Relevant bibliographies by topics / TOR lubricants

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'TOR lubricants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "TOR lubricants"

1

Galas, Radovan, Milan Omasta, and Martin Hartl. "Top-of-Rail Lubricants: Potential Risks and Benefits." Proceedings 2, no. 16 (September 17, 2018): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2161140.

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Top-of-rail (TOR) lubricants represent modern approach for friction modification between wheel and rail. The main goal of this study was to investigate potential risks and benefits associated with the application of these products, especially in terms of adhesion, wear, and noise. For this purpose, both laboratory and field experiments were carried out.
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Bell, J., A. A. Besong, J. L. Tipper, E. Ingham, B. M. Wroblewski, M. H. Stone, and J. Fisher. "Influence of gelatin and bovine serum lubricants on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear debris generated in in vitro simulations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 214, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411001535543.

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Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris induced osteolysis has a major role in the late aseptic loosening and ultimate failure of total hip replacements (THR). Clinically relevant in vitro simulations of wear are essential to predict the osteolytic potential of bearing surfaces in artificial hip joints. Newborn calf or bovine serum has been accepted as a boundary lubricant for such in vitro tests, but its biological stability has been questioned. This study compared the wear factors, number of wear particles and levels of microbial contamination produced in bovine serum and a gelatin-based lubricant. The wear factors produced by the two lubricants were not significantly different, however the wear debris morphology produced was substantially different. The bovine serum became contaminated with micro-organisms within 28 h, whereas the protein-based lubricant remained uncontaminated. The results showed that bovine serum was not a stable boundary lubricant. They also showed that although the wear factors for the two solutions were not significantly different, the protein-based lubricant was not a suitable alternative to bovine serum because the wear debris produced was not clinically relevant.
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Iskandar, Mokhamad Dahri, and Andhika Prima Prasetyo. "BREAKING STRENGTH BENANG PA MULTIFILAMEN 210D/6 PADA PENYIMPANAN DI RUANG TERBUKA." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.3.1.2010.57-63.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkuantifikasikan pengaruh lama penyimpanan dan pengaruh perendaman dengan cairan berupa solar, oli, dan ter terhadap penurunan nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide 210 D/6. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kekuatan putus benang jaring semakin menurun setelah mengalami penyimpanan di ruang terbuka selama satu bulan (bulan ke satu) menjadi 5,8657 kgf dari 7,2903 kgf pada awal penyimpanan (bulan ke nol). Penurunan tersebut terus berlanjut sampai bulan keenam. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa lama penyimpanan secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap nilai kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide pada ruang terbuka (P<0,05). Kekuatan putus benang Polyamide yang direndam pada cairan perendam berupa oli, solar, dan ter secara keseluruhan mengalami penurunan. Penurunan kekuatan putus terbesar dialami oleh benang yang direndam dengan solar dengan derajat penurunan kekuatan putus mencapai 30%. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa cairan perendam secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide (P<0,05). Hasil uji lanjutan BNT menunjukan bahwa nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide yang diberi pelakuan cairan perendam solar, oli, dan ter berbeda nyata terhadap benang kontrol (P<0,05). The objective of this experiment was to quantify the effect of storage duration and immersed liquid such as diesel fuel, lubricant and tar on the breaking strength of polyamide of 210 D/6. Results of experiment revealed that breaking strength of twine decrease after first month out door storage to be 5,8657 kgf from 7,2903 kgf in begining of storage. Decreasing of twine continued until sixth month of storage. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that length duration of storage for polyamide twine significantly different to the breaking strength. Breaking strength of polyamide twine which immersed in the lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar generally decreased. The biggest reduction of breaking strength occurred for twine immersed in the fuel diesel with reduction level until 30 %. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that immersed liquid significantly affected breaking strength of polyamide twine. Post Hoc test of LSD also indicated that breaking strength of polyamide twine significantly different (P<0,05) between lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar toward control twine
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Aldajah, Saud, Oyelayo O. Ajayi, George R. Fenske, and Sudhir Kumar. "Investigation of Top of Rail Lubrication and Laser Glazing for Improved Railroad Energy Efficiency1." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 3 (June 19, 2003): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1537745.

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Two new technologies have recently been developed that can help to solve some of the wheel rail contact problems. The first is a method of top of rail lubrication (TOR) or friction modification (FM). The second is a technique of laser glazing of steel rails. Both technologies help in reducing the friction, wear, and energy consumption in the wheel rail contact. This paper introduces the two technologies and presents some specific aspects of both methods. A 1:12 scale wheel/rail simulator (LA 4000) was used to study the potential of these two new technologies on energy savings. In order to develop an efficient top of rail lubrication system, all parameters affecting FM consumption rates have been studied. These parameters include speed, angle of attack, load and lubricant quantity. LA 4000 friction/wear studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of laser glazing and TOR lubricant on the lateral slip forces between a simulated wheel/rail. Three conditions under dry and lubricated environments were studied: unglazed wheel and an unglazed rail, an unglazed wheel against a glazed rail, and a glazed wheel against a glazed rail. The results of the tests indicate that the use of TOR and laser glazing does indeed reduce the lateral forces, which are an indirect measure of the damage caused to the wheel, rail and track.
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Hong, Frank T., Viko Ladelta, Ribhu Gautam, S. Mani Sarathy, and Nikos Hadjichristidis. "Polyether-Based Block Co(ter)polymers as Multifunctional Lubricant Additives." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 3811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00398.

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Fullam, Spencer, Jade He, Caroline S. Scholl, Thomas M. Schmid, and Markus A. Wimmer. "Competitive Binding of Bilirubin and Fatty Acid on Serum Albumin Affects Wear of UHMWPE." Lubricants 8, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8050053.

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Total Joint Replacement (TJR) devices undergo standardized wear testing in mechanical simulators while submerged in a proteinaceous testing solution to mimic the environmental conditions of artificial joints in the human body. Typically, bovine calf serum is used to provide the required protein content. However, due to lot-to-lot variability, an undesirable variance in testing outcome is observed. Based on an earlier finding that yellowish-orange serum color saturation is associated with wear rate, we examined potential sources of this variability, by running a comparative wear test with bilirubin; hemin; and a fatty acid, oleic acid, in the lubricant. All these compounds readily bind to albumin, the most abundant protein in bovine serum. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) pins were articulated against CoCrMo discs in a pin-on-disc tribometer, and the UHMWPE wear rates were compared between lubricants. We found that the addition of bilirubin increased wear by 121%, while hemin had a much weaker, insignificant effect. When added at the same molar ratio as bilirubin, the fatty acid tended to reduce wear. Additionally, there was a significant interaction with respect to bilirubin and hemin in that UHMWPE wear rate decreased with increasing fatty acid concentration. We believe the conformational change in albumin by binding bilirubin makes it more likely to form molecular bridges between UHMWPE and the metal counterface, thus increasing adhesive wear. However, fatty acids compete for binding sites on albumin, and can prevent this conformational change. Hence, the protein is stabilized, and the chance for albumin to form bridges is lowered. Ultimately, UHMWPE wear rate is driven by the competitive binding of bilirubin and fatty acid to albumin.
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Kondrasheva, Natalia K., Olga V. Zyryanova, and Elizaveta V. V. Kireeva. "SURFACE AND ADHESION PROPERTIES STUDY OF PROPHYLACTIC LUBRICANTS BORDER LAYERS ON METALLIC SURFACE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 3 (February 21, 2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196203.5829.

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This study is aimed the developing the special petroleum products, namely, preventive lubricants (PL) used in the field of solid minerals transportation. The surface and adhesion characteristics of the prophylactic compositions developed earlier on the basis of thermodestructive and thermocatalytic processes products of oil refining are investigated. It is set that the prophylactic agents contain the far of surface active substances, such as resins, pyrobitumens and other polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds: in the heavy gas-oil of the catalytic cracking their content is above 45.96 %, in an easy gas-oil – 15.07 %, that results in the improvement of viscosity-temperature properties of products and promotes their oiling ability. The basic amount of compounds with high superficial activity is contained in heavy fractions of oil, and in the process of processing concentrated in a petroleum residue - petroleum tar that was used as depression addition in mixtures of prophylactic agents. For protecting of metallic surfaces of mountain transport from a direct contact with the transported material in the conditions of the lowered temperatures it is recommended to apply composition of the catalytic cracking mixtures with content of petroleum tar from 2 to 5%. <span style="opacity: 0;"> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </span>
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Nowak, S., and B. Herod. "The Influence of Lubrication on Electrical and Mechanical Parameters of Potentiometer Resistive Element." Active and Passive Electronic Components 12, no. 1 (1985): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1985/64056.

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Fixed resistors are usually protected against environmental influences. For this aim, special lacquers are used. Much of the environmental qualities of such a resistor are directly related to its enclosure.The resistive element of the potentiometer cannot be protected in the same way. The producers of quality potentiometers, especially thin film ones, designed an effective seal of their housing but it leads to an increase in production costs.The first researches on thin film resistive elements for potentiometers, proved the major sensitivity of the unit to moisture cycling, because of high water chemisorption on the resistive element surface.The chemisorption effect has the major influence on the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), because at a higher temperature, water desorption is occuring and the resistance of the film is undergoing a change.However, the IEC Standard recommends dry out of resistive elements before TCR measurement; the potentiometer users feel that total resistance changes as a sum of temperature change and drying out change.The present paper deals with trials to eliminate this disadvantage of thin film potentiometers by protection against moisture.The protective coating should, because of its affinity to the resistive film, form durable protection against environmental influences, but should not increase the contact resistance of the wiper (CRV). Such a coating also should not increase the friction coefficient of the wiper.To verify the hypothesis that polar lubricants can play a part in protective coating of thin film potentiometers, several different lubricants have been examined.
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Sakai, T., T. Murakami, Y. Yamamoto, H. Uchiyama, T. Komoto, and T. Tezuka. "A naphthenic oil of hydrogenated coal tar distil- late as a lubricant with low solidification pressure." Journal of Synthetic Lubrication 9, no. 3 (October 1992): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000090304.

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Nečas, D., M. Vrbka, D. Rebenda, J. Gallo, A. Galandáková, L. Wolfová, I. Křupka, and M. Hartl. "In situ observation of lubricant film formation in THR considering real conformity: The effect of model synovial fluid composition." Tribology International 117 (January 2018): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.09.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TOR lubricants"

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Skurka, Šimon. "Vývoj maziva pro temeno kolejnice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443457.

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Friction modification within the wheel-rail interface is an important way of achieving ecologically friendly transportation of both persons and goods. This thesis aims to develop a new TOR lubricant, which will be able to maintain suitable frictional conditions while securing minimal adhesion required for traction. All measurements were carried out on tribometer MTM in the ball-on-disc configuration. In the first step, individual components were examined. More complex compositions were measured after that and the three best of them were compared with commercial TOR lubricants. The results show a good ability of developed compositions to maintain required adhesion, reduce wear, and all of them had resistivity against over-lubrication. Lastly, the process of lubricant verification before its application in real traffic was discussed.
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Stow, Carl Gordon. "Studies of lubricant degradation, soot aggregation and soot morphology in the top ring zone of internal combustion engines." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440169.

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Sikora, Tomáš. "Mazání a návrh dynamicky zatížených kluzných ložisek kompresorů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229198.

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Tato diplomová práce pojednává o návrhu ložisek kompresoru. Za tímto účelem byl zakoupen speciální program JDynamic. Tento software poskytuje cenný přínos při navrhování kluzných ložisek a s tím spojených problémů. Programové výsledky reálného kompresoru jsou obsaženy v parametrické studii. Byl proveden test reálného kompresru. Modifikace kluzných ložisek byly zaměřeny na snížení ztrát.
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Galas, Radovan. "Friction Modification within Wheel-Rail Contact." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367508.

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Předložená disertační práce se zabývá experimentálním studiem modifikátorů tření a maziv pro temeno kolejnice, které jsou aplikovány do kontaktu kola a kolejnice za účelem optimalizace adheze a redukce hluku. Hlavním cílem práce bylo objasnit vliv aplikovaného množství a složení těchto látek na adhezi v kontaktu. Hlavní pozornost byla věnována zejména potencionálním hrozbám souvisejících s kriticky nízkou adhezí, která může nastat po aplikaci těchto látek. Experimentální studium probíhalo v laboratorních i reálných podmínkách, konkrétně v tramvajovém provozu. V případě laboratorních experimentů byl využit komerční tribometr a dvoudiskové zařízení umožňující simulovat průjezd vozidla traťovým obloukem. Kromě samotné adheze bylo při experimentech sledováno také opotřebení a míra hluku. Výsledky ukázaly, že maziva pro temeno kolejnice jsou schopna poskytovat požadované třecí vlastnosti, nicméně jejich chování je silně závislé na aplikovaném množství. V případě předávkování kontaktu dochází ke kriticky nízkým hodnotám adheze, které vedou k výraznému prodloužení brzdné dráhy. V případě modifikátorů tření bylo ukázáno, že chování těchto látek je výrazně ovlivněno odpařováním základního média. Výsledky také ukázaly, že nadměrné množství částic pro modifikaci tření může způsobit kriticky nízké hodnoty adheze. U obou výše zmíněných typů produktů byl prokázán pozitivní vliv na míru opotřebení a míru poškození povrchu, zatímco významná redukce hluku byla dosažena pouze v případech, kdy došlo ke značnému poklesu adheze. V závěru této práce jsou uvedena doporučení pro další výzkumné aktivity v této oblasti.
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Books on the topic "TOR lubricants"

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Stow, Carl Gordon. Studies of lubricant degradation, soot aggregation and soot morphology in the top ring zone of internal combustion engines. Leicester: De Montfort University, 2001.

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Topilnytsky, Petro, Serhiy Boychenko, Andriy Pushak, Victoria Romanchuk, Joseph Lubinin, Igor Trofimov Trofimov, and Oksana Mikosyanchyk. Plastic oils: properties and quality. The centre education literature, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/50099.

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The textbook contains information: on the general characteristics and technical requirements for plastic oils; about the composition of plastic oils; about the basic physical and chemical, operational, ecological properties of plastic lubricants and methods of their definition. Considerable attention is paid to the classification, range and labeling of lubricants. The basic technological schemes of production of plastic lubricants are considered. Attention is also paid to the safety and protection of the environment during the production and use of plastic lubricants. The considered textbook plays an important role in the formation of professional knowledge in students of 161 specialties "Chemical Technology and Engineering" and students of higher technical educational institutions of III-IV levels of accreditation of related fields of knowledge. It can be useful for oil and gas professionals and engineers involved in the operation of machinery and the use of fuel, lubricants and technical fluids.
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Bauser, M., G. Sauer, and K. Siegert, eds. Extrusion. Translated by A. F. Castle. 2nd ed. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.9781627083423.

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Extrusion, Second Edition provides a complete and thorough overview of the processes, equipment, and tooling used to extrude metals into desired shapes and forms. It covers all types of processes, including direct, indirect, and hydrostatic extrusion, cable sheathing, continuous extrusion, and the extrusion of powder metals. It describes each process in detail, explaining how the associated forces, stresses, displacements, and heat cause metals to deform and flow and how it affects the microstructure and properties of the resulting products. It discusses the design, setup, and control of extrusion equipment, the use of lubricants and shells, the effect of tooling materials and geometries, and the practical implications of material flow, friction, discard length, and exit temperature. It describes the deformation and extrusion behaviors of many materials, the product forms into which they can be made, and related processing requirements. The book also provides detailed application examples, an introduction to quality management, a review of the basics of metallurgy, and experimentally measured extrusion data. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-837-3, follow this link.
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Westermann, Edward B. Drunk on Genocide. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754197.001.0001.

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This book reveals how, over the course of the Third Reich, scenes involving alcohol consumption and revelry among the SS and police became a routine part of rituals of humiliation in the camps, ghettos, and killing fields of Eastern Europe. The book draws on a vast range of newly unearthed material to explore how alcohol consumption served as a literal and metaphorical lubricant for mass murder. It facilitated “performative masculinity,” expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. Such inebriated exhibitions extended from meetings of top Nazi officials to the rank and file, celebrating at the grave sites of their victims. The book argues that, contrary to the common misconception of the SS and police as stone-cold killers, they were, in fact, intoxicated with the act of murder itself. The book highlights the intersections of masculinity, drinking ritual, sexual violence, and mass murder to expose the role of alcohol and celebratory ritual in the Nazi genocide of European Jews. Its surprising and disturbing findings offer a new perspective on the mindset, motivation, and mentality of killers as they prepared for, and participated in, mass extermination.
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Marini, John J., and Paolo Formenti. Pathophysiology and prevention of sputum retention. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0119.

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Retention of airway mucus is one of the major problem that confronts post-operative and critically-ill patients, as well as the caregivers that address it. Retained secretions increase the work of breathing and promote hypoxaemia, atelectasis, and pneumonia. The airway-intubated patient is at particular risk of retaining mucus, as the presence of the tube interrupts normal flow of airway secretions toward the larynx by the mucociliary escalator and coughing effectiveness is degraded by a glottis that is stented open and cannot close effectively. Clearance of mucus is aided by using sufficient gas stream and total body hydration to reduce sputum viscosity and lubricate secretion plugs. Airway suctioning, a routine, but inherently traumatic experience for the patient, may clear the central airway, but leave peripheral airways unrelieved of their secretion burden. Prone positioning appears to confer an advantage regarding secretion drainage and clearance. Physiotherapy techniques may be useful in re-establishing and maintaining airway patency.
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Book chapters on the topic "TOR lubricants"

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Peterson, Marshall B., and Mike Kanakia. "Friction with Solid Lubricant Films." In Approaches to Modeling of Friction and Wear, 102–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3814-0_15.

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Schirru, Michele. "Introduction." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_1.

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Schirru, Michele. "Background on Viscosity and Lubrication." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 7–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_2.

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Schirru, Michele. "Background on Ultrasound." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 37–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_3.

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Schirru, Michele. "Literature Review." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 59–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_4.

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Schirru, Michele. "A Novel Ultrasonic Model for Non-Newtonian Fluids." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 77–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_5.

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Schirru, Michele. "Viscosity Measurements at an Aluminium-Oil Boundary." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 89–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_6.

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Schirru, Michele. "The Matching Layer Method." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 101–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_7.

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Schirru, Michele. "Viscosity Measurements in a Journal Bearing." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 135–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_8.

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Schirru, Michele. "Conclusions." In Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In-Situ, 163–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53408-4_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "TOR lubricants"

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Mast, Timothy, Campbell Neighborgall, Masood Taheri, Carvel Holton, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Considerations for Sensor Selection for Detecting Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubrication." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8028.

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Abstract Continued research into the development of prototype optics based Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubricity sensors has led to the discovery of benefits and drawbacks of different optical sensing technologies. Sensors of many different types have been investigated for their ability to detect track lubricants including Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), laser, and LED emitters. The individual performances of these different methods do not always translate directly when adapted for track lubricity measurements. This paper intends to unpack some of these conclusions and their specific relationships to the application for Top-of-Rail condition based monitoring in a revenue service environment. Railroads use rail lubricants to reduce curving forces that contribute to rail and wheel wear and to increase train efficiency. Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) and flange grease are applied to the rail by train wheels passing through wayside applicators. TORFM is inherently different from flange grease in that it is an engineered lubricant designed to manage the coefficient of friction to an optimal value for traction and braking forces while reducing lateral forces that contribute to wheel and rail wear. While track lubricants provide a compelling benefit for the railroads, there is a fair amount of ambiguity as to how much should be applied to the track, how far they carry down the track from the point of application, and how long they last beyond the time of application. The empirical methods that are currently available are ad hoc, imprecise, and subject to a large amount of error. It is desired to have sensors that can provide some level of objective assessment of the amount of lubricant available on the rail. Such a sensor can be used to answer many of the tor lubrication questions that currently remain unanswered. A wide array of laboratory tests are carried out in this study to highlight the ability of several different optical sensors to detect track lubricants in a variety of environmental conditions. These tests are designed to determine the feasibility of each sensor and highlight any issues that may arise during field application. The tests serve as a prelude to field testing the sensors in a revenue service environment. The results of the study indicate that precision optical methods are able to detect the presence of TORFM on the rail surface although some optical methods are more robust in their ability to perform in adverse conditions than others.
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Hasan, Abdullah Mohammed, Masood Taheri Andani, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "On the Application of Laser Technology for Top of the Rail Lubricity Detection." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5820.

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The application of Laser technology for the top of the rail (TOR) lubricity detection is investigated. A laser-based sensor technology is proposed to detect, measure, and monitor the condition of the TOR lubricants. The optimum configuration of the laser sensor, suitable for effective lubricity measurements, is presented. In the proposed embodiment, the laser head is employed with its beam reflected off of the rail surface. Specular reflection of a lubricated rail is measured and compared with dry condition. A processing technique is developed based on the recorded reflection intensity dissimilarities to identify rail’s lubricity condition. A lubricated rail yields lower reflectivity value, as compared with a dry rail. The TOR detection system is mounted on a hand-operated cart for field testing. The field test results indicate that the proposed technique can successfully assess to what extent TOR lubricants are present on the rail, therefore serve to distinguish between various states of rail lubricity, from completely dry to completely saturated.
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Neighborgall, Campbell, Timothy Mast, Andrew Peterson, Mehdi Ahmadian, and Carvel Holton. "Development of Laser/LED-Based Instrument for Optical Detection of Railroad Top-of-Rail (ToR) Friction Modifiers and Lubricity Conditions." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1285.

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This study provides the results of research for obtaining track lubricity conditions through using laser/LED-based, optical sensors while onboard a push-cart. The resulting sensors are intended to be able to identify the lubricity condition of a rail network while moving onboard either a track metrology car or a Hy-rail vehicle. U.S. railroads invest a large sum of money and resources applying friction modifying material and flange lubricants to their rails to reduce rolling resistance in curves in an effort to reduce curving forces, reduce wheel and rail wear, and improve fuel efficiency. There exists, however, no effective ways of measuring the amount, adequacy, or even presence of top of rail (ToR) friction modifiers over continuous, extended distances of track except through quasi-empirical visual inspections that can be subject to a high amount of errors due to the very small layer thicknesses of ToR material (commonly, a few microns). This effort intends to bridge this gap by evaluating the application of laser/LED-based instruments in detecting the presence of ToR friction modifiers and flange lubricants on the rail. Specifically, the reflective and scattering properties of a laser beam directed against the rail surface are used to provide a qualitative “gloss”-based assessment of the presence of ToR friction modifiers. Additionally, a UV fluorescence sensor (LED source) is used to detect the presence of flange grease which has migrated to the top of rail by taking advantage of the grease’s fluorescence properties. The results of both laboratory and field testing of a prototype system with embedded laser and LED fluorescence sensors and supporting peripheral sensors are presented. The details of the instruments and their working principle are explained. The conditions for laboratory testing and field testing on revenue service tracks are detailed. The test results indicate that the laser/LED system is capable of successfully detecting the presence of ToR friction modifier and flange grease contamination on the rail.
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Tani, Hiroshi, Yuta Shibahara, Renguo Lu, Shinji Koganezawa, and Norio Tagawa. "TOF-SIMS Analysis of Accumulated PFPE Lubricant Smear Following Laser Heating." In ASME-JSME 2018 Joint International Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems and Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps-mipe2018-8515.

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The structural and molecular weight changes to lubricant picked up following laser heating in heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) were analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The intensity of the ion mass fragments depended on the decomposition pathways and changed drastically, as did the average molecular weight of the picked-up lubricant as heating temperature increased. The fragment series formed by the dissociation of end groups with low molecular weights (CH3O+) showed a high intensity at temperatures under 300 °C, whereas at temperatures over 400 °C, the fragments series formed by the dissociation of the end-group component (C5H9O4F2+) increased. Overall, the results presented herein suggest that the chemical and thermal stability of the hydrocarbon terminal ends of lubricants should be improved in order to decrease depletion of the lubricant film and lubricant pickup by laser heating in HAMR.
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5

Lee, Peter M., Martin Priest, Moray Stark, and Robert Ian Taylor. "The Study of Residence Time and Flow Rate of Lubricating Oil Through the Top Ring Zone of a Gasoline Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76134.

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With the ever increasing demand on lubricant manufacturers to improve fuel economy, fuel economy retention and increase the drain intervals of their lubricants there is an increasing need to understand which factors effect the degradation of the lubricant in the sump. The harsh conditions in the ring pack have been shown to be responsible for the majority of the lubricant degradation in the engine. Therefore in this investigation the flow rate of lubricant through, and residence time of lubricant in, the top ring zone of a gasoline engine with respect to load and speed has been experimentally measured. An initial effect of the lubricant viscosity on these parameters has also been investigated. The theory and experimental methods are described before the experimental results are presented and discussed. The work has shown that the overall effect of engine speed on sump lubricant degradation is nominal, and that the level of sump degradation increases with increasing engine load.
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Ono, Kyosuke. "Diffusion Equation for Spreading and Replenishment in Submonolayer Lubricant Film." In ASME 2014 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2014-6915.

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It is important to evaluate the lubrication and replenishment effects of the submonolayer mobile lubricant in hard disk drives because increased recording density can only be achieved through near-contact or surfing recording without head wear. It is known that the minimum friction coefficient can be obtained at a specific bonding ratio [1]. In recent times, the lubricant thickness has been reduced to one monolayer and the thickness of the mobile lubricant layer, to less than 0.3 nm to reduce lubricant pickup on the head surface. Matthes et al. [2] shown that a certain fraction of the layer of currently used mobile lubricants with multiple polar groups is important for reducing head wear. Canchi and Bogy [3] experimentally studied the depletion caused by thermal flying height control (TFC) head contact and reflow speed for various lubricants. Although the diffusion characteristics of perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) lubricants layers with a thickness of a few nanometers can be evaluated by a diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics [4], the validity of the conventional equation in the submonolayer lubricant region is not clear. Mate [5] showed that the spreading of a pancake-shaped Z-dol lubricant layer with subnanometer thickness can be quantitatively evaluated by a diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics. Ono [6] showed that the replenishment process of a depleted groove generated by slider touchdown operation can be fairly evaluated by the conventional diffusion equation if the effective ratio of the Hamaker constant to the lubricant viscosity is properly chosen. However, the identified effective viscosity is too high to be estimated from other experimental data [5, 7]. Moreover, the validity of the diffusion equation based on continuum mechanics remains unclear in the submonolayer region.
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7

Kasai, Paul H., and Ryosuke Sagata. "Self-Protecting Disk Lubricant: D-MH2." In ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems collocated with the ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2017-5458.

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In disk drives of current generation, the thickness of the disk lubricant has been reduced to the level of a sub-monomolecular film. For a mono- or a sub-monomolecular film of a perfluoropolyether terminated with a primary hydroxyl unit at both ends, each lubricant molecular chain is chemically bound to the carbon substrate at both termini, and if it has a hydrocarbon sector inserted at its center, the hydrocarbon sectors would assemble at the top of the film. They are thus poised most aptly to react as a Lewis base (an electron donor) to the Lewis acid centers on the slider thus abating the Lewis acid-catalyzed lubricant degradation. A TOF-SIMS study of lubricant films of various thicknesses was performed. The study substantiated the envisaged lubricant posture.
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Mast, Timothy, Yu Pan, Carvel Holton, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Intermediate Distance Testing of Optical Top-of-Rail (TOR) Lubricity Sensors on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58347.

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Abstract The primary intent of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and utility of a laser-based measurement unit for qualitative assessment of the presence and amount of Top-of-Rail Friction Modifier (TOR or TORFM), at reasonably high speeds and over long distances in the field. As a capstone to this phase of development, a series of field tests were conducted on revenue service track in partnership with a local Class 1 railroad. For these tests, the Third Generation Rail Lubricity Sensor was mounted on a Remote-Controlled Rail Cart and tested continuously over several miles of track. This longer window is able to cover the domain of multiple wayside applicators over a distance of more than 3 miles, the expected carry distance of TORFM. The results of this testing demonstrate the capacity of optical sensors to measure and evaluate track lubricity. The signal characteristics at or near wayside applicators demonstrate a clear impulse from the heavy lubricant close to the applicator. Further, by collecting continuous data down track from a wayside applicator it is possible to observe several novel ways in which the TORFM and flange grease carries beyond the point of application. One such example is a clear spike in track lubricity when entering or exiting curves caused by the lateral shift of the wheelsets drawing fresh lubricant previously out of contact with the rail into contact creating a “phantom applicator” effect. These observations are crucial to understanding in detail the way the TORFM and flange grease is carried down track. They are also essential to creating predictive models for most effective application of friction modifiers to specific track geometries.
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Kasai, Paul H. "Disk Lubricants of Ultimate Design." In ASME 2016 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2016-9524.

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In disk drives of current generation, the thickness of the disk lubricant has been reduced to the level of a sub-monomolecular film. For a mono- or a sub-monomolecular film of a perfluoropolyether terminated with a primary hydroxyl unit at both ends, each lubricant molecular chain is chemically bound to the carbon substrate at both termini, and if it has a hydrocarbon sector inserted at its center, the hydrocarbon sectors would assemble at the top of the film. They are thus poised most aptly to react as a Lewis base (an electron donor) to the Lewis acid centers on the slider thus abating the Lewis acid-catalyzed lubricant degradation.
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10

Voznyakovskii, А., Y. Auchynnikau, V. Liopo, and Y. Eisymont. "TRIBOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON-BEARING LUBRICANTS." In BALTTRIB. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2017.15.

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The development of technology for manufacturing nanostructured substances in amounts that could suffice an interlaboratory research is a high priority task for the implementation of nanoproducts. The ultra dispersiblis clusters of synthetic carbon are used as on extra component in polymeric materials. The substances have a high dispersibility and activity of the surface. To study properties of mineral oils, modified ultra dispersiblis clusters of synthetic carbon is of interest. The present activity is devoted to the research of the modifying influence of ultra dispersiblis clusters of synthetic carbon on viscosity of the characteristic of mineral oils and their stability at various temperatures. In the preparation of diamond secondary suspensions not only statistic average sizes of particles should be taken into consideration, but also polydispersity parameters of nanodiamond particle population too.
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Reports on the topic "TOR lubricants"

1

Alzoubi, M. F., G. R. Fenske, R. A. Erck, and A. S. Boparai. Top-of-Rail lubricant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/759093.

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2

Alzoubi, Mohumad F., George R. Fenske, Robert A. Erck, and Amrit S. Boparai. USDOE Top-of-Rail Lubricant Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/771202.

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