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Journal articles on the topic 'Torsional guided wave'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zhang, Yinghong, Bin Wang, Xiao Wei, and Zhenghua Qian. "A study on torsional guided wave EMAT array and its application in embedment depth inspection of guardrail post." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209422.

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It is always a challenge to quickly and effectively inspect the embedment depth of highway guardrail posts. This paper focuses on an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (EMAT) array that can excites torsional mode (T-mode) guided waves and applies it to check the embedment depth of guardrail posts. First of all, we presented a torsional guided wave EMAT array that can be used to quickly inspect the embedment depth of guardrail posts. The working principle of the EMAT array was described in detail. Secondly, a torsional guided wave EMAT array composed of 12 racetrack coils and 24 permanent magnets was simulated to verify the excitation and propagation process of torsional guided wave in a post. Then, a method for detecting the embedment depth of a post using the travel time of a torsional guided wave in the post was put forward. Finally, an experimental system was set up to carry out embedment depth detection experiments on posts with different depths buried in soil and concrete. Experiments have verified the feasibility of using the torsional guided wave EMAT array to inspect the embedment depth of the guardrail post.

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2

Sun, Zongqi, Li Zhang, and Joseph L. Rose. "Flexural Torsional Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (February 14, 2005): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2065587.

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Theoretical work on flexural torsional guided waves in pipe is presented along with angular profile experimental justification. Combined with previous work on flexural longitudinal modes and axisymmetric longitudinal and torsional modes, this work now forms a framework of nonaxisymmetric guided wave mechanics in pipe. Pipe inspection experiments are also carried out by flexural torsional wave focusing to demonstrate the advantages of the focusing technique.

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3

Park, Ik Keun, Yong Kwon Kim, Won Joon Song, and Yong Sang Cho. "Application of Torsional Mode of Guided Waves to Long Range Pipe Inspection." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.473.

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Conventional non-destructive techniques for inspection of weld in pipelines require significant test time and high cost. In order to overcome these drawbacks in conventional NDT techniques, various techniques using ultrasonic guided waves have been developed and applied to the pipeline inspection. Recently, a fast calculation technique for guided wave propagation using a semi-analytical finite element method (SAFEM), PIPE WAVE ver.1.0, has been developed by T. Takahiro et al [1]. In this paper, the calculation of torsional mode propagation in a pipe using PIPE WAVE ver. 1.0 is introduced as a preliminary study and the application of the torsional mode of ultrasonic guided waves to long range pipe inspection is presented.. The characteristics and setup of a long range guided wave inspection system and experimental results in pipes of various diameters are introduced. The experimental results in mock-up pipes with cluster type detects show that the limit of detectable wall thickness reduction with this guided wave system is 2~3% in the pipe cross section area and the wall thickness reduction of 5% in cross section area can be detected when actual detection level is used. Therefore, the applicability of the ultrasonic guided wave technique to long range pipeline inspection for wall thickness reduction is verified.

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4

Nakhli Mahal, Houman, Kai Yang, and Asoke Nandi. "Defect Detection using Power Spectrum of Torsional Waves in Guided-Wave Inspection of Pipelines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071449.

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Ultrasonic Guided-wave (UGW) testing of pipelines allows long-range assessment of pipe integrity from a single point of inspection. This technology uses a number of arrays of transducers separated by a distance from each other to generate a single axisymmetric (torsional) wave mode. The location of anomalies in the pipe is determined by inspectors using the received signal. Guided-waves are multimodal and dispersive. In practical tests, nonaxisymmetric waves are also received due to the nonideal testing conditions, such as presence of variable transfer function of transducers. These waves are considered as the main source of noise in the guided-wave inspection of pipelines. In this paper, we propose a method to exploit the differences in the power spectrum of the torsional wave and flexural waves, in order to detect the torsional wave, leading to the defect location. The method is based on a sliding moving window, where in each iteration the signals are normalised and their power spectra are calculated. Each power spectrum is compared with the previously known spectrum of excitation sequence. Five binary conditions are defined; all of these need to be met in order for a window to be marked as defect signal. This method is validated using a synthesised test case generated by a Finite Element Model (FEM) as well as real test data gathered from laboratory trials. In laboratory trials, three different pipes with defects sizes of 4%, 3% and 2% cross-sectional area (CSA) material loss were evaluated. In order to find the optimum frequency, the varying excitation frequency of 30 to 50 kHz (in steps of 2 kHz) were used. The results demonstrate the capability of this algorithm in detecting torsional waves with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without requiring any change in the excitation sequence. This can help inspectors by validating the frequency response of the received sequence and give more confidence in the detection of defects in guided-wave testing of pipelines.

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5

Herdovics, Balint, and Frederic Cegla. "Structural health monitoring using torsional guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducers." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716682688.

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Torsional guided wave inspection is widely used for pipeline inspection. Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers are most commonly used to generate torsional guided waves. These types of transducers require bonding or mechanical contact to the pipe which can result in changes over time which are undesirable for structural health monitoring. This article presents a non-contact Lorentz force–based electromagnetic acoustic transducer for torsional guided wave monitoring of pipelines. First, the excitation mechanism of the transducer is simulated by analyzing the eddy current and the static magnetic field using the finite element method. An electromagnetic acoustic transducer transformer model is presented which describes the eddy current generation transfer function and the ultrasound excitation. Independently simulated eddy current and magnetic fields are used to calculate the Lorentz force that an electromagnetic acoustic transducer array induces on the surface of a 3-in schedule 40 pipe, and an explicit finite element solver is then used to simulate the elastic wave propagation in the pipe. Then, the reception mechanism and the expected received signal levels are discussed. The construction of an experimental transducer is described, and measurement results from the transducer setup are presented. The measured and modeled performance agree well. Finally, a monitoring example is presented where an artificial defect with 3% reflection coefficient is introduced and successfully detected with the designed sensor.

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6

Cheong, Yong Moo, Shin Kim, and Hyun Kyu Jung. "Application of Magnetostrictive Transducer for the Long-Range Guided Wave Inspection." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1295.

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The leakage of the pipes is a major issue for the safety of industrial structures. However, in many cases, because of their geometrical complexity and inaccessibility, it is difficult to inspect them by the conventional NDE method. A long-range guided wave inspection, thus, is an option to inspect them. A torsional vibration mode, T(0,1) shows many advantages in a long-range guided wave examination of a pipe, such as no dispersion characteristic, no radial displacement and low attenuation. However, it is not easy to fabricate a transducer with an array of piezoelectric elements for generation of torsional vibration mode and even expensive. Recently a magnetostrictive metal strip sensor was used for a generation of the torsional vibration modes in a pipe and this technique has shown several advantages for practical applications. This study investigated the applicability of a long-rang guided ultrasonic method to the detection of artificial notches even in the presence of various foreign objects.

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7

Hu, Jian Hong, Zhi Feng Tang, and Fu Zai Lv. "The Analysis of Mechanism for Generating and Detecting Torsional Guided Wave." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1162.

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The T(0,1) mode guided wave is widely used in long term NDT of the pipelines. The magnetostrictive transducer for generating and detecting guided wave is important to long term NDT of the pipelines because the transducer is compact and can be used at high temperature. The paper explains the mechanism of the generation and detection of T(0,1) mode guided wave in magnetostrictive strip based on Wiedemann effect. The experiment with MSGW is done to confirm the mechanism in a aluminum pipe.

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8

Quiroga Mendez, Jabid E., Octavio Andrés González-Estrada, and Yesid Rueda Ordonez. "Stress Sensitivity of the T(0,1) Mode Velocity for Cylindrical Waveguides." Key Engineering Materials 774 (August 2018): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.774.453.

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In this paper, the stress influence in the guided wave velocity of the fundamentaltorsional mode is presented. Two analytical models, based on the Acoustoelasticity effect, tocompute the fundamental torsional mode velocity propagating in a specimen subject to anaxial stress are studied. These models are obtained due to the relation between the T(0, 1)guided wave velocity and the bulk shear velocity. The analytical models to calculate the guidedwave velocity are functions of the stress, second and third order elastic constants. A series ofaxial stress levels applied to a cylindrical waveguide is investigated with numerical simulations(Finite Elements) to estimate variations of the T(0, 1) guided wave velocity. This analysisprovides a criterion to evaluate the practical implementation of a stress monitoring schemebased on velocity variations of the fundamental torsional mode.

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9

Fan, Zeng, Xudong Niu, Baichun Miao, and Hongying Meng. "Hybrid Coded Excitation of the Torsional Guided Wave Mode T(0,1) for Oil and Gas Pipeline Inspection." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020777.

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Ultrasonic guided wave testing is an essential technique in non-destructive testing for structural integrity of oil and gas pipelines. This technique, based on the pulse-echo method, is often used for the long-range detection of pipelines at any location. However, guided waves suffer from high attenuation when they propagate in attenuative material structures and multiple wave modes due to the excitation, which reduces the power of echo signals and induces corruption caused by coherent noise. In this paper, a developed hybrid coded excitation method that uses the convolution of a Barker code and Golay code pair is proposed and applied for an ultrasonic guided wave testing system to excite the torsional guided wave mode T(0,1) in a steel pipe. The proposed method combines the advantages of these two coding methods and increases the flexibility of code lengths. The performance is evaluated by signal to noise ratio and peak sidelobe level of the processed signal. Both theoretical simulations and experiments have investigated using the proposed codes composed of Barker codes and Golay code pairs of different lengths and combinations. The experimental results show the significant improvement of the signal to noise ratio and the peak sidelobe level due to the proposed hybrid code usage for the excitation of guided waves. The values are further improved to around 32 dB and around −24 dB, respectively. Overall, the proposed hybrid coded method for improving the echo SNR can benefit from guided wave testing to reduce coherent and random noise levels and many other potential applications.

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10

Kim, Young-Wann, and Kyung-Jo Park. "Characterization of Axial Defects in Pipeline Using Torsional Guided Wave." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 25, no. 6 (June 20, 2015): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2015.25.6.399.

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11

Zhu, Kaige, Xinlin P. Qing, and Bin Liu. "Torsional guided wave-based debonding detection in honeycomb sandwich beams." Smart Materials and Structures 25, no. 11 (October 27, 2016): 115048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/11/115048.

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12

Miles, John. "Guided surface waves near cutoff." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 189 (April 1988): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112088001016.

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The joint effects of weak nonlinearity and weak linear damping on the dominant, antisymmetric gravity wave (excited by torsional oscillations of a plane wavemaker about a vertical axis) near its cutoff frequency in a rectangular channel are investigated, following Barnard, Mahony & Pritchard (1977). The evolution equations for the envelope of this mode are derived from the variational formulation previously developed for the parametrically excited cross-wave problem (Miles & Becker 1988). They are equivalent to those of Barnard et al., after correcting their damping and self-interaction terms, and, after appropriate normalization, differ from the cross-wave evolution equations only in the boundary condition at the wavemaker. Analytical approximations and the results of numerical integration for stationary envelopes (as observed in the experiments of Barnard et al.) are presented. The present results are somewhat closer to the observations of Barnard et al. than are their calculations, but the differences between the two calculations are not qualitatively significant.

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13

Wang, Xiao Yu, Yan Yan Yang, and Dao Shun Wang. "Design of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Excitation Signal Generator for Rotating Shafts." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.570.

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Ultrasonic guided wave detection technology has mangy special characteristics. It can spread very far along the components in the distance and it can throughout the whole thickness of components, so we can make use of ultrasonic guided wave to test component of internal and surface defects. The rotating shafts are the organizations widely used in the modern production but they are very easy to be dangerous faults. If we can realize the rotating shaft in time, it can reduce the danger. It is significant to design an affordable generator which produces signals to drive magnetostrictive probe that produces ultrasonic guided wave. In this paper, we choose the torsional wave as example to design signal generator. We will introduce the way to select the appropriate guided wave mode and frequency of excitation. Design signal generator with ATmega32, AD9851 and DAC0832.

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14

Visvanathan, Karthik, and Krishnan Balasubramaniam. "Ultrasonic torsional guided wave sensor for flow front monitoring inside molds." Review of Scientific Instruments 78, no. 1 (January 2007): 015110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432258.

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15

Kwun, H., S. Y. Kim, M. S. Choi, and S. M. Walker. "Torsional guided-wave attenuation in coal-tar-enamel-coated, buried piping." NDT & E International 37, no. 8 (December 2004): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2004.05.003.

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16

Murav’eva, O. V., S. V. Len’kov, and S. A. Murashov. "Torsional waves excited by electromagnetic–acoustic transducers during guided-wave acoustic inspection of pipelines." Acoustical Physics 62, no. 1 (January 2016): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063771015060093.

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17

Zhang, Xin, Wensong Zhou, Hui Li, and Yuxiang Zhang. "Data-Driven Damage Classification Using Guided Waves in Pipe Structures." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 10874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110874.

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Damage types are important for structural condition assessment, however, for conventionally guided wave-based inspections, the characteristics extracted from the guided wave packets are usually used to detect, locate and quantify the damages, but not classify them. In this work, the data-driven method is proposed to classify the common damages in the pipe utilizing the guided wave signals obtained from numerous damage detection tests. The fundamental torsional mode T(0,1) is selected to conduct the guided wave-based damage detection to reduce the complexity of signal processing for its almost non-dispersive property. A total of 520 groups of experimental data under different degrees of damage were obtained to verify the proposed method. Finally, with help of a deep neural network (DNN) algorithm, all response data from the damages in the pipes were all clearly classified with quite high probability.

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18

Zhu, Siyuan, Xian Xu, Jinsong Han, and Yaozhi Luo. "Axial Stress Measurement of Steel Tubes Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093111.

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Axially loaded steel tubes are widely used as primary structural members in civil engineering structures. In this paper, a stress measurement method for axially loaded steel tubes is developed based on the linear relationship between the group velocity of guided waves in the steel tube and the stress of the steel tube. The propagation modes of guided waves in a typical steel tube are analyzed using semi-analytical finite element method. A torsional mode T(0,1) is adopted to conduct the measurement. Experiments are carried out to calibrate the linear relationship between the group velocity of guided waves in a steel tube and the stress of the steel tube. The calibrated linear relationship is verified by another round of experiments on the same steel tube specimen. There is an average error of 8.2% between the stresses predicted by the calibrated linear equation and those obtained from strain gauges. Via this study, the guided wave-based stress measurement method has been successfully extended to axially loaded steel tubes.

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19

Dhutti, Anurag, Saiful Asmin Tumin, Wamadeva Balachandran, Jamil Kanfoud, and Tat-Hean Gan. "Development of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Transducer for Monitoring of High Temperature Pipelines." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245443.

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High-temperature (HT) ultrasonic transducers are of increasing interest for structural health monitoring (SHM) of structures operating in harsh environments. This article focuses on the development of an HT piezoelectric wafer active sensor (HT-PWAS) for SHM of HT pipelines using ultrasonic guided waves. The PWAS was fabricated using Y-cut gallium phosphate (GaPO4) to produce a torsional guided wave mode on pipes operating at temperatures up to 600 °C. A number of confidence-building tests on the PWAS were carried out. HT electromechanical impedance (EMI) spectroscopy was performed to characterise piezoelectric properties at elevated temperatures and over long periods of time (>1000 h). Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) was used to verify the modes of vibration. A finite element model of GaPO4 PWAS was developed to model the electromechanical behaviour of the PWAS and the effect of increasing temperatures, and it was validated using EMI and LDV experimental data. This study demonstrates the application of GaPO4 for guided-wave SHM of pipelines and presents a model that can be used to evaluate different transducer designs for HT applications.

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20

Alleyne, D. N., T. Vogt, and P. Cawley. "The choice of torsional or longitudinal excitation in guided wave pipe inspection." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 51, no. 7 (July 2009): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2009.51.7.373.

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21

Pourmansouri, Mohammad, Reza Mosalmani, Amin Yaghootian, and Afshin Ghanbarzadeh. "Detecting and locating delamination defect in multilayer pipes using torsional guided wave." Archive of Applied Mechanics 92, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1037–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00419-021-02091-0.

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22

Ng, Ching Tai, Carman Yeung, Tingyuan Yin, Yuncheng He, and Liujie Chen. "Investigation of nonlinear torsional guided wave mixing in pipes buried in soil." Engineering Structures 273 (December 2022): 115089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115089.

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23

Nurmalia, N. Nakamura, H. Ogi, and M. Hirao. "EMAT pipe inspection technique using higher mode torsional guided wave T(0,2)." NDT & E International 87 (April 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.01.009.

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24

Wei, Zhao Xiang, Hong Xu, and Hong Yuan Li. "Damage Imaging of Pipes in Nuclear Power Plants Using Torsional Guided Wave Modes." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.661.

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Ultrasonic guided waves can propagate a long distance in pipeline with little attenuation. This means the damage in nuclear power plant can be detected from a remote single position. In the paper, the propagation of the guided waves are analyzed for the nuclear power plant pipes, and the axisymmetric torsional mode T(0,1) is chosen as the detection mode. An imaging method based on the synthetic focusing algorithm is used to obtain the damage information. The method is then verified by the finite element model. Results illustrate that the damage can be detected and located accurately by the damage imaging method. Not only the axial position, but also the circumferential position can be located simultaneously.

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25

KHARRAT, M., M. N. ICHCHOU, O. BAREILLE, and W. ZHOU. "PIPELINE INSPECTION USING A TORSIONAL GUIDED-WAVES INSPECTION SYSTEM. PART 1: DEFECT IDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 06, no. 04 (July 9, 2014): 1450034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825114500343.

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A steel pipeline of about 60 m long containing several pipes and structural singularities (bends, welds, clamps, etc.) is inspected in this work using a guided-waves technique. The inspection system is a pair of transducer-rings operating with the torsional mode T(0,1) and allows the long-range fast screening of the structure from defined measurement points. Recorded signals have submitted some numerical treatments in order to make them interpretable. The wavelet analysis is one of them and serves for denoising the raw signals. Besides, the Hilbert transform (HT) is applied in order to obtain the wave signals' envelopes leading to simplified curves easy to interpret. The processed signals are analyzed to identify defects' reflections from structural-singularities' echoes in the pipeline. The inspection system prove its efficiency for a global screening of such a long-range pipeline by detecting and localizing the defects.

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26

Kim, Hoe Woong, Seung Hyun Cho, and Yoon Young Kim. "Analysis of internal wave reflection within a magnetostrictive patch transducer for high-frequency guided torsional waves." Ultrasonics 51, no. 6 (August 2011): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2011.02.004.

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27

Seung Hyun Cho, Hoe Woong Kim, and Yoon Young Kim. "Megahertz-range guided pure torsional wave transduction and experiments using a magnetostrictive transducer." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 57, no. 5 (May 2010): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2010/1535.

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28

Cobb, Adam C., Hegeon Kwun, Leonardo Caseres, and George Janega. "Torsional guided wave attenuation in piping from coating, temperature, and large-area corrosion." NDT & E International 47 (April 2012): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.01.002.

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29

Herdovics, Balint, and Frederic Cegla. "Long-term stability of guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer systems." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718805733.

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This article evaluates the long-term stability of a Lorentz force guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer. The specific application of the investigated electromagnetic acoustic transducer is pipeline health monitoring using low-frequency (27 kHz) long-range torsional guided waves. There is a concern that repeated swings in the temperature of the structure can cause irreversible changes in the transduction mechanism and therefore pose a risk to the long-term stability of transducers. In this article we report on guided wave signals acquired on a custom-built transducer while it was exposed to more than 90 heating cycles. The highest temperature that was reached during cycling was 80°C and the measurements were acquired over a 14-month period. At the end of the 1-year period, the transducer phase had changed by 23.32° and its amplitude by 3.7%. However, this change was not gradual and most of the change occurred early on, before the highest temperature was first reached in the temperature cycling process. The observed change after this was 6.08° phase shift and 0.9% amplitude change. The possible sources of output changes were investigated, and it was found that the mechanical properties of the contact layer between the electromagnetic acoustic transducer and the pipe surface was very important. A soft silicone interlayer performed best and was able to reduce temperature-induced phase changes in the monitored signals from a maximum of 80 degrees phase change to about 20 degrees phase change, a fourfold reduction.

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Løvstad, Anders, and Peter Cawley. "The reflection of the fundamental torsional guided wave from multiple circular holes in pipes." NDT & E International 44, no. 7 (November 2011): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.05.010.

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31

Rose, Joseph L., Li Zhang, Michael J. Avioli, and Peter J. Mudge. "A Natural Focusing Low Frequency Guided Wave Experiment for the Detection of Defects Beyond Elbows." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 3 (February 21, 2005): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1989350.

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Long range ultrasonic guided wave inspection is advancing rapidly and is quite commonplace today. Benefits of using longitudinal or torsional modes are being established in special circumstances of improved sensitivity, resolution, or penetration power. The possibility of inspection under insulation, coatings, or with water filled pipes or around elbows is possible. Detection of defects beyond a pipe elbow is difficult for axisymmetric wave impingement onto the elbow. For nonaxisymmetric input to the elbow region, however, via partial loading around the circumference, natural focusing occurs because of angular profile variation around the circumference of the pipe. Sample computations of possible angular profiles are illustrated. An experiment is also reported here to demonstrate this inspection process.

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32

Vogelaar, Bouko, Giel Priems, Kees Bourgonje, and Michael Golombok. "Time-lapse acoustic monitoring of deteriorating pipes." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (December 2, 2018): 1995–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718815422.

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In-service degradation of a pipe section is monitored in real time with torsional guided waves which can resolve 5% damage to the internal wall. We use a single permanently installed source–receiver pair as opposed to the current state-of-the-art sensor rings. There is no baseline subtraction requirement as a single reflection coefficient is derived by internal referencing of the time trace. Even with continuously operating pump vibration, there is enough acoustic signal for confident damage localization. Since pipelines wear out gradually in industrial installations, the acoustic footprint is similar to that previously determined in periodically damaged pipes. The reflective method can thus be applied successfully to monitor structural health in industrial pipelines during operation as opposed to the current state-of-the-art guided wave inspection approaches using near-weld reflection techniques along with disassembled and re-assembled sensor rings.

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33

Niu, X., W. Duan, Hua-Peng Chen, and H. R. Marques. "Excitation and propagation of torsional T(0,1) mode for guided wave testing of pipeline integrity." Measurement 131 (January 2019): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.08.021.

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34

Zhou, Wensong, Fuh-Gwo Yuan, and Tonglu Shi. "Guided torsional wave generation of a linear in-plane shear piezoelectric array in metallic pipes." Ultrasonics 65 (February 2016): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2015.10.021.

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35

Kim, Chung-Yub, and Kyung-Jo Park. "Mode separation and characterization of torsional guided wave signals reflected from defects using chirplet transform." NDT & E International 74 (September 2015): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2015.04.006.

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36

Cheong, Yong Moo, Hyun Kyu Jung, and Young Suk Kim. "Comparison of an Array of EMATs Technique and a Magnetostrictive Sensor Technique for a Guided Wave Inspection of a Pipe." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.780.

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The leakage of a pipe in nuclear power plants is a significant concern from the point of view of nuclear safety. Because of the geometrical complexity of a pipe and an inaccessibility due to a high radiation, it is difficult to inspect it by the conventional ultrasonic methods. The guided ultrasonic method can be useful for the inspection of a pipe in those harsh environments. Based on the analysis of the dispersion curves for a pipe, a torsional vibration mode, T(0,1) was selected for the detection of cracks. The T(0,1) mode has many advantages, such as a higher sensitivity for a crack from the viewpoint of its non-dispersion characteristics and its wave structure. The torsional mode can be generated by using either an array of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) technique or a magnetostrictive sensor technique. The detectability of the cracks was estimated through a series of experiments with artificial notches on a pipe.

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37

KHARRAT, M., M. N. ICHCHOU, O. BAREILLE, and W. ZHOU. "PIPELINE INSPECTION USING A TORSIONAL GUIDED-WAVES INSPECTION SYSTEM. PART 2: DEFECT SIZING BY THE WAVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 06, no. 04 (July 9, 2014): 1450035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825114500355.

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This paper represents the second part of the work that considers the identification and sizing of machined defects in a pipeline. This study deals with the torsional-mode reflection from defects and structural singularities in an industrial pipeline in order to perform the defect sizing. The wave finite element method (WFEM) is used to construct a numerical database of reflection coefficients from rectangular defects by varying thickness, axial and circumferential extents. Calculation is made depending on the frequency. The approximation of defects' sizes is carried out by sweeping the numerical database to find the suitable combination of dimensions for a given defect. The axial and circumferential extents are evaluated by fixed intervals for each possible thickness. Reflections from structural singularities (elbows, concrete blocks, clamps and welds) are also treated by comparing reflection coefficients obtained by the WFEM to those evaluated experimentally. Results show a good agreement for most of the structural singularities but not for the others.

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Rabani, Amir. "Design and Implementation of an Electronic Front-End Based on Square Wave Excitation for Ultrasonic Torsional Guided Wave Viscosity Sensor." Sensors 16, no. 10 (October 12, 2016): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16101681.

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Kim, Young-Wann, and Kyung-Jo Park. "The interaction of fundamental torsional guided waves from axial and oblique defects in pipes." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2021.63.6.334.

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A quantitative study of the interaction of the T(0,1) torsional mode with axial and oblique defects in a pipe is presented in this paper. A mode decomposition technique employing the chirplet transform is used to separate the multimodal signals reflected from the defects. Reflection signals are obtained from experiments on a carbon steel pipe. The influence of the crack length and inclination angle on the reflection is investigated. The reflection from an axial defect is found to consist of a series of wave pulses with gradually decaying amplitude. The results show that the reflection coefficient of an axial crack initially increases with the crack length but finally reaches an oscillating regime. Furthermore, for an oblique crack, it is revealed that the reflection coefficient is linearly dependent on the equivalent circumferential extent of the defect and is independent of the axial length.

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Zenghua, Liu, Wu Bin, He Cunfu, Wang Xiuyan, and Yang Shiming. "A new type transducer for torsional guided wave generation and its application to defect detection in pipes." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 49, no. 1 (January 2007): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2007.49.1.41.

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Wang, Shujuan, Ce Li, Xiaohong Ma, Qi Liang, and Guofu Zhai. "Broadband torsional guided wave magnetostrictive patch transducer with circumferential alternating permanent magnet array for structural health monitoring." Ultrasonics 125 (September 2022): 106805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106805.

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Pillarisetti, Lalith Sai Srinivas, Cliff J. Lissenden, and Parisa Shokouhi. "Control of low-frequency guided elastic wave modes in a hollow pipe using a meta-surface." AIP Advances 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 085027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098576.

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A locally resonant meta-surface for preferential excitation of a guided mode in a hollow pipe can improve ultrasonic guided wave inspection of pipelines. The proposed meta-surface comprises a periodic arrangement of bonded prismatic rod-like resonators in the circumferential and axial directions of the pipe. We demonstrate the presence of bandgaps for the low-frequency axisymmetric longitudinal modes L(0,1) and L(0,2) and the torsional mode T(0,1). The generated bandgaps can be used to filter the higher harmonics associated with the system nonlinearity to improve nonlinear ultrasonic measurements on pipes. These bandgaps exist even for the non-axisymmetric flexural modes but with their hybridized dispersion curves exhibiting mode-coupling for higher circumferential orders. Moreover, a “partial” bandgap is obtained where preferential transmission of the L(0,2) mode over L(0,1) is possible. We discuss the potential advantages of this partial bandgap to improve pipeline inspections using the L(0,2) mode. Time-domain finite element analyses are used to validate the presence of these bandgaps under radial, circumferential, and axial excitation that mimics the excitation using a ring of piezoelectric transducers. Finally, we discuss the influence of resonator spacing, filling fraction, and the number of resonator rings on the bandgaps for an informed meta-surface design.

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Fang, Zhou, Peter W. Tse, and Fan Xu. "The application of a reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model for imaging crack-like defects in small-diameter pipes." Measurement Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (December 18, 2020): 035405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/abccdf.

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Herdovics, Balint, and Frederic Cegla. "Compensation of phase response changes in ultrasonic transducers caused by temperature variations." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718759272.

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One of the biggest challenges in structural health monitoring is the compensation of monitored data for environmental and operational conditions. In order to reliably estimate the changes in the structure, it is essential that the effects of environmental and operational conditions on the ultrasonic signal are compensated for before the signals are further analysed. The temperature-induced propagation speed change has the biggest effect on the ultrasonic signal and has been thoroughly investigated. This article investigates the subtler, yet also very important, changes in transducer output resulting from changes in the operating temperature. A compensation method is proposed which compensates for both the transducer phase response change and the wave’s propagation speed change. A key practical feature of the presented compensation method is that it uses only the ultrasonic signal itself for compensation estimation and can be used for any type of ultrasonic wave regardless of the type of transducer. For demonstration purposes, in this article, the results are shown for zero-order torsional guided waves, acquired by a purpose-built electromagnetic acoustic transducer. For signals with a 41.5°C temperature difference, the proposed compensation method was able to reduce the effect of environmental and operational conditions by 20 dB further (7 dB at the tail of the echo) compared to standard methods. This results in a much higher sensitivity to defects in areas where strong reflections are received. Furthermore, for the presented measurement setup, the precision to which the temperature-dependent change in wave propagation speed could be estimated was improved by 15%.

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Bau, H. H. "Torsional Wave Sensor—A Theory." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 846–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171869.

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Experimental observations suggest that the speed of propagation of torsional waves in a solid, elastic wave guide with a noncircular cross section is inversely proportional to the density of the fluid adjacent to the waveguide. Thus, by measuring the speed of propagation of the torsional wave, one can infer the density of the fluid. Additionally, the above procedure may be utilized to measure, among other things, liquid level and the composition of binary solutions. A simple theory is derived to correlate the torsional wave speed and the fluid density; the theoretical results are also compared with experiments.

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Park, Kyung-Jo, and Chung-Yup Kim. "Sludge Detection Inside Pipes Using Torsional Guided Waves." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 23, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2013.23.3.282.

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Kim, Young-Wann, and Kyung-Jo Park. "Mode Separation in Torsional Guided Waves Using Chirplet Transform." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 24, no. 4 (April 20, 2014): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2014.24.4.324.

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Park, Kyung-Jo. "Characterization of Chemical Sludge inside Pipes Using Torsional Guided Waves." Journal of the Korea Society For Power System Engineering 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2014.18.3.029.

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Madine, K. H., and D. J. Colquitt. "Dynamic Green’s functions in discrete flexural systems." Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 74, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/hbab006.

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Summary The article presents an analysis of the dynamic behaviour of discrete flexural systems composed of Euler–Bernoulli beams. The canonical object of study is the discrete Green’s function, from which information regarding the dynamic response of the lattice under point loading by forces and moments can be obtained. Special attention is devoted to the interaction between flexural and torsional waves in a square lattice of Euler–Bernoulli beams, which is shown to yield a range of novel effects, including extreme dynamic anisotropy, asymmetric wave propagation, wave-guiding, filtering and the ability to create localised defect modes, all without the need for additional resonant elements or interfaces. The analytical study is complimented by numerical computations and finite element simulations, both of which are used to illustrate the effects predicted. A general algorithm is provided for constructing Green’s functions as well as defect modes. This algorithm allows the tuning of the lattice to produce pass bands, band gaps, resonant modes, wave-guides and defect modes, over any desired frequency range.

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Kim, Y.-W., and K.-J. Park. "Feasibility study on sludge detection and characterisation using torsional guided waves." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2015.57.6.331.

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