observed that the total particle count in the filtrate (4.4 × 106) was an order of magnitude higher than the feed (3.2 × 105). Specifically, the total count for particles with diameter less than 7.22 μm were higher in the filtrate while larger particle size ≥ 7.22 μm were more in the feed stream. It appears that the large particles in the feed breaks down into smaller particles at the strainer interface and the small particles (≤ 7.22μm) passed through the pore into the filtrate. The particle breakdown, detachment of particles in the strainer pore into the filtrate, and particle to particle interactions are enhanced by increase in flow velocity hence increasing the hydrodynamic shear that acts on attached particles. A vortex generator inserted in to the strainer reduced pore clogging and pressure drop.
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Prakash, S. Surya, Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari, Shabbir Safri, and Amer Abdullah Jaragh. "Internal Corrosion Management of Crude Pipelines." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33369.
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Kuwait currently produces about 3 million barrels of crude oil per day and has a large pipeline network system for handling its oil and associated products (condensate, low pressure and high pressure gas, as well as produced and effluent waters). The total length of the pipeline network is about 4790 Km consisting of API 5L Grade-B carbon steel ranging in diameter from 100 mm to 1830 mm. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is responsible for the corrosion and integrity management of the pipeline network system which involves: Internal Corrosion Monitoring to assess the internal corrosion status of the pipelines including the occurrence of microbial influenced corrosion; external corrosion protection with the help of coatings and cathodic protection, and periodic intelligent and cleaning pigging operations for internal corrosion assessment and cleaning. The present paper focuses on the internal corrosion management of the export crude segment of the pipeline network system which is very important for a healthy economy. The internal corrosion monitoring protocol includes, online corrosion monitoring, cleaning pigging and intelligent pigging. Bacteria counts’ trending is also included as part of protocol. Some anomalies between the results obtained from corrosion trends, cleaning pigging results and intelligent pigging are highlighted and a sound engineering explanation is attempted to explain these apparent anomalies.
Reports on the topic "Total bacterial count"
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Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Blacks Run, Rockingham County, Virginia. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri034161.
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Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and Bacterial Source Tracking for Development of the fecal coliform Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for Accotink Creek, Fairfax County, Virginia. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri034160.
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Use of the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN and bacterial source tracking for development of the fecal coliform total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Christians Creek, Augusta County, Virginia. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri034162.
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