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Journal articles on the topic 'Torts – European Union countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Korneva, P. M. "Conflicting regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism: the experience of the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.66.

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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union. The author analyzes the concept of «medical tourism» and other terms used to denote the phenomenon of travel of persons to foreign countries to receive medical services («cross-border healthcare», «medical tourism», «medical travel»). The article analyzes the regulation of the EU-member states and supra-national regulation of private law aspects in the field of medical tourism. In particular, the peculiarities of receiving medical care by citizens of the European Union, which are regulated with the Directive of the Euro-pean Council and the Parliament 2011/24 / EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. The author concludes that the conflict regulation of medical tourism in the European Union is based on the general conflict rules on the conclusion and implementation of contracts in the field of services and insurance, as well as compensation for damage caused by improper performance of contracts or civil offenses (torts), resolving conflicts of jurisdiction, etc. Special conflict regulation of relations in the field of medical tourism in the European Union is not developed. At the same time, the author emphasizes the significant gaps in the conflict regulation of certain issues related to medical tourism, especially such debatable as cross-border surrogacy, organ transplantation, eutha-nasia and others. The author supports the view that for the countries of the European Union today in the context of medical tourism for the purpose of surrogacy in countries where such a procedure is legal, relevant today are issues of conflict regulation, such as determining the nationality of the child; recognition of paternity (origin of the child); recognition of birth certificates of a surrogate mother issued in other countries.

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2

Hartley, Trevor C. "The European Union and the Systematic Dismantling of the Common Law of Conflict of Laws." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 54, no. 4 (October 2005): 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei038.

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English conflict of laws is the creation of the common law. Prior to Britain's entry into the European Union, legislation played only a limited role. The few legislative measures concerning choice of law were narrowly targeted to remedy specific problems—for example the formal validity of wills, or torts. The rules for service outside the jurisdiction were a more important exception, but their practical operation largely depended on judge-made concepts and remedies, such as forum non conveniens and antisuit injunctions. The common law also provided a complete system for the recognition of foreign judgments that operated untrammelled with regard to judgments from many countries, including some of the most important, while the relevant legislation, where applicable, did little more than provide a simpler procedure.

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3

Aldag, Ole. "Due Diligence and Environmental Damages Under Rome II." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 1231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020074.

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Within the European Union, the Rome II Regulation determines the applicable law on cross-border matters of non-contractual nature. The paper examines the applicable law on environmental-related tort claims against European multi-national companies utilizing production facilities in third countries, either based on active misconduct or on alleged omission of environment-related due diligence. As these types of claims are an expression of misconduct by multinational corporations conducting business abroad, particular notice will be given to the applicable law on compensation claims for environmental damages allegedly caused by negligent compliance for environmental standards of either independent or subsidiary production facilities. While doing so, its main point of interest will be whether claims against European-based companies may be governed by the law of the effective seat of the latter. Considering that Article 7 Rome II provides for a special connecting factor regarding environmental damages, the paper examines whether Rome II does justice for due diligence-related cases on the conflict of laws level and argues for a nuanced approach to localize the place of the event giving rise to such damages. Private International Law, Environmental Damages, Civil Compensation, Torts, Corporate Social Responsibility, Rome II, Mandatory Rules, Public policy

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Andenas, Mads, and Duncan Fairgrieve. "Misfeasance in Public Office, Governmental Liability, and European Influences." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51, no. 4 (October 2002): 757–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/51.4.757.

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The protection offered to individuals by remedies in public law and tort law is developing in all jurisdictions. The past few years have witnessed an increasingly important European dimension to the tort liability of public authorities. European Union law and European Human Rights law have added to the constitutional protection of tort claims against public authorities already established as a matter of domestic law in many European countries.

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Kirilenko, V. P., and G. V. Alekseev. "Problems of Harmonization of European and Russian Legislation on Defamation." Lex Russica 1, no. 9 (September 26, 2019): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.168-182.

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Russia’s integration into the global information space largely depends on how effectively fundamental human rights and freedoms will be protected by the current national legislation and the emerging integration law. Harmonization of Russian law with European standards of freedom of speech and protection of intangible rights of individuals and legal entities in terms of liability for defamation statements is a fundamentally important task to maintain the authority of the Russian Federation in the European political arena. The work of international human rights organizations, such as the International Press Institute, demonstrates the problems with ensuring real freedom of speech in the vast majority of European Union countries. The use of criminal sanctions for defamation offences, as well as the use of extremely large administrative fines and civil compensation, in fact, is a pan-European practice of countering not only defamation, but also any abuse of freedom of speech by the media community. Such practices could hypothetically threaten free speech, and they raise understandable concerns among the democratic public about the prospects of state institutions controlling private media. Calls for social and legal experiments in the form of regular attempts to decriminalize libel do not seem constructive. Based on the analysis of the Russian practice of bringing to responsibility for torts in the information space, it is proposed to understand defamation as any illegal dissemination of information with the aim of harming legally protected interests and to make wider use of civil liability measures in punishing such offenses. The authors propose to harmonize the European and Russian legislation on defamation through the development of uniform rules for the production of the forensic linguistic examination of the defamatory materials to substantiate evidence of the unlawful intent of delinquent.

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6

Hill, Mark. "Emerging Legal Issues Involving Islam in Europe." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 8, no. 38 (January 2006): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00006554.

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The Central European University in Budapest played host to a meeting of experts engaged in a continuing conversation on the subject of Islam in the European Union. The event was sponsored by Brigham Young University and convened by Professor Cole Durham, a leading expert in religious freedom particularly in relation to countries of the former Soviet Bloc. Contributors included Louis-Leons Christians and Rik Torfs (Louvain), Guy Haarscher (Brussels), Fikret Karcic (Sarajevo), Atanas Krusteff and Daniel Smilov (Sofia), Patrick Macklem (Toronto), Alain Garay (Pari Emmanuel Tawil (Lyons), Richard Puza (Tubingen), Stefan Messmann, Andras Sajo and Balas Schanda (Budapest), Tore Lindholm (Oslo), Zoila Solis (Zaragoza), Murat Ozsunay (Istanbul), and Mark Hill and Jon Heard (Cardiff).

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7

Cordeiro, Fernando, Josep Calderón, Susana Gonçalves, Maria Helena Lourenço, Piotr Robouch, Hakan Emteborg, Patrick Conneely, Marie-France Tumba-Tshilumba, and Maria Beatriz de la Calle. "IMEP-115: Determination of Methylmercury in Seafood by Elemental Mercury Analysis: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-235.

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Abstract A collaborative study IMEP-115 was organized by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Heavy Metals in Feed and Food (EURL-HM) to validate a method for the determination of methylmercury in seafood. The method was based on a liquid–liquid extraction with an organic solvent and with an aqueous cysteine solution. The final quantitation was done with an elemental mercury analyzer. Fifteen laboratories experienced in elemental mercury analyses, from 10 European countries, took part in the exercise. Five test items were selected to cover the concentration range from 0.013 to 5.12 mg/kg. All test items were reference materials certified for the methylmercury mass fraction: DOLT-4 (dogfish liver), TORT-2 (lobster hepatopancreas), SRM 2974a (mussel), SRM 1566b (oyster), and ERM CE-464 (tuna). Participants also received a bottle of ERM CE-463 (tuna) to test their analytical method before starting the collaborative study. Method validation showed adequate accuracy and acceptable precision for all test items, thus fitting its intended analytical purpose. The repeatability RSD ranged from 3.9 to 12.3%, while the reproducibility RSD ranged from 8.4 to 24.8%.

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Papp, Nikolett. "A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban." Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.04.09.

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"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."

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Mele, Caterina. "Human settlements and sustainability: a crucial and open issue." E3S Web of Conferences 119 (2019): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911900012.

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The human habitation of the surface of the planet has led, especially since the mid-twentieth century, to an enormous increase in the built up area. This phenomenon concerns both the oldest industrialised countries, such as European Union and the United States, and the so-called emerging countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.The urbanised built area has increased in different ways, but has led everywhere to the destruction of large portions of virgin soil, the loss of biodiversity in the number and type of species in fauna and flora, and often the total or partial impairment of ecosystem functions of enormous environmental value (such as the evapotransportive mechanisms of soil and vegetation). Although the curve of global population growth is slowing, the growth of urban areas continues to expand, even in countries which have long been industrialised, where the spread of building has given rise to cities dispersed over a territory so that there is no longer a recognisable clear division between the city and the countryside. In fact, contemporary cities are the main consumers of all environmental resources, from water to food, including energy and environmental stressors, and are responsible for 80% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The ecosystem surface required to sustain a large city on the planet today canbe about 200 times larger than its physical size. The urban civilisation of the 21st century, which at a superficial glance may appear as a symbol of the human capacity to radically adapt and transform the natural habitat toits own needs, is also a witness to the unsustainability of the human footprint on earth. Radically rethinking cities and human settlements entails an equally radical rethinking of our economic and development model, but it is a necessary and strategic task if we really want to face the challenge of sustainability with appropriate instruments.

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Pera, Alessandra. "Legal questions on financial market abuse." Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2014-0003.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to underline the impact that globalization of financial markets has on national punishment policies. The US financial crisis has strongly affected consumers’ lives, but the focus of this research is on the national provisions against the illegal and unfair behaviour of economic actors, with special regard to a phenomenon that took place abroad, but whose effects came to light in many different countries. Design/methodology/approach – Different methodological approaches, both deductive and inductive, are combined in the present paper, together with comparative and philosophical insights on national Court decisions and scholar writings. Findings – As European Union (EU) member States experts are discussing about a lex mercatoria for the financial markets to govern the EU integration process, this study highlights some questions concerning mainly three aspects: the level of censorship; forms and nature of responsibility; punitive models and their micro- and macro-economic effects. Originality/value – The study offers insights into the possible answers in terms of criminal and private law remedies to fight financial market abuse in a global dimension, through the use of general principles of contractual and tort law, which are common among EU member State, as culpa in eligendo, culpa in vigilando, duty of information, duty of care, ecc […] .

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11

Tashian, Roman I. "THE INVALIDITY OF CONTRACTS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL SERVICES AS A WAY TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE PATIENT." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 11 (2021): 3004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202111224.

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The aim of this article is to reveal the essential features of contracts providing medical services. The author also focused on the grounds for the invalidity of such contracts – entering into medical services contract without license or permission, prohibition of some medical services or methods of treatment, the imposing of unnecessary medical services, a contradiction to corporate regulations, fraud. A significant part of the work is devoted to the consequences of the invalidity of the contract – the restitution of the money received under the contract and compensation of harm. Materials and methods: The study is based on the statutory acts of European Union countries, the USA, and others. The author also uses acts of international law in the field of medical services and cases of court practice. Conclusions: Although the invalidity of contracts in the field of medical services is not one of the most common ways to protect a patient’s rights, it is in many cases essential to the reliable delivery of medical services. The patient has the right to initiate a legal dispute regarding the invalidity of the contract. The restitution of the money paid by the patient, as well as compensation for the harm caused, can be applied not only within the framework of tort law but also under the responsibility for the breach of the contract.

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12

Levmore, Saul. "Harmonization, preferences, and the calculus of consent in commercial and other law." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (March 1, 2013): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013046.

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Local, disparate preferences are normally satisfied by variety in law, but in some circumstances, harmonization can bethe means by which a majority advances its members' local preferences. One unappreciated method involves the imposition of external costs by a majority on a minority. In its most common and extreme form, a majority imposes a tax on the population in order to finance a benefit that is limited to the majority. The asymmetry between burdens and benefits may be sufficiently great to generate inefficient expenditures. It is more difficult but not impossible to impose external costs through regulation. Commercial law is not free from this danger, because it reflects preferences about consumer protection, which is to say such things as wealth distribution and paternalism, and it pits interest groups against one another, as in the case of employees and tort claimants in the event of bankruptcy. Commercial law is therefore an area where groups might sometimes gain from diversity in legal rules, but might at other times find that harmonization allows a majority to benefit yet more. It is therefore difficult to know whether harmonization, which has many other causes, is beneficial or corrosive. When the majority of voters are relatively homogeneous, as is arguably the case among member countries in the European Union, the possibility of harmonization - or simply centralized decisionmaking - as a means of imposing external costs seems especially likely. There are means of reducing the danger, but harmonization itself should be expected to increase the influence of the central bureaucracy.

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13

Bilohur, Vlada, and Roman Oleksenko. "THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION." HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, no. 13 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.

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14

Stec, Małgorzata. "Innovation in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 236, no. 11-12 (December 31, 2009): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.

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15

Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Effects of governance on entrepreneurship: European Union vs non-European Union." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.

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16

Joumard, Isabelle. "Tax systems in European Union countries." OECD Economic Studies 2002, no. 1 (May 7, 2003): 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.

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17

Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu, and Ya-sue Xu. "Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.

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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.

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18

Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska, and Konrad Prandecki. "EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.

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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European Union, Germany and Italy obtained average results, while Poland was in the group of countries with the lowest emission efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the volume of emissions is significantly affected by the size of the economy. Some large emitters have economies based on relatively “clean” technologies and thus their potential to further reduction is not very high. The reverse is true for some low-emission countries, such as Estonia and Bulgaria. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive look at the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Kraciuk, Jakub. "FOOD SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3238.

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The aim of the study was to show the state of food security in European Union countries and defines the basic factors determining the level of this security. There is a large disproportion in the state of food security between individual European Union countries, especially between old and new EU countries. It was determined that in the analyzed years average prices of products and their quality deteriorated in the countries of the European Union. The unfavorable changes that have taken place were not too great. On the other hand, the average indicator for the analyzed countries regarding access to food has clearly improved.

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20

Grabowska, Barbara. "Education of teachers in European Union countries." Osvitolohiya, no. 3 (2014): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2014.3.4045.

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21

Gajewski, Paweł. "Public Finance Sustainability in European Union Countries." Gospodarka Narodowa 251, no. 10 (October 31, 2011): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101072.

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22

Elbashir, Rania. "LIBYA'S FOREIGN TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." MEST Journal 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.10.10.02.07.

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The subject of this empirical and theoretical work is the exchange of foreign trade in Libya with the countries of the European Union. The scientific objective of the research is to make a scientific classification of the volume of foreign trade between Libya and the European Union countries and to discover the factors that hinder foreign trade and explain them scientifically. European countries also support this cooperation and contribute significantly to the formulation of future cooperation policies with Libya in various social, political, and economic fields. However, this cooperation takes place in light of objective difficulties arising from the conflicting interests of Western countries in North Africa and Libya. Since these relations are burdened with many problems of different nature, we started this paper from two assumptions: The first premise is that in the trade relations between Libya and the European Union, there are common interests for foreign trade that are more feasible. The second premise is that more encouragement and protection for investments by the countries of the European Union helps in new qualitative development and economic growth in Libya, which will significantly improve trade relations between Libya and the countries of the European Union.

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Kavelaars, Peter. "The foreign countries of the European Union." EC Tax Review 16, Issue 6 (December 1, 2007): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2007044.

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Szymańska, Agata. "Tax revenues in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0921.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse tax revenues and examine similarities of selected tax revenues (mainly VAT, CIT, PIT and excise duty) in the European Union countries. The analysis of the EU members concerns the period between 2003 (i.e. the year preceding the biggest enlargement of the EU) and 2012 (due to data completeness). Tax rates and the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries were compared and then the cluster analysis was applied to assess the similarity of tax revenues. The analysis suggests that the process of tax harmonization, which took place in the period considered, did not exert a significant impact on the similarity of the structure of tax revenues in the EU countries. The structure seems to be still determined by e.g. social, economic or historical factors, which influenced the tax systems creation in particular EU countries.

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Brozo, William G., E. Sutton Flynt, Gerry Shiel, Ulla-Britt Persson, Christine Garbe, and Lydia Dachkova. "Content Reading in Four European Union Countries." Reading Teacher 63, no. 2 (October 2009): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/rt.63.2.10.

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MUFTAKHOVA, A. N. "TERRITORIAL MOBILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-1-145-160.

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Saman Shojae Chaeikar, Mazdak Zamani, Christian Sunday Chukwuekezie, and Mojtaba Alizadeh. "Electronic Voting Systems for European Union Countries." Journal of Next Generation Information Technology 4, no. 5 (July 31, 2013): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jnit.vol4.issue5.3.

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Legros, F., and M. Danis. "Surveillance of malaria in European Union countries." Eurosurveillance 3, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 45–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.05.00103-en.

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The European Union countries are outside the endemic area for malaria, but many cases of malaria contracted elsewhere are imported into Europe each year. Several countries have reported high and increasing numbers of imported cases in recent years (France

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29

Afonso, Oscar, Ana Lurdes Albuquerque, and Alexandre Almeida. "Wage inequality determinants in European Union countries." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 12 (August 2013): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.797551.

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30

Lewis, Alfred, and Owusu Kwarteng. "The European Union: implications for developing countries." European Business Review 95, no. 5 (October 1995): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09555349510096090.

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Branco Pedro, João, Frits Meijer, and Henk Visscher. "Building control systems of European Union countries." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2010): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561451011036513.

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Economou, Athina, and Iacovos N. Psarianos. "Revisiting Okun’s Law in European Union countries." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2013-0063.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Okun’s Law in European countries by distinguishing between the transitory and the permanent effects of output changes upon unemployment and by examining the effect of labor market protection policies upon Okun’s coefficients. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly data for 13 European Union countries, from the second quarter of 1993 until the first quarter of 2014, are used. Panel data techniques and Mundlak decomposition models are estimated. Findings – Okun’s Law is robust to alternative specifications. The effect of output changes to unemployment rates is weaker for countries with increased labor market protection expenditures and it is more persistent for countries with low labor market protection. Originality/value – The paper provides evidence that the permanent effect of output changes upon unemployment rates is quantitatively larger than the transitory impact. In addition, it provides evidence that increased labor market protection mitigates the adverse effects of a decrease in output growth rate upon unemployment.

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Agiakloglou, Christos, and Emmanouil Deligiannakis. "Sovereign risk evaluation for European Union countries." Journal of International Money and Finance 103 (May 2020): 102117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2019.102117.

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Giambona, Francesca, Erasmo Vassallo, and Elli Vassiliadis. "Educational systems efficiency in European Union countries." Studies in Educational Evaluation 37, no. 2-3 (June 2011): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2011.05.001.

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Cahlík, Tomáš. "Central and east european countries after entering the european union." Prague Economic Papers 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.185.

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Samardžija, Višnja. "European union and central european countries reducing barriers or not?" International Advances in Economic Research 1, no. 1 (February 1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295861.

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Fidrmuc, Jarko. "Restructuring European union trade with central and eastern European countries." Atlantic Economic Journal 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02300533.

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Sulaiman, Saqer. "Arab Youth Migration to the European Union." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 8, no. 4 (2020): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2020.4.8.

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Migration from Arab countries to European countries started many decades ago. It has been driven by a variety of push–pull factors. The two main factors are economic deterioration and political instability. Many young people migrated to escape unemployment, poverty and poorworking conditions. Others fled the effects of war and conflicts. This paper reviews Arab youth migration to European countries, its drivers, and the way it impacts the origin countries, host countries and the immigrants. Despite some negative implications of migration on the origin countries such as education cost and deprivation of the country from the potential capacity of skilled people, the benefits of these countries are rather clear and include remittances, knowledge and experience transfer. However, mitigation of Arab youth migration challenges is not an easy task; it needs new governmental approaches to reduce unemployment rates, as well as the active involvement of youth in economic and political life.

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Balyuk, I. A., and M. A. Balyuk. "External Debt Problem in the European Union." World of new economy 15, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-47-61.

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The paper's relevance is substantiated by the fact that today a rapid growth of external debt of the most developed countries of the world (including European Union (EU) countries) is one of the most acute problems of the modern world economy and global finance. The paper aims to assess the degree of the external debt burden of various EU countries and evaluate the prospects of solving external debt problems in the EU. The article focuses on dynamics, composition, and specifics shaping the EU countries' external debt based on comparative, economic, statistical, and graphical analysis. Special attention we paid to the analysis of specifics of the EU countries' sovereign external debt composition connected with the acute problem of the rapid growth of public debt in general. The paper examines the ratio of public external and internal debt in various EU countries. It determines the EU particular countries where public external debt is shaping based on either cross-border or domestic model. The research results reveal a high degree of dependence of the EU economy on international debt finance. Gross external debt and sovereign external debt of the EU countries are still growing, and its distribution among various member states is very uneven. The structural imbalance of the EU countries' net external debt has also been revealed: the number of net borrowers is double that of net lenders. According to the basic external debt sustainability indicators, some EU countries are in a pretty tricky situation and entirely depend on the possibility of external debt refinancing.

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.

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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently increases the risk of union dissolution. While a strong association is observed between male unemployment and separation at the micro level, no association is found between male unemployment and union dissolution at the macro level. The results for female unemployment are mixed, and the size of the impact of female unemployment is smaller in magnitude than that of male unemployment. In Germany and Italy, where until very recently work is less compatible with family life than in other countries, female unemployment is not significantly associated with union dissolution.

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Park, Soo-Young. "European Union and Hungarian Language Policy." International Area Review 8, no. 2 (June 2005): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800208.

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Eastern European countries has been historically multiracial European countries, therefore, the language policy of EU becomes a test case for the practical lives of peoples on the question of the preservation of national identities without national boundaries. This thesis shows what kind of language policy that EU practices to integrate its member states' peoples which practically transcend the borders and how each state deals with these necessities with European Integration and the Globalization. In my paper, Hungary was analyzed as an example.

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Matis, Jozef, and Lenka Nagyová. "Possible Integration of the Security System of the Member Countries of the European Union." Politické vedy 25, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126.

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The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating national disponible groups into the developing security system of the European Union ensuring its military as well as non-military security were analyzed. The success of integration of the national security systems of the European Union countries into the security system of the European Union depends not only on the elites - national (local) and transnational, but also on the transformation of citizens of national (member) states into citizens of the European Union - European citizens.

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Wawrzyniak, Dorota. "Standard Of Living In The European Union." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0008.

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The European Union countries are diversified in terms of the standard of living of the population. The reduction of disparities in the standard of living, along with the elimination of the negative phenomena related to social exclusion form an EU policy priority. In this context, the aim of this article is to compare the standard of living in the various European Union countries and to determine Poland’s position in the ranking. In the study, countries with a similar standard of living of their populations were grouped as well. The analysis was based on 10 variables describing the standard of living in the EU-28 countries and was conducted with the use of the development pattern method proposed by Z. Hellwig. According to the results of the research, the standard of living is the highest in Austria, Finland, Germany and Sweden, whereas it is the lowest in Spain, Malta, Croatia and Romania. Poland ranks relatively low among the European Union countries (20th place).

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Hall, Joshua C., Robert A. Lawson, and Rachael Wogsland. "The European Union and Economic Freedom." Global Economy Journal 11, no. 3 (September 2011): 1850232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1731.

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This paper integrates two growing strains of literature. The first strain looks at the effect of economic and political unions on outcomes such as bond ratings and economic convergence. The second strain looks at the determinants of economic freedom across countries. Building from these two literatures, we investigate the impact of joining the European Union on a country’s economic freedom. Using a panel of countries from 1970 to 2007, we find evidence that joining the European Union increases a country’s economic freedom. Empirically, however, the impact of joining the union on economic freedom is small.

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Lampreia dos Santos, M. J. P. L. "Segmenting farms in European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (March 12, 2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/28/2012-agricecon.

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The main objective of this work is to characterize and segment the farms of the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, the techniques of cluster analysis and cluster of cases segment the farms, based on a sample of farms of the Farm Accountancy and Information Network. The results show the existence of four types of farms in the EU that are distinguishable by their (i) structural characteristics, in particular, for their Utilized Agricultural Area, the total output, by the percentage of contract work and the total work, (ii) by their financial characteristics, i.e., by their total assets and the cash flow of the EU farms, and (iii) by their guidance and the importance of subsidies on these farms. These results thus suggest the definition of the Common Agricultural Policy differentiated and adapted to the existing four clusters of countries. We suggest the development of typologies of farms in the EU, with a more robust database involving different EU regions that constitute the different countries in order to obtain the robust types of farms from different European regions.  

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Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius, Dennis Tamesberger, Philipp Heimberger, Timo Kapelari, and Jakob Kapeller. "Trade models in the European Union." Ekonomski anali 67, no. 235 (2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2235007g.

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By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different ?trade models? for 22 EU countries and explores their developmental and distributional dynamics. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries on the basis of four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialisation, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the ?primary goods model? (Latvia, Estonia), the ?finance model? (Luxembourg), the ?flexible labour market model? (UK), the ?periphery model? (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the ?industrial workbench model? (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic), and the ?hightech model? (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we provide a comparative analysis of the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. Inter alia, we observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of them, yet find that the ?high-tech model? is an exceptional case, being characterised by relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.

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Marčeta, Milja, and Štefan Bojnec. "Innovation and competitiveness in the European Union countries." International Journal of Sustainable Economy 13, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2021.113316.

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Fanelli, Rosa Maria. "Have beer markets in European Union countries converged?" ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 3 (February 2019): 445–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2018-003010.

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Pawlak, Marcin, and Dariusz Zarzecki. "Investment Appraisal Practice in the European Union Countries." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIII, Special Issue 2 (November 1, 2020): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1892.

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Marceta, Milja, and Stefan Bojnec. "Innovation and Competitiveness in the European Union Countries." International Journal of Sustainable Economy 13, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2021.10034983.

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