Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Torrent'

The phenomenon of the debris torrent is explored by examining the mechanisms of initiation, particularly those of rainfall and deforestation. The types of precipitation likely to contribute to instability are identified and data collection is reviewed. Debris torrents have characteristics unlike that of ordinary stream flow, and are capable of transporting massive quantities and sizes of material. Models to explain this transport capability are compared and contrasted. A theoretical analysis of the flow regime is carried out which is argued to be consistent with the observed turbulent nature of a debris torrent. This analysis is extended to the calculation of superelevation in bends and shows that current attempts to estimate velocities from super-elevation data may be very conservative. Further application of the turbulent stress analysis is used to estimate the angle of spread of the debris torrent in the deposition zone, and this analysis may be useful in zoning the downstream area to safeguard construction.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

The goal of my project has been to programme a Bit-torrent application using Erlang language. A Bit-Torrent application permits the user to download files from the system and share files at the same time. The reason Erlang was chosen is because this programming language has suitable features for concurrency and distributed system.

The most important aspect I have considered in my project has been to manage a proper behaviour of the system, more than the simply fact of transferring stuff. This way, the program will be able to response to changes immediately. The changes could be: a user uploads a new file to share with other peers, a file is removed, new chunks of a file appear… and others like that.

My Bit-Torrent system contains five modules: Bittorrent, Tracker, Statistic, Server and User module, and all of them will be explained going into details in this document.

This thesis investigates torrent erosion in Lake District mountain catchments, Northern England. A nested research approach was used. Detailed investigations were undertaken at two case study sites (Iron Crag, Raise Beck) together with a survey of torrents across the Skiddaw and Helvellyn massifs. At Iron Crag an annual sediment budget was constructed by monitoring hillslope, channel and fan processes. Particle size characteristics of sediments, and the history of fan development were investigated. Results show channel and bank sediments are the main source of material supplied to the fan. Large rainfall events cause significant change in the channel, banks and fan. The impact of different meteorological conditions on sediment characteristics is complex, however a seasonal cycle of sediment production (winter) and exhaustion (autumn) exists. Historically, initial fan aggradation predates 36 BC, but a rapid phase of deposition began between 1200-1400 AD. Investigations at Raise Beck focussed on a flood that occurred in January 1995 and caused channel avulsion and shallow landsliding. This was reconstructed using a range of geomorphological and sedimentological evidence. Palaeohydrological methods give a discharge between 27- 74 in s-1. whereas as rainfall-runoff values range between 4-6 m3 s-1. The magnitude of the 1995 flood was smaller than two 19th Century events, but would still exceed the capacity of contemporary engineered channels. The regional survey considered the characteristics and importance of torrents,mountain streams, and debris flows; and provided a context for work at the case study sites. The case study sites are distinct members of the regional populations. Raise Beck being the largest (133 ha) and highest (858 m O. D. ); Iron Crag amongst the smallest (2.4 ha) and lowest (600 m O. D. ). Overall, torrents and hillslope debris flows are minor components of the landscape (aerially 2.1 % Helvellyn massif, 0.4 % Skiddaw massif). Sites are preferentially located in regard to altitude and slope. Debris flows are related to geological type. Large torrent floods are relatively rare and can be broadly related to regional flood episodes. Contemporary debris flow activity is of low magnitude and frequency.

Tree frogs adhere to surfaces using their toe pads. These pads secrete a fluid which enables them to adhere using a temporary adhesive mechanism known as wet adhesion. In keeping with the principles that govern this type of mechanism, the toe pads should be capable of adhering sufficiently and detaching effortlessly. However, the vast majority of research in this area has centred on static experiments, thus giving no real indication of the dynamic activity of the animal. Therefore, one aspect of this PhD project was to investigate the biomechanics of tree frog locomotion, focussing particularly on the kinematics and forces involved during toe pad detachment. Tree frog toe pads do indeed possess a rapid, efficient detachment mechanism, the toe pads simply peeling off of the surface from the rear, requiring very little force. The impact of this at higher scales was reflected in the force profiles of individual limbs, and in the global kinematics of the frog during locomotion. In addition to this, the wet adhesive mechanism itself was investigated by assessing the performance of tree frogs in a range of challenging conditions, including on overhangs and flooded surfaces. The latter condition compromises a key component of the wet adhesive mechanism; however, torrent frogs perpetually clamber across wet rocks in the vicinity of waterfalls, and yet are able to maintain their attachment. Therefore, the second aspect of this project was to compare the adhesive capabilities of tree- and torrent frogs, and propose explanations for the differences in their performance. Whilst comparable on dry, smooth surfaces, the adhesion of torrent frogs on rough, flooded substrates was far superior to that of tree frogs. Several explanations for this are offered, including the utilisation of a greater proportion of their ventral contact area, and a toe pad morphology that is optimised for such conditions. The results of this PhD project may provide a functional and morphological ‘blueprint’ for the development of toe pad mimics that can adhere in wet conditions.

Heavy rainfall on the evening of January 9 and morning of January 10, 1983 triggered debris avalanches and debris torrents at Smith Creek, western Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Nine debris avalanches are back analyzed in detail. Conclusions are drawn concerning, 1) climatic controls on debris avalanches and debris torrents; 2) debris avalanche characteristics; 3) hillslope hydrology; 4) slope stability. Rainfall data show that the January 9-10, 1983 storm had a 71-year recurrence interval in the 12-hour duration, with less than 6-year recurrence intervals in 1, 2, and 3-hour durations. In contrast, rainfall during a torrent event on January 29-30, 1971 had recurrence intervals of less than 2 years in all durations, but snowmelt was a contributing factor. The types of debris torrents produced by these contrasting storms are discussed. Four distinct failure geometries are defined, based on avalanche descriptions: 1) wedges; 2) drainage depressions; 3) logging roads; 4) discontinuity surfaces. Three scour zones are also distinguished, based on slope segment types observed. To model storm water table levels a one-dimensional, vertical, transient, saturated-unsaturated finite difference infiltration program is linked to a kinematic wave equation. Rainfall duration and intensity, initial conditions, soil hydraulic conductivity, and soil depth are factors controlling vertical soil discharge rates. January, 1983 discharges are clearly distinguishable from comparison storm discharges at all avalanches. Kinematic wave results help differentiate Coulomb shear and washout type failures, and provide pore pressures for stability analyses. The modified Mohr-Coulomb strength equation is used to outline factors controlling debris avalanche initiation. The factors are: 1) slope angle; 2) soil depth; 3) soil density; 4) vegetative cover; 5) bedrock surface characteristics; 6) snow. These factors are quantitatively assessed. Infinite slope analyses show limiting slope angles of 29.7° for Group I vegetation, and 24.6° for Group III vegetation. Vegetative cover and soil depth are the two controlling factors that change significantly over the short term. A root cohesion parameter, Cr, is used to assess the shear strength provided by vegetation. Four vegetative covers are distinguished, three of which were logged between 1918 and 1950: Group I - relatively weak understory vegetation (Cr range: 1.6 -2.0 kPa); Group II - understory plus stunted trees (Cr range: 2.3 - 2.6 kPa); Group III - understory plus mixed, regenerating forest (Cr range: 2.6 - 3.0 kPa); Group IV - old-growth forest of higher root strength.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação de alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) de água residuária de lavanderia comercial (ARLC) em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF) utilizando areia como material suporte, lodo oriundo de UASB empregado no tratamento de resíduos de suinocultura como inóculo e tempo de detenção hidráulica de 18 horas. O período de 330 dias de operação foi divido em quatro etapas: (a) etapa I, com adaptação da biomassa ao substrato sintético contendo etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (b) etapa II, com adição de ARLC (18,2 ± 11,5mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO); (c) etapa III, com adição de ARLC (25,4 ± 8,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético mais etanol e (d) etapa IV, com adição de ARLC (20,4 ± 5,8 mgLAS.L-1) ao substrato sintético, sem adição de fonte suplementar de carbono. Equilíbrio reacional ao longo das etapas de operação foi verificado em função da baixa concentração de ácidos orgânicos voláteis e sólidos suspensos voláteis efluente. Na etapa I, verificou-se 82,9 ± 13,6% de remoção de DQO para 683,9 ± 110,4 mgDQO.L-1 afluente. Para todas as etapas de operação, observou-se a manutenção dessa eficiência sempre superior a 88%. Verificou-se aumento da eficiência de remoção do surfactante de 51,7 ± 23,9% na etapa II na presença de etanol e sacarose (1:1 DQO) (872,3 ± 141,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), para 72,9 ± 18,8% na etapa III, somente com etanol (705,0 ± 155,8 mgDQO.L-1 afluente), e de 76,8 ± 16,9% na etapa IV, após a retirada das fontes suplementares de carbono (633,4 ± 156,88 mgDQO.L-1 afluente). A substituição de sacarose e etanol por somente etanol foi extremamente favorável para a remoção do LAS, isto porque foram identificadas alterações das populações microbianas de acordo com a modificação da fonte suplementar de carbono relacionadas, principalmente, ao nível taxonômico de família. Na etapa II, observou-se predomínio de representantes da família Comamonadaceae (abundância relativa de 47% no biofilme). Também para o biofilme das etapas III e IV, verificou-se decréscimo para menos de 4% da abundância relativa de representantes pertencentes à família Comamonadaceae. Todavia, verificou-se aumento da abundância relativa de representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae (18%, 88% e 77% no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). O principal gênero da família Comamonadaceae identificado na etapa II foi Curvibacter, cujo crescimento pode estar associado a açúcares (abundância relativa de 28% no biofilme). Verificou-se decréscimo da abundância relativa deste gênero inferior a 0,9% nas etapas III e IV. Para os representantes da família Rhodocyclaceae foram identificados gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia e Zoogloea (78%, 67% e 98% dos gêneros pertencentes à família Rhodocyclaceae identificados no biofilme das etapas II, III e IV, respectivamente). Por meio do sequenciamento massivo, 37 gêneros possivelmente relacionados à degradação do LAS foram identificados. Quarenta compostos xenobióticos, alguns tóxicos à biota aquática, foram detectados no efluente via cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas. Verificou-se, por meio do índice de Bray-Curtis, maior similaridade entre a biomassa do biofilme e do separador de fases de uma mesma etapa do que entre amostras de biomassa de etapas de operação distintas, evidenciando que houve diferenciação das populações de acordo com a fonte de carbono empregada. Por meio do balanço de massa global, observou-se que somente 0,81% do LAS removido ficou adsorvido.
In the present study, the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) from laundry wastewater (LW) was investigated by using an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with sand as support material, inoculum coming from a UASB reactor used in the treatment of swine manure, and hydraulic retention time of 18 hours. The operation time was divided into four stages: (a) stage I composed by the adaptation of the biomass in the presence of synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (b) stage II with addition of LW (18.2 ± 11.5mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing sucrose and ethanol (1:1 COD); (c) stage III with LW (25.4 ± 8.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate containing ethanol; (d) stage IV with addition of LW (20.4 ± 5.8 mgLAS.L-1) plus synthetic substrate without supplementary carbon source. Low concentration of volatile organic acids and volatile suspended solids were observed in the reactor effluent indicating the system exhibited good stability. The COD removal efficiency was 82.9 ± 13.6% during the biomass adaptation in stage I (683.9 ± 110.4 mg.L-1 of COD influent). That removal efficiency was high throughout the operational time, exceeding 88%. The surfactant removal efficiency increased from 51.7 ± 23.9% in stage II with the presence of ethanol and sucrose (872.3 ± 141.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent) to 72.9 ± 18.8% in stage III, with only ethanol (705.0 ± 155.8 mgCOD.L-1 influent). In the stage IV, after the withdrawal of additional carbon sources, the removal efficiency was 76.8 ± 16.9% (633.4 ± 156.88 mgCOD.L-1 influent). The replacement of sucrose and ethanol by only ethanol favored the LAS efficiency removal due to the microbial community change according to the additional carbon source modification, what was mainly detected at family level. In stage II there was a predominance of representatives of Comamonadaceae family (relative abundance of 47% in the biofilm). That relative abundance decreased to less than 4% in stages III and IV. However, there was an increase in relative abundance of representatives of the Rhodocyclaceae family (18%, 88% and 77% of the biofilm in stages II, III and IV, respectively). The main genus of Comamonadaceae family identified in stage II was Curvibacter whose growth may be associated with sugars (relative abundance of 28% in the biofilm). That relative abundance was decreased to less than 0.9% in stages III and IV. For representatives of Rhodocyclaceae family, some genera possibly related to the degradation of LAS were identified: Dechloromonas, Georgfuchsia and Zoogloea (78%, 67% and 98% of the genera of the Rhodocyclaceae family identified in the biofilm from stages II, III and IV, respectively). By means of massive sequencing, 37 genera possibly related to degradation of LAS were identified. Forty xenobiotic compounds, some of them toxic to aquatic biota, were detected in the reactor effluent through gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity, the samples collected in the same operation stage showed higher similarity coefficients than those collected in the same sampling site (biofilm from support material or phase separator). That result confirms the microbial community differentiation according to the carbon source employed. Through the overall mass balance, it was found that only 0.81% of LAS added was removed by adsorption.

Os micro-organismos que habitam o trato digestivo dos ruminantes têm uma profunda influência no desenvolvimento e funcionamento do animal hospedeiro. O rúmen abriga comunidades microbianas complexas dominadas por bactérias que participam de um processo eficiente de degradação dos materiais que compõem a parede celular vegetal. Por esta razão, o microbioma do rúmen representa uma fonte inexplorada de enzimas hidrolíticas com potencial aplicação na produção de combustíveis a partir da biomassa lignocelulósica. Nós usamos a plataforma Ion Torrent (PGM) para acessar o microbioma do rúmen de quatro animais da raça Santa Inês submetidos a uma dieta base. A fim de descrever a estrutura da comunidade microbiana no rúmen de ovinos e explorar o seu potencial como uma fonte de genes de degradação da biomassa, usamos a abordagem de sequenciamento do gene RNA ribossomal 16S (rRNA), utilizando Ion Tags, e a abordagem de sequenciamento metagenômico shotgun (DNA total), respectivamente. Além disso, medimos parâmetros químicos do ambiente do rúmen, relacionados a cada animal, incluindo pH, Degradabilidade da Matéria Orgânica (OMD), Produção total de Gás (GP) e Emissões de Metano (CH4), a fim de buscar correlações entre estas variáveis químicas e os grupos bacterianos. Em termos de estrutura da comunidade microbiana (bacteriana), encontramos Bacteroidetes como o filo dominante, seguido por Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria. Alguns táxons foram correlacionados com os parâmetros químicos, como as famílias Corynebacteriaceae e Streptococcaceae, que foram positivamente correlacionadas com OMD; e a família Streptomycetaceae, negativamente correlacionada com GP e CH4. Algumas glicosil hidrolases conhecidas foram identificadas, como Endo-1,4-beta-glucanases, Beta-D-glicosídioglicohidrolases e outras foram designadas como putativas. Estas descobertas mostram interações ecológicas entre os grupos microbianos e funções importantes do rúmen, assim como o potencial do rúmen de ovinos para a descoberta de novas enzimas celulolíticas.
The microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tracts of ruminants have a profound influence on the host animal development and functioning. The rumen harbors complex microbial communities dominated by bacteria, which participate in an efficient process to digest plant cell wall materials. For this reason, the rumen microbiome represents an untapped source of hydrolytic enzymes with potential application for fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. We used the Ion Torrent (PGM) platform to access the rumen microbiome of four animals of Santa Inês breed under a base diet. In order to describe the structure of the microbial community in the sheep rumen and explore its potential as a source of biomass-degrading genes, we used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ion Tags sequencing approach and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (total DNA) approach, respectively. Furthermore, we measured rumen chemical environmental parameters related to each animal, including pH, Organic Matter Degradability (OMD), Total Gas Production (GP) and Methane emissions (CH4) in order to search for correlations between these chemical variables and bacterial groups. In terms of microbial (bacterial) community structure, we found Bacteroidetes as the dominant phylum in sheep rumen microbiome, followed by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Some taxa were correlated with the environmental parameters, like the Corynebacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae families, which was positively correlated with OMD, and the Streptomycetaceae family, negatively correlated with GP and CH4. Some known glycoside hydrolases were identified, such as Endo-1,4-betaglucanases, Beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolases and others were designated as putative ones. These findings show ecological interactions among microbial groups and important rumen functions, as well as the potential of the sheep rumen for the discovery of new cellulolytic enzymes.

O uso de fertilizantes minerais é de grande importância para que a cultura atinja o seu potencial produtivo e torne a atividade de produção viável economicamente, no entanto o uso excessivo é danoso ao meio ambiente, trazendo riscos à saúde humana e à biodiversidade local. A utilização de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCP) tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora e sustentável, visando melhorar a produtividade e reduzir o uso de fertilizantes. Essas bactérias colonizam a rizosfera e tecidos internos da planta e são capazes de estimular o desenvolvimento e sanidade de sua hospedeira através de mecanismos como disponibilização de nutrientes, produção de fitohormônios e controle de patógenos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação de três linhagens de BPCP em milho e o impacto causado na comunidade bacteriana associada à cultura. As linhagens utilizadas foram Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, ambas isoladas da rizosfera de guaranazeiro, e Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, um inoculante comercial. Primeiramente, foi realizado um ensaio de antibiose entre RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5, constatando não haver inibição. Após, um experimento de promoção de crescimento em condições de campo, foi realizado, com plantas de milho inoculadas com: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 e Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 e Ab-v5; e (vi) tratamento controle. As sementes foram inoculadas e, 60 dias após o plantio, a altura da planta, altura até a inserção da espiga e o diâmetro do colmo foram medidos. A inoculação com Ab-v5 e a coinoculação de RZ2MS9 com Ab-v5 promoveram o incremento de 3% em altura da planta, além disso, esse consórcio promoveu incremento de 9% no diâmetro do colmo, todos comparados ao tratamento controle. Usando o DNA total da folha e raíz do milho, o fragmento 16S rRNA bacteriano foi sequenciado, através da plataforma Ion Torrent, para avaliar o efeito da inoculação na comunidade bacteriana associada à ambos os tecidos. A inoculação foi capaz de modular a comunidade bacteriana associada à folha, com a análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) explicando 39,51% da variação. Não foi observada modulação na comunidade bacteriana associada à raiz. Foi observada diferença na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana quando ambos os nichos foram comparados, independente de inoculação, com a PCoA explicando 80,97% dessa variação. Assim observa-se que estudos dessa natureza são de grande importância para o melhor entendimento da interação entre as BPCP e a comunidade bacteirana associada à planta hospedeira, e dos mecanismos que levam ao desenvolvimento da cultura.
The use of mineral fertilizers is of great importance to the crop reaches its potential yield and become the production activity economically feasible, however, its excessive use is harmful to the environment, and brings risk to human health and local biodiversity. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) has been shown as a promising and sustainable alternative, aiming to improve productivity and reduce fertilizer use. These bacteria colonize the rhizosphere and plant internal tissues and are able to stimulate their host development and health through mechanisms such as nutrient availability, phytohormone production and pathogen control. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation effect of three PGPB strains in maize and the impact on associated bacterial community. The strains inoculated were Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9, both isolated from guarana rhizosphere, and Azospirillum brasilense Ab-v5, a commercial inoculant. First, an anthibiosis assay was conducted between RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5 strains, showing no inhibition. Then, a growth-promotion assay was performed under field conditions, with maize plants inoculated with: (i) RZ2MS16; (ii) RZ2MS16 and Ab-v5; (iii) Ab-v5; (iv) RZ2MS9; (v) RZ2MS9 and Ab-v5; and (vi) control. The seeds were inoculated and, 60 days after sowing, the plant height, height to the cob insertion and stem diameter were measured. The inoculation with Ab-v5 and the co-inoculation with RZ2MS9 plus Ab-v5 increased the plant height in 3%, furthermore, the co-inoculation increased stem diameter in 9%, all compared to control. Using total DNA of maize\'s leaf and root, bacterial 16S rRNA fragment was sequenced by Ion Torrent platform, to evaluate the effect of inoculation in associated bacterial community of both tissues. The inoculation was able to modulate the leaf bacterial community, with principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) explaining 39.51% of variation. It was not found modulation on root\'s bacterial community. Difference in the bacterial community structure was observed when both niches were compared, regardless inoculation, with PCoA explaining 80.97% of this variation. Therefore, it is noted that studies of this nature are of great importance for a better understanding of the interaction between PGPB and bacterial community associated to the host plant and mechanisms leading to crop development.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2016.
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Cache na internet e um mecanismo chave para o aumento de performance e estabilidade de sites em momentos de grande número de acessos. Entretanto a maioria das estratégias de cache não levam em conta o poder do cache localizado entre nós clien- tes. Novas tecnologias desenvolvidas para a nova versão da especificação do HTML, o HTML5 possibilitaram que nós se conectem e interajam entre si, possibilitando a troca de dados sem a instalação de plugins ou addons de navegadores. Este trabalho descreve uma estratégia de cache que cria uma rede P2P de clientes agindo como servidores de proxy cache assim que os mesmos fizerem a primeira requisição ao servidor, distribuindo os dados potencialmente entre todos os visitantes do site. Aumentando a disponibilidade do site em picos de acesso, e minimizando drasticamente os custos de infraestrutura, e como os nós irão prover conteúdo dentro das redes dos provedores de internet, a estratégia pode potencialmente aumentar a velocidade de abertura de página ou de conteúdos de mídia. Assim como uma diminuição no custo de transferência de dados nos provedores de internet.
Web caching has been a key player in increasing performance and website stability in times of heavy usage. However most caching strategies do not take into account the power of localized caching between client nodes. New technologies developed for the new version of HTML specification, HTML5 have enabled nodes to connect and interact with each other, enabling them to share data without the addition of browser plugins or add-ons. This work describes a caching strategy that creates a P2P network of clients that act as proxy cache servers as soon as they issue a request to the server, distributing the caching data potentially across all web site visitors. Increasing the web site availability in high peaks, minimizing drastically the costs of infrastructure and, since the nodes will provide content to localized clients within their ISP networks, the strategy will potentially result in a faster overall speed in page loads, or in media content loading. As well as decreasing costs for ISPs due to the minimization of data exchange outside of the ISP network.

Les signaux acoustiques utilisés dans la communication intra-spécifique, et cruciaux pour le succès reproducteur des individus, sont susceptibles d'être soumis à des pressions de sélection environnementales, et donc d'être adaptatifs. Les grenouilles vocalisant dans les torrents doivent faire face au bruit intense produit par le cours d'eau qui peut masquer leurs chants. Chez ces grenouilles, les vocalisations minimisant ce masquage ont donc pu être sélectionnées. La nature adaptative des chants des grenouilles torrenticoles a été examinée. La définition d'une guilde de grenouilles torrenticoles a été établie et une phylogénie moléculaire a été construite. Les changements de sites de reproduction et l'évolution des vocalisations chez ces grenouilles ont été pistés. Enfin, l'hypothèse d'adaptation acoustique (AAH) a été testée. Plusieurs types de chants ont évolué au sein des torrents, et l'AAH est supportée pour certaines caractéristiques dde chants et rejetée pour d'autres
Acoustic signals used in intra-specific communication and crucial for reproductive success may be under environmental selective pressures and are thus potientially adaptive. Anurans vocalizing near torrents have to cope with the loud noise produced buy the fast flowing waters, which may mask their calls. In these frogs, vocalizations minimizing masking by noise may thus have been selected. I investigated the presumptive adaptive nature of vocalizations in torrent dwelling frogs in the family Ranidae. I first defined a torrent dwelling frog guild and built a molecular pylogeny of the study group. I then used Ancestral State Reconstruction methods to track evolutionary changes in calling site preferences and vocalization characteristics in these frogs. Finally, I tested the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis (AAH) with comparative methods. Several kinds of advertisement calls evolved in torrents ranids and the AAH is supported for some vocalization characteristics and rejected for others

Debris torrents (channelized debris flows) are a geomorphological process only relatively recently recognised in southwest British Columbia. They are of interest both because of the tremendous amount of geomorphic work they do, and because of the hazards they pose to engineering works and residential developments. Fourteen torrents on the east side of Howe Sound, near Vancouver, since October 1981, have claimed twelve lives. Debris torrents differ from water floods in that they involve large amounts of coarse organic and inorganic debris. Therefore, a major requirement for torrent occurrence in a given channel is a supply of mobilizable debris. This thesis examines debris supply mechanisms and rates of debris supply in four small watersheds along Howe Sound, near the village of Lions Bay. An inventory of major debris sources has been compiled, and selected typical sites are examined in detail. Study methods include airphoto interpretation, ground surveying and reconnaissance, field instrumentation and site monitoring, dendrochronology, and materials sampling and testing. Debris supply is controlled by natural factors such as the nature and distribution of the bedrock and surficial materials, topographic gradient, vegetation, weather, and surface and groundwater hydrology, and by human activities such as logging and road construction. A wide variety of debris supply mechanisms operate in the study area, including rockfall and rockslide, talus shift, debris slide, soil wedge failure, ravelling, and snow avalanche. In addition to delivering debris to channel systems, some of these processes are capable of triggering debris torrents. Debris redistribution in channels occurs through debris torrents which do not reach the fans, fluvial processes (bedload transport), and snow avalanches. Active debris removal from main supply points, and storage elsewhere in the channel system, can decrease the frequency but increase the magnitude of torrent events in the basin. The wide variety of debris supply, debris redistribution, and torrent triggering mechanisms acting in this relatively small area points to a need for careful study of individual basins if the torrent potential in an area is to be understood. Regionally-based climatological or hydrological models of torrent occurrence should be employed for preliminary hazard assessment only.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cardiovascular disease that frequently recurs and is associated with significant numbers of death annually. The influence of the hereditary risk factors is not yet firmly established but twin and family studies suggest that heritability is about 50%. Several genetic risk factors have been identified by genomeHwide association studies (GWAS) but they do not explain all of the missing heritability of VTE. NextHgeneration sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the genetic analysis of disease and has been used to discover the genes underlying unsolved Mendelian disorders. It has also been used to identify rare alleles which may help explain the missing heritability for complex diseases. The study population of this study consisted of 32 randomly chosen VTE patients from the MATSHstudy (Malmö Thrombophilia Study). The seventeen genes that in earlier studies have been shown to be associated with VTE were examined and the identified VTEHrelated mutations were compared to the general population. The results showed that Ion TorrentHsequencing effectively provided good coverage and read depth in all of the sequenced genes. Optimization of the primer panels resulted in higher and more balanced coverage and the quality of the results in this study was on an overall high level. A total of 215 variants were detected – 62 in exons, 8 in splice and 145 in introns. One Mendelian mutation was detected in PROC and rare variants were found in F2 and FGG. The most common risk factor (F5 Leiden) was highly enriched with 25% in this study compared to 3% in a background population.
Venös tromboembolism (VTE) är en vanlig, ofta återkommande, kardiovaskulär sjukdom som associeras med åtskilliga dödsfall årligen. De ärftliga riskfaktorernas påverkan är inte fullständigt kartlagda ännu men tvillingH och familjestudier antyder att ärftligheten kan vara runt 50%. Ett flertal genetiska riskfaktorer har identifierats genom genome$wide association studies (GWAS) men de förklarar inte hela den saknade ärftlighetskomponenten för VTE. NästaHgenerationsHsekvensering (NGS) har revolutionerat den genetiska sjukdomsanalysen och har använts för att upptäcka de gener som ligger bakom tidigare olösta Mendelska sjukdomstillstånd. Man har även använt NGS för att identifiera rara alleler som kan hjälpa till att förklara de saknade ärftlighetskomponenterna för nedärvning av komplexa sjukdomar. Studiepopulationen I den här undersökningen utgjordes av 32 slumpmässigt utvalda VTEHpatienter från Malmö Thrombophilia Study (MATS). De sjutton gener som I tidigare studier har visat sig vara associerade med VTE undersöktes och de identifierade VTEHrelaterade mutationerna jämfördes med en normalpopulation. Resultaten visade att Ion TorrentHsekvensering ger bra täckningsgrad och läsdjup i alla de sekvenserade generna. Optimering av primerHpanelerna resulterade i en mer balanserad täckningsgrad och resultatkvaliteten i den här studien var på en generellt hög nivå. Totalt 215 varianter detekterades – 62 i exon, 8 i splice och 145 i introner. En Mendelsk mutation detekterades I PROC och rara varianter hittades i F2 och FGG. Den starkaste och vanligaste riskfaktorn (F5 Leiden) var högt anrikad i den här studien med 25% jämfört med 3% i en bakgrundspopulation.

Abstract Disturbance may shift microbial communities from one state to another. However, species differ in their ecological characteristics and their abilities to withstand disturbance. No single species or individuals of a species exist alone, but they are parts of complex interaction networks including species above- and belowground. In boreal and subarctic forests, almost all plants and a high number of fungi form mycorrhizas at the plant roots. In mycorrhiza, the fungal partner harvests nutrients for the host plant and, in return, gains carbon from the plant. In general, these common associations benefit both partners, but as heterotrophs, fungi are dependent on carbon photosynthesized by plants, whereas plants can survive alone as autotrophs. In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, also other fungi, such as endophytes, saprotrophs and pathogens, live in and on plant roots. This thesis concerns the impacts of disturbance on fungi living in plant roots and in soil near the roots. I hypothesized that i) root-associated fungal (RAF) and soil fungal communities and colonization types change after disturbance, that ii) the observed shifts relate to disturbance intensity and that iii) they co-occur with changes in soil conditions and vegetation. Changes in RAF were studied as changes in root fungal colonization, or in fungal community composition. The latter were detected with next-generation sequencing methods. The responses of RAF to disturbance seemed to be context dependent and related to sources of fungal communities (e.g. soil, RAF networks), environmental conditions (e.g. soil pH and nutrients) and host performance. It seems that abundances of those RAF species, which are present in the roots first (priority effect), may be increased by disturbance. Research produced new information related to ecological roles of the genera Phialocephala and Meliniomyces. Altogether, the results indicate connections between both abiotic and biotic environments and RAF, and host species viability and RAF
Tiivistelmä Häiriöt voivat siirtää eliöyhteisön tilasta toiseen. Lajien ominaisuudet ja häiriönsietokyvyt eroavat toisistaan. Mikään laji tai yksilö ei elä yksin, vaan lajit ovat osa maan ylä- ja alapuolelle ulottuvia monimutkaisia vuorovaikutusverkostoja. Boreaalisissa ja subarktisissa metsissä lähes kaikki kasvit ja useat sienet muodostavat sienijuuren eli mykorritsan. Mykorritsassa sieniosakas hankkii isäntäkasville ravinteita ja saa vastavuoroisesti kasvilta hiiltä. Tavallisesti nämä vuorovaikutussuhteet hyödyttävät molempia sienijuuren osakkaita, mutta toisenvaraisina (heterotrofeina) sienet ovat riippuvaisia kasvien yhteyttämästä hiilestä, kun taas tuottajina (autotrofeina) kasvit voivat elää itsenäisesti. Mykorritsasienten lisäksi kasvien juurissa elää yleisesti myös muita sieniä kuten endofyyttejä, saprotrofeja ja patogeeneja. Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee häiriön vaikutuksia sieniin, jotka elävät kasvien juurissa ja juuria ympäröivässä maassa. Hypoteesieni mukaan i) juurissa ja maassa elävien sienten yhteisöt ja kolonisaatiotyypit muuttuvat häiriön jälkeen, ii) muutokset liittyvät häiriön voimakkuuteen ja iii) muutokset tapahtuvat samanaikaisesti maan olosuhteiden ja kasvillisuuden muutoksien kanssa. Juurissa elävien sienten esiintymisen muutokset tutkittiin sienten kolonisaation tai yhteisörakenteen muutoksina. Sieniyhteisöt selvitettiin NGS-menetelmien avulla. Juurissa elävien sienten vasteet häiriöön vaikuttavat olevan tilannesidonnaisia ja liittyvän sienilajien lähteisiin (esim. maa, juurisieniverkostot), ympäristömuuttujiin (esim. maan pH, ravinteet) ja isäntäkasvin menestymiseen. Häiriö voi vahvistaa juurissa ensimmäisenä läsnä olevien sienilajien menestymistä (prioriteettivaikutus). Uutta tietoa tuotettiin Phialocephala ja Meliniomyces –sienisukujen ekologiasta, jota tunnetaan huonosti. Kaiken kaikkiaan, tulokset osoittavat yhteydet sekä elottoman ja elollisen ympäristön ja juurten sieniyhteisön että isäntäkasvin elinkyvyn ja juurten sieniyhteisön välillä

Nesse trabalho avaliaram-se quatro hipóteses sobre a remoção do alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) em reator EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) alimentado ora com água residuária de lavanderia comercial, ora como meio sintético acrescido de LAS Padrão, com e sem suplementação de Fe(III) afluente. Para tanto, em todas as hipóteses utilizou-se reator EGSB (1,4 L) com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 36h, condição mesofílica (30ºC) e carga de LAS específica aplicada (CLEA) variando de 1,0 - 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE e sequenciamento massivo do gene rRNA 16S (Plataforma 454-Pirosequenciamento e Ion Torrent) foram utilizados para caracterização microbiana. Em relação à Hipótese A avaliou-se o efeito da adaptação prévia da biomassa na remoção do LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-BA (biomassa adaptada) teve uma etapa prévia com LAS padrão e meio sintético (Etapa I), seguida da Etapa II com água residuária; e o EGSB-BNA (biomassa não adaptada) teve etapa única e alimentação diretamente com água residuária. Para a Hipótese B avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com meio sintético na remoção de LAS em água residuária. Para tanto, o EGSB-Ag.Lav foi alimentado apenas com água residuária e bicarbonato de sódio e duas CLE (Etapa II - 1,0 e Etapa III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Em relação às Hipóteses C e D, avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de Fe(III) na remoção de LAS Padrão em meio sintético e LAS em água residuária, respectivamente. A Hipótese A foi refutada uma vez que as remoções de LAS em EGSB-BA-Etapa II (76%) e EGSB-BNA-Etapa I (78%) foram similares (ambas com água residuária). A remoção de LAS foi maior quando foi adicionada água residuária (EGSB-BA-Etapa II-76%) do que com LAS Padrão (EGSB-BA-Etapa I-63%). A Hipótese B foi aceita, uma vez que a alimentação do EGSB apenas com água residuária de lavanderia (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) mais bicarbonato de sódio resultou em remoções do surfactante de 93%, ou seja, 15-17% maior que nos reatores suplementados com meio sintético (EGSB-BA Etapa II e EGSB-BNA Etapa I). Na Etapa III verificou-se diminuição da remoção em 30%. A Hipótese C foi aceita uma vez que se notou 20% de aumento na remoção de LAS quando comparado com reator não suplementado com Fe(III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Etapa I - 63,5%). A Hipótese D foi refutada, uma vez que embora tenha sido obtida alta remoção de LAS (91,2%), esta não foi acompanhada pela redução férrica. Por meio do DGGE (domínio Bactéria) notou-se estratificação microbiana ao longo do reator na Etapa III (Hipótese B), provavelmente, em função do tamanho do grânulo que variou ao longo do reator. Por meio do sequenciamento massivo identificou-se bactérias semelhantes à Geobacter na amostra proveniente do reator EGSBFe da Hipótese C (17% da abundância relativa), portanto, as condições impostas favoreceram esse gênero. Fato este não observado para o reator EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. da Hipótese D. A comparação da análise filogenética das bactérias para os diferentes reatores permitiu identificar gêneros em comum relacionados com a degradação de LAS, a saber: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas e Synergistes.
This study evaluated four hypotheses about the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in EGSB reactor (expanded granular sludge bed) fed sometimes with commercial laundry wastewater, sometimes with synthetic medium more Standard LAS, with and without Fe(III) influent supplementation. Therefore, in all hypotheses were used an EGSB reactor (1.4 L) with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 h, mesophilic condition (30°C) and load specific LAS (CLE) ranging from 1,0 to 2,7 mgLAS.gSTV-1.d-1. DGGE and massive sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (454-pyrosequencing and Ion Torrent platform) were used for microbial characterization. Regarding the Hypothesis A, it was evaluated the effect of biomass pre-adaptation for removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSBBA (adapted biomass) had a previous step with standard LAS and synthetic medium (Phase I), followed by Stage II with wastewater; and EGSB-BNA (not adapted biomass) had single step and feeding directly with wastewater. Regarding the Hypothesis B, it was evaluated the effect of synthetic medium supplementation in the removal of LAS in wastewater. Then, the EGSB-Ag.Lav was fed only with wastewater and sodium bicarbonate with two CLE (Stage II - 1,0 e Stage III - 2,7 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1). Regarding the Hypothesis C and D, it was evaluated the effect of Fe(III) supplementation in the removal of standard LAS and LAS in wastewater, respectively. The Hypothesis A was refuted since the LAS removal in EGSB-BA-Stage II (76%) and EGSB-BNA-Step I (78%) were similar (both with wastewater). The LAS removal was highest when wastewater was added (EGSB-BA-Stage-II 76%) than with standard LAS (EGSB-BAStage- I 63%). The Hypothesis B was accepted, since the feed of the EGSB only with wastewater from laundry (CLE 1,0 mg LAS.gSTV-1.d-1) more sodium bicarbonate resulted in removal of 93% of surfactant, in other words, 15-17% higher than in the reactors supplemented with synthetic medium (EGSB-BA Stage II e EGSB-BNA Stage I). In the Stage III, there was a decrease by 30% of LAS removal. The Hypothesis C was accepted, since there was an increase of 20% in the removal of LAS as compared to unsupplemented reactor with Fe (III) (EGSB-Fe - 84,3% e EGSB-BA Stage I - 63,5%). The Hypothesis D was refuted since although high LAS removal was obtained (91,2%), this was not accompanied by ferric reduction. By means of DGGE (Bacteria domain) was noted a microbial stratification along the reactor in the Stage III (Hypothesis B), probably in function of granule size along the reactor. By means of massive sequencing were identified bacteria similar to Geobacter in the sample from the reactor EGSB-Fe Hypothesis C (relative abundance 17%), therefore, the conditions favored this genre. This fact was not observed in the reactor EGSB-Fe-Ag.Lav. hypothesis D. A comparison of phylogenetic analysis of bacteria for different reactors allowed to identify common genera related to LAS degradation, namely: Desulfobulbus, Geobacter, Syntrophorhabdus, Sporomusa, Comamonas, Holophaga, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Synergistes.

Le but de cette thèse est de contrer deux idées reçues sur la réception de Longin à la Renaissance et à l’Âge classique, à savoir que : 1.le traité de Longin ne concernerait pas un style, mais un ‘je ne sais quoi’ qui dépasse toute catégorisation ; 2. le traité de Longin ne serait connu que de manière confidentielle. Notre thèse prouve le contraire. Interrogeant la tradition stylistique et remontant à la genèse des genera dicendi, nous montrons que Longin est profondément enraciné dans la tradition de la tripertita uarietas. Le ὕψος est un genus dicendi à part entière. Cependant le Περὶ ὕψους est aussi un texte de la crise qui témoigne d’une volonté de dépasser la tradition cicéronienne. Il s’agit d’une tentative non aboutie, dont il reste des traces dans la comparaison de Cicéron et Démosthène : le torrent et la foudre. Dans ce parcours nous mettons en évidence les liens qui unissent le ὕψος au δεινός de Demétrios. L’inventaire des manuscrits, des traductions, des éditions en circulation à la Renaissance démontre à lui seul que la fortune de Longin est loin d’être relative et qu’elle imprègne la vie culturelle de la République des Lettres jusqu’au XVIIe siècle. Cette lecture ne se fait pas au détriment du sens originaire du traité : pour ces re-lecteurs le Περὶ ὕψους est un genus dicendi. Ainsi, Leone Allacci parvient à saisir les problématiques complexes qui rattachent le ὕψος à la δεινότης dans son De erroribus magnorum uirorum in dicendo (1635). Le sublime longinien est également un genus dicend dans les Eloquentiae sacrae et humanae parallela (1619) que le jésuite Nicolas Caussin rédige dans une perspective rédemptoriste, réduisant le sublime à la copia
This thesis aims to contradict two misconceptions about Longinus’ reception in the Renaissance and classical age, namely: 1. the treaty of Longinus does not concern a style, but a 'whatever' which transcends all categorization; 2. the treaty of Longinus is known only by a confidential manner. Our thesis proves otherwise. Querying the stylistic tradition and returning to the genesis of the genera dicendi, we show that Longinus is deeply rooted in the tradition of tripertita uarietas. The ὕψος is a genus dicendi full.However Περὶ ὕψους is also a text of the crisis which shows a willingness to go beyond the ciceronian tradition. This is a failed attempt, which traces remain in the comparison of Cicero and Demosthenes: torrent and lightning, δεινότης and copia. In this course we highlight the links between the ὕψος to the δεινός of Demetrios. The inventory of manuscripts, translations, editions issued at the Renaissance alone shows that the fortune of Longinus is far from average and that it permeates the cultural life of the Republic of Letters until the seventeenth century. This reading is not done at the expense of the original meaning of the treaty: for these re-readers Περὶ ὕψους is primarily a genus dicendi.Thus, Allacci Leone manages to capture the complex issues that relate δεινότης to the ὕψος in his De erroribus magnorum uirorum in dicendo (1635). The longinian sublime is also a genus dicendi in the Eloquentiae sacrae et humanae parallela (1619) that the Jesuit Nicolas Caussin wrtites in a purely redemptorist perspective, choosing to reduce the sublime to the copia

BitTorrent has become the primary means to share large files (movies, television shows, and music) over the internet. Canadian copyright law and jurisprudence have not kept pace with technology, and as a result there is no definitive pronouncement on the liability for copyright infringement of BitTorrent file-sharers, i.e. users, and file-sharing facilitators, i.e. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and torrent search engines. Extrapolating from existing law and Canadian and foreign jurisprudence, I conclude that: (i) BitTorrent file-sharers are liable although there may be situations where fair dealing could apply; (ii) it may be possible to show ISPs are liable based on certain findings of fact; and (iii) torrent search engines should not be liable for infringement. There have been three successive attempts to reform copyright law that have addressed internet issues generally and file-sharing in particular. Under the most recent attempt, Bill C-32, file-sharers would be liable under the new "making available" right, and file-sharing facilitators could be liable under the new "enabling" concept of secondary infringement introduced with the bill.
BitTorrent est devenu le principal moyen de partager des fichiers volumineux (films, émissions de télévision et musique) sur Internet. La loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur et la jurisprudence n'ont pas suivi le rythme de la technologie, et conséquemment, on ne s'est pas prononcé définitivement quant à la responsabilité pour la violation des droits d'auteur des personnes partageant des fichiers par BitTorrent, i.e. utilisateurs, et facilitateurs de partage de fichiers, i.e. fournisseurs de services Internet (FSI) et moteurs de recherche torrent. En extrapolant à partir de la loi existante et de la jurisprudence canadienne et étrangère, je conclus que : (i) les personnes partageant des fichiers par BitTorrent engagent leur responsabilité quoiqu'il pourrait y avoir des situations où une utilisation équitable pourrait être justifiée; (ii) il peut être possible de démontrer que les FSI sont responsables en se fondant sur certaines constatations de faits; et (iii) les moteurs de recherche torrent ne devraient pas être tenus responsables des violations. Il y a eu trois tentatives successives de réforme de la loi sur le droit d'auteur qui ont traité de façon générale des questions reliées à l'Internet et du partage de fichiers en particulier. En vertu de la tentative la plus récente, le projet de loi C-32, les personnes partageant des fichiers seraient responsables sous le nouveau droit «de mise à la disposition» et les moteurs de recherche torrent et les FSI pourraient être responsables en vertu du nouveau concept de violation secondaire de «faciliter» introduit par ce projet de loi.

On continue à parler de l’œuvre hébertienne en raison de l’originalité de ses pages. Dans cette occasion, son premier recueil en prose a attiré notre attention. Le Torrent (1950) fait éclater, sur plusieurs plans, les formes traditionnelles du panorama littéraire canadien d’expression française en produisant une profonde mutation dans la sensibilité qui, dès lors, se fraie des chemins vers le monde intérieur. Dans le cadre de notre mémoire, nous nous intéressons à la couleur, cette donnée sensible ancrée sur « le foyer perceptif » de François Perrault, personnage central du recueil. L’étude de la perception sera abordée dans le cadre de la sémiotique de la présence étant donné que « percevoir » implique, au dire de Jacques Fontanille, la reconnaissance d’une présence située par rapport à la nôtre. Nous essayerons de montrer, par la suite, comment le sensible, dans sa forme condensée, intègre le somatique.
We continue talking about Hebertien works because of their originality In this paper, we are focusing on her first masterwork in prose. The Torrent (1950) broke with the traditional forms of the French-Canadian literary panorama on different levels, producing a profound mutation in sensibility, focusing henceforth on the internal world. This analysis is interested in colour, a phenomenon anchored in the perception of François Perrault, the main character of the story. The study of perception will be carried out by a semiotic of presence because « to perceive » implies, according to Fontanille, to recognize a presence in relationship to our own. We will try to demonstrate, later, how a sensory phenomenon, in a condensed form, is connected with the somatic.

On continue à parler de l’œuvre hébertienne en raison de l’originalité de ses pages. Dans cette occasion, son premier recueil en prose a attiré notre attention. Le Torrent (1950) fait éclater, sur plusieurs plans,  les formes traditionnelles du panorama littéraire canadien d’expression française en produisant une profonde mutation dans la sensibilité qui, dès lors, se fraie des chemins vers le monde intérieur. Dans le cadre de notre mémoire, nous nous intéressons à la couleur, cette donnée sensible ancrée sur « le foyer perceptif » de François Perrault, personnage central du recueil. L’étude de la perception sera abordée dans le cadre de la sémiotique de la présence étant donné que « percevoir » implique, au dire de Jacques Fontanille, la reconnaissance d’une présence située par rapport à la nôtre. Nous essayerons de montrer, par la suite, comment le sensible, dans sa forme condensée, intègre le somatique.
We continue talking about Hebertien works because of their originality In this paper, we are focusing on her first masterwork in prose. The Torrent (1950) broke with the traditional forms of the French-Canadian literary panorama on different levels, producing a profound mutation in sensibility, focusing henceforth on the internal world. This analysis is interested in colour, a phenomenon anchored in the perception of François Perrault, the main character of the story. The study of perception will be carried out by a semiotic of presence because « to perceive » implies, according to Fontanille, to recognize a presence in relationship to our own. We will try to demonstrate, later, how a sensory phenomenon, in a condensed form, is connected with the somatic.

This master's thesis deals with analysis and implementation of methods for BitTorrent monitoring focusing on the Mainline DHT protocol. The aim of the thesis was to create a system, that will be looking for BitTorrent peers that participe in the illegal file distribution. Another task of the system was to collect and analyze data for counting size of the BitTorrent network. That was achieved by taking over of existing method. The system was designed and implemented as a module for monitoring of cybernetic crime. It also defines an interface for storing and sharing data, that provides data evaluation, easy data manipulation and serves for possible future extensions.

Le but de ce travail a été l'étude de la contamination en métaux traces de sols et de sédiments de la Vallée du torrent Solofrana (Région Campanie, Italie), caractérisée par une agriculture intensive et de nombreuses activités industrielles. En particulier, de nombreuses tanneries ont causé, dans le passé, une contamination en Cr de l'eau et des sédiments du torrent. La détermination de la quantité totale d'éléments traces a montré que les sols de la Vallée du torrent Solofrana, sujets à inondations périodiques et, dans le passé, à irrigation avec des eaux contaminées, sont contaminés en Cr et Cu. La différente distribution des deux éléments dans les sols et les sédiments analysés indique que le Cr dérive du dépôt sur le sol de sédiments contaminés, tandis que le Cu dérive des produits utilisés en agriculture. Une spéciation par extractions chimiques (méthode BCR) et par MEB/WDS montre que, dans les sols et les sédiments contaminés en Cr, l'élément est associé principalement aux complexes organo-minéraux, et dans les sols contaminés en Cu, l'élément est associé principalement à la matière organique. La fraction granulométrique < 2. 0 µm des sols et sédiments est constituée de minéraux primaires, comme quartz, feldspaths et carbonates, de minéraux argileux de type 1:1 (kaolinite, halloysite), 2:1 (illite, smectites, vermiculites) et 2:1:1 (chlorites), et d'oxydes de Fe à faible ordre cristallin, associés entre eux en combinaisons différentes. La fraction granulométrique < 0. 1 µm est constituée presque uniquement de proto-halloysite. L'observation de lames minces de sol au microscope optique et la microanalyse au MEB/WDS ont mis en évidence une progressive incorporation des sédiments dans le sol, la transport en profondeur des fractions granulométriques fines et la transport dans les premiers centimètres de la surface du sol de métaux traces associés avec les matériaux fins, pendant des périodes d'écoulement d'eau dans le profil du sol. La microanalyse au MEB/WDS a indiqué que plus du 50% de la quantité totale de Cr et Cu présents dans les sols et les sédiments est associée à la fraction < 2. 0 µm. Chrome, Zn, et parfois Cu, sont très concentrés même dans la fraction < 0. 1 µm. Ces résultas suggèrent qu'il ne faut pas sous-estimer l'hypothèse d'un possible transport lent en profondeur des contaminants transférés par les colloïdes
The aim of this research was to study trace elements contamination of soils and sediments from the Solofrana river valley. The area was characterised by intensive agriculture and industrial activity. Numerous tanning plans caused in the past river water and sediment contamination. The results showed that the Solofrana valley soils flooded or irrigated with polluted water were contaminated by Cr and Cu. Chromium derived by deposition of Cr contaminated sediments on the soil surface and was bound mainly to organo-mineral complexes. Copper derived by agricultural practices and was mainly bound to organic matter. The soil and sediment <2. 0µm fraction was composed by quartz, feldspathes, carbonates, kaolinite, halloysite, illite, smectites, vermiculites, chlorites, amorphous Fe oxides; the <0. 1µm fraction was mainly made of proto-halloysite. A progressive incorporation of sediments in the soil matrix, the translocation of fine particles to depth and the translocation of trace elements bounds to the fine particles in the first centimetres of the soil profile were observed. Chromium and Cu concentrations were very high in the <2. 0 and <0. 1µm fractions. Results suggest a possible transfer of metal-rich colloids along soil pore network associated with soil water movement

Depuis la fin du Petit Age Glaciaire, les glaciers du massif du Mont-Blanc se retirent et libèrent ainsi d’importants volumes de sédiments. La fourniture sédimentaire grossière, qui est l’un des éléments de contrôle principaux de l’activité géomorphologique des torrents proglaciaires, peut être profondément modifiée. Dans le contexte de la vallée de Chamonix, où la pression urbaine est très forte, l’accélération du retrait glaciaire soulève des questionnements de la part à la fois des gestionnaires et des scientifiques sur l’évolution des risques et de la gestion des flux solides.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier le couplage sédimentaire entre les espaces libérés des glaces et les torrents jusqu’en fond de vallée, avec un double niveau de réponse. Le premier niveau permet de comprendre les trajectoires géomorphologiques des systèmes glacio-torrentiels depuis la fin du Petit Age Glaciaire et à l’échelle de la vallée. Il est étayé par une analyse géomorphologique et par l’étude de l’évolution du réseau hydrographique, qui s’appuie sur une modélisation et sur de nombreux documents d’archive. Cette étape souligne la diminution du potentiel du système torrentiel à remobiliser des sources sédimentaires. En conséquence, l’activité des torrents a fortement baissée depuis 150 ans. La seconde approche concerne l’étude des dynamiques récentes basée sur la comparaison diachronique de MNT LiDAR à haute résolution. Elle se focalise sur les trois systèmes glacio-torrentiels les plus grands de la vallée (Argentière, Mer de Glace et Bossons) dont les activités morphogènes ont pu être interprétées sous le prisme de crues d’occurrence décennale survenues en août 2014. Cette partie montre l’efficacité des processus de stockage sédimentaire au sein même des espaces désenglacés, ainsi que l’importance du forçage humain sur la morphogénèse torrentielle qui prime désormais sur l’influence du retrait glaciaire. L’état de la fourniture sédimentaire résulte actuellement de l’impact des différentes infrastructures, telles que les captages sous-glaciaires ou l’autoroute d’accès au Tunnel du Mont Blanc.Nos résultats montrent donc une première phase de diminution de l’activité torrentielle, principalement causée par le retrait des glaciers de 1850 à 1950, puis les conséquences pression des activités humaines sur les évolutions hydromorphologiques. La baisse de la torrentialité est toutefois ponctuée de quelques évènements, comme la crue du septembre 1920 sur l’Arveyron de la Mer de Glace, dont nous avons reconstitué les conséquences géomorphologiques. Malgré leur intensité, les effets de ces crues restent néanmoins relativement limités à l’aval immédiat des glaciers.Contrairement donc aux hypothèses initialement soulevées, le retrait glaciaire n’implique pas une augmentation de la fourniture sédimentaire, mais au contraire une diminution des apports du fait de la déconnexion entre les espaces désenglacés et les systèmes torrentiels
Since the end of Little Ice Age, glaciers of the Mont blanc massif are retreating and large sediment volume are releasing from the ice. Thus, sediment supply, which is a main control factor of the proglacial stream geomorphic activity, could be deeply modified. Therefore, the consequences on the sediment fluxes and the risk management need to be understanding because of the present acceleration of glacier retreat and urban sprawl in the Chamonix valley. The goal of this thesis is to study the sediment coupling between stream systems and areas released by glaciers. A first approach allows understanding the geomorphic trajectory of proglacial system at the Chamonix scale since the end of the Little Ice Age. Our results supported by modelling and archives analyses, show the decreasing capacity of the hydrographic pattern to be connected with sediment sources. The second approach is lead on the LiDAR DEM multi-temporal comparison. It focuses on the three main proglacial systems: Argentière, Mer de Glace and Bossons, whom occurred a decennal flood during the 2014 summer. This part of our study underlines the storage efficiency into deglaciated areas and the increasing role of anthropic forcing. Present sediment yield to proglacial stream is leaded by facilities such as the Mont Blanc Tunnel substructure or the subglacial harnessing. Our results show that the decreasing geomorphic activity of proglacial stream in the Chamonix valley is mainly caused by glacier retreat from the early 18th Century to the middle 20th century, then it is leaded by the increasing human pressure. Nevertheless, the fall of stream activity is punctuated by extreme events, such as the 1920 flood in the Arveyron of the Mer de Glace that we reconstructed the geomorphic consequences. Despite their intensity, effects of that king of events are limited close to the glacier downstream. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, glacier retreat in the Chamonix Valley, is not follow by a geomorphic crisis of proglacial streams because of the disconnectivity between sediment released from the ice and stream systems

Epigenetics are stable heritable traits that are not a result of the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification of DNA cytosine plays a role in development and disease. The covalent bonding of a methyl group or a hydroxymethyl group to the 5-carbon of cytosine epigenetically modifies cytosine to 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Upon PCR amplification, the bisulfite treatment of DNA converts unmethylated cytosine to thymine, while 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and other bases remain unchanged. The resulting sequences can be mapped to a reference genome; however, this can be challenging due to sequencing technology complexity, low sequence complexity, and biases and errors introduced with bisulfite treatment. Once the short read is mapped, the identity of 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine can be determined by comparing the mapped read to the aligned reference genome. Bisulfite DNA read mapping is characterized by mapping performance as low as 40%. This research improves bisulfite short read mapping quality. First, reads generated from the bisulfite hairpin PCR protocol are used to study mapping failure and solutions. A read may not map to the genome; it may map uniquely, or it may map to multiple locations. Sequence complexity correlates with these mapping categories. The hairpin protocol allows for a recovery, in some cases, of the original untreated read, and mapping this read with the regular read mapper Bowtie2 improved mapper performance by 10%. New bisulfite read mapping software called BisPin was created that calls BFAST (BLAT-like Fast Accurate Search Tool) for mapping. BisPin resolves ambiguously mapped reads with a rescoring strategy, which yields a statistically significant improvement. BFAST-Gap for Ion Torrent reads was developed, since Ion Torrent machines are less expensive than Illumina machines and since Ion Torrent reads are longer. There are few mappers for Ion Torrent data. BFAST-Gap uses homopolymer run length for contextual gap penalty functions, since homopolymer runs cause errors in Ion Torrent reads. In conjunction with BisPin, this software performed well on real and simulated bisulfite Ion Torrent data and Illumina data. InfoTrim, a read trimmer with an entropy term, was developed with competitive results.
Ph. D.

In this comparative study based on experimentation it is demonstrated that the two evaluated machine learning techniques, Bayesian networks and random forests, have similar predictive power in the domain of classifying torrents on BitTorrent file sharing networks.This work was performed in two steps. First, a literature analysis was performed to gain insight into how the two techniques work and what types of attacks exist against BitTorrent file sharing networks. After the literature analysis, an experiment was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the two techniques.The results show no significant advantage of using one algorithm over the other when only considering accuracy. However, ease of use lies in Random forests’ favour because the technique requires little pre-processing of the data and still generates accurate results with few false positives.

Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-10-31T16:19:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Sequenciamento por Ion Torrent revela padrões de interação e distribuição de comunidades microbianas em um perfil de solo ornitogênico da Ilha Seymour, Península Antártica.pdf: 907768 bytes, checksum: 05c430f88f8f32e041e763c1d453d54a (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-31T16:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Sequenciamento por Ion Torrent revela padrões de interação e distribuição de comunidades microbianas em um perfil de solo ornitogênico da Ilha Seymour, Península Antártica.pdf: 907768 bytes, checksum: 05c430f88f8f32e041e763c1d453d54a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Neste estudo, foram analisadas e comparadas comunidades bacterianas do solo de uma pinguineira da Ilha Seymour (Península Antártica) em termos de abundância, estrutura, diversidade e rede de interações, a fim de se identificar padrões de interação entre os vários grupos de bactérias presentes em solos ornitogênicos em diferentes profundidades (camadas). A análise das sequências revelou a presença de oito filos distribuídos em diferentes proporções entre as Camadas 1 (0-8 cm), 2 (20-25 cm) e 3 (35-40 cm). De acordo com os índices de diversidade, a Camada 3 apresentou os maiores valores de riqueza, diversidade e uniformidade quando comparado com as Camadas 1 e 2. Em termos de estrutura da comunidade microbiana, a análise UniFrac mostrou que as comunidades microbianas das três camadas foram muito diferentes umas das outras. A análise de redes revelou a existência de um padrão único de interações no qual a rede microbiana formou uma topologia de agrupamento, mas não estruturado em módulos, como de costume em comunidades biológicas. Da mesma forma, através da utilização de análise de redes, foi possível identificar táxons específicos como sendo potencialmente importantes para a estruturação e funcionamento da comunidade microbiana. Além disso, as análises de simulação indicaram que a perda de grupos importantes de microorganismos pode alterar significativamente os padrões de interação dentro da comunidade microbiana. Estes resultados fornecem novos insights sobre as interações bacterianas e ecologia microbiana desse importante, mas ameaçado ambiente.
In this study, we analyzed and compared the soil bacterial communities from a penguin rookery site at Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) in terms of abundance, structure, diversity and interaction network in order to identify interaction patterns among the various groups of bacteria presented in an ornithogenic site at three depths (layers). The analysis of the sequences revealed the presence of 8 phyla distributed in different proportions among the Layers 1 (0-8 cm), 2 (20-25 cm) and 3 (35-40 cm). According to the diversity indexes, Layer 3 presented the highest values of richness, diversity and evenness when compared to Layers 1 and 2. In terms of bacterial community structure, the unweighted and weighted UniFrac analysis showed that the soil bacterial communities from the three layers were quite different from each other. Network analysis revealed the existence of a unique pattern of interactions in which the soil microbial network formed a clustered topology, but not structured in modules, as usual in biological communities. In addition, through the use of network analysis, it was possible to identify specific taxa as potentially important for the structuring and functioning of the microbial community. Furthermore, simulation analyzes indicated that the loss of potential keystone groups of microorganisms may significantly alter the patterns of interactions within the microbial communityThese findings provide new insights into the bacterial interactions and microbial ecology of this important, but threatened environment.

Les enceintes de confinement des centrales nucléaires sont conçues pour assurer des propriétés de confinement et d'étanchéité précises en situations d'usage normal et en cas d'accident nucléaire, afin d'éviter la dissémination de radioéléments dans l'environnement. Ces enceintes étant construites en béton, la maîtrise de l'évaluation de la perméabilité du béton et de ses évolutions sous contraintes permettrait d'évaluer les débits de fuite susceptibles d'intervenir dans le temps sous certaines sollicitations. Jusqu'aujourd'hui, il existe plusieurs techniques de mesure de la perméabilité et ces techniques aboutissent à des résultats différents pour une même éprouvette de béton. La première étude que nous avons réalisée a été donc de proposer une normalisation de la mesure de la perméabilité : cette normalisation a abouti à la détermination d'une perméabilité caractéristique du béton et indépendante de la technique de mesure. Parallèlement à cette démarche, nous avons aussi proposé d'évaluer la perméabilité du béton à l'aide d'observables du Contrôle Non Destructif comme la permittivité et la résistivité électrique. Les résultats obtenus montrent la possibilité d'estimer la perméabilité dans les conditions du béton sur site. La deuxième étude réalisée est relative à la maîtrise de la perméabilité sous contraintes. Au laboratoire, nous avons étudié la perméabilité d'éprouvettes en béton de différentes tailles dans diverses conditions de séchage, de sollicitation thermique, d'endommagements mécanique et couplés. Nous avons ainsi pu établir des modèles perméabilité-endommagements en fonction de chaque source d'endommagement. La troisième étude réalisé porte sur la transposition des résultats de laboratoire au site, à travers l'utilisation de maquette d'enceinte nucléaire de dimensions plus importantes et représentatives de l'ouvrage réel (VeRCoRs à l'échelle 1/3). L'ensemble des résultats des deux premières études ont été mise à contribution et ont permis d'aboutir à des calculs des débits de fuite et des Temps d'Etablissement du Régime Permanent d'Ecoulement cohérents avec les hypothèses de calculs
The building reactor of the nuclear power plants are designed to provide precise containment and sealing properties in normal use situations and in the event of a nuclear accident, to prevent the spread of radioelements in the environment. Since these enclosures are made of concrete, controlling the evaluation of the permeability of concrete and its evolutions under stress would make it possible to evaluate the leakage rates that may occur over time under certain conditions. Until today, there are several techniques for measuring permeability and these techniques lead to different results for the same concrete specimen. The first study we carried out was therefore to propose a standardization of the permeability measurement: this standardization resulted in the determination of a characteristic permeability of concrete and independent of the measurement technique. In parallel with this approach, we also proposed to evaluate the permeability of concrete using observables from Non-Destructive Testing such as permittivity and electrical resistivity. The results obtained show the possibility of estimating the permeability under concrete conditions on site. The second study carried out relates to the control of the permeability under constraints. In the laboratory, we investigated the permeability of concrete specimens of different sizes under various conditions of drying, thermal stress, mechanical and coupled damage. We could establish permeability-damage models according to each source of damage. The third study carried out relates to the transposition from laboratory results to the site, using nuclear power plants mock-up of larger dimensions and representative of the actual structure (VeRCoRs at scale 1/3). All the results of the first two studies have been used and have led to calculations of leak rates and Time to Reach Steady State (TRSS) consistent with the calculation assumptions

This Master´s thesis is concentrated theoretically and practically on negative effects of rain. The aim of this work is to analyse and evaluate the erosion and drainage conditions in detail and then make proposal of erosion and flood protection. All of this refers to three land register areas (Sklenov, Rychaltice, Fryčovice) in Ondřejnice catchment area. Model analysis using ArcGIS, DesQ-MaxQ and others combined with USLE evaluation method and field exploration were used to achieve goals of this work. Proposals of erosion and torrent control were made to protect the population, nature and landscape.

Barrages de corrections torrentielles et plages de dépôts jouent un rôle clés dans la protection contre les crues des torrents. Leurs gestionnaires ont pour mission de réduire les risques d'inondations, mais doivent désormais aussi minimiser les impacts environnementaux liés aux ouvrages de protection. Ceci nécessite une meilleure compréhension des effets des barrages de corrections torrentielles et des plages de dépôts sur le transport sédimentaire des torrents. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cet objectif et se décompose en deux parties. Sa section sur l'état de l'art présente: i) les différents effets des barrages de correction torrentielle sur la production et le transfert sédimentaire; ii) des descriptions des processus hydrauliques et de sédimentation ayant lieu dans les plages de dépôts; et iii) les processus liés à la production et au transfert de bois d'embâcle. Une nouvelle méthode de quantification de la production sédimentaire des torrents complète cet état de l’art.La seconde partie de cette thèse présente le travail réalisé en banc d’essai expérimental. Une première série d’expérience a permis de mettre en évidence un transport par charriage plus régulier lorsque des barrages de correction torrentielle sont ajoutés à un bief alluvial. Une seconde série d’essais a été réalisée sur un modèle générique de plage de dépôt dans l’objectif d’en caractériser les écoulements. Pour cela, une nouvelle procédure de mesure et de reconstruction par approche inverse a été développée. Il en résulte une description des caractéristiques d’un écoulement proche du régime critique, ainsi que des mécanismes de rétrocontrôle entre morphologie et hydraulique pendant la phase de dépôt
Check dams and open check dams are key structures in torrent hazard protection. Their managers must mitigate flood hazards, but now must also minimize the environmental impacts of these protection structures. This requires to improve the knowledge on the effects of check dams and open check dams on the sediment transport, and this thesis forms a contribution towards this end.The section on the current state of research reviews i) the diverse effects of check dams on sediment production and transfer; ii) descriptions of the hydraulics and sedimentation processes occurring in open check dams; and iii) woody debris production and trapping processes. This state of the art is completed with proposition of new bedload transport estimation methods, specifically developed for paved streams experiencing external supply or armour breaking.Experimental results are then provided. Firstly, flume experiments highlight the emergence of a more regular bedload transport when check dams are built in alluvial reaches. In a second stage, experiments were performed on a generic Froude scale model of an open check dam basin in order to capture the features of laterally-unconstrained, highly mobile flows. A new flow measurement and inverse-reconstruction procedure has been developed. A preliminary analysis of the results describes flows that tend toward a critical regime and the occurrence of feedback mechanisms between geomorphology and hydraulics during massive bedload deposition

This diploma thesis deals with design of soil erosion control measures and flood control measures in the cadastral area of Palkovice. The request for construction came from the village Palkovice. It sits at the foothills of Beskydy with a very sloping terrain. In addition, there are larger soil complexes without any erosion control measures, which leads to degradation and reduction of soil yields. The introduction summarizes desired objectives. Then thesis deals with the description and analysis of the current state of the village and its solution. The solution of technical measures is depicted in the situation and elaborated in more detail. The drawings are enclosed in attachment. The conclusion summarizes the content of the work, achieved goals and benefits.

Nachdiplomarbeit École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, 2002.
Text dt., ital. und engl. Zus.fassung. Abschlussarbeit zum Nachdiplomstudium in hydraulischen Anlagen an der EPFL (École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne). Die Betreuung der Arbeit ist an der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) der ETH Zürich erfolgt.

The thesis deals with contemporary author's law which is effective in Czech republic in relation to a piece of music and its legal protection. The goal of first chapters is to outline the crucial statutes concerning subjects as authors, executive artists and recording producers. A great deal of the thesis concerns with internet music piracy which results from a mass file-sharing. It also includes an evalution of current author's law and its efficiency in today's information society.

Cette thèse traite avant tout de la problématique de la dimension participative des usagers des eaux d’un bassin dans le processus de gestion de leurs ressources hydriques. Dans ce sens, le centre de la discussion se trouve dans le cadre du processus de gestion des eaux brésiliennes, découlant de l’exécution du Système National de Gestion de Ressources Hydriques, prévu par la Loi des Eaux (Loi nº 9.433, de 1997) dans cette zone géographique. En découle le choix de cette thématique basée sur le souhait de contribuer aux débats géographiques dans le domaine de la gestion des eaux dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Le terrain d’étude fait référence au bassin du torrent Ribeiro, qui appartient au Bassin hydrographique du lac Guaiba, situé dans la partie est de l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul. L’hypothèse interprétative de cette recherche part du présupposé selon lequel le modèle actuel de gestion des eaux ne prend pas en compte dans les faits les modes de participation variés des différents groupes sociaux dans le processus institutionnel de gouvernance. La participation de la population aux questions socio-environnementales représente un défi pour l’implantation des programmes de gestion des ressources hydriques. En conséquence, l’objectif central de l´étude est de comprendre comment se sont constitués les processus actuels de participation des habitants du bassin hydrographique, tout en considérant les usages des eaux et les formes participatives des populations dans leurs communautés et dans la gestion des ressources hydriques, normalisée dans le contexte de la législation ou stigmatisée par le processus de territorialisation de la dite population. La méthodologie sélectionnée en vue de développer un tel objectif part de l’approche qualitative pour comprendre les processus de relation entre les sujets et leur groupe social ainsi que leur environnement, car c’est dans le champ de la subjectivité et du symbolisme que s’affirme l’approche qualitative. L’axe d’actions pour cette thèse a été structuré en quatre étapes : recherche bibliographique, observation de terrain, entretien semi-structuré et analyse et débats sur les résultats. A partir de cette vérification, il a été possible de mettre en avant trois catégories pour l’analyse proposée pour ce bassin : Les usages des eaux, les expériences participatives dans les communautés et la participation dans la gestion des eaux, dans deux secteurs distincts mis en avant par les aspects naturels et la territorialisation, qui sont la plaine et le plateau. Dans les deux secteurs, la principale utilisation des eaux est l’irrigation de la culture de riz. Les agriculteurs de la plaine possèdent de grands domaines de terres, héritage de la structure foncière de la colonisation portugaise du XVIIIème siècle, et ils s’organisent autour du syndicat rural et de l’Institut Riograndense des Riz. Ceux-ci se situent dans la municipalité de Barra do Ribeiro et Mariana Pimentel et ils se préoccupent principalement du recouvrement des eaux à gérer dans l’implantation de l’Agence de Bassin, car ils utilisent une grande quantité de cette ressource. Les agriculteurs du plateau forment une petite propriété familiale, de colonisation italienne, allemande et polonaise, avec de fortes racines dans la terre, fruit de la colonisation de la fin du XIXème siècle. La localisation géographique (Sertão Santana et Mariana Pimentel) et la dépendance de la représentation politique et économique à travers les mairies et EMATER/ASCAR les éloignent d’une participation au Comité. Mais c’est une population qui a des liens communautaires forts au niveau local, et qui résout ses problèmes à travers les associations quand celles-ci sont aidées dans leur organisation. Ainsi, le rapprochement avec le Système d’Etat grâce à une invitation aux discussions des thématiques, qui, dans ce cas précis, portaient sur le recouvrement des eaux par le principe pollueur-payeur, ainsi que sur le rapprochement et la revitalisation des associations communautaires, peuvent aider à l’engagement de ces habitants, et peut aussi contribuer aux objectifs de la politique environnementale des ressources hydriques.
Essa Tese trata, sobretudo, da problemática que envolve a dimensão participativa dos usuários das águas de uma bacia hidrográfica no processo de gestão dos seus recursos hídricos. Portanto, o centro da discussão encontra-se no cenário do processo de gestão das águas brasileiras, decorrente da execução do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, previsto pela Lei das Águas (Lei nº 9.433, de 1997) nessa escala geográfica. Disso decorre a escolha da temática, baseada no desejo de contribuir com as discussões geográficas no domínio da gestão das águas no Rio Grande do Sul. A área de estudo refere-se à bacia do arroio Ribeiro, que pertence à bacia hidrográfica do lago Guaíba, localizada na porção leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese interpretativa dessa pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o modelo atual de gestão das águas não contempla de fato os distintos modos de participar dos diferentes grupos sociais nos processos institucionais de governança. A participação da população nas questões socioambientais representa um desafio à implantação dos programas de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Perante isso, o objetivo central do estudo é compreender como se constituíram os atuais processos de participação dos habitantes da bacia hidrográfica, considerando os usos das águas e as formas participativas da população em suas comunidades e na gestão dos recursos hídricos, normatizado no contexto da legislação ou estigmatizado pelo processo de territorialização daquela população. A metodologia selecionada para desenvolver tal objetivo parte da abordagem qualitativa para entender os processos de relação dos sujeitos com o seu grupo social e ambiente, pois é no campo da subjetividade e do simbolismo que se afirma a abordagem qualitativa. O eixo de ações para essa Tese foi estruturado em quatro etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, observação em campo, entrevista semiestruturada e análise e discussão dos resultados. A partir dessa verificação, foi possível apontar três categorias para análise proposta para essa bacia: usos das águas, experiências participativas nas comunidades e participação na gestão das águas, em dois setores distintos apontados através dos aspectos naturais e da territorialização, que são planície e planalto. Nos dois setores, o principal uso das águas é para irrigação do cultivo de arroz. Os agricultores da planície possuem grandes áreas de terras, herança da estrutura fundiária da colonização lusa, no século XVIII, e se organizam em torno do Sindicato Rural e do Instituto Riograndense do Arroz. Esses se situam nos município de Barra do Ribeiro e Mariana Pimentel e preocupam-se principalmente com a cobrança das águas a ser gerada na implantação da Agência de Bacia, pois utilizam grande quantidade desse recurso. Os agricultores do planalto formam a pequena propriedade familiar, de colonização italiana, alemã e polonesa, com raízes fortes na terra, fruto da colonização ocorrida no final do século XIX. A localização geográfica (Sertão Santana e Mariana Pimentel) e a dependência da representação política e econômica através das prefeituras municipais e EMATER/ASCAR os distância da participação no Comitê. Mas é uma população com fortes laços comunitários entre seus pares locais, que resolvem seus problemas através de associações quando auxiliados na organização desses. Assim, a aproximação com o Sistema Estadual através de um convite às discussões das temáticas, no caso a cobrança das águas pelo princípio poluidor-pagador, e revitalização das associações comunitárias, podem auxiliar o engajamento desses habitantes, como também contribuir com os objetivos da política ambiental dos recursos hídricos.
This thesis discusses, primarily, the problematic that involves the participative dimension of water users in a basin, in the process of managing their water resources. Therefore, the center of the discussion is in the scenario of the process of water management in Brazil, due to the implementation of the National Water Resources Management, provided by the Water Law (Law No. 9433, 1997) in this geographical scale. From this arises the choice of this theme, based on the desire to contribute to the geographical discussions in the area of water management at Rio Grande do Sul. The study area refers to the basin of the stream Ribeiro, who belongs to the Hydrographic Basin of the Guaíba Lake, located in the eastern portion of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The interpretative hypothesis of this research assumes that the current model of water management does not contemplate, in fact, the distinct ways of participation of different social groups in institutional governance processes. The population’s involvement in environmental issues is a challenge to the implementation of water resources management programs. Given that, the main objective of the study is to understand how the current processes of participation of the inhabitants of the basin were composed, considering the uses of the waters, the ways that the population participate in their communities and the management of water resources, regulated under the legislation context or stigmatized by the process of territorialization of that population. The methodology chosen to develop this objective comes from the qualitative approach to understand the relation between the subjects and their social group and environment, since it is in the field of subjectivity and symbolism that the qualitative approach is affirmed. The axis of actions for this thesis was structured in four stages, which are: literature review, field observation, semistructured interviews and analysis and discussion of results. Based on this verification, it was possible to identify three categories for proposed analysis of this basin: uses of waters, participatory experiences within the community and participation in water management, in two distinct sectors pointed through natural aspects and territorialization, which are plain plateau. In both sectors, the main use of water is for irrigation of rice cultivation. Farmers in the plains have large areas of land, heritage from the land structure of the Portuguese colonization in the eighteenth century, and are organized around the Rural Syndicate and Riograndense Institute of Rice. They are located in the municipality of Barra do Ribeiro and Mariana Pimentel. They are concerned primarily with the charge of the waters that will be generated in the implementation of the Basin Agency, because they use large amounts of this feature. Plateau famers form the small family owned property, that have Italian, German and Polish colonization, with strong roots in the earth, result of the colonization that occurred in the late nineteenth century only. The geographic location (Sertão Santana and Mariana Pimentel) and the dependence on economic and political representation through the municipal city hall and EMATER/ASCAR, move them away from participating in the Committee. However, it is a population with strong community ties among its local peers, who solve their problems through associations, when aided in organizing these. Thus, the approximation with the State System through an invitation to the thematic’s discussions, which in the case is the charging of water by the principle polluter-payer, and approximation and revitalization of the community associations, can help to engage these people, but also contribute to the goals of the environmental policy of water resources.

Habíamos pactado la entrevista con Pilar Coll, para Palabras Mayores tres semanas antes de su partida. Hoy hace 25 días que se fue y el vacío que ha dejado será difícilmente cubierto. La trayectoria de vida de Pilar ha dejado una huella invalorable en nuestro país. Aunque no pudimos contar con su testimonio, desde este espacio queremos brindarle un homenaje, y compartir con nuestros lectores parte de su vida y su labor, para ello nos permitimos invitarlos a ver el documental “Pilar Coll: un ejemplo de lucha”[2], el que da fe de su incansable trabajo y  dedicación por la defensa de los derechos humanos en nuestro país, en momentos tan críticos como la época del terrorismo, en su participación en la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, y más tarde en las mismas cárceles. Solo nos queda decir: Gracias Pilar por lo que diste a la causa de los Derechos Humanos.  Gracias por tu entrega y desprendimiento. Descansa en paz.

L’ensemble romanesque Les Thibault de Roger Martin du Gard (publié de 1922 à 1940) est sous-tendu par un témoignage que l’auteur adresse au lecteur sur le monde réel dans lequel l’écrivain français vécut. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser ce témoignage à travers certains aspects des relations multilatérales entre ces trois pôles que sont la société, l’œuvre et l’auteur. L’œuvre romanesque de Roger Martin du Gard informe la société de son époque autant qu’elle est informée par elle, et l’écrivain, façonné par la société, façonne à son tour une société romanesque. La relation au monde des personnages des Thibault puise ses sources dans l’expérience même de l’auteur : relations familiales, relations entre les deux sexes, relations sociales et religieuses, autant de clés pour comprendre l’œuvre mais peut-être aussi la vie de l’auteur. Pour permettre d’apprécier la réception de l’œuvre de Roger Martin du Gard auprès du public chinois, la dernière partie de cette thèse analyse les deux traductions des Thibault publiées dans les années 1980 en Chine, et propose aussi quelques éléments de comparaison avec une fresque romanesque chinoise à portée elle aussi familiale et sociale, la trilogie de Ba Jin (Pa Kin) intitulée Torrent (Famille – Printemps – Automne, 1932-1940). L’étude des analogies entre ces deux œuvres certes très différentes permet de découvrir comment le roman de Roger Martin du Gard et son message dépassent les frontières, trouvent écho dans d’autres cultures, et finissent par rejoindre l’humanité universelle
In the eight novels Les Thibault by Roger Martin du Gard (published between 1922 to 1940), the author addresses the reader and describes the world in which the former lives. The objective of this thesis is to examine Martin du Gard’s discourse with respect to some aspects of the multilateral relationships between society, author and oeuvre. R.M.G’s novels informed society of his time and were themselves shaped by society. The author moulded by society then constructs a fictional world. The relationships in Les Thibault are autobiographical in nature whether familial, gender, social or religious and these constitute the principal means of understanding the oeuvre and the author’s own life.To evaluate the reception of Roger Martin du Gard’s work among the Chinese public, the final part of this thesis analyses the two translations of Les Thibault, published in China in the 1980s. Comparison with a Chinese trilogy, Torrent (Family – Spring – Autumn, 1932-1940), by Ba Jin (Pa Kin), although very different but which also considers family and social relationships, allows consideration of how Roger Martin du Gard’s message crosses frontiers and reflects universal concerns, those of humanity itself

L'etude locale du charriage torrentiel sur modele reduit de tres faible taille a montre que deux phenomenes nettement distincts cohabitent. D'une part, le charriage hyperconcentre correspond a un controle du transport solide et du lit par les conditions hydrauliques, le debit solide est tres importants et les grains sont d'autant plus facilement transportes qu'ils ont gros. D'autre part, lors du charriage ordinaire, la fourniture de materiaux par le lit est preponderante, les elements fins sont les plus mobiles et le debit solide varie dans des proportions importantes pour des conditions hydrauliques identiques. Il y a basculement irreversible d'un phenomene a l'autre. L'utilisation d'un modele de grande taille a montre que cette dualite se traduit par une heterogeneite spatiale des phenomenes, le tri granulometrique favorisant le deplacement des elements de taille moyenne. La confrontation de ces resultats a des observations de terrain a degage des regles de fonctionnement des torrents reels et a permis d'affiner la lecture morphologique et les mesures granulometriques du lit, facilitant alors considerablement l'approche des phenomenes torrentiels dans le cadre des etudes de cas

This paper presents the results of geomorphologic-hydro sedimentlogy study done in thehydrographic basin of the Aquidorobó torrent and its area of influence in the municipio of Poxoréu, southeast of the state of Mato Grosso, in the geomorphic unit know as «meseta de los acantilados». The torrent studied is affluent of the Poxoréu River in the San Lorenço basin. The geomorphic-sedimentlogy works were made in the municipio Poxoréu and are related to the open-pits of common wells and artesian wells in some houses, farmsteads and others built to get water for common use. In general, companies charged of building the wells make water chemical analysis to show the owners the quality of the resource and abilities for personal consumption and other uses.
Este artículo presenta resultados de un estudio geomorfológico-hidrosedimentológico que serealizó en la cuenca hidrográfica de la quebrada de Aquidorobó y de su área de influencia en el municipio de Poxoréu, situado en el sector sudeste del estado de Mato Grosso, en la unidad geomorfológica conocida como Meseta de los Acantilados. La quebrada estudiada es afluente del río Poxoréu, que pertenece a la cuenca hidrográfica del río San Lourenço. Los trabajos geomorfológico–hidrosedimentológicos efectuados en el municipio de Poxoréu se relacio- nan en general con las aberturas de pozos comunes y pozos artesianos en viviendas, fincas, haciendas, entre otros, para obtener agua para las más diversas aplicaciones, principalmente si el agua es potable. Fue posible observar que las compañías que ejecutan la perforación de pozos, muestran a los propietarios que contraen la obra, un análisis químico del líquido precioso conseguido, en donde se indica la potabilidad o no del agua, para su uso en el consumo personal o en otras aplicaciones más diversas, por ejemplo: lavados, irrigación, consumo para el ganado vacuno, cerdos y cabrío, construcción civil, ocio, el lavado de la grava en las minas, entre otros, puesto que esta cuenca hidrográfica sigue siendo escenario de las actividades para la búsqueda del diamante. El área de la cuenca de la corriente Aquidorobó se constituye de una secuencia de rocas sedimentarias, que evidencian los episodios de las deposiciones que tuvieron lugar desde el Devoniano Inferior hasta los aluviones actuales, representados por las unidades litoestratigráficas: Formaciones Ponta Grossa (Grupo Paraná- Devoniano Inferior al Superior), Aquidauana (Grupo Itararé – Excelente Grupo Tiburón – Carbonífero Superior/Permiano Inferior), Coberturas Detrito – Lateríticas del Terciario y aluviones recientes. Localmente, las areniscas predominan en estas unidades, que se constituyen en acuíferos excelentes (almacenan y proveen agua de calidad excelente para el consumo más diverso).
Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo geomorfológico-hidrossedimentológico quefoi realizado na bacia hidrográfica do córrego Aquidorobó e sua área de influência no município de Poxoréu, que fica situado no setor sudeste do estado de Mato Grosso, na unidade geomorfológica conhecida como Planalto dos Alcantilados. O córrego em apreço é afluente do rio Poxoréo, que pertence a bacia hidrográfica do rio São Lourenço. Os trabalhos de cunhos geomorfológico-hidrossedimentológico efetivados no município de Poxoréu estão geralmente relacionados a aberturas de poços comuns e poços artesianos em residências, sítios, fazendas, entre outros, para obtenção de água para os mais diversos usos, principalmente, se esta água é potável. Geralmente como foi possível observar, as empresas que executam a perfuração de poços, apresentam uma análise química do precioso líquido obtido, para apresentar aos pro- prietários contratantes, em relação à potabilidade ou não da água, para o seu aproveitamento no consumo pessoal, ou então em outras utilizações mais diversas, tais como: lavagens, irrigação, consumo para os gados bovinos, asininos, suínos e caprinos, construção civil, lazer, lavagem do cascalho nos garimpos, entre outros, já que esta bacia hidrográfica ainda é palco de atividades garimpeiras para a busca de diamantes. A área da bacia do córrego Aquidorobó é constituída por uma seqüência de rochas sedimentares, que evidenciam episódios deposicionais que ti- veram lugar desde o Devoniano Inferior até as Aluviões Atuais, representadas pelas unidades litoestratigráficas: Formações Ponta Grossa (Grupo Paraná – Devoniano Inferior ao Superior), Aquidauana (Grupo Itararé – Super Grupo Tubarão – Carbonífero Superior/Permiano Inferior), Coberturas Detrito-Lateríticas do Terciário e Aluviões Recentes. Localmente, predominam nestas unidades rochas areníticas, que se constituem em excelentes aqüíferos (armazenam e fornecem água de excelente qualidade para os mais diversos consumos), onde foram objetivadosos estudos geomorfológicos – hidrossedimentológicos em fácies determinadas através destabacia na compartimentação local do Planalto dos Alcantilados.

Nell’ultimo secolo, diversi corsi d’acqua italiani sono stati soggetti ad interventi antropici che ne hanno modificato la dinamica fluviale, specialmente il regime idrologico, l’apporto di sedimento e la morfologia del corso d’acqua. Ne consegue che nel controllare la morfologia e le dinamiche di trasporto solido di fondo assume un ruolo di primo ordine la comprensione del funzionamento idraulico del canale. Questo lavoro di tesi si basa sulla caratterizzazione della geometria idraulica e dello sforzo di taglio della corrente ad alveo pieno del Torrente Sillaro, affluente destro del fiume Reno, situato nell’Area Metropolitana di Bologna. In particolare, sono stati studiati 11 tratti con caratteristiche morfologiche omogenee. Per ogni tratto sono state rilevate 5 sezioni traversali. Dalle sezioni, delimitate superiormente dal livello ad alveo pieno (bankfull), si sono ricavate sia variabili geometriche (quali larghezza al colmo, profondità, area della sezione, perimetro bagnato e pendenza), sia idrauliche (raggio idraulico, sforzo di taglio). I risultati mostrano come, in linea generale, con l'aumentare della distanza dalla linea di spartiacque, nonché con l'incremento dell'area di drenaggio, il Torrente Sillaro tenda a diminuire di pendenza (da 1,66 a 0,09%), mentre la profondità media ed il raggio idraulico aumentano. Da ciò deriva una generale diminuzione dello sforzo di taglio, anche se caratterizzato da ampia variabilità locale. Complessivamente, la larghezza e la profondità media dell’alveo aumentano in funzione dell’area di drenaggio secondo leggi di potenza caratterizzate da esponenti inferiori a quelli osservati in alvei puramente fluviali. Si ipotizza che tale andamento possa essere legato alla natura argillosa (coesiva) delle sponde e all’impatto di colate di terra che raggiungono l’alveo. A ciò, va aggiunto l’effetto delle opere in alveo, che nella parte intermedia hanno ridotto la pendenza locale e dunque il potenziale di incisione e trasporto.

Ce travail presente la modelisation du phenomene de charriage en torrents d'un point de vue theorique, experimental et numerique. Un modele diphasique de saint-venant decrivant le transport solide par charriage est presente. Aux equations de l'hydraulique a surface libre, on couple un systeme d'equations similaire regissant la phase granulaire, developpe en variables vitesse-concentration granulaire, a partir des principes de conservation et des transferts de masse et d'energie entre le lit et le fluide. La formation des structures morphologiques de type bancs alternes est considere ici comme un phenomene d'instabilite induit par l'interaction lit-ecoulement. Une analyse de stabilite lineaire s'appuyant sur un modele de transport solide pseudo-instationnaire (couplant l'hydraulique a une equation d'evolution du lit) est alors comparee a des experiences sur modeles reduits et permet de determiner les criteres physiques caracterisant le phenomene de meandrement. Deux modeles numeriques de transport solide 1d et 2d sont developpes en differences finies. Le modele 1d est valide sur divers cas experimentaux : ruptures de pente, retrecissements et elargissements de canaux. Le modele 2d contient notamment une formulation originale des equations de l'hydraulique a surface libre en regime permanent, basee sur l'existence d'une fonction de courant qui verifie par definition l'equation de conservation de la masse. Une methode numerique reposant sur cette formulation est proposee et fournit des resultats tres satisfaisants. Son couplage avec l'equation de transport solide 2d conduit numeriquement a une destabilisation du lit et a la formation de bancs alternes dans un cas simplifie.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The increasing demand for electricity required by individual and industrial consumers brings back the issues related to the exhaustion of the exiting fossil energy sources and leads to the evident needs for investments in research topics that focus on improving, developing available renew able energy sources or even creating some novel energy renewable alternatives.One of the alternatives to deal with this problem is the utilization of the wind power. The transformation of the wind forces into electrical energy is made by wind turbines supporter by steel towers.The present dissertation investigates and analysed a typical wind tower created to support a Repower MM92 wind turbine aiming to better understand its structural response. Initially a suggestion for a w ind tower structural design based on the Eurocode 3 recommendations is presented and discussed. The developed numerical model was conceived based on finite element simulation performed with the aid of the Ansys Program. The numerical model is capable of accurately reproduce the wind tower structural response when subjected to the load action imposed by the wind forces acting on the wind blades. The developed numerical model was created using shell finite elements and considers geometrical and material non-linearities.The present investigation also contemplated a dynam ical analysis aiming to evaluated the natural frequencies and associated vibration modes (modal analysis) as well as a transient harmonic analysis to evaluate the wind tower dynamic response along the time domain. The dynamical results indicated that its significan t influence on the wind tower structural response. This conclusion indicates that if only a static design is made he wind tower safety could not be warranted and couldlead to possible wind related accidents. The developed non-linear analysis enable to determine that on of the wind tower ultimate limit states is associated to the lo cal buckling of the wind tower wall, under compressive forces, and its effects must be c onsidered on the tower structural design.
O aumento do consumo de energia para atender às necessidades da população e das indústrias, trás a tona uma problemática lógica que se refere ao esgotamento das atuais fontes de energia, o que evidencia a necessidade de se investir em pesquisas que busquem aprimorar fontes de energia renovável e estudos que apontem para novas formas de capitação de energia.Uma das alternativas de contornar este problema tem sido a utilização da energia oriunda da ação do vento. A transformação da força do vento em energia elétrica é realizada através de torres de aço com turbina eólica. A presente dissertação, visando acrescentar informações no meio técnico-científico sobre o comportamento estrutural de torres de aço p ara suporte de turbinas eólicas, analisou uma torre modelo MM92 da Repower. Inicialmente, foi apresentada uma sugestão para o dimensionamento de uma torre eólica baseada nos preceitos do Eurocode para análise numérica desenvolvida neste trabalho, foi elaborado um modelo de elementos finitos baseado na plataforma A nsys capaz de reproduzir com fidelidade o comportamento da torre eólica submetida ao carregamento produzido pelo vento nas pás da hélice. O modelo numérico estudado é constituído por elementos finitos de casca e considera os efeitos d as não-linearidades do material e geométrica.Também foi desenvolvido neste trabalho uma análise dinâmica com o objetivo de se avaliar as freqüências naturais, os modos de vibração (análise de autovalores e autovetores) bem como uma análise harmônica e trans iente para verificar a resposta dinâmica da torre no domínio do tempo.O resultado obtido no estudo da parcela dinâmica mostra que a resposta da estrutura pode ser determinante no seu comportament o. Nesse caso, a utilização de uma análise estrutural estática pode resultar no mau dimensionamento da torre e, conseqüentemente, em possíveis acidentes. A análise não-linear efetuada permitiu verificar o fenômeno de flambagem local na parede da torre sujeita a compressão, que deve ser levado em consideração durante a execução do projeto da torre eólica.