Journal articles on the topic 'Torsa river water'

A survey was conducted on the cold water fish diversity in the different rivers of the Dooars region with the help of fisherman. Data was collected on the monthly basis by using different nets. A total of 71 cold water fishes were reported during the study period. Most dominant family was cyprinidae with 32 species followed by Sisoridae with 12 species; Balitoridae 8 and Bagridae with 4 species etc. 70 cold water fish species in the river Teesta, 63 in Jaldhaka, 66 in Torsa, 61 in Kaljani and 66 in the river Sankosh were recorded. Ten Endangered and 31 Vulnerable species were reported from all the five rivers. Out of 71 cold water fishes many have consumption and ornamental value. Many migratory and sport cold water fishes are also reported. Catch frequency status indicates many fishes found rare and extremely rare during the study.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, nickel-resistant bacterium, designated as strain NiVas 114', was isolated from waters of Torsa River in Hasimara, West Bengal, India. The strain NiVasl 14 possessing inducible nickel resistance can tolerate maximally 10mM nickel chloride. Southern blot assays of genomic DNA of NiVas 114 using probe(s) generated from known nickel resistance determinants (cnr/ ncc/ nrel nerí nir). under conditions of low stringency, produced no detectable signal except for cnrA gene of Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 (formerly Alcaligenes eutropha CH34) in which weak hybridization signal occurred. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain NiVas 114 was identified as a member of y Proteobacteria, and the nearest phylogenetic relatives are Enterobacter hormaechei (98.6-98.5%) and Enterobacter cloacae (97.5-98.2 %). In the phylogenetic trees constructed with nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene, hsp60 gene and rpoB gene, strain NiVas 114" clustered with the subspecies of Enterobacter hormaechei. The strain showed DNA-DNA relatedness of 60 -63% with Enterobacter hormaechei subsp hormaechei, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwalti Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissobvens. The isolate NiVas 114 differed from the nearest phylogenetic relatives in terms of number of phenotypic characteristics. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the isolate was 59.5 +0.4 mol %. The predominant cellular faty acids of the isolate are C160, Summed feature 3 (comprises C16wTel 15 io 201) and C 18 w7ei hydroxy fatty acids are found in minor quantities. Thus, on the basis of biochemical characteristics, fatty acid profiles, DNA-DNA relatedness and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate was recognized as a novel species of Enterobacter. for which the name Enterobacter nickellidurans sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain NiVas 114' (= LMG 23000 = CcUGSO594"= JCM13045").

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, urea-dissolving and non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain NiVa 51T, was isolated from water of the River Torsa in Hasimara, Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, India. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain NiVa 51T was shown to belong to the γ-Proteobacteria and to be related to Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis (98·35 %) and S. marcescens subsp. marcescens (98·30 %); however, strain NiVa 51T exhibited only 43·7 % similarity to S. marcescens by DNA–DNA hybridization. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the isolate was 60 mol%. Both biochemical characteristics and fatty acid analysis data supported the affiliation of strain NiVa 51T to the genus Serratia. Furthermore, strain NiVa 51T was found to utilize urea as nitrogen source. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization as well as physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain NiVa 51T from recognized Serratia species. Strain NiVa 51T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Serratia ureilytica sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain NiVa 51T (=LMG 22860T=CCUG 50595T).

Bogotá es la capital de Colombia y cuenta con cuatro ríos que la atraviesan de oriente a occidente: Tunjuelito, Fucha, Salitre y Torca, los cuales se han subdivido en cuatro tramos para su estudio, por lo que se planificó la metodología para conocer la calidad hídrica del tramo 3 del río Fucha con base en el Índice de Calidad General para Aguas Superficiales (ICACOSU), en relación con el cumplimiento de los objetivos de calidad hídrica establecidos en la Resolución 5731 de 2008 para los ríos de la ciudad. Para dar cumplimiento al objeto de investigación, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la zona de estudio; se determinaron seis puntos de medición hídrica de los parámetros: OD, SST, DQO, CE, pH, CT, DBO y Q, teniendo en cuenta representatividad y accesibilidad. Obtenidos los resultados del laboratorio se hicieron los cálculos y el análisis para establecer el ICACOSU de 5 y 7 variables, y comparar los resultados de los parámetros con los objetivos de calidad hídrica establecidos para el río Fucha. Se deduce que la calidad del río Fucha para el ICACOSU de siete variables es muy malo para los puntos de monitoreo 5 y 6, por la disminución en la concentración de OD (0.35 y 0.17 mg/l O2, respectivamente) y el aumento de la concentración de DBO5 en el punto de monitoreo 6 (112 mg/l O2); sólo los puntos de monitoreo 2 y 3 cumplen con un valor superior al 50 % en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de calidad hídrica.

Abstract In several points of rivers Toksa, Neva and water objects related to them chemical analysis of water was done, optical density at 254 nm (OD254) and SUVA254 were determined. Tributaries of the Toksa polluted by domestic wastewaters showed values increased several fold (compared to the Toksa waters) for: colour, OD254, TOC, electric conductivity (EC), concentrations of ammonium (up to 10 maximal allowable levels for surface waters) and chlorides. SUVA254 (in L/(mgTOC·m)) belonged to the following ranges: 1.8-3.0 in the Toksa and its source; 2.3-6.3 in its polluted tributaries; 2.7-3.5 in the Neva and its source; 2.1-2.6 in the tap water of St. Petersburg. For express control of the pollution in the Toksa and other rivers with similar properties measurement of EC and OD254 could be recommended. Control of organic matter content based solely on OD254 cannot be precise due to variations of SUVA254.

The presented paper deals with the evaluation of hydropower potential in a selected section of the Torysa river in the eastern part of the Slovak Republic. This part of the country was chosen based on the existence of a significant risk of increasing energy poverty in local marginalized communities. Small hydropower plants in the form of mini and micro installations are an ecological and economical way to secure electricity and suppress indicators of energy poverty. The essential part of work focuses on the quantification of the gross (theoretical), technical, and economic hydropower potential of the Torysa river using elevation data obtained by GIS tools and hydrological data provided by The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. The next step identified concrete locations with a suitable head and volumetric flow rate. In the last part, the assessed section of the Torysa river was analyzed in terms of geographical collisions with NATURA 2000 areas, historical heritage elements in the country, and natural water bodies without hydropower potential (i.e., lakes, ponds, etc.). The resulting technical hydropower potential of selected part of Torysa river is 5425 kW and the economic potential is 1533 kW.

Telah dilakukan kaji eksperimental turbin air Darrieus tipe-H menggunakan blade hydrofoil standar NACA 2415 untuk mengetahui nilai torsi statik dan dinamik yang dihasilkan turbin air Darrieus tipe-H 3 blade dan 6 blade, pengujian menggunakan water tunnel dimensi 6m x 0.6m x 1m. Variasi tiga blade dan enam blade, dengan diameter turbin 0.44 m x 0.15 m pada turbin luar dan 0.18 x 0.14 m pada turbin bagian dalam, panjang chord 0.10 m dengan variasi sudut serang 0º sampai dengan 360º, variasi kecepatan air pertama 0.3 m/s, variasi kecepatan aliran air kedua 0.65 m/s. Kecepatan air 0.3 m/s enam blade, torsi statik 0.3 Nm, torsi dinamik nya 0.384 Nm, kecepatan air 0,65 m/s torsi dinamik 0.432 Nm dan torsi statik nya 0.384 Nm, pengujian turbin Darrieus tiga blade kecepatan air 0,3 m/s nilai torsi dinamik 0.336 Nm dan dengan kecepatan yang sama torsi statik nya 0.264 Nm. Pada kecepatan air 0.65 m/s nilai torsi dinamik sebesar 0.384 Nm, dan nilai torsi statik 0.336 Nm. Dari data hasil pengukuran tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa variasi turbin enam blade memiliki nilai torsi statik dan torsi dinamik yang lebih tinggi dari pada turbin tiga blade, jumlah blade sangat berpengaruh terhadap daya serap energi kinetik air untuk di konversikan menjadi torsi statik maupun torsi dinamik.Kata kunci : Turbin Hydrokinetic, Darrieus, Torsi Statik,Torsi DinamikAn experimental study of the H-type Darrieus water turbine was carried out using a standard NACA 2415 hydrofoil blade to determine the value of static and dynamic torque generated by the 3-blade and 6-blade Darrieus H-type water turbine, testing using a water tunnel dimensions of 6m x 0.6m x 1m. Variation of three blades and six blades, with a turbine diameter of 0.44 mx 0.15 m on the outer turbine and 0.18 x 0.14 m on the inner turbine, chord length 0.10 m with variations in angle of attack 0º to 360º, variation of first water velocity 0.3 m / s second water flow velocity 0.65 m / s. Water velocity 0.3 m / s six blades, static torque 0.3 Nm, dynamic torque 0.384 Nm, water velocity 0.65 m / s dynamic torque 0.432 Nm and static torque 0.384 Nm, Darrieus three blade turbine test water speed 0.3 m / s dynamic torque value of 0.336 Nm and with the same speed its static torque is 0.264 Nm. At 0.65 m / s water velocity, the dynamic torque value is 0.384 Nm, and the static torque value is 0.336 Nm. From the measurement data, it can be concluded that the six-blade turbine variation has a higher value of static torque and dynamic torque than the three-blade turbine, the number of blades greatly influences the absorption of water kinetic energy to be converted into static torque and dynamic torque. Keywords: Hydrokinetic Turbine, Darrieus, static torque, dynamic torqueDAFTAR RUJUKANKirke, B.K. (2011). Tests on ducted and bare helical and straight blade Darrieus hydrokinetic turbines, 36, pp.3013-3022Dominy, R., Lunt, P., Bickerdyke A., Dominy, J. (2007). Self-starting capability of a Darrieus turbine. Proc Inst Mech Eng (IMechE) ePart A: J Power Energy ;221: 111-120Decoste, Josh. (2004). Self-Starting Darrieus Wind Turbine. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University.Febrianto, A., & Santoso, A. (2016). “Analisa Perbandingan Torsi Dan rpm Tipe Darrieus Terhadap Efisiensi Turbin”. Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)Febriyanto, N. (2014). “Studi Perbandingan Karakteristik Airfoil NACA 0012 Dengan NACA 2410 Terhadap Koefisien Lift dan Koefisien Drag Pada Berbagai Variasi Sudut Serang Dengan CFD” Fakultas teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah SurakartaSaputra, G. (2016). Kaji Eksperimental Turbin Angin Darrieus-H Dengan Bilah Tipe NACA 2415. Universitas Riau, JOM Teknik Mesin vol. 3 No. 1.Hafied, B. (2018). Kaji Eksperimental Torsi Statik Dan Torsi Dinamik Hidrokinetik Turbin Savonius Single Stage Type Bach Tiga Sudu. Tugas Akhir Teknik Mesin. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau.Hau, E. (2005). Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Aplication, Economics. Springer. Berlin.Kaprawi. (2011), Pengaruh Geometri Blade Dari Turbin Air Darrieus Terhadap Kinerjany. Prosiding Seminar Nasional AVoER ke-3 PalembangKhan, M. J., Bhuyan, G., Iqbal M. T., & Quaicoe J.E. (2009). Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion Systems and Assessment of Horizontal and Vertical Axis Turbines for River and Tidal: Applications A Technology Status Review. Applied Energy, 86, 1823-1835.Lain, S., & Osario, C. (2010). Simulation and Evaluation of a Sraight Bladed Darrieus Type Cross Flow Marine Turbine. Journal of Scientific & Research, Vol. 69 p.906-912Marizka, L. D. (2010). Analisis Kinerja Turbin Hydrokinetic Poros Vertical Dengan Modifikasi Rotor Savonius L Untuk Optimasi Kinerja Turbin. Tugas Akhir Sains Fisika. FMIPA-Universitas Sebelas Maret.Malge, P. (2015).Analysis of Lift and Drag Forces at Different Azimuth Angle of Innovative Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.International Journal of Energy Engineering 4(5-8).Teja, P., D. (2017). Studi Numerik Turbin Angin Darrieus – Savonius Dengan Penambahan Stage Rotor Darrieus. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.Zobaa, A. F., & Bansal, R. C. (2011). Handbook of Renewable Energy Technology. USA: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

The taxonomic composition and dynamics of the abundance of holoplankton and meroplankton were studied in the estuary of the seaport Temryuk and in Temryuk Bay (background) in autumn 2018. The impact of the trading port and the Kuban River on the state of holoplankton and meroplankton was assessed. The abundance of holo- and meroplankton in the more desalinated and polluted estuary of the port, which borders the Kuban River, was 1.5–3 times lower than in the Temryuk Bay. In the composition of the copepods Oithona davisae and Acartia tonsa, up to half of non-viable individuals were found in the port estuary. In early autumn, the holoplankton was dominated by Oithona davisa and freshwater cyclopoid copepods; in Temryuk Bay, O. davisae prevailed; in meroplankton, larvae of mollusks wee ubiquitous. At the end of autumn, freshwater cyclopoid copepods and larvae of cirripede barnacles Amphibalanus improvisus were abundant in the port estuary; in the bay, along with O. davisae, brackish-water copepods Еurytemora affinnis, larvae of cirripede barnacles A.improvisus were abundant. The basis of the pool of merorplankton was species tolerant to water eutrophication and sulfide contamination of bottom sediments (A. improvisus, Bittium reticulatum and Bivalvia).

In Brazil, about 49% of the population does not have access to the sewage collection network, with the consequent direct discharge of their sewage network into water bodies. Due to this scenario, it is essential to investigate the quality of the water consumed by thousands of people along the Negro and Resende Rivers. The present study analysis the waters of the Negro and Resende rivers, located in Dois Rios River Basin, in the municipality of Duas Barras, Rio de Janeiro State (RJ, SE Brazil), based on the Water Quality Index proposed by the National Sanitation Foundation (United States). The population of the district located in the municipality of Duas Barras dumps the domestic sewage directly into the hydrographic network. The analyzed parameters were: turbidity, total solid residue, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), hydrogenation potential, temperature, dissolved oxygen and thermotolerant coliforms. The values obtained from the calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) showed a variation from 40 to 68, meaning that the quality of water vary between bad and acceptable in the study area. The samples collected in the urban area contained values for thermotolerant coliforms in disagreement with the maximum value permissible for classes 2 and 3 of fresh water by CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente; a Brazilian Council for the Environment) Resolution 357/2005. The results of the analyzes confirmed the contamination of the two rivers by the discharge of domestic effluents, showing that actions are necessary to eliminate or minimize the discharge of sewage in the surveyed water bodies, since it may cause public health risks. ResumoNo Brasil, cerca de 49% da população não possui acesso à rede de coleta de esgoto, com o consequente despejo direto da sua rede de esgotos em corpos hídricos. Diante deste cenário, torna-se indispensável investigar a qualidade da água consumida por milhares de pessoas ao longo dos rios Negro e Resende. A presente pesquisa analisou qualitativamente as águas dos rios Negro e Resende, localizados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Dois Rios, no município de Duas Barras/RJ, a partir do índice de qualidade das águas proposto pela National Sanitation Foundation. A população do distrito sede do município de Duas Barras despeja o esgoto doméstico diretamente na referida rede hidrográfica. Os parâmetros analisados foram: turbidez, resíduo sólido total, fósforo total, nitrogênio total, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, potencial hidrogêniônico, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e coliformes termotolerantes. Os valores obtidos no cálculo do índice de qualidade das águas (IQA) mostraram uma variação de 40 a 68, significando uma qualidade da água entre ruim e razoável. As amostras coletadas na área urbana apresentaram valores para coliformes termotolerantes em desacordo com o valor máximo permitido para classes 2 e 3 de água doce, regulamentados pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. O resultado das análises confirmou a contaminação dos dois rios pelo lançamento de efluentes domésticos, os quais poderão originar riscos de saúde pública. Os resultado evidenciam a necessidade de se desenvolverem ações para eliminar ou minimizar os despejos de esgotos nos referidos corpos hídricos.

Kadapa is a town in the Rayalaseema area of southern side of state Andhra Pradesh, India, commonly known as the key-part of Rayalaseema. It serves as the important business centre in YSR district. The city had a population of 344,078 according to the 2011 Indian census. It’s approximately 8.0 kilometres (5.0 miles) south of the Penna River. Due to unpredictable and uncertain rains, the Kadapa is a drought prone area; in fact, more than 75% of the mandal is a drought area. As a result, the government declared droughtprone areas not just in mandals, but also in urban areas with more than ten panchayats facing drinking water shortages. As a result of the aforementioned circumstances, the government of Andhra Pradesh created the Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project [GNSS] project for water supply in drought prone area. A field experiment was planned and conducted during the Rabi season of 2019-20 at agricultural research centre, school of agricultural sciences, SGRRU, Dehradun Uttarakhand, to investigate the “Effect of macronutrients on the growth and yield of Rapeseed/toria”. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replication and 8 treatments. Treatments constituted viz. Sulphur (Basal application). Sulphur (Foliar application), Sulphur (Basal+Foliar application), NPK (Basal) + Ca Mg:S (Basal), NPK(Basal) + Ca Mg S(Foliar), NPK(Foliar)+ Ca Mg S (Foliar) .70 kg/ha NPK with the recommended dose of 40:30:30,18 kg/ha Ca, 6kg/ha Mg. 40kg/ha S used in different doses in all treatments. The crop variety PR 2006 (Pant Rai 19) was shown on November 15, 2019 and harvested on March 25, 2020. Observation on various growth parameters, field attributes and yield were recorded. The seed and stover samples at harvest were collected; finally the economics of different treatments were worked out. Fertilizer management treatments significantly influenced various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of mustard. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliquae yield recorded had significantly higher values under treatment T6 (NPK (Foliar) + Ca Mg S (Foliar) followed by T5-NPK (Basal)+ Ca:Mg:S (Foliar application) and T4- NPK (Basal)+Ca Mg:S ( Basal) NPK (Foliar)+ Ca: Mg S(Foliar) T6 though recorded maximum seed yield (1875 kg/ha) but was statistical at par with NPK(Basal)+Ca:Mg S (Foliar) (1748kg/ha) and was significantly superior over remaining treatments. The treatment shows significantly high yield and plant growth in which all macronutrients are used as foliar application.

Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in SlovakiaIn this study, the FRIER rainfall-runoff model with distributed parameters was developed to assess changes in runoff and water balance due to changes in land use and climate. The water balance was calculated at 3 levels: on the surface and in unsaturated and saturated zones. Six basins from the central and eastern parts of Slovakia were selected on the basis of their similar size, but different topography, land use, soil texture and climate: the upper Hornád, the upper Hron, the Poprad, the Rimava, the Slaná and the Torysa River basins. Model parameters were estimated using data from the period from June 1998 to May 2000 in daily time steps. The differences and similarities of the hydrologic processes in individual basins were investigated during the calibration period. Several scenarios of changes in land use and two simple scenarios of changes in climate were developed to estimate the impact of these changes on water balance and runoff. The changes in the hydrological regime were compared and discussed.

O tipo de uso e ocupação das terras das bacias hidrográficas sem fiscalização ou planejamento adequado, torna-se um dos maiores responsáveis pela degradação de corpos hídricos, por isso surge a necessidade de avaliação da qualidade de suas águas. A qualidade das águas da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Paraíso, localizado no município de Jataí/GO, foi avaliada a partir do Índice de qualidade das águas (IQA), adaptado pelo Centro Tecnológico de Saneamento Básico do estado de São Paulo (CETESB) para condições tropicais. A pesquisa constituiu em aferir o índice de qualidade das águas em onze pontos de amostragem, em quatro períodos distintos. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com a Resolução CONAMA n° 357/2005, e aplicado o índice de qualidade das águas (IQA), que classifica o corpo hídrico em 5 faixas de valores (de zero a 100). De acordo com os dados avaliados, a qualidade das águas do ribeirão Paraíso pode ser considerada boa, podendo ser destinadas ao abastecimento público, desde que se tenha tratamento adequado. Ao analisar separadamente cada parâmetro, os valores encontrados em algumas das análises de coliformes termotolerantes, pH, fósforo total e DBO estavam em desconformidade com a classe 1 da Resolução vigente, resultando em contaminação das águas. Com isso, conclui-se que são necessárias ações que possibilitem melhor manejo e uso na ocupação da terra e águas desta bacia, viabilizando a integridade das características do ribeirão, como também a prevenção de maiores alterações e degradação diante do aumento das atividades antrópicas encontradas na bacia hidrográfica em questão. A B S T R A C T The kind of land use and occupation in the river basins without supervision or proper planning has become one of the greatest responsible by hydrous bodies degradation, therefore there’s a need to evaluate the quality of the their water. The quality of the water of Ribeirão Paraíso river basin, located in the municipality of Jataí/GO, was evaluated from the Water Quality Index (WQI), adapted by the Technological Center of Basic Sanitation in the state of São Paulo (CETESB) for tropical conditions. The research aimed measuring the water quality index in eleven sample points, in four different periods. The obtained results were compared to CONAMA’s Resolution number 357/2005, and applying the water quality index (WQI), which classifies the hydrous body in five value bands (from zero do 100). According to the evaluated data, the quality of the water in Ribeirão Paraíso can be considered as good, with the possibility of being used for public supply, as long as it has proper treatment. Analyzing separately each parameter, the values found in some analyses of thermotolerant coliforms, pH, total phosphor and DBO were according to the class one in the current Resolution, resulting in the contamination of the water. Thus, it’s possible to conclude that actions which make it possible to a better land management and occupation and water in this river basin are necessary, enabling the integrity of the stream’s characteristics, as well as the prevention for major changes and degradation due to the increase of anthropic activities found in the studied river basin. Keywords: River Basin, Water Quality Index, use and occupation.

Os processos decisórios de gestão de bacias hidrográficas dependem de informações qualificadas, pautadas na realidade e diversidade dos sistemas hídricos. No Brasil, o diagnóstico ambiental de sistemas fluviais baseia-se principalmente em análises realizadas através de estações de monitoramento. Estas avaliações, no entanto, apresentam alto custo e consideram apenas parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos da água, desconsiderando aspectos morfológicos, sedimentológicos e ecológicos. Frente a esta limitação, torna-se desejável a utilização de ferramentas práticas, que permitam uma análise ambiental pouco onerosa e integrada de cursos d’água. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo conceber um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida (PAR) para aplicação em sistemas fluviais do Parque Nacional da Serra do Gandarela (MG) e discutir suas potencialidades como instrumento de suporte ao monitoramento e gestão de recursos hídricos. Os resultados demonstraram que o PAR pode ser considerado como uma ferramenta viável, já que a partir de sua aplicação foi possível detectar, de forma rápida e prática, alterações gradativas na qualidade ambiental do curso d’água avaliado.Palavras–chave: Protocolos de Avaliação Rápida, Gestão de sistemas fluviais, Avaliação ambiental, Qualidade ambiental.Abstract Decision-making processes for river basin management depend on qualified information, based on the reality and diversity of water systems. In Brazil, the environmental diagnosis of river systems is based mainly on the analysis carried out through monitoring stations. These assessments, however, present high costs and consider only physical-chemic and bacteriological water parameters, disregarding morphological, sedimentological and ecological aspects. Faced with this limitation, it is desirable to use practical tools that allow a cheap and integrated evaluation of river systems. In this context, the present study aimed to design a Rapid Assessment Protocol for application in river systems of the Serra do Gandarela National Park (MG) and to discuss its potential as an instrument to support the monitoring and management of water resources. The results showed that the protocol could be considered a viable tool, since from its application it was possible to detect, quickly and practically, gradual changes in the environmental quality of the evaluated watercourse.Keywords: Rapid Assessment Protocols, Fluvial systems management; Environmental Assessment; Environmental quality.

In 2018-2019, the zooplankton was studied in the Don River from the source to the mouth including the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, Volga-Don shipping canal, and the upper part of Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov. Habitats of two Ponto-Caspian species of copepods ( Heterocope caspia and Eurytemora caspica ) and of three alien species, Mediterranean copepod Calanipeda aquaedulcis , a representative of the neritic zone Acartia ( Acanthacartia ) tonsa and East Asian euryhaline Thermocyclops taihokuensis were found. For the first time, the findings of T. taihokuensis were recorded in the Don River upstream and downstream of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and in water bodies of the Volga-Don shipping canal. It is shown that the Ponto-Caspian Eurytemora caspica inhabits the Don River basin and Taganrog Bay of the Sea of Azov. The European copepod E. affinis which was previously recorded in the region was not found in the studied areas of the basin. The occurrence (>80% of samples) of the Ponto-Caspian species and Calanipeda aquaedulcis was the highest. A recent invader Thermocyclops taihokuensis reached the maximum abundance (>100 000 ind./m). By an example of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, it is found that the way of the spread of the Ponto-Caspian and alien species in the Don River basin may be large-scale activities on the introduction of planktonic and benthic invertebrates conducted in the 1950-1970s in order to improve the food supply of valuable fish species. The history of dispersal of the studied copepod species and their population characteristics are discussed.

AbstractThe formation of short-lived backswamps along the Carmel coast of Israel coincides with the rapid global sea-level rise during the late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition. The current study shows that the wetland phenomena originated around 10,000 yr ago and dried up shortly before the local Pre-Pottery Neolithic humans settled on the wetland dark clay sediments 9430 cal yr BP. Palaeontological and stable-isotope data were used in this study to elucidate previously published sedimentological reconstruction obtained from a core drilled into the western trough of the Carmel coastal plain. The water body contained typical brackish calcareous fauna, with variable numerical abundance and low species richness of ostracods and foraminifera. The δ18O and δ13C of the ostracod Cyprideis torosa show close similarity to the present Pleistocene coastal aquifer isotopic values. This study therefore concludes that the wetlands were shallow-water bodies fed by groundwater, with no evidence of sea-water mixing. It seems that they developed as the result of high groundwater levels, transportation of sediments landward, and deposition of sand bars at the paleo-river mouths. It is still not fully understood why these wetlands deteriorated abruptly and disappeared within less than 1000 yr.

A gestão dos recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Umbeluzi é uma questão fundamental devido ao agravamento de escassez de água nos centros urbanos e na agricultura que pode pôr em causa os valores socioculturais, ecológicos e econômicos. Torna-se ainda mais importante o fato de ser uma bacia internacional, cuja demanda por água tem aumentando em função de expansão agrícola e crescimento populacional. O estudo avaliou a contribuição do novo reservatório de Movene e novas regras de prioridade na alocação de água superficial para atender às diferentes necessidades usando o modelo WaterEvaluation and Planning System – WEAP. O modelo foi validado no período 2005-2011 apresentando o NSE de 0,69 e Bias de 5,2% no volume do reservatório e 2005 com NSE de 6,7 e Bias de 6,0% na vazão. Os resultados mostram menor contribuição do reservatório de Movene, a demanda não atendida no abastecimento doméstico passou de 33,6 hm3 para 10,1 hm3 no cenário de Referência e de 57,3 hm3 para 19,9 hm3 no cenário Maior Crescimento em 2040. Considerando o mesmo ano, a demanda não atendida na agricultura caiu de 12,9 hm3 para 4,1 hm3 e de 22 hm3 para 10,3 hm3 nos cenários de Referência e de Maior Crescimento. No sector industrial apenas o cenário Maior Crescimento apresenta demanda não atendida, tendo saído de 7,4 hm3 para 0,3 hm3 em 2040. Esses resultados enfatizam a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de gestão de lado de demanda para minimizar os impactos de escassez de água. Contribution assessment of the Movene reservoir in the Umbeluzi river basin in Mozambique A B S T R A C TThe management of water resources in the Umbeluzi River basin is an important issue due to the worsening of water scarcity in urban centres and in agriculture, which can jeopardize socio-cultural, ecological and economic values. Even more important is the fact that it is an international basin, whose demand for water has been increasing due to agricultural expansion and population growth. The study evaluated the contribution of the new Movene reservoir and new rules of priority in the allocation of surface water to meet different needs usingWater Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model. WEAP modelwas validated from 2005 to 2011 with NSE of 0.69 and Bias of 5.2% in the volume of the reservoir and 2005 with an NSE of 6.7 and Bias of 6.0% in the flow. The results demonstrate a lower contribution of the Movene reservoir, the unmet demand in domestic supply went from 33.6 hm3to 10.1 hm3 in the Reference scenario and from 57.3 hm3to 19.9 hm3 in the Reference scenario Higher Growth scenario in 2040. Considering the same year, unmet demand in agriculture fell from 12.9 hm3to 4.1 hm3 and from 22 hm3to 10.3 hm3 in the Reference and Higher Growth scenarios. In the industrial sector, only the Highest Growth scenario has unmet demand, having gone from 7.4 hm3to 0.3 hm3 in 2040. These results emphasize the need to implement demand-side management strategies to minimize the impacts of water scarcity.Keywords: water resources, water demand, Umbeluziriver, WEAP model.

A agricultura irrigada no Brasil cresceu mais de 40% nos últimos 20 anos, representando uma área de 4,4 milhões de ha, com a região Sudeste representando 47% deste total. O método de irrigação por pivô é o que mais cresce, com os estados de Minas Gerais, Goiás, Bahia e São Paulo concentrando cerca de 80% da área ocupada pela tecnologia. Neste cenário, a atualização das informações torna-se fundamentais pois criarão bases de conhecimento que irão ajudar estabelecer diretrizes para adoção e planejamento de políticas públicas que venham a contribuir para o uso estratégico dos recursos hídricos. Foi realizado fotointerpretação na escala de 1:1000, em imagens satélite da plataforma Google EarthTM Pro, para identificação do equipamento e obtenção de sua área de ocupação. Com os dados coletados realizou-se análises em função dos municípios, microrregiões e bacias hidrográficas. Atualmente, estima-se uma área irrigada de 134.741,11 hectares e 2.301 pivôs centrais. Os municípios de Rio Paranaíba (302), Perdizes (164), Santa Juliana (135), Uberaba (120) e Patos de Minas (111) destacam-se em maior número de equipamentos. A Microrregião de Araxá abrange a maior concentração de pivôs, 694, com 40.728,94 hectares irrigados. Na Bacia do Rio Paranaíba concentra-se 85,75% dos pivôs.Palavras-chave: sensoriamento remoto, sistema de irrigação, recursos hídricos. SCENARIO OF THE AREA IRRIGATED BY CENTRAL PIVOT IN THE TRIÂNGULOMINEIRO, IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL ABSTRACT: Irrigated agriculture in Brazil has grown over 40% in the last 20 years, representing an area of 4.4 million ha, with the Southeast region representing 47% of this total. The pivot irrigation method is the fastest growing, with the states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Bahia and São Paulo concentrating around 80% of the area occupied by technology. In this scenario, updating the information becomes fundamental because it will create knowledge bases that will help establish guidelines for the adoption and planning of public policies that will contribute to the strategic use of water resources. It was realized photointerpretation in scale of 1: 1000, in satellite images of the platform Google EarthTM Pro, for identification of the equipment and obtaining of its area of occupation. With the data collected, analyzes were performed according to the municipalities, microregions and river basins. Currently, an irrigated area of 134,741.11 hectares and 2,301 central pivots is estimated. The municipalities of Rio Paranaíba (302), Perdizes (164), Santa Juliana (135), Uberaba (120) and Patos de Minas (111) stand out in more equipment. The Araxá Microregion encompasses the highest concentration of pivots, 694, with 40,728.94 irrigated hectares. In the Paranaíba River Basin, 85.75% of the pivots are concentrated.Keywords: remote sensing, irrigation system, water resources.

A intensificação das práticas agrícolas e a urbanização, sem o devido planejamento, são as principais formas de degradação dos serviços ecossistêmicos. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental a utilização de indicadores ambientais para acompanhamento da perda de naturalidade da paisagem. O Índice de Qualidade Ambiental dos Recursos Hídricos (IQA-HIDRO) e o Índice de Urbanidade (IB) são indicadores espaciais das transformações antropogênicas no ambiente natural, podendo subsidiar decisões no diagnóstico dos impactos ambientais e no planejamento territorial e hídrico de mananciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar o IQA-HIDRO e o IB para analisar as pressões provocadas pelo uso e cobertura do solo em relação à capacidade do manancial do Rio Jacaré-Guaçu em fornecer serviços ambientais. Os resultados para o IQA-HIDRO demonstram que 89,30% do manancial apresentou qualidade ambiental baixa ao passo que 0,19% apresentou índice alto. Para o IB, 44,49% do manancial apresentou naturalidade da paisagem baixa e 21,83% alta naturalidade. A B S T R A C TThe intensification of agricultural practices and urbanization without planning are the main forms of ecosystem services degradation. Because of that it is fundamental to use environmental indicators to monitor the landscape naturalness loss. The Environmental Quality Index of Water Resources (EQIWR) and the Urbanity Index (UI) work as spatial indicators of anthropogenic changes in the natural environment and can support decision makers in the diagnosis of environmental impacts and integrated basin planning.The objective of this study was to apply the EQIWR and the UI to analyze the pressures caused by the use and land cover in relation to the capacity of the Watersheds of Jacaré-Guaçu River to continue providing environmental services. The results obtained for the EQIWR showed that 89,30% of the area presented very low environmental quality while only 0,19% was very high environmental quality. For the IB 44,49% represented low landscape naturalness and 21,83% high naturalness.Key words: Physical geography, Thematic cartography, GIS, Water resources, Use and land cover.

AbstrakDiseluruh dunia khususnya di Indonesia saat sedang menghadapi permasalahan kebutuhan energi yaitu disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kebutuhan energi setiap tahunnya yang sejalan dengan perkembangan industri, jumlah penduduk dan aktifitas manusia, sementara cadangan sumber energi bahan bakar minyak semakin menipis. Pengembangan sumber energi alternatip saat ini adalah sumber energi terbarukan yang diantaranya meliputi Solar cell, Turbin energi panas bumu, Turbin energi bayu , dan Turbin energi air . Turbin air Darrieus sumbu vertikal merupakan salah satu turbin air yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dan cocok untuk diterapkan pada aliran air sungai di Indonesi.Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan pembuatan model simulasi turbin Darieus sumbu vertikal dengan profil sudu NACA A0015 yang tergolong sebagai turbin mikrohidro kecepatan aliran. Diameter rotor 20 cm, 3 buah sudu dengan panjang sudu 25 cm dan variasi lebar cord 6, 7 dan 8 cm serta posisi sudut kemiringan sudu tangensial rotor -5o , dioperasikan pada kecepatan aliran air 1.5 m/detik, yang dilakukan dengan simulasi 3d CFD FLUENT untuk mendapatkan besarnya coeffisien torsi poros turbin , selanjutnya dilakukan analisis besarnya factor daya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lebar cord 6 cm ( soliditas ) 0.2864 menghasilkan faktor daya tertinggi sebesar 0.0447 pada putaran poros 160 rpm dan kecepatan air masuk turbin 1.5 m/detik. Abstract Throughout the world, especially in Indonesia when facing problems of energy needs, that is caused by increasing energy needs each year which are in line with the development of industry, population and human activities, while reserves of energy sources of fuel oil are depleting. The development of alternative energy sources is currently a renewable energy source which includes solar cells, hot energy turbines, wind energy turbines and water energy turbines. The vertical axis Darrieus water turbine is one of the water turbines that has the potential to be developed and is suitable to be applied to river water flows in Indonesia.In this research, a vertical axis Darieus turbine simulation model has been made with NACA A0015 blade profile which is classified as a microhydro flow velocity turbine. Rotator diameter 20 cm, 3 blade with 25 cm blade length and variation of cord width 6, 7 and 8 cm and position of rotor tangential angle of rotor -5o, operated at water flow velocity of 1.5 m / sec, which is done with 3D CFD FLUENT simulation to get the coefficient of turbine shaft torque , an analysis of the magnitude of the power factor is then performed. The results of this study showed that the cord width of 6 cm (solidity 0.2864) resulted in the highest power factor of 0.0447 at shaft rotation of 160 rpm and the speed of turbine intake water 1.5 m / sec. Keywords : Daarieus Turbine, NACA blade profile, Power coefficient. Cord width

The maintenance and inspection of bridges is often a neglected component of necessary technical bridge care. One of the factors contributing to this can be the insufficient financial resources available for repairs under town and municipality administration where financial resources may be restricted. The most severe problem is the underestimation of the importance of bridge inspections. Preventive measures, in the form of regular inspections, can reveal structural issues caused by constructional defects during production or by changing external conditions. We can nevertheless still prioritize and effectively use financial resources for repairs. The knowledge obtained during inspections is an essential part of the draft process for new bridges and lessons learned on maintaining them effectively. This study sums up the most severe faults on selected pedestrian bridge structures and provides findings acquired during the inspections. This article presents findings from the inspection of pedestrian bridges in Prešov, Slovak Republic: Segmental pedestrian bridge next to the University of Prešov; Pedestrian bridges over the railway line in the direction of Rusínska ‒ Lesík Delostrelcov; Pedestrian bridge over the Torysa river on Mukačevska street. Main inspections have been carried out in the first half of 2021 by the company ProPonti s.r.o, in cooperation with the Department of Concrete Structures and Bridges (KBKM) STU Bratislava. Based on the executed main inspections, we can sum up the main following findings: immediate grouting and repassivation of the prestressing reinforcement can prevent a significant shortening of the service life, despite substantial manufacturing error; in the case of segmental constructions, a detailed inspection of the interior of the chambers as well as the condition of the prestressing reinforcement located in cement mortar is needed on a regular basis; for all types of structures, it is important to monitor the function of the bridge´s drainage system and any water penetration manifested by wet stains and efflorescence. Such problems must be solved immediately and will, in turn, significantly reduce the contamination of concrete with salts, greatly extending the service life of the bridge.

EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA EM VIDEIRA ‘SYRAH’ IRRIGADA NO SUBMÉDIO DO VALE SÃO FRANCISCO1 VÁGNA DA COSTA PEREIRA1; GILBERTO CHOHAKU SEDIYAMA2; MAGNA SOELMA BESERRA DE MOURA3; THIERES GEORGE FREIRE DA SILVA4 E LUCIANA SANDRA BASTOS DE SOUZA51Resultado da Dissertação de Mestrado do primeiro autor2Doutoranda em Meteorologia Agrícola – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola – Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Campus Viçosa – 36570-900 – Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, vagna.pereira@ufv.br3Prof. Titular – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola – Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Campus Viçosa – 36570-900 – Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, g.sediyama@ufv.br4Pesquisadora – Núcleo Temático de Recursos Naturais – Embrapa Semiárido – 56302-970 – Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil, magna.moura@embrapa.br5Prof. Adjunto – Departamento de Ciências Agrárias – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada – 56909-535 – Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brasil, thigeoprofissional@hotmail.com6Prof. Assistente – Departamento de Ciências Agrárias – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada – 56909-535 – Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brasil, sanddrabastos@yahoo.com.br 1 RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a eficiência do uso da água (EUA) na videira ‘Syrah’ irrigada no Submédio do Vale São Francisco, com base no rendimento em função da evapotranspiração da cultura e da transpiração máxima. Para isso, a evapotranspiração da cultura foi determinada pelo balanço de energia com base no método da razão de Bowen (ETcBERB), enquanto a transpiração máxima (TR) foi estimada pelo modelo de Penman-Monteith modificado com base no índice de área foliar da cultura. Os dados micrometeorológicos foram monitorados durante um ciclo produtivo por meio de uma estação automática localizada no parreiral. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) também foi calculada ao longo do experimento, pelo método de Penman-Monteith parametrizado no boletim 56 da FAO. A ETo e a ETcBERB corresponderam ao valor total de 474,0 e 376,4 mm ciclo-1, com valor médio diário de 3,9 e 3,1 mm, respectivamente. A TR oscilou entre 3,5 e 0,9 mm d-1, com volume total durante o ciclo de 284,4 mm. A EUA, com base no total de água consumida e transpirada, foi de 1,17 kg m-3 e 1,55 kg m-3, respectivamente. O método do BERB e o modelo de Penman-Monteith modificado para plantas isoladas apresentaram resultados confiáveis para estimativa da EUA sob as condições climáticas da região do Submédio do Vale São Francisco. No entanto, torna-se necessário que novos estudos nesse sentido com a cultura da videira para produção de vinhos sejam realizados, principalmente nesta região Semiárida, onde a maioria das pesquisas voltadas para o manejo do vinhedo ainda estão em desenvolvimento. Palavras-chave: semiárido, evapotranspiração, razão de Bowen, transpiração máxima PEREIRA, V. C.; SEDIYAMA, G. C.; MOURA, M. S. B.; SILVA, T. G. F.; SOUZA, L. S. B.WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN IRRIGATED "SYRAH'' GRAPE PLANTATION AT SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEY 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated ‘Syrah’ grapevine plantation at São Francisco River valley, on the basis of yields as a function of crop evapotranspiration and maximum transpiration. To this end, the crop evapotranspiration was determined by energy balance based on the Bowen ratio method (ETcBERB), while the maximum transpiration (TR) was estimated by the modified Penman-Monteith equation based on the crop leaf area index. The micrometeorological data within the vineyard canopy were monitored using an automatic micrometeorological station, during a productive cycle. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was also calculated during that period using the FAO parameterized Penman-Monteith equation. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and the crop evapotranspiration determined by BREB method (ETcBERB), during the crop cycle, were 474.0 and 376.4 mm cycle-1, respectively, with a daily average of 3.9 and 3.1 mm. The TR rate ranged between 3.5 and 0.9 mm d-1, with total volume during 284.4 mm cycle -1. The WUE, on the basis of the total water consumed and transpiration, was 1.17 kg m-3 and 1.55 kg m-3, respectively. The BERB method and the Penman-Monteith model modified to isolated plants showed reliable results to estimate the WUE under the climatic conditions of São Francisco River valley. However, new studies on grape culture for wine production are necessary, especially in this semiarid region, where most researches focused on the vineyard management are still in development. Keywords: Bowen ratio. Evapotranspiration. Maximum transpiration. Semiarid.

O desenvolvimento da humanidade e consequente alteração no uso do solo vem tornando áreas cada vez mais susceptíveis à incêndios florestais, fato agravado pela prática de queimadas. Eventos de queima são considerados preocupantes devido a abrangência dos impactos que influenciam, inclusive nas mudanças climáticas. Assim, técnicas de sensoriamento remoto podem ser empregadas para identificação e espacialização de áreas queimadas. A gravidade dos impactos gerados torna visível a importância de estudos capazes de detectar cicatrizes de queimadas a fim contribuir com o desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitoramento, conscientização, prevenção e recuperação de áreas afetadas. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou gerar o índice de queimada (NBR) bem como sua variação (NBR) e o Índice Normalizado de Diferença de Água (NDWI) para distinção entre áreas queimadas e áreas úmidas para a região da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba, Minas Gerais, utilizando cenas Landsat 8 órbita/ponto 217/074 e 218/074 dos meses de agosto e setembro de 2016. A eficiência do método para detecção de áreas queimadas foi analisada a partir da comparação com polígonos de queimadas do banco de dados do INPE e pontos de ocorrência de incêndio fornecidos pelo 4º Pelotão de Bombeiros Militar de Itabira. Os resultados da NBR foram classificados em níveis de severidade e mostraram-se eficientes para a detecção de áreas queimadas quando comparados com polígonos de registro de queimadas do INPE. Com o cálculo do índice para toda a bacia pôde-se perceber regiões com maior ocorrência das classes moderada e alta severidade nas porções noroeste e nordeste da bacia. Determination of Areas Affected by Burns in Watersheds by the Queimada Index (Nbr), Case Study of the Piracicaba-MG River Basin ABSTRACTThe development of mankind and consequent alteration in land use has made areas increasingly susceptible to forest fires, a fact aggravated by the practice of burning. Burning events are considered worrisome due to the extent of the impacts that influence, including climate change. Thus, remote sensing techniques can be used to identify and spatialize burned areas. The severity of the impacts generated makes visible the importance of studies capable of detecting burn scars in order to contribute to the development of monitoring techniques, awareness, prevention and recovery of affected areas. Thus, the present study aimed to generate the burn rate (NBR) as well as its variation (ΔNBR) and the Normalized Water Difference Index (NDWI) to distinguish between burned areas and wetlands for the Piracicaba river basin region, Minas Gerais, using Landsat 8 scenes orbit / point 217/074 and 218/074 from the months of August and September 2016. The efficiency of the method for the detection of burned areas was analyzed from the comparison with burned polygons of the INPE and fire occurrence points provided by the 4th Itabira Military Fire Squad. The results of ΔNBR were classified in severity levels and were efficient for the detection of burned areas when compared to INPE burn logs. With the calculation of the index for the whole basin it was possible to perceive regions with higher occurrence of the moderate and high severity classes in the northwest and northeast portions of the basin.Keywords: burned, sevirity of fire, remote sensing, burn rate

Resumo: No Brasil ainda há pouca informação sobre o escoamento em pequenas bacias semiáridas, em especial para bacias que apresentam variações altimétricas relevantes, visto o pouco detalhamento dos dados climáticos. Pensando nisso, o presente trabalho analisou a relação precipitação/escoamento a partir do método do Balanço Hídrico Sequencial Diário, da Bacia do Riacho do Saco, Sertão Central pernambucano. A bacia apresenta relevo complexo com diferença altimétrica de cerca de 700 metros entre a foz (409m) e as cabeceiras (superior a 1.100m), o que reflete diretamente nas características climáticas, em especial na variação da precipitação. Deste modo, o Balanço Hídrico Sequencial Diário foi realizado utilizando dados de quatro PCDs, mapeamento de cobertura da terra e pedológico. Essas informações foram integradas gerando 24 zonas homogêneas de precipitação/solo/cobertura, sendo realizada a análise para cada uma delas. Ao avaliar os resultados, nota-se a importância da zona altimétrica da PCD Triunfo, que, apesar de representar apenas 25,6% da área da bacia, é responsável por mais de 37% do volume de água captado pela bacia, alcançando 46,31% do volume escoado em toda a bacia, sendo assim a principal fonte de captação de água para a bacia. É necessário lembrar que a alta porcentagem de escoamento está diretamente ligada ao uso agrícola indiscriminado e que altas taxas de escoamento levam a perda de água e sedimento para a bacia, e, deste modo, torna-se clara a necessidade do aumento dos níveis de infiltração para que a água seja retida e movimente-se como fluxo de base, prolongando o tempo de permanência na paisagem. Palavras-chave: Balanço Hídrico Sequencial Diário. Semiárido; CAD máximo. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTED AREAS: CONCEPTS, METHODS AND CHALLENGERUNOFF AND WATER BALANCE IN DRYLANDS WITH COMPLEX TOPOGRAPHY – SACO CREEK WATERSHED – PERNAMBUCOAbstract: In Brazil, there is still lack of data on the runoff small semi-arid basins, especially for basins that present significant altimetric variations, given the lack of detail in the climatic dat. Accordingly this research examined the relationship rain/runoff through Daily Sequential Water Balance methodology, of Saco Creek Watershed, Pernambuco central dryland. The watershed presents a complex relief with altimetric variation of 700 meters between the river mouth (409m) and the headwaters (above 1.100m), that directly reflect in the climatic characteristics, principally in the precipitation variation. The daily water balance was performed using four PCD, landcover map and soil map. These three data was integrated creating 24 uniform zones of precipitation/soil/landcover, and the analysis was undertaken to each one of them. Looking to the results, it is clear the importance of PCD Triunfo altimetric zone, where despite representing only 25,6% of the watershed it represents for more than 37% of water volume collect by watershed, 46,31% of all basin runoff. This area is the main collect water source from watershed. It is necessary to remember that the high runoff percentage is directly tied to widespread agricultural use, and the high runoff rates lead to loss of water and sediment. Therefore, it is clear the necessity to increase the infiltration levels order for the water be retained and move as base flow, prolonging the residence time in the landscape.Keywords: Daily Sequential Water Balance. Semiarid. Field Capacity. ESCORRENTÍA SUPERFICIAL Y BALANCE HÍDRICO EN AMBIENTES SECOS CON TOPOGRAFÍA COMPLEJA - CUENCA DEL RIACHO DO SACO - PERNAMBUCORsumen: En Brasil, todavía hay poca información sobre la escorrentía en pequeñas cuencas semiáridas, especialmente para las cuencas que presentan variaciones altimétricas relevantes, dada la falta de datos climáticos detallados.Pensando en esto, el presente estudio analizó la relación lluvia / escorrentía con basis en el método del balance hídrico. secuencial diario de la cuenca del Riacho do Saco en la región del Central Sertão, Pernambuco . La cuenca presenta un relieve complejo con una diferencia altimétrica de aproximadamente 700 metros entre la desembocadura (409m) y las cabeceras (más de 1100m), que se refleja directamente en las características climáticas, especialmente en la variación de la precipitación. Por lo tanto, el balance hídrico diario se realizó utilizando datos de cuatro PCD, mapeo de la cobertura del suelo y datos pedológicos. Esta información se integró generando 24 zonas homogéneas de precipitación / suelo / cobertura, y se realizó el análisis para cada una de ellas. Al evaluar los resultados, se observa la importancia de la altimetría del PCD Triunfo, que a pesar de representar solo el 25.6% del área de la cuenca, es responsable de más del 37% del volumen de agua recolectada por la cuenca, alcanzando el 46.31% del volumen drenado en toda la cuenca, por lo que es la principal fuente de captación de agua para la cuenca. Es necesario recordar que el alto porcentaje de escorrentía está directamente relacionado con el uso agrícola indiscriminado, y que las altas tasas de escorrentía conducen a la pérdida de agua y sedimento a la cuenca, por lo que se hace evidente la necesidad de aumentar los niveles de infiltración para que el agua sea retenida y se mueva como un flujo de base, prolongando su tiempo de permanencia en el paisaje.Palabras clave: Balance hídrico secuencial diário; semiárido; CAD máximo.

A gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos no Nordeste brasileiro torna-se fundamental diante do regime hidrológico dos rios intermitentes, dos quais muitos são extremamente críticos. Todavia estes dependem de um regime pluviométrico irregular, tanto em escala de tempo mensal quanto anual. Objetivou-se determinar a variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação pluviométrica total anual, averiguando-se, também, as regiões com padrões de precipitação semelhantes por técnicas de análise multivariada (clusters e componentes principais) no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram analisados dados de precipitação pluviométrica total anual, entre os anos de 1995 e 2016, de 37 diferentes estações meteorológicas do INMET, estas situadas nos limites territoriais dos nove estados do Nordeste brasileiro. A análise de clusters verificou a formação de quatro grupos distintos, com padrões semelhantes de precipitação nas regiões dentro dos grupos, conforme também observado na análise de componentes principais. A padronização e/ou variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação pluviométrica dos municípios analisados mostrou-se está intimamente associada as condições das estações do ano e anomalias climatológicas, aos fatores de uso e ocupação do solo, condições de altitude e relevo, tais quais favorecem na formação e estabilidade de chuvas menores ou maiores no Nordeste brasileiro. A análise multivariada de cluster e componentes principal identificaram padrões e semelhanças pluviométricas de grupos, nos diferentes estados do Nordeste do Brasil entre os anos de 1995 e 2016. Exploratory Inference of Spatial-Temporal Data of Rainfall in the Brazilian Northeast ABSTRACTThe efficient management of water resources in the Northeast of Brazil is essential in view of the hydrological regime of intermittent rivers, of which many are extremely critical, as they depend on an irregular rainfall regime, both on a monthly and annual time scale. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the annual total rainfall, also investigating the regions with similar rainfall patterns by multivariate analysis techniques (clusters and principal components) in Brazilian Northeast. Data from total annual rainfall between the years 1995 and 2016, of 37 different INMET weather stations were analyzed, located within the territorial limit of the nine states of Brazilian Northeast. Cluster analysis verified the formation of four distinct groups, with similar precipitation patterns in the regions within the groups as also observed in the principal component analysis. The pattern and/or spatial-temporal variability of rainfall in the municipalities analyzed was shown to be intimately associated with the conditions of the year and climatic anomalies stations, and the factors of land use and occupation, altitude and relief conditions, such as favoring the formation and stability of minor or major rain in the Brazilian Northeast. Multivariate cluster and principal component analysis identified rainfall patterns and similarities of groups, in the different states of Northeastern Brazil between the years 1995 and 2016.Keywords: multivariate analysis, climate change, semiarid, regional climate patterns.

Introduction. Methane and carbon dioxide are the most important greenhouse gases, the increase in the concentration of which in the atmosphere is the main cause of climate change [Taylor and Penner, 1994; Drösler et al., 2014; Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2019]. In addition to relatively constant sources of methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (such as oligotrophic bogs of the boreal zone), there are sporadic sources (SS): intermittently flooded floodplains, boreal swamp forests, some intermittently swamp forests, etc. Despite the variability of SS as sources of methane, CH4 fluxes in floodplains and in swamp forests can reach 0.1–12.5 [Whalen et al., 1991; Van Huissteden et al., 2005; Terentieva et al., 2019] and 0.7 – 17.1 mgC m-2 h-1 [Moore and Knowles, 1990; Ambus and Christensen, 1995; Aronson et al., 2012; Koskinen et al., 2016; Glagolev et al., 2018], respectively. These values are comparable, and exceed those observed in bogs under certain conditions (a combination of soil moisture and temperature, and other factors) [Gulledge and Schimel, 2000; Vasconcelos et al., 2004; Ullah and Moore, 2011; Shoemaker et al., 2014; Christiansen et al., 2017; Torga et al., 2017; Glagolev et al., 2018; Mochenov et al., 2018]. Unfortunately, in Russia, studies of CH4 and CO2 fluxes from sporadic sources are extremely limited (one-time measurements were performed without reference to spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability of conditions) and were carried out mainly in Western Siberia [Sabrekov et al., 2013; Mochenov et al., 2018; Glagolev et al., 2018; Terentieva et al., 2019] and the European part of Russia [Kuznetsov and Bobkova, 2014; Ivanov et al., 2018; Glukhova et al., 2021; Glukhova et al., 2022]. In general, medium-scale (at the Federal subject level) studies of bogs and forests in Russia have not been carried out in all regions, although they are of particular interest due to the possibility of maintaining a balance between the detailing of estimates and the magnitude of spatiotemporal coverage [Zatsarinnaya and Volkova, 2011; Grishutkin et al., 2013; Baisheva et al., 2015; Ilyasov et al., 2019; Suslova, 2019]. Besides, estimates made throughout the country require clarification at the regional level [Vompersky et al., 2005]. The aim of our work was the simplest inventory of swamp forests of the Moscow region as sources of CH4 and CO2 using GIS mapping and field measurements. Objects and methods. The basis for the map of swamp forests of the Moscow region (hereinafter, by this term we mean the total territory of Moscow and the Moscow region) was a mosaic of 6 Landsat-8 satellite images. The mapping was carried out using the Supervised Classification algorithm in the Multispec program (Purdue Research Foundation, USA). For each decryption class, at least 7 training polygons were set and the classification module was launched using the maximum likelihood estimation. After the classification, the decryption classes were combined into typological ones: “forest” (automorphic forests), “water surfaces” (rivers, lakes, other water bodies), “swamp forest” (excessively moist forests with a water table level (WTL), predominantly located on the soil surface or close to it) and “wet forest” (excessively moist forests with predominant WTL below the soil surface). We considered the classes of swamp forests and wet forests, regardless of the presence or absence of peat layer in them: the key criterion was WTL. To assess the accuracy of the classification, an error matrix was compiled. For that purpose, on the resulting map, the first operator identified 75 points evenly distributed in space within each typological class; the coordinates of these points without specifying the belonging to the class were randomly sorted and passed to the second operator. Further, the points were assigned to one of the mapped classes based on “blind” visual expert interpretation using ultra-high resolution satellite images. The overall classification accuracy was determined as the ratio of the sum of points, whose mapped and real classes coincide, to the total number of points (Table 1). Measurements of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes were carried out from 2019 to 2022 in the Dorokhovo mixed black alder moist grass forest, located 66 km west of the border of Moscow, using the static chamber method [Hutchinson and Mosier, 1981; Terent'eva et al., 2017]. Opaque chambers were used in the measurements, so the term “CO2 flux” used in the paper implies the sum of the respiration of the soil-grass-moss cover. The calculation of the annual flux of methane and carbon dioxide from the swamp forests of the Moscow region was performed seasonally using the simplest inventory method [Glagolev, 2010]: ФОРМУЛА НЕ РИСУНОК where Aij – is the area (m2) occupied by the i-th source type in the j-th region; fi – is the surface flux density (mgC m-2 h-1), characteristic of the i-th source type; Tj – is the duration of the emission period (hour), characteristic of the j-th region. The duration of the methane emission period within individual seasons was taken on the basis of hydrothermal coefficients and the radiation index as follows: summer – 122 days (from June to September inclusive), autumn – 76 days (from October to mid-December), winter – 90 days (from mid-December to mid-March), spring – 77 days (from mid-March to the end of May). The surface flux density was calculated as the median (and also 1Q, 3Q) for the considered season based on all observations. Results. The resulting map of swamp forests of the Moscow region is shown in Figure 1 and is characterized by the following areas of typological classes: “forest” - 2,157,716 ha, “water surfaces” 45,693 - ha, “swamp forest” - 58,384 ha, “wet forest” - 233,865 ha. Thus, the total share of forest ecosystems that are able to function as sources of methane - swamp forests and wet forests - is 1.2 and 5.0% of the region's area, respectively (in total 292,249 ha). According to the map, swamp forests are predominantly small ecosystems (from small ones with an area of 3-5 ha, which are extremely widespread, to larger ones, with an area of 30-50 ha, which are somewhat less common), which are exposed to excessive moisture as a result of their location on the outskirts of wetland massifs, near river floodplains, in small local relief depressions, as well as in elements of a ravine-gully planting (mainly in the southern part of the Moscow region). Wet forests are located in more drained areas, often associated with swamp forests in a single landscape structures, but they are much more widespread, and often occupy significantly larger areas: from 10–50 to 100–500 ha. The error matrix of the resulting map is presented in Table. 1. The overall classification accuracy (the ratio of the sum of the elements of the main diagonal of the error matrix to the sum of checkpoints by class) is 76%. Water surfaces with the highest possible producer’s accuracy (100%) are most accurately identified. The “other” class has the same user’s accuracy as water surfaces (93%), but poorly less producer’s accuracy (74%). In general, the classes of swamp and wet forests are the least accurately defined (36–46%): they have significant intersections with all classes except that for the open water surface, and, most importantly, with each other. In order to achieve a reasonable classification accuracy and to make further calculations of the regional flow, we combined the “swamp forest” and “wet forest” classes into one: in this case, the user’s accuracy of the combined class was 65%, and the producer’s accuracy was 74%, which allows us to fairly accurately predict the location of forests of varying degrees of waterlogging when they are considered together. Generalized results of measurements of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes by seasons and their brief statistical characteristics are presented in Table. 2. The simplest inventory based on the proposed approach makes it possible to estimate the methane flux from the soils of swamp forests with different degrees of waterlogging at 6666 tC yr-1 (1Q – 407; 3Q – 38790); carbon dioxide at 1.5 MtC yr-1 (1Q – 0.6; 3Q – 2.7). Taking into account the 100-year global warming potential for methane equal to 28 [Drösler et al., 2014], the total emission of methane and carbon dioxide from the soils of swamp forests with different degrees of waterlogging was 5.7 MtCO2-eq yr-1 (1Q – 2.2; 3Q – 11.4)[1]. More detailed information obtained on the basis of the simplest inventory presents in table 3. Discussion. According to the data of the Great Russian Encyclopedia [Osipov et al., 2004], the area of automorphic forests in the Moscow region in 2015 amounted to 1,896,000 ha, which is in good agreement with the data obtained based on the current classification (the area of the “forest” class amounted to 2,157,716 ha). The distribution of swamp forests in the north of the Moscow region, observed on the resulting map, corresponds to swamp black alder, downy birch forests, as well as forests with gray alder on the map of G.N. Ogureeva et al. [1996]. In the southeastern part of the Moscow region, the areas occupied by swamp forests, according to the results of satellite data classification, are identical to the distribution of downy birch and pine-spruce-long-moss-sphagnum forests along the edges of wetlands. Wet forests are located to the south of the Ruza Reservoir correspond to spruce forests with gray alder, whereas those located to the northwest of the town of Klin are associated with black alder forests and pine-spruce forests with black alder (Ogureeva et al., 1996). The area occupied by swamp and wet forests identified in the current work is comparable to that of distribution of forests with black and gray alder (5.01 and 1.44% of the area of the region) provided in (Kotlov and Chernenkova, 2020), which indirectly confirms the assessment adequacy of the share of the territory occupied by wetland forest ecosystems identified in our work. One of the main problems of GIS cartography based on remote sensing data is the poor availability of ground-based data or the inability to check map errors by field methods due to the wide coverage of the study area. However, the classification accuracy of 60-70% is the rule rather than the exception [Kotlov and Chernenkova, 2020] and is considered satisfactory. We anticipate that GIS mapping that combines multiple cartographic sources at its core (for example, by calculating a median estimate based on multiple maps) will improve the final result in the future. Conclusion. The total area of swamp forests and wet forests in the Moscow Region is 292,249 ha. The emission of methane from these ecosystems is 0.25 (1Q – 0.02; 3Q – 1.45) MtCO2-eq per year, whereas that of carbon dioxide is 5.40 (1Q – 2.16; 3Q – 9.92) MtCO2 per year. The highest total emission of methane and carbon dioxide from wetlands is observed in the summer-autumn period, gradually decreasing by the beginning of winter and increasing again (to the level of autumn values) in spring. The value of the total emission of the main carbon-containing gases from the soils of swamp forests of the European part of the Russian Federation should be taken into account when quantifying all significant sources and sinks. [1] The annual total methane flux was calculated as follows: the median of measurements for each of the season (0.14, 0.74, 0.02 and 0.25 mgC m-2 h-1, for summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively) was multiplied by the number of hours in days, by the corresponding length of the season (122, 76, 90 and 77 days), then by the wetland forest area (2.922×109 m2), and finally by a correction factor (10-9) to convert mgC to tC. The annual total carbon dioxide flux was calculated in a similar way (the difference was in the value of the correction factor, which was 10–15 for converting mgC to MtC). When converting the CH4 flux (expressed in tC yr-1) to MtCO2-eq yr-1, the original value was multiplied by 16/12 (the ratio of the molar mass of CH4 to the molar mass of C), then by 28 (100-year global warming potential) and, finally, by a correction factor (10-6) to convert tons to megatons. To calculate the total flux consisting of emissions of CH4 (MtCO2-eq year-1) and CO2 (MtC year-1), the latter was multiplied by 44/12 (the ratio of the molar mass of CO2 to the molar mass of C) and added.

AbstractA cyprinid, Opsarius dogarsinghi (Hora, 1921) was recorded for the first time in September 2021 from the Kodalbasti section of the river Torsa, Jaldapara National Park complex. In September 2021, gill nets with a mesh size of 30 mm were used to catch a total of three specimens of O. dogarsinghi from the flowing water in the Kodalbasti section of the river Torsa. The species is endemic and has only been reported from a few north‐eastern regions of India. The current research widens the species' geographical range from its original habitat in the river Torsa of West Bengal, India. The physicochemical properties of their riverine habitat were also described.

RESUMO O conhecimento da distribuição espacial da qualidade da água em uma bacia hidrográfica se torna fundamental na aplicação de medidas de planejamento e manejo. A geoestatística, por predizer sem tendência as variáveis em locais não amostrados, tem sido uma técnica apropriada no estudo de variáveis ambientais. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho mapear a distribuição espacial da qualidade da água, a precipitação e o uso e a ocupação do solo na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pará, em Minas Gerais (MG), por meio da geoestatística. Os dados de qualidade e precipitação, amostrados em 25 pontos, entre 1997 e 2018, de 15 estações climatológicas, foram submetidos ao teste de coeficiente de Pearson. Para aquelas estações que apresentaram correlações forte e muito forte entre si, foram gerados mapas de krigagem ordinária. Também foram elaborados mapas de uso e ocupação do solo. Houve diferença na distribuição da precipitação entre os períodos seco e chuvoso, porém, em ambas as análises, o maior volume de chuva ocorreu na cabeceira da bacia. Como já esperado, os teores elevados das variáveis nitrogênio, fósforo, coliformes termotolerantes, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos dissolvidos totais e turbidez correlacionaram-se com as áreas dos centros urbanos da bacia. Portanto, por meio da krigagem ordinária, foi possível demonstrar o comportamento espacial das variáveis relacionadas à qualidade da água e ao uso e à ocupação do solo.

Almond milk, a plant-based milk alternative, is produced from almonds and water. Almond milk originated from the Mediterranean region and has been consumed for many years. In the United States, there are several marketed brands of almond milk. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department describes the nutrient profile and potential health benefits and risks of almond milk. Written by Elena Torna, Daniela Rivero Mendoza, and Wendy J. Dahl.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs410

A intensificação da urbanização na ultima etapa da modernidade gerou inúmeros problemas relacionados à qualidade e condições de vida humana nas cidades. No âmbito dos países não desenvolvidos estes problemas tomam maior magnitude que nos desenvolvidos, gerando consideráveis desafios à gestão socioambiental das áreas urbanas. O problema da qualidade da água e da gestão dos recursos hídricos aparece como um dos mais graves da sociedade contemporânea, notadamente em países como o Brasil, cujos rios urbanos encontram- se altamente degradados em sua grande maioria. A associação entre os perigos, os riscos e a vulnerabilidade socioambiental, quando enfocados na perspectiva da interação entre os recursos hídricos e a sociedade urbana, torna-se muito importante, constituindo-se no enfoque central do presente texto. Nesse contexto, a questão da escassez de água no ambiente urbano brasileiro é abordada e a problemática é explorada. Abstract URBAN SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND VULNERABILITY: A PERSPECTIVE FROM THE WATER The intensification of the urbanization on the Modernity generated innumerable problems related to the quality and conditions of human life in the cities. Concerning the undeveloped countries these problems take greater magnitude that in the developed ones, generating considerable challenges to the socioenvironmental management of the urban areas. The problem of the quality of the water and the management of the hydrical resources appears as one of the most serious of the contemporary society, notably in countries as Brazil, whose urban rivers are highly degradeted. The association between the dangers, risks and socioenvironmental vulnerability, focused in the perspective of the interaction between the hydrical resources and the urban society, becomes very important, consisting the central approach of the present text. In this context, the question of the water scarcity in the Brazilian urban environment is analised and the problematic one is explored.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de fenômenos de déficit hídrico depende da variabilidade temporal da precipitação pluvial e, consequentemente, da vazão. Assim, o conhecimento dessa variabilidade se torna necessária para a previsão da quantidade hídrica disponível que pode estar abaixo do volume necessário para determinado uso, sendo fundamental para a gestão dos recursos hídricos. No entanto, os dados necessários para a estimativa de vazões nem sempre estão disponíveis. Diante da ausência desses dados e da dificuldade em prever a variabilidade, utiliza-se da técnica de regionalização, a qual visa transferir as informações hidrológicas de uma região com dados para outra com ausência de dados. Diante disso, o presente artigo teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão teórica acerca da regionalização de vazões mínimas. Para tal, a metodologia, classificada como exploratória, descritiva, bibliográfica e documental, consistiu em análise das produções bibliográficas científicas da área utilizando bases de pesquisa como o Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct além de teses e dissertações. A regionalização de vazões mínimas vem sendo aplicada em diversos estudos e é desenvolvida a partir da análise dos seguintes dados: análise de frequência, curva de duração e curva de depleção. As vazões mínimas indicam a disponibilidade hídrica de uma bacia hidrográfica, sendo assim, conhecê-las é importante para projetos de barragens e usinas hidrelétricas, avaliação de disponibilidade hídrica para irrigação, dentre outros projetos hidrológicos.ABSTRACT: The occurrence of water deficit phenomena depends on the temporal variability of the pluvial precipitation and, consequently, the flow. Thus, the knowledge of this variability becomes fundamental for management of water resources. However, the data required for flow estimation are not always available. Given the lack of data and the difficulty in predicting variability, the regionalization technique is used to transfer the hydrological information from one region with data to another with no data. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to carry out a theoretical review about the regionalization of minimum flows. For this, the methodology, classified as exploratory, descriptive, bibliographical and documentary, consisted of an analysis of the scientific bibliographic productions of the area using research bases such as Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct as well as theses and dissertations. The regionalization of minimum flows has been applied in several studies and is developed from the analysis of the following data: frequency analysis, duration curve and depletion curve. The minimum flows indicate the water availability of a river basin, so knowing them is important for dam projects and hydroelectric plants, water availability assessment for irrigation, among other hydrological projects.

This research addresses the impact of occupation processes carried out in floodplain areas in three cities: Santiago (Chile); Medellín (Colombia) and São Paulo (Brazil). The main issue of the proposed comparative study is the occupation of urban floodplains. The similarity in the process of occupation of urban centers and their relationship with their rivers and floodplains, makes the case studies elaborated within this cut, of regional character, enrich the debate and point out coherent and feasible paths for the development of projects and plans for urban floodplain areas. This article aims to contribute to the analysis of the issue of urban water, which is increasingly becoming an element to be incorporated into the processes of occupation and urban transformation. Este trabalho aborda o impacto dos processos de ocupação realizados em áreas de várzeas em três cidades latino-americanas: Santiago (Chile); Medellín (Colômbia) e São Paulo (Brasil). A principal questão do estudo comparativo proposto é a ocupação de áreas de várzeas urbanas. A semelhança no processo de ocupação de centros urbanos e a relação destes com seus rios e várzeas, faz com que os estudos de caso elaborados dentro deste recorte, de caráter regional, enriqueçam o debate e apontem caminhos coerentes e factíveis para o desenvolvimento de projetos e planos para as áreas de várzeas urbanas. Este artigo visa contribuir na análise da questão das águas urbanas, que se torna cada vez mais, um elemento a ser incorporado nos processos de ocupação e transformação urbana.

MINERÍA Y CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL EN PIURA Julio Alberto Piscoya Arbañil Universidad Nacional de Piura – Escuela de Post Grado. Programa de Maestría en Ingeniería Ambiental. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2011.0053/ Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la existencia decontaminación ambiental por minería en Piura. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional; utilizando trabajos de investigación y publicaciones sobre el tema a nivel nacional y en el extranjero. Se realizó triangulación de toda la información teórica y empírica.Resultados: Se encontraron evidencias de contaminación en aire, suelo y agua con productos como cianuro y mercurio. En minería informal (que produce 24 Tn. de oro al año).el problema se torna incontrolable por la difusión y desconocimiento de las localidades donde se practica y falta de estudios de impacto ambiental, que generan poco desarrollo de éstas comunidades. Existen zonas de actividad ilegal en Amazonas, Loreto, Ucayali, Loreto, Puno, Huánuco, Ica, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Piura, Lima, Pasco, Tacna y Moquegua.Conclusión: Existe contaminación del suelo, aire, aguas; hundimiento del suelo, ruidos y vibraciones, desperdicios y aguas servidas, drenaje ácido de roca (DAR) que genera aguas ácidas con sulfatos metálicos, riesgo de falla de depósitos en relave, descarga de sedimento por erosión de relaveras, precipitados de Fe(OH)3. Presencia de pasivos ambientales. En la industria minera del Perú se está desarrollándose la conciencia ambiental a nivel de la gran minería, no así en la pequeña o minería artesanal, se conocen los impactos ambientales con un diagnóstico parcial de los pasivos ambientales. Se pudo evidenciar que entre los metales que superan los límites permisibles según normas internacionales en el río Piura, están: Ba, Cr, Al, Cd, Ca, Fe, Hg, Ir, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sr., Te, Ti, V, W, Zn, Zr. Palabras Claves: contaminación minera Piura, pasivos ambientales, rio contaminado metales. Abstract Objective: To determine the existence of environmental contamination by mining in Piura. Material and Methods: A descriptive, transversal, observational study, using papers and publications on the subject nationally and abroad. Triangulation was conducted of all the theoretical and empirical. Results: We found evidence of contamination in air, soil and water with products such as cyanide and mercury. Informal mining (which produces 24 tons. of gold per year). The problem becomes uncontrollable by widespread ignorance of the localities where they practice and lack of environmental impact studies, which generate little development of these communities. There are areas of illegal activity in Amazonas, Loreto, Ucayali, Loreto, Puno, Huánuco, Ica, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Piura, Lima, Pasco, Tacna and Moquegua. Conclusion: There contamination soil, air, water, land subsidence, noise and vibration, waste and wastewater, acid rock drainage (ARD) that generates acid waters with metal sulfates, risk of failure of tailings deposits, sediment erosion of tailings, precipitated Fe (OH) 3. Presence of environmental liabilities. In the mining industry in Peru is developing environmental consciousness of the great mining, but not in the small and artisanal mining, environmental impacts are known with a partial diagnosis of environmental liabilities. It was evident that among the metals that exceed allowable limits according to international standards in the Piura river, are: Ba, Cr, Al, Cd, Ca, Fe, Hg, Ir, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sr., Te, Ti, V, W, Zn, Zr. Keywords: Piura mining pollution, environmental liabilities, metal contaminated river.

“Communicating deep feeling in linear solid blocks of print felt arcane, a method beyond me” — Audre Lorde in an interview with Adrienne Rich (Lorde 87) How do you disclose? In writing, in spoken words, in movements, in sounds, in the quiet energetic vibration and its trace in discourse? Is disclosure a narrative account of a self, or a poetic fragment, sent into the world outside the sanction of a story or another recognisable form (see fig. 1)?These are the questions that guide my exploration in this essay. I meditate on them from the vantage point of my own self-narrative, as a community performance practitioner and writer, a poet whose artistry, in many ways, relies on the willingness of others to disclose, to open themselves, and yet who feels ambivalent about narrative disclosures. What I share with you, reader, are my thoughts on what some may call compassion fatigue, on boredom, on burn-out, on the inability to be moved by someone’s hard-won right to story her life, to tell his narrative, to disclose her pain. I find it ironic that for as long as I can remember, my attention has often wandered when someone tells me their story—how this cancer was diagnosed, what the doctors did, how she coped, how she garnered support, how she survived, how that person died, how she lived. The story of how addiction took over her life, how she craved, how she hated, how someone sponsored her, listened to her, how she is making amends, how she copes, how she gets on with her life. The story of being born this way, being prodded this way, being paraded in front of doctors just like this, being operated on, being photographed, being inappropriately touched, being neglected, being forgotten, being unloved, being lonely. Listening to these accounts, my attention does wander, even though this is the heart blood of my chosen life—these are the people whose company I seek, with whom I feel comfortable, with whom I make art, with whom I make a life, to whom I disclose my own stories. But somehow, when we rehearse these stories in each others’s company (for rehearsal, polishing, is how I think of storytelling), I drift. In this performance-as-research essay about disclosure, I want to draw attention to what does draw my attention in community art situations, what halts my drift, and allows me to find connection beyond a story that is unique and so special to this individual, but which I feel I have heard so many times. What grabs me, again and again, lies beyond the words, beyond the “I did this… and that… and they did this… and that,” beyond the story of hardship and injury, recovery and overcoming. My moment of connection tends to happen in the warmth of this hand in mine. It occurs in the material connection that seems to well up between these gray eyes and my own deep gaze. I can feel the skin change its electric tonus as I am listening to the uncoiling account. There’s a timbre in the voice that I follow, even as I lose the words. In the moment of verbal disclosure, physical intimacy changes the time and space of encounter. And I know that the people I sit with are well aware of this—it is not lost on them that my attention isn’t wholly focused on the story they are telling, that I will have forgotten core details when next we work together. But they are also aware, I believe, of those moments of energetic connect that happen through, beyond and underneath the narrative disclosure. There is a physical opening occurring here, right now, when I tell this account to you, when you sit by my side and I confess that I can’t always keep the stories of my current community participants straight, that I forget names all the time, that I do not really wish to put together a show with lots of testimony, that I’d rather have single power words floating in space.Figure 1. Image: Keira Heu-Jwyn Chang. Performer: Neil Marcus.”water burns sun”. Burning. 2009. Orientation towards the Frame: A Poetics of VibrationThis essay speaks about how I witness the uncapturable in performance, how the limits of sharing fuel my performance practice. I also look at the artistic processes of community performance projects, and point out traces of this other attention, this poetics of vibration. One of the frames through which I construct this essay is a focus on the formal in practice: on an attention to the shapes of narratives, and on the ways that formal experimentation can open up spaces beyond and beneath the narratives that can sound so familiar. An attention to the formal in community practice is often confused with an elitist drive towards quality, towards a modern or post-modern play with forms that stands somehow in opposition to how “ordinary people” construct their lives. But there are other ways to think about “the formal,” ways to question the naturalness with which stories are told, poems are written, the ease of an “I”, the separation between self and those others (who hurt, or love, or persecute, or free), the embedment of the experience of thought in institutions of thinking. Elizabeth St. Pierre frames her own struggle with burn-out, falling silent, and the need to just keep going even if the ethical issues involved in continuing her research overwhelm her. She charts out her thinking in reference to Michel Foucault’s comments on how to transgress into a realm of knowing that stretches a self, allows it “get free of oneself.”Getting free of oneself involves an attempt to understand the ‘structures of intelligibility’ (Britzman, 1995, p. 156) that limit thought. Foucault (1984/1985) explaining the urgency of such labor, says, ‘There are times in life when the question of knowing if one can think differently than one thinks, and perceive differently than one sees, is absolutely necessary if one is to go on looking and reflecting at all’ (p. 8). (St. Pierre 204)Can we think outside the structure of story, outside the habits of thought that make us sense and position ourselves in time and space, in power and knowledge? Is there a way to change the frame, into a different format, to “change our mind”? And even if there is not, if the structures of legibility always contain what we can think, there might be riches in that borderland, the bordercountry towards the intelligible, the places where difference presses close in an uncontained, unstoried way. To think differently, to get free of oneself: all these concerns resonate deeply with me, and with the ways that I wish to engage in community art practice. Like St. Pierre, I try to embrace Deleuzian, post-structuralist approaches to story and self:The collective assemblage is always like the murmur from which I take my proper name, the constellation of voices, concordant or not, from which I draw my voice. […] To write is perhaps to bring this assemblage of the unconscious to the light of day, to select the whispering voices, to gather the tribes and secret idioms from which I extract something I call myself (moi). I is an order word. (Deleuze and Guattari 84).“I” wish to perform and to write at the moment when the chorus of the voices that make up my “I” press against my skin, from the inside and the outside, query the notion of ‘skin’ as barrier. But can “I” stay in that vibrational moment? This essay will not be an exercise in quotation marks, but it is an essay of many I’s, and—imagine you see this essay performed—I invite the vibration of the hand gestures that mark small breaches in the air next to my head as I speak.Like St. Pierre, I get thrown off those particular theory horses again and again. But curiosity drives me on, and it is a curiosity nourished not by the absence of (language) connection, by isolation, but by the fullness of those movements of touch and density I described above. That materiality of the tearful eye gaze, the electricity of those fine skin hairs, the voice shivering me: these are not essentialist connections that somehow reveal or disclose a person to me, but these matters make the boundaries of “me” and “person” vibrate. Disclose here becomes the density of living itself, the flowing, non-essential process of shaping lives together. Deleuze and Guattari (1987) have called this bordering “deterritorialization,” always already bound to the reterritorialisation that allows the naming of the experience. Breath-touch on the limits of territories.This is not a shift from verbal to a privileging of non-verbal communication, finding richness and truth in one and less in the other. Non-verbal communication can be just as conventional as spoken language. When someone’s hand reaches out to touch someone who is upset, that gesture can feel ingrained and predictable, and the chain of caretaking that is initiated by the gesture can even hinder the flow of disclosure the crying or upset person might be engaged in. Likewise, I believe the common form of the circle, one I use in nearly every community session I lead, does not really create more community than another format would engender. The repetition of the circle just has something very comforting, it can allow all participants to drop into a certain kind of ease that is different from the everyday, but the rules of that ease are not open—circles territorialise as much as they de-territorialise: here is an inside, here an outside. There is nothing inherently radical in them. But circles might create a radical shift in communication situations when they break open other encrusted forms—an orientation to a leader, a group versus individual arrangement, or the singularity of islands out in space. Circles brings lots of multiples into contact, they “gather the tribes.” What provisional I’s we extract from them in each instance is our ethical challenge.Bodily Fantasies on the Limit: BurningEven deeply felt inner experiences do not escape the generic, and there is lift available in the vibration between the shared fantasy and the personal fantasy. I lead an artists’ collective, The Olimpias, and in 2008/2009, we created Burning, a workshop and performance series that investigated cell imagery, cancer imagery, environmental sensitivity and healing journeys through ritual-based happenings infused with poetry, dramatic scenes, Butoh and Contact Improvisation dances, and live drawing (see: http://www.olimpias.org/).Performance sites included the Subterranean Arthouse, Berkeley, July and October 2009, the Earth Matters on Stage Festival, Eugene, Oregon, May 2009, and Fort Worden, Port Townsend, Washington State, August 2009. Participants for each installation varied, but always included a good percentage of disabled artists.(see fig. 2).Figure 2. Image: Linda Townsend. Performers: Participants in the Burning project. “Burning Action on the Beach”. Burning. 2009. In the last part of these evening-long performance happenings, we use meditation techniques to shift the space and time of participants. We invite people to lie down or otherwise become comfortable (or to observe in quiet). I then begin to lead the part of the evening that most closely dovetails with my personal research exploration. With a slow and reaching voice, I ask people to breathe, to become aware of the movement of breath through their bodies, and of the hollows filled by the luxuriating breath. Once participants are deeply relaxed, I take them on journeys which activate bodily fantasies. I ask them to breathe in colored lights (and leave the specific nature of the colors to them). I invite participants to become cell bodies—heart cells, liver cells, skin cells—and to explore the properties and sensations of these cell environments, through both internal and external movement. “What is the surface, what is deep inside, what does the granular space of the cell feel like? How does the cell membrane move?” When deeply involved in these explorations, I move through the room and give people individual encounters by whispering to them, one by one—letting them respond bodily to the idea that their cell encounters alchemical elements like gold and silver, lead or mercury, or other deeply culturally laden substances like oil or blood. When I am finished with my individual instruction to each participant, all around me, people are moving gently, undulating, contracting and expanding, their eyes closed and their face full of concentration and openness. Some have dropped out of the meditation and are sitting quietly against a wall, observing what is going on around them. Some move more than others, some whisper quietly to themselves.When people are back in spoken-language-time, in sitting-upright-time, we all talk about the experiences, and about the cultural body knowledges, half-forgotten healing practices, that seem to emerge like Jungian archetypes in these movement journeys. During the meditative/slow movement sequence, some long-standing Olimpias performers in the room had imagined themselves as cancer cells, and gently moved with the physical imagery this brought to them. In my meditation invitations during the participatory performance, I do not invite community participants to move as cancer cells—it seems to me to require a more careful approach, a longer developmental period, to enter this darkly signified state, even though Olimpias performers do by no means all move tragically, darkly, or despairing when entering “cancer movement.” In workshops in the weeks leading up to the participatory performances, Olimpias collaborators entered these experiences of cell movement, different organ parts, and cancerous movement many times, and had time to debrief and reflect on their experiences.After the immersion exercise of cell movement, we ask people how it felt like to lie and move in a space that also held cancer cells, and if they noticed different movement patterns, different imaginaries of cell movement, around them, and how that felt. This leads to rich discussions, testimonies of poetic embodiment, snippets of disclosures, glimpses of personal stories, but the echo of embodiment seems to keep the full, long stories at bay, and outside of the immediacy of our sharing. As I look around myself while listening, I see some hands intertwined, some gentle touches, as people rock in the memory of their meditations.nowyour light shines very brightlybut I want youto knowyour darkness alsorichand beyond fear (Lorde 87)My research aim with these movement meditation sequences is not to find essential truths about human bodily imagination, but to explore the limits of somatic experience and cultural expression, to make artful life experiential and to hence create new tools for living in the chemically saturated world we all inhabit.I need to add here that these are my personal aims for Burning—all associated artists have their own journey, their own reasons for being involved, and there is no necessary consensus—just a shared interest in transformation, the cultural images of disease, disability and addiction, the effects of invasion and touch in our lives, and how embodied poetry can help us live. (see fig. 3). For example, a number of collaborators worked together in the participatory Burning performances at the Subterranean Arthouse, a small Butoh performance space in Berkeley, located in an old shop, complete with an open membrane into the urban space—a shop-window and glass door. Lots of things happen with and through us during these evenings, not just my movement meditations.One of my colleagues, Sadie Wilcox, sets up live drawing scenarios, sketching the space between people. Another artist, Harold Burns, engages participants in contact dance, and invites a crossing of boundaries in and through presence. Neil Marcus invites people to move with him, gently, and blindfolded, and to feel his spastic embodiment and his facility with tender touch. Amber diPietra’s poem about cell movement and the journeys from one to another sounds out in the space, set to music by Mindy Dillard. What I am writing about here is my personal account of the actions I engage in, one facet of these evenings—choreographing participants’ inner experiences.Figure 3. Image: Keira Heu-Jwyn Chang. Performers: Artists in the Burning project. “water burns sun”. Burning. 2009. My desires echo Lorde’s poem: “I want you”—there’s a sensual desire in me when I set up these movement meditation scenes, a delight in an erotic language and voice touch that is not predicated on sexual contact, but on intimacy, and on the borderlines, the membranes of the ear and the skin; ‘to know’—I continue to be intrigued and obsessed, as an artist and as a critic, by the way people envision what goes on inside them, and find agency, poetic lift, in mobilising these knowledges, in reaching from the images of bodies to the life of bodies in the world. ‘your darkness also’—not just the bright light, no, but also the fears and the strengths that hide in the blood and muscle, in the living pulsing shadow of the heart muscle pumping away, in the dark purple lobe of the liver wrapping itself around my middle and purifying, detoxifying, sifting, whatever sweeps through this body.These meditative slow practices can destabilise people. Some report that they experience something quite real, quite deep, and that there is transformation to be gained in these dream journeys. But the framing within which the Burning workshops take place question immediately the “authentic” of this experiential disclosure. The shared, the cultural, the heritage and hidden knowledge of being encultured quickly complicate any essence. This is where the element of formal enframing enters into the immediacy of experience, and into the narration of a stable, autonomous “I.” Our deepest cellular experience, the sounds and movements we listen to when we are deeply relaxed, are still cultured, are still shared, come to us in genres and stable image complexes.This form of presentation also questions practices of self-disclosure that participate in trauma narratives through what Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman has called “impression management” (208). Goffman researched the ways we play ourselves as roles in specific contexts, how we manage acts of disclosure and knowledge, how we deal with stigma and stereotype. Impression management refers to the ways people present themselves to others, using conscious or unconscious techniques to shape their image. In Goffman’s framing of these acts of self-presentation, performance and dramaturgical choices are foregrounded: impression management is an interactive, dynamic process. Disclosure becomes a semiotic act, not a “natural,” unfiltered display of an “authentic” self, but a complex engagement with choices. The naming and claiming of bodily trauma can be part of the repertoire of self-representation, a (stock-)narrative that enables recognition and hence communication. The full traumatic narrative arc (injury, reaction, overcoming) can here be a way to manage the discomfort of others, to navigate potential stigma.In Burning, by-passing verbal self-disclosure and the recitation of experience, by encountering ourselves in dialogue with our insides and with foreign elements in this experiential way, there is less space for people to speak managed, filtered personal truths. I find that these truths tend to either close down communication if raw and direct, or become told as a story in its complete, polished arc. Either form leaves little space for dialogue. After each journey through bodies, cells, through liver and heart, breath and membrane, audience members need to unfold for themselves what they felt, and how that felt, and how that relates to the stories of cancer, environmental toxins and invasion that they know.It is not fair. We should be able to have dialogues about “I am poisoned, I live with environmental sensitivities, and they constrict my life,” “I survived cancer,” “I have multiple sclerosis,” “I am autistic,” “I am addicted to certain substances,” “I am injured by certain substances.” But tragedy tugs at these stories, puts their narrators into the realm of the inviolate, as a community quickly feel sorry for these persons, or else feels attacked by them, in particular if one does not know how to help. Yes, we know this story: we can manage her identity for her, and his social role can click into fixity. The cultural weight of these narratives hinders flow, become heavily stigmatised. Many contemporary writers on the subjects of cancer and personhood recognise the (not always negative) aspects of this stigma, and mobilise them in their narratives. As Marisa Acocella Marchetto in the Cancer-Vixen: A True Story puts it: ‘Play the cancer card!’ (107). The cancer card appears in this graphic novel memoir in the form of a full-page spoof advertisement, and the card is presented as a way to get out of unwanted social obligations. The cancer card is perfectly designed to create the communal cringe and the hasty retreat. If you have cancer, you are beyond the pale, and ordinary rules of behavior do no longer apply. People who experience these life-changing transformational diagnoses often know very well how isolating it can be to name one’s personal story, and many are very careful about how they manage disclosure, and know that if they choose to disclose, they have to manage other people’s discomfort. In Burning, stories of injury and hurt swing in the room with us, all of these stories are mentioned in our performance program, but none of them are specifically given individual voice in our performance (although some participants chose to come out in the sharing circle at the end of the event). No one owns the diagnoses, the identity of “survivor,” and the presence of these disease complexes are instead dispersed, performatively enacted and brought in experiential contact with all members of our temporary group. When you leave our round, you most likely still do not know who has multiple sclerosis, who has substance addiction issues, who is sensitive to environmental toxins.Communication demands territorialisation, and formal experimentation alone, unanchored in lived experience, easily alienates. So how can disclosure and the storytelling self find some lift, and yet some connection, too? How can the Burning cell imaginary become both deep, emotionally rich and formal, pointing to its constructed nature? That’s the question that each of the Olimpias’ community performance experiments begins with.How to Host a Past Collective: Setting Up a CirclePreceding Burning, one of our recent performance investigations was the Anarcha Project. In this multi-year, multi-site project, we revisited gynecological experiments performed on slave women in Montgomery, Alabama, in the 1840s, by J. Marion Sims, the “father of American gynecology.” We did so not to revictimise historical women as suffering ciphers, or stand helpless at the site of historical injury. Instead, we used art-based methods to investigate the heritage of slavery medicine in contemporary health care inequalities and women’s health care. As part of the project, thousands of participants in multiple residencies across the U.S. shared their stories with the project leaders—myself, Aimee Meredith Cox, Carrie Sandahl, Anita Gonzalez and Tiye Giraud. We collected about two hundred of these fragments in the Anarcha Anti-Archive, a website that tries, frustratingly, to undo the logic of the ordered archive (Cox et al. n.p).The project closed in 2008, but I still give presentations with the material we generated. But what formal methods can I select, ethically and responsibly, to present the multivocal nature of the Anarcha Project, given that it is now just me in the conference room, given that the point of the project was the intersection of multiple stories, not the fetishisation of individual ones? In a number of recent presentations, I used a circle exercise to engage in fragmented, shrouded disclosure, to keep privacies safe, and to find material contact with one another. In these Anarcha rounds, we all take words into our mouths, and try to stay conscious to the nature of this act—taking something into our mouth, rather than acting out words, normalising them into spoken language. Take this into your mouth—transgression, sacrament, ritual, entrainment, from one body to another.So before an Anarcha presentation, I print out random pages from our Anarcha Anti-Archive. A number of the links in the website pull up material through chance procedures (a process implemented by Olimpias collaborator Jay Steichmann, who is interested in digital literacies). So whenever you click that particular link, you get to a different page in the anti-archive, and you can not retrace your step, or mark you place in an unfolding narrative. What comes up are poems, story fragments, images, all sent in in response to cyber Anarcha prompts. We sent these prompts during residencies to long-distance participants who could not physically be with us, and many people, from Wales to Malaysia, sent in responses. I pull up a good number of these pages, combined with some of the pages written by the core collaborators of our project. In the sharing that follows, I do not speak about the heart of the project, but I mark that I leave things unsaid. Here is what I do not say in the moment of the presentation—those medical experiments were gynecological operations without anesthesia, executed to close vaginal fistula that were leaking piss and shit, executed without anesthesia not because it was not available, but because the doctor did not believe that black women felt pain. I can write this down, here, in this essay, as you can now stop for a minute if you need to collect yourself, as you listen to what this narrative does to your inside. You might feel a clench deep down in your torso, like many of us did, a kinesthetic empathy that translates itself across text, time and space, and which became a core choreographic element in our Anarcha poetics.I do not speak about the medical facts directly in a face-to-face presentation where there is no place to hide, no place to turn away. Instead, I point to a secret at the heart of the Anarcha Project, and explain where all the medical and historical data can be found (in the Anarcha Project essay, “Remembering Anarcha,” in the on-line performance studies journal Liminalities site, free and accessible to all without subscription, now frequently used in bioethics education (see: http://www.liminalities.net/4-2). The people in the round, then, have only a vague sense of what the project is about, and I explain why this formal frame appears instead of open disclosure. I ask their permission to proceed. They either give it to me, or else our circle becomes something else, and we speak about performance practices and formal means of speaking about trauma instead.Having marked the space as one in which we agree on a specific framework or rule, having set up a space apart, we begin. One by one, raw and without preamble, people in the circle read what they have been given. The meaning of what they are reading only comes to them as they are reading—they have had little time to familiarise themselves with the words beforehand. Someone reads a poem about being held as a baby by one’s mother, being accepted, even through the writer’s body is so different. Someone reads about the persistence of shame. Someone reads about how incontinence is so often the borderline for independent living in contemporary cultures—up to here, freedom; past this point, at the point of leakage, the nursing home. Someone reads about her mother’s upset about digging up that awful past again. Someone reads about fibroid tumors in African-American women. Someone reads about the Venus Hottentott. Someone begins to cry (most recently at a Feminisms and Rhetorics conference), crying softly, and there is no knowing about why, but there is companionship, and quiet contemplation, and it is ok. These presentations start with low-key chatting, setting up the circle, and end the same way—once we have made our way around, once our fragments are read out, we just sit and talk, no “presentation-mode” emerges, and no one gets up into high drama. We’ve all taken strange things into our mouths, talked of piss and shit and blood and race and oppression and love and survival. Did we get free of ourselves, of the inevitability of narrative, in the attention to articulation, elocution, the performance of words, even if just for a moment? Did we taste the words on our tongues, material physical traces of a different form of embodiment? Container/ConclusionThe poet Anne Carson attended one of our Anarcha presentations, and her comments to us that evening helped to frame our subsequent work for me—she called our work creating a container, a vessel for experience, without sharing the specifics of that experience. I have since explored this image further, thought about amphorae as commemorative vases, thought of earth and clay as materials, thought of the illustrations on ancient vessels, on pattern and form, flow and movement. The vessel as matter: deterritorialising and reterritorialising, familiar and strange, shaping into form, and shaped out of formlessness, fired in the light and baked in the earth’s darkness, hardened only to crumble and crack again with the ages, returning to dust. These disclosures are in time and space—they are not narratives that create an archive or a body of knowledge. They breathe, and vibrate, and press against skin. What can be contained, what leaks, what finds its way through the membrane?These disclosures are traces of life, and I can touch them. I never get bored by them. Come and sit by my side, and we share in this river flow border vessel cell life.ReferencesBritzman, Deborah P. "Is There a Queer Pedagogy? Or, Stop Reading Straight." 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