Journal articles on the topic 'Topsoil'
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1
Monreal, C. M., R. P. Zentner, and J. A. Robertson. "The influence of management on soil loss and yield of wheat in Chernozemic and Luvisolic soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-080.
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The effects of management practices on erosion and crop productivity for different agro-ecosystems in Canada are largely unknown. A study was conducted to examine the effects of management on soil loss and wheat yield in long-term research plots, established in western Canada. Soil erosion was measured using the 137Cs technique. Under conventional tillage, topsoil was lost at a rate of 2–37 t ha−1 yr−1. Equivalent loss in topsoil thickness ranged between 0.02 and 0.28 cm yr−1. Soil losses were highest in 2–yr wheat–fallow crop rotations. Continuous wheat, 5–yr cereal–hay rotations, and plots amended with manure reduced soil losses and maintained thicker topsoils. At Ellerslie, Alberta, there was no measurable soil loss from a Black Chernozemic cropped to continuous barley under zero tillage. Decrease in annual wheat yield averaged 106 kg ha−1 cm−1 topsoil loss in the Brown Chernozemic and 117 kg ha−1 cm−1 topsoil loss in the Gray Luvisol. Key words: Management, erosion, topsoil, manure, yield
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Zumr, David, Jakub Jeřábek, Vladimír Klípa, Michal Dohnal, and Michal Sněhota. "Estimates of Tillage and Rainfall Effects on Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in a Small Central European Agricultural Catchment." Water 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040740.
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In arable land, topsoil is exposed to structural changes during each growing season due to agricultural management, climate, the kinetic energy of rainfall, crop and root growth. The shape, size, and spatial distributions of soil aggregates are considerably altered during the season and thus affect water infiltration and the soil moisture regime. Agricultural topsoils are prone to soil compaction and surface sealing which result in soil structure degradation and disconnection of preferential pathways. To study topsoil infiltration properties over time, near-saturated hydraulic conductivity of topsoil was repeatedly assessed in a catchment in central Bohemia (Czech Republic) during three consecutive growing seasons, using a recently developed automated tension minidisk infiltrometer (MultiDisk). Seasonal variability of soil bulk density and saturated water content was observed as topsoil consolidated between seedbed preparations. Topsoil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was lower in spring and increased in the summer months during two seasons, and the opposite trend was observed during one season. Temporal unsaturated hydraulic conductivity variability was higher than spatial variability. Cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall, causing a seasonal decrease in soil macroporosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, was not a statistically significant predictor.
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Carroll-MacDonald, Tiffany-Anne, Scott Rayburg, and Melissa Neave. "Spatial Variability of Topsoil Properties on a Semi-Arid Floodplain." Soil Systems 7, no. 2 (April 23, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems7020042.
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This study relates the spatial heterogeneity (or patterning) of geochemical elements in the topsoil of a semi-arid floodplain/hillslope system in north-eastern Australia to vegetation distribution and rates of flood inundation. A total of 540 topsoil samples were collected from six flood frequency zones, ranging from a frequently flooded area (RI = 1:1–2 yrs) to two zones that have not flooded in living memory (RI > 50 yrs). Within each zone, topsoil samples were collected from both vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces, and each sample was analysed for 26 parameters. A combination of multi- and univariate analyses reveals that vegetation is an important contributor to topsoil heterogeneity. In zones subject to relatively frequent flooding, the spatial distribution of parameters in the topsoil is greatly influenced by the movement of water, with vegetation acting as a sink rather than a source. However, as floods become increasingly rare, distinct resource-rich units become evident in the topsoil beneath the vegetation. These findings indicate that topsoils in semi-arid floodplains are altered when their natural flooding regimes are reduced, beginning to approximate hillslopes when flood frequencies exceed 1-in-7 to 10 years. This points to the need for frequent flood (overbank) releases that are able to cover the 1-in-20-year floodplain to maintain the character of the soils and support vegetation growth in these environments.
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Obalum, S. E., Y. Watanabe, C. A. Igwe, M. E. Obi, and T. Wakatsuki. "Carbon stock in the solum of some coarse-textured soils under secondary forest, grassland fallow, and bare footpath in the derived savanna of south-eastern Nigeria." Soil Research 50, no. 2 (2012): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11096.
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Quantitative data on carbon stock (C stock) in and beyond the topsoil (0–30 cm) under natural terrestrial ecosystems in West African savanna could provide information about their relative potential, and management options, for C sequestration, but these data are still scanty in the region. In selected locations (Nsukka, Obimo, and Ibagwa-aka) in the derived savanna zone of south-eastern Nigeria, secondary forest (SFT), grassland fallow (GLF), and bare footpath (BFP) were sampled from the topsoils (0–30 cm) and subsoils (30–60 cm) in triplicate. The soils are generally sandy, with low (1.4–13.8%) mean silt content. Mean bulk density ranged from 1.30 to 1.83 Mg/m3. The soils were acidic (pHwater 4.0–4.8) and low in organic C (0.10–1.14%). There was a consistent trend in C stock (SFT > GLF > BFP) in the topsoil, whereas only higher values in SFT than BFP were consistent in the subsoil. In both soil layers, the scale of the differences among the land-cover types was location-specific. Values of C stock were higher in the topsoil than subsoil, except for GLF and BFP at Obimo due to recent bush burning. Irrespective of location, the mean topsoil–subsoil values under SFT, GLF, and BFP were 45.7–30.6, 27.7–25.8, and 19.0–18.8 Mg/ha, respectively. Soil structural stability, indexed as the ratio of organic matter to silt + clay, explained roughly 61 and 89% of the variability in C stock of topsoils and subsoils, respectively. These results should benefit the planning of C sequestration projects in savanna agroecosystems of West Africa.
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Martins Filho, Argemiro Pereira, Rafaela Felix Da Françaa, Erika Valente De Medeirosa, Renata Oliveira Silvaa, Diogo Paes Da Costa, Lucas Rodrigues Simões, Carlos Alberto Fragoso De Souzaa, José Romualdo De Sousa Lima, Claude Hammecker, and Adelson Paulo Araújo. "Biochar in different topsoil type as alternative for increase the cassava development and soil quality." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 16, no. 4 (July 25, 2023): 1813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v16.4.p1813-1822.
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The biochar applied to the soil create complex interactions that impact the plant development and soil quality. However, these interactions may vary among different sources to produce the biochar, the soil type, and plant cultivated. Here, we hypothesized that biochar from different sources exhibit different behaviors on different types of topsoil and impact on cassava growth. To test this hypothesis, one field experiment was implemented in a completely randomized design and double factorial scheme (2 x 4), combining two kinds of topsoils (Acrisol or Luvisol), and four sources of biochar: bean husk (BHB), soursop residue (SRB), coffee grounds (CGB) and control (CONT: soil without biochar), with four repetitions. Our analysis revealed that biochar applied to the two topsoil positively affected the cassava growth, such as number of leaves, plant height and fresh mass. The topsoil promoted increases in K+. BBH biochar added to Luvisol topsoil was considerably effective in promote the cassava growth and increase soil quality by increases the soil fertility, improving soil conditioning by increasing K+ levels. Overall, our findings expand our knowledge about biochar applied to topsoil and add important information that can be suitable for future exploration and the development of alternative strategies to waste reuse, increase plant production, and promote soil health. Keywords: biocarbon, soil fertility; soil enzyme, management practices, main component analysis.
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Nguyen, Lien Thi, Dung Thi Pham, Anh Tuan Tran, Qua Xuan Nguyen, Dang Thanh Pham, Tra Thu Thi Doan, Tuan Minh Dang, and Hien Trong Tran. "Study on topsoil chemical characteristics in Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province for agricultural development." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 65, no. 3 (April 1, 2024): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2024.65(3).03.
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Researching some chemical characteristics of topsoil in Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province to serve the management, planning, and reasonable use of agricultural land resources is very necessary, especially for identifying areas for growing specialty crops to convert crop purposes and improving local people’s lives. Result analysis of pHsoil, organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), major elements and trace elements from 49 topsoil samples taken at depths from 0÷20 cm on different formations in Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province shows that topsoil in Bao Thang district has pH in the slightly acidic to neutral soil group, OM and OC in moderate concentrations. The chemical composition of soil samples shows a relationship with bedrock. The geochemical characteristics of topsoils are high Fe2O3, poor to rich K2O and rich P2O5. Some trace elements in the topsoil of different fomations have lower or equivalent concentrations with those in the world’s soil and are consistent with the safety threshold of National technical regulation on soil quality (QCVN 03:2023/BTNMT), except Cr and Zn. This issue needs to be paid attention to during cultivation and agricultural production.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Michelle Cooper, and John Wilford. "The pH of Australian soils: field results from a national survey." Soil Research 49, no. 2 (2011): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10121.
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The pH is one of the fundamental soil properties governing nutrient availability, metal mobility, elemental toxicity, microbial activity, and plant growth. The field pH of topsoil (0–0.10 m depth) and subsoil (~0.60–0.80 m depth) was measured on floodplain soils collected near the outlet of 1186 catchments covering >6 Mkm2 (6 × 1012 m2) or ~80% of Australia. Field pH duplicate data, obtained at 124 randomly selected sites, indicate a precision of 0.5 pH unit (or 7%), and mapped pH patterns are consistent and meaningful. The median topsoil pH is 6.5, while the subsoil pH has a median of 7 but is strongly bimodal (6–6.5 and 8–8.5). In most cases (64%) the topsoil and subsoil pH values are similar; among the sites exhibiting a pH contrast, those with more acidic topsoils are more common (28%) than those with more alkaline topsoils (7%). The distribution of soil pH at the national scale indicates the strong controls exerted by precipitation and ensuing leaching (e.g. low pH along the coastal fringe, high pH in the dry centre), aridity (e.g. high pH where calcrete is common in the regolith), vegetation (e.g. low pH reflecting abundant soil organic matter), and subsurface lithology (e.g. high pH over limestone bedrock). The new data, together with existing soil pH datasets, can support regional-scale decision-making relating to agricultural, environmental, infrastructural, and mineral exploration decisions.
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Greenshields, Britta, Barbara von der Lühe, Harold J. Hughes, Christian Stiegler, Suria Tarigan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Daniela Sauer. "Oil-palm management alters the spatial distribution of amorphous silica and mobile silicon in topsoils." SOIL 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-169-2023.
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Abstract. Effects of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) management on silicon (Si) cycling under smallholder oil-palm plantations have hardly been investigated. As oil palms are Si accumulators, we hypothesized that management practices and topsoil erosion may cause Si losses and changes in spatial Si concentration patterns in topsoils under oil-palm cultivation. To test this hypothesis, we took topsoil samples under mature oil-palm plantations in well-drained and riparian areas of Jambi Province, Indonesia. The samples were taken from four different management zones within each oil-palm plot: palm circles, oil-palm rows, interrows, and below frond piles. We quantified mobile Si (SiM) and Si in amorphous silica (SiAm) by the extraction of CaCl2 and NaCO3, respectively. Both fractions are important Si pools in soils and are essential for plant–soil Si cycling. We further installed sediment traps on sloping, well-drained oil-palm plantations to estimate the annual loss of soil and SiAm caused by erosion. In well-drained areas, mean topsoil SiAm concentrations were significantly higher below frond piles (3.97 ± 1.54 mg g−1) compared to palm circles (1.71 ± 0.35 mg g−1), oil-palm rows (1.87 ± 0.51 mg g−1), and interrows (1.88 ± 0.39 mg g−1). In riparian areas, the highest mean topsoil SiAm concentrations were also found below frond piles (2.96 ± 0.36 mg g−1) and in grass-covered interrows (2.71 ± 0.13 mg g−1), whereas topsoil SiAm concentrations of palm circles were much lower (1.44 ± 0.55 mg g−1). We attributed the high SiAm concentrations in topsoils under frond piles and in grass-covered interrows to phytolith release from decaying oil-palm fronds, grasses, and sedges. The significantly lower SiAm concentrations in palm circles (in both well-drained and riparian areas), oil-palm rows, and unvegetated interrows (only in well-drained areas) were explained by a lack of litter return to these management zones. Mean topsoil SiM concentrations were in the range of ∼ 10–20 µg g−1. They tended to be higher in riparian areas, but the differences between well-drained and riparian sites were not statistically significant. Soil-loss calculations based on erosion traps confirmed that topsoil erosion was considerable in oil-palm interrows on slopes. Erosion estimates were in the range of 4–6 Mg ha−1 yr−1, involving SiAm losses in a range of 5–9 kg−1 ha−1 yr−1. Based on the observed spatial Si patterns, we concluded that smallholders could efficiently reduce erosion and support Si cycling within the system by (1) maintaining a grass cover in oil-palm rows and interrows, (2) incorporating oil-palm litter into plantation management, and (3) preventing soil compaction and surface-crust formation.
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Holman, Brett. "Scorched topsoil." History Australia 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2018.1416540.
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Vopravil, Jan, Pavel Formánek, and Tomáš Khel. "Comparison of the physical properties of soils belonging to different reference soil groups." Soil and Water Research 16, No. 1 (December 11, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/31/2020-swr.
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Soil properties can be influenced by long-term agricultural management practices as described in pedological literature. In this study, selected physical properties (particle density and bulk density, total porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, minimum air capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water capacity) of topsoils from different reference soil groups (Cambisols, Luvisols, Fluvisols, Chernozems and Phaeozems, Leptosols, Stagnosols and Gleysols) were sampled and analysed in the years 2016–2017. The topsoil samples were taken from points of so-called S (specific) soil pits to be sampled from the General Soil Survey of Agricultural Soils (GSSAS) which was accomplished in the years 1961–1970. In addition, some of the properties were also compared with those measured during the GSSAS. Recognising the properties, only the particle density, the maximum capillary water capacity, the permanent wilting point and the available water capacity of the topsoil of the individual soil groups were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) different. A comparison of the physical properties with those analysed after more than 40 years was performed, the bulk density increased and the total porosity decreased in the topsoil of the major part of the studied soil groups.
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Jung, Younghun, Donghyuk Kum, Jeongho Han, Chunhwa Jang, Jay E. Yang, Kyoung Jae Lim, and Ki-Sung Kim. "Study on Topsoil Erosion Indices for Efficient Topsoil Management." Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 31, no. 5 (September 30, 2015): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15681/kswe.2015.31.5.543.
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Felix da França, Rafaela, Erika Valente de Medeiros, Renata Oliveira Silva, Diogo Paes da Costa, Ronaldo Anderson da Silva Fausto, Carlos Fragoso de Souza, Argemiro Pereira Martins Filho, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Claude Hammecker, and Adelson Paulo Araújo. "Productivity and health of soil cultivated with forage cactus (Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.) with combined use of topsoil and biochar." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 17, no. 4 (July 23, 2024): 2754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v17.4.p2772-2783.
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Agricultural production in semi-arid environments represents a significant challenge, as these are areas that have soils with limited nutrient availability and scarcity of precipitation, which require adaptive and innovative strategies. The application of biochar to improve soil quality and increase productivity has been well studied. However, there is still a gap regarding the use of biochar with the technique of incorporating different topsoils on plant development and soil health. This technique has emerged as an alternative for producers to increase soil fertility. This technique is emerging as an alternative for producers to enhance soil fertility. The hypothesis of the present study is that the use of biochar associated with the topsoil technique increases the productivity and yield of cactus, mainly by changing the properties of the soil and its microbiological interactions. To test this hypothesis, we used different sources of biochar (bean husk, coffee grounds and soursop residue) in association with two types of topsoil (Acrisol and Luvisol). Our analyzes revealed changes on plants development, chemical and microbiological soil attributes. The topsoil technique significantly interfered with mean cladode length (COM), stem diameter (DI), plant height (AL), pH, Na+, K+ and urease enzymatic activity, while biochar had a significant effect on microbial respiration rate. In general, our results expand the knowledge about the use of biochar associated with topsoil, suggesting it as a promising, low-cost way that guarantees the conservation and health of the agroecosystem, contributing with important information for the development of alternative technologies to conventional ones.
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Sloan, R. C., D. E. Pettry, P. G. Thompson, W. B. Burdine, and J. L. Main. "EFFECT OF TOPSOIL THICKNESS ON SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTION." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 441f—442. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.441f.
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`Beauregard' and `Centennial' were planted in plots of four different topsoil thicknesses (0, 3, 6, and 9 inches) to evaluate the effect of topsoil thickness on sweetpotato production. In 1994, the 0-inch topsoil treatment produced a greater total marketable yield for `Beauregard' than did the 6- and 9-inch topsoil for `Centennial'. The 0- and 9-inch topsoil produced a greater total marketable yield than did the 3- and 6-inch treatment. When averaged over 2 years, 1993 and 1994, there were no differences in total marketable yield in either `Beauregard' or `Centennial' due to topsoil thickness. Averaged over both years, topsoil thickness had no effect on weight, diameter, or length of `Beauregard' roots.
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Obalum, S. E., J. Oppong, C. A. Igwe, Y. Watanabe, and M. E. Obi. "Spatial variability of uncultivated soils in derived savanna." International Agrophysics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0068-9.
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Abstract The spatial variability of some physicochemical properties of topsoils/subsoils under secondary forest, grassland fallow, and bare-soil fallow of three locations was evaluated. The data were analyzed and described using classical statistical parameters. Based on the coefficient of variation, bulk density, total porosity, 60-cm-tension moisture content, and soil pH were of low variability. Coarse and fine sand were of moderate variability. Highly variable soil properties included silt, clay, macroporosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter concentration, and cation exchange capacity. Overall, soil pH and silt varied the least and the most, respectively. Relative weighting showed that location dominantly influenced the soil variability, except for soil porosity and organic matter concentration influenced mostly by land use. Most of the soil data were normally distributed; others were positively skewed and/or kurtotic. The minimum number of samples (at 25 samples ha-1) required to estimate mean values of soil properties was highly soil property-specific, ranging from 1 (topsoil pH-H2O) to 246 (topsoil silt). Cation exchange capacity of subsoils related fairly strongly with cation exchange capacity of topsoils (R2 = 0.63). Spatial variability data can be used to extrapolate dynamic soil properties across a derived-savanna landscape.
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Nelson, P. N., A. Baldock, J. M. Oades, G. J. Churchman, and P. Clarke. "Dispersed clay and organic matter in soil: their nature and associations." Soil Research 37, no. 2 (1999): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98076.
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Clay dispersion in soil results in structural instability and management problems. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the easily dispersed colloidal materials differ in their properties from colloidal materials that do not disperse easily. Soil samples from the topsoil of sodic and non-sodic variants of an Alfisol under irrigated pasture (Kyabram, Victoria, Australia), and from the topsoil and subsoil of a sodic Alfisol under cultivation (Two Wells, South Australia) were fractionated into easily dispersed, moderately dispersed, and difficult to disperse clay, and silt, sand, and light fractions. As a proportion of total clay, easily dispersed clay content was greatest in the subsoil, and least in the Kyabram topsoils. In the topsoils, easily dispersed clay had larger particle size and lower cation exchange capacity than difficult to disperse clay, suggesting that high surface area and charge lead to increased inter-particle interactions and lower dispersibility. Easily dispersed clay had lower organic C contents than difficult to disperse clay. Organic matter was examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and the spectra were interpreted using major groups of biomolecules as model components. In all soils, organic matter in the easily dispersed clay fraction contained a high proportion of amino acids, suggesting that amino acids or proteins acted as dispersants. Difficult to disperse clay contained a high proportion of aliphatic materials in the topsoils, and carbohydrate in the subsoil, suggesting that these materials acted as water-stable glues. Selectivity for Na (KG) was negatively correlated with organic C content in the clay fractions. In the Kyabram soils, KG was greater in easily dispersed clay than in difficult to disperse clay. In Two Wells soil, clay with high KG appeared to have already moved out of the topsoil, into the subsoil. This work showed that variability in the nature of organic matter and clay particles has an important influence on clay dispersion in sodic and non-sodic soils.
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Pettry, David E., Richard E. Switzer, and A. Wayne Cole. "Effects of Topsoil Thickness On Winter Annual Weed Biomass Production and Nutrient Flux." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033996.
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The effects of topsoil thickness on winter annual weed growth and nutrient concentration were assessed for three consecutive years in soybean plots. The topsoil treatments had high fertility levels, uniform textures, and no herbicides were used in the study. Common chickweed composed 75% of the winter annual weed species. Weed biomass production decreased as topsoil thickness decreased from 22.5 cm to 0. Topsoil thickness of 22.5 cm produced 800 kg ha–1 more weed growth than 0 cm topsoil. The weed biomass grown in thicker topsoil had higher total amounts of N, K, Mg, and Ca.
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Kirana, K. H., J. Apriliawardani, D. Ariza, D. Fitriani, E. Agustine, S. Bijaksana, S. J. Fajar, and M. G. Nugraha. "Frequency Dependent Magnetic Susceptibility in Topsoil of Bandung City, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 873, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/873/1/012016.
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Abstract Soil contains lithogenic components as well as anthropogenic components including combustion residues from traffic activities. The high traffic activities in major cities such as Bandung have caused the air pollution level to increase significantly. These activities might also produce significant combustion residues that accumulate, among others, in the topsoils. Compared with lithogenic components in topsoil, the anthropogenic combustion residues might have different magnetic signatures that could be detected by magnetic measurements. In this study, 38 topsoil samples from 19 roadside sampling points in Bandung City were collected and magnetically analysed to map the magnetic signatures due to traffic activities. The samples were measured for magnetic susceptibility using Bartington MS2B Susceptibility Meter and hysteresis parameter analysed from Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the values of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χLF) vary from 391.20 to 1835.20×10-8 m3/kg with the average value of 1012.16 × 10-8 m3/kg while the values of frequency dependent susceptibility (χFD%) vary from 0.54% to 4.48% with the average value of 1.9%. The relatively high value of magnetic susceptibility indicates higher concentration of magnetic minerals compared to that of pristine topsoil around Bandung. This is in agreement with similar studies on roadside topsoil elsewhere. The poor correlation between mass-specific magnetic susceptibility and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility infers that the magnetic minerals are predominantly non superparamagnetic. This finding is supported by magnetic hysteresis parameters showing that the predominant grains are likely to be pseudo-single domain (PSD) if magnetite is assumed to be the predominant magnetic mineral. Similar studies in German and China reported that the predominant magnetic mineral is mixture of single domain to multi domain magnetite.
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Shenoda, Sherry. "Topsoil, in Repentance." World Literature Today 96, no. 2 (2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2022.0060.
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Kim, Min-Jee, Hye-In Lee, Jae-Hyun Choi, Kyoung Jae Lim, and Changyeun Mo. "Development of a Soil Organic Matter Content Prediction Model Based on Supervised Learning Using Vis-NIR/SWIR Spectroscopy." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 5129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145129.
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In the current scenario of anthropogenic climate change, carbon credit security is becoming increasingly important worldwide. Topsoil is the terrestrial ecosystem component with the largest carbon sequestration capacity. Since soil organic matter (SOM), which is mostly composed of organic carbon, and can be affected by rainfall, cultivation, and pollutant inflow, predicting SOM content through regular monitoring is necessary to secure a stable carbon sink. In addition, topsoil in the Republic of Korea is vulnerable to erosion due to climate, topography, and natural and anthropogenic causes, which is also a serious issue worldwide. To mitigate topsoil erosion, establish an efficient topsoil management system, and maximize topsoil utilization, it is necessary to construct a database or gather data for the construction of a database of topsoil environmental factors and topsoil composition. Spectroscopic techniques have been used in recent studies to rapidly measure topsoil composition. In this study, we investigated the spectral characteristics of the topsoil from four major rivers in the Republic of Korea and developed a machine learning-based SOM content prediction model using spectroscopic techniques. A total of 138 topsoil samples were collected from the waterfront area and drinking water protection zone of each river. The reflection spectrum was measured under the condition of an exposure time of 136 ms using a spectroradiometer (Fieldspec4, ASD Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA). The reflection spectrum was measured three times in wavelengths ranging from 350 to 2500 nm. To predict the SOM content, partial least squares regression and support vector regression were used. The performance of each model was evaluated through the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error. The result of the SOM content prediction model for the total topsoil was R2 = 0.706. Our findings identified the important wavelength of SOM in topsoil using spectroscopic technology and confirmed the predictability of the SOM content. These results could be used for the construction of a national topsoil database.
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Yang, Xinguang, Xilai Li, Mingming Shi, Liqun Jin, and Huafang Sun. "The effects of replaced topsoil of different depths on the vegetation and soil properties of reclaimed coal mine spoils in an alpine mining area." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 65, no. 3-4 (November 6, 2019): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191048.
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Replacement of topsoil to an appropriate depth is one of the key methods for ecological restoration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of topsoil replacement depth on vegetation and soil properties, and to identify the optimum soil depth for reclamation of coal mine spoils in a cold alpine mining area. We sowed 3 herbaceous species after coal mine spoil heaps were treated with topsoil to 3 depths (0, 20‒25, 40‒45 cm). The variations in vegetation community structure, plant growth, soil properties were measured at different replaced topsoil depths. The correlations between plant and soil properties were analyzed statistically. The results showed species richness, diversity and evenness were not significantly different among different depths of topsoil (P > 0.05). Vegetation coverage, density, height and aboveground biomass increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing topsoil depth. Soil properties did not change significantly with increasing topsoil depth (P > 0.05), but soil organic matter was significantly higher at 40‒45 cm topsoil depth than at other two depths (P < 0.05). All soil properties, with the exception of total potassium, were positively correlated with the plant growth parameters. The 40‒45 cm topsoil depth of replacement should be considered as effective method in reclaiming coal mine spoils. The use of both topsoil replacement to a depth of 40‒45 cm and sowing of suitable herbaceous seeds is found to be an effective restoration strategy. Additionally, fertilization might be used as a substitute for artificial topsoil replacement to improve soil quality and speed up revegetation process by the positive plant-soil interactions.
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B, BASRI A., CHAIRUNNAS, and ABDUL AZIS. "Pengaruh Media Tumbuh Biochar Sekam Padi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit." Buletin Palma 16, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v16n2.2015.195-202.
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<p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRAK </span></p><p>Bibit kelapa sawit yang baik salah satunya ditentukan oleh media tumbuh. Penggunaan kompos ataupun pupuk kandang sering berhasil memperbaiki produktivitas tanah dan mensuplai unsur hara ke tanaman. Namun, keuntungan pembenah tanah seperti ini bersifat jangka pendek, terutama di daerah tropis, karena dekomposisi bahan organik yang diberikan berlangsung cepat dan biasanya mengalami mineralisasi menjadi CO2. Karbon hitam (C), yang disebut sebagai biochar dapat mengatasi beberapa keterbatasan suplai bahan organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi media tumbuh biochar yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 10 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah (1) Topsoil 100%, (2) Biochar sekam padi 100%, (3) Topsoil 50% + biochar sekam padi 50%, (4) Topsoil 50% + kompos 50%, (5) Topsoil 66,6% + biochar sekam padi 33,4%, (6) Topsoil 66,6% + kompos 33,4%, (7) Topsoil 33,3% + biochar sekam padi 33,3% + kompos 33,4%, (8) Topsoil 50% + biochar sekam padi 25% + kompos 25%, (9) Topsoil 40% + biochar sekam padi 40% + kompos 20%, (10) Topsoil 25%+ biochar sekam padi 50% + kompos 25%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit yang terbaik diperoleh pada media tumbuh campuran topsoil 40%+ biochar sekam padi 40% + kompos 20%.</p><p>Kata kunci : Pembibitan kelapa sawit, biochar sekam padi, media tumbuh.</p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%; letter-spacing: -0.35pt; font-family: 'Arial Bold'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Arial Bold'; mso-font-width: 95%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The Effect of Biochar Medium on Oil Palm Seedling Growth </span></span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRACT </span></p><p>Good oil palm seedlings among otyher thing determined by the growing medium. The use of compost or manure often managed to improve productivity, supply nutrient to the palm. But the advantage of using compost or manure to improve soil fertility are share term, especially in the tropic, because decomposition of organic material and usually under go CO2. Black carbon is called biochar can over come some of the limititations of the supply of organic. The research aims to obtain the composition of biochar growth media which suitable for growing of oil palm seedlings. The research was designed by using Randomized Block Design with 10 growth media treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were tested consist of (1) Topsoil 100%, (2) Rice husk biochar 100%, (3) Topsoil 50% + rice husk biochar 50%, (4) Topsoil 50% + compost 50%, (5) Topsoil 66,6% + rice husk biochar 33,4%, (6) Topsoil 66,6% + compost33,4%, (7) Topsoil 33,3% + rice husk biochar 33,3% + compost33,4%, (8) Topsoil 50% + rice husk biochar 25% + compost 25%, (9) Topsoil 40% + rice husk biochar 40% + compost 20%, (10) Topsoil 25% + rice husk biochar 50% + compost 25%. Result indicated that the best growth of oil palm seedlings was obtained on media topsoil 40% + rice husk biochar 40% + compost 20%.</p><p>Keywords: Oil palm nursery, rice husk biochar, growth media.</p>
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Zhang, Meng, Jin Man Wang, Zhong Ke Bai, and Chun Lei Liu. "The Topsoil Quality Variation Under Different Reclamation Modes in Pasture Opencast Coal Mine of China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4790.
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As the lack of topsoil resources, and the shortage of water resources, the ecological environment is extremely fragile in the pasture opencast coal mine area of China. Therefore, that the way to achieve the most efficient use of the limited topsoil resources in pasture area, plays a crucial role in land reclamation and ecological restoration. East II opencast coal mine in Datang, Inner Mongolia was taken as an example to analyze topsoil quality variation under different dump platform and slope reclamation modes in the pasture opencast coal mine area. The field investigation method was used in this paper. The study found that the mode "covering topsoil, overlying grass, grass grid, N fertilization, planting vanguard vegetation" in dump platform and "covering topsoil, overlying grass, grass grid, planting vanguard vegetation " in dump slope can lead to the best topsoil quality, though it still less than the original landscape topsoil quality level. The research can provide technical support and scientific basis for the pasture reclamation and ecological restoration.
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Ren, Xiujuan, Yanan Cheng, Dafu Wu, Chunhu Wang, and Shilin Chen. "Effect of Tillage and Straw Returning on Nitrogen Reserves in Summer Corn Topsoil." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010631.
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A field experiment with six treatments was conducted to study the nitrogen reserves in summer maize topsoil on the north China plain. Results showed that topdressing significantly increased topsoil nitrogen reserves. Summer corn topsoil nitrogen reserves were affected by several management measures. Shallow tillage, wheat straw no-returning and deep intertillage at the corn seedling stage significantly decreased topsoil nitrogen reserves, while wheat straw returning, no-tillage and biogas residue application during the wheat planting season significantly increased topsoil nitrogen reserves. The topsoil nitrogen reserve of Treatment 5 (straw returning + biogas residue + no-tillage + no-intertillage at the corn seedling stage) (biogas residue applied in the wheat season) increased by 629.55 kg/ha in the corn season. In Treatment 2 (straw returning + no-tillage + no-intertillage at corn seedling stage), topsoil nitrogen reserve increased by 445.2 kg/ha. Topsoil nitrogen storage showed the largest decrease in Treatment 3 (straw returning + no-tillage + intertillage at corn seedling stage), with a reduction of 1283.85 kg/ha. The topsoil N storage of Treatment 4 (straw returning + shallow (spin) tillage + no-intertillage at corn seedling) stage, Treatment 1 (straw no-returning + no-tillage + no-intertillage at corn seedling stage) and Treatment 3 (straw returning + no-tillage + intertillage at corn seedling stage) decreased by 935.7 kg/ha, 399.3 kg/ha and 351.9 kg/ha, respectively.
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Addis, Hailu Kendie, Baye Ayalew, Muuz Gebretsadik, Atikilt Abera, Legese Abebaw Getu, and Amsalu K. Addis. "Cross-Correlation of Soil Moisture and Stone Content and Their Spatial Pattern Across the Different Slope Aspects and Soil Depth." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2023): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i4.625-633.5279.
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The analysis of the spatial interrelationship between soil properties and slope aspect is vital for understanding the range of influence on soil depth, moisture, and stone content distribution. This study aimed to investigate the spatial interrelationship of topsoil moisture and stone content in different slope aspects and soil depth. The 53.7 km2 watershed was divided into a 500m by 500m grid using ArcGIS and 230 soil samples were collected. In each sampling point, the soil was taken at three soil depth classes (0–25cm, 25–60cm, and 60–100cm) using a cylindrical auger, then soil samples were tested to determine the percentage of topsoil moisture, and stone content. The spatial interrelationship between aspect, soil depth, topsoil moisture, and stone content was analyzed using the R and GS+ software. The study had shown non-significant effects of aspect on topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth. However, topsoil moisture tends to be higher on the north-facing slope, while stone content tends to be higher on the southeast-facing slope. The analysis of Local Moran’s I revealed that topsoil moisture, stone content, and soil depth were significantly autocorrelated. The cross-semivariogram analysis of soil depth with topsoil stone content depicted a negative spatial correlation. The experimental cross-semivariogram of soil depth versus topsoil moisture was positively fitted to the exponential function, whereas soil depth with topsoil stone content was best fitted to the Gaussian model. Overall, soil depth is the more influential factor than the slope aspect regarding topsoil moisture depletion and stone content distribution in the study watershed.
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Jacobsen, O. H., and H. E. Jensen. "Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Determined by the Hot Air Method for Some Danish Till Soils." Hydrology Research 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1990.0010.
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Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relations for topsoil and subsoil in 12 Danish till soils were obtained from measurements by the hot air method. In the range of pressure potentials (pF-values from 1.7 to 3.0) within which the method is most suitable the hydraulic conductivities were found to be within the range of 10-10-10-7 m s-1 for topsoils and 10-11-10-8 m s-1 for subsoils. The hydraulic conductivity relations obtained were briefly discussed in relation to the corresponding pF-curves. At any pF-value the subsoils differed more than the topsoils in hydraulic conductivity.
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Zhang, Jing Xia, Jie Xu, and Yuan Mo. "Evaluation Heavy Metals Pollution in Topsoil around Dalate Power Plant in Erdos." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.825.
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The concentrations of heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb) in topsoil and dust-fall around Dalate Power Plant were analyzed for assessing heavy metals pollution risk in Erdos, China. Topsoil and plants were collected in open area. The results show topsoil windward of Dalate Plant is clean. Topsoil leeward is polluted by heavy metals, heavy metals concentrations increase till 2500m, then decrease to background level. Dust-fall is an important heavy-metals source leeward.CF and PN indicate there are slight Cr and Cd pollution in 2500m topsoil. The rest topsoil is suspected contaminated by heavy metals. Ex indicate Cr and Cd pollution can be monitored and restored by Didymodon vinealis and Bryum argenteum Hedw., Zn and Cu pollution can be monitored and restores by Populus sinonii and Artemisia ordosica in the area.
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Li, Yingquan, Baowei Zhao, Kaixiang Duan, Juexian Cai, Wujiang Niu, and Xiao Dong. "Assessments of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions and Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dustfall and Topsoil in Lanzhou, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082970.
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The chemical features of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil in the same region could reflect the processes of the migration, transport, and diffusion of pollutants in the atmospheric-soil system. Samples of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil were collected in Lanzhou City. The contents and correlation of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and heavy metals in dustfall and topsoil were analyzed, the sources of heavy metals and WSIIs in dustfall were distinguished, and the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in dustfall and topsoil were evaluated. The highest contents of WSIIs are SO42− (18,594 mg·kg−1) and Ca2+ (10,070 mg·kg−1) in dustfall, and for SO42− (8271 mg·kg−1) and Na+ (1994 mg·kg−1) in topsoil. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Ni) in dustfall are considerably higher than those in topsoil. Combustion of biomass and coal, transportation and industrial activities are the major anthropogenic sources of WSIIs and heavy metals in Lanzhou. Pollution of heavy metals except Cr and Ni in dustfall, and Cu, Cr, and Ni in topsoil was up to different degrees, where the pollution of Cd was serious. The risk of Cd in dustfall is high while moderate in topsoil. This research could offer a reference for the atmospheric particle pollution prevention and control in Lanzhou.
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Kabala, Cezary, Bernard Galka, and Siarhei Yurkouski. "New Topsoil Sampler for the Assessment and Monitoring of Forest Soil Contamination." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010079.
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The forest litter and underlying mineral topsoil are typically sampled and analyzed separately although they are in a dynamic balance, which ensures macro- and microelement cycling in the forest ecosystem, including the flux and accumulation of xenobiotics in the contaminated sites. Although the national legal regulations specify single limits of element concentration for the entire “topsoil” layer, irrespectively of the kind of materials resting at the earth surface down to the specified depth, the direct analysis of bicomponent forest topsoil (litter + mineral topsoil) was problematic because of the lack of a suitable sampler. The paper presents a comparative analysis of Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the forest topsoil layers (0–25 cm), sampled using a new construction sampler invented for a joint collection of the litter layer and underlying mineral layer (to the specified depth). Litter samples (using a steel frame), mineral topsoil samples (0–25 cm, using gouge auger after litter removal), and mixed topsoil samples (0–25 cm, including litter) were collected in 16 replicates from four variably contaminated plots (copper mining and smelting area) afforested with poplar or pine. Pseudo-total concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn was analyzed after sample digestion in aqua regia. The concentration of elements in the samples consisting of jointly collected litter and mineral layer was noticeably higher than in the samples consisting of the mineral topsoil only, which confirmed the effective inclusion of the litter. The concentrations of trace elements measured in the samples of jointly collected litter and mineral topsoil did not differ (NIR Fisher test at p < 0.05) from the concentrations calculated using the data for litter and mineral soil separately collected and analyzed, which confirmed the usefulness of the new sampler for reliable collection of the forest topsoil samples without skipping any material which may influence the results of soil contamination assessment and risk assessment.
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Bamidele Akinrinola, Tajudeen, and Rachael Abidemi Onadeko. "PERFORMANCE OF BLACK PEPPER CUTTINGS AS INFLUENCED BY GROWING MEDIA." Chilean journal of agricultural & animal sciences 39, no. 3 (2023): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29393/chjaa39-22pbto20022.
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Black pepper is a highly valued spice and an important ingredient in traditional medicine. The increase in black pepper cultivation to improve farmers’ income in Nigeria is constrained by poor seedling survival from vine cuttings. Using imported media to reduce mortality is expensive for low- ncome farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of local growing media (topsoil, sawdust, and fresh rice hull) on the establishment and growth of black pepper vine cuttings in the nursery under screenhouse conditions. A repeated pot experiment was conducted using a randomised completed block design, with 9 treatments and four replicates. The following treatments were used: 100% topsoil (T1), 100% sawdust (T2), 100% rice hull (T3), 50% topsoil+50% sawdust (T4), 50% topsoil+50% rice hull (T5), 75% topsoil+25% sawdust (T6), 25% topsoil+75% sawdust (T7), 75% topsoil+25% rice hull (T8), and 75% rice hull +25% topsoil (T9). Data on sprouting, mortality and growth were evaluated. The results showed that T2 and T4 significantly reduced the number of days to sprouting compared to T1, T5 and T9, while T6, T7 and T8 exhibited a similar behaviour in the two plantings. Vine mortality was significantly higher in T3 compared to the other treatments, except for T5 and T8 in the second planting. With respect to number of leaves and leaf area, T2 and T6 showed significantly higher values at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), respectively; whereas T1 had significantly higher values at 16 and 20 WAP compared to the other treatments in both plantings. The results indicated that the most appropriate growing media for early transplanting are 100% sawdust and 50% topsoil+50% sawdust, while 100% topsoil is the most suitable for delayed transplanting.
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Slavík, Roman, Markéta Julinová, and Martina Labudíková. "Screening of the Spatial Distribution of Risk Metals in Topsoil from an Industrial Complex." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0020-0.
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Screening of the Spatial Distribution of Risk Metals in Topsoil from an Industrial Complex For the sustainable development of urban areas, it is necessary to identify if environmental pollution exists and where hot spot pollution sources lie. In this study, 280 topsoil samples were collected from an industry estate in Zlin (the Czech Republic). In these samples, the presence of toxic metal was analyzed by energy dispersed X-Ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), and statistical analysis revealed that the major anthropogenic contaminants in the topsoil were Pb, Zn and Sn. Further contaminant analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) determined the maximum contents of 28558.47 mg/kg for Pb, 1132.35 mg/kg for Sn and 2865.22 mg/kg for Zn in selected topsoil samples. According to soil pollution index results, the main proportion of topsoil is contaminated, with the possible sources of contamination being traffic and a nearby municipal heating plant. This study proves that the combination of preliminary ED-XRF topsoil analysis, a multivariative statistical approach, AAS analysis and the geographical information system (GIS) is effective and together form a powerful tool for mapping topsoil contamination and conducting an environmental risk assessment.
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Zinkutė, R., A. Radzevičius, and R. Taraškevičius. "ECOLOGICAL-GEOCHEMICAL STATE OF TOPSOIL AND WATER SEDIMENTS IN ŠIAULIAI." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 26, 2006): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2003vol1.2026.
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Ecological-geochemical state of topsoil and water sediments in Šiauliai was evaluated taking into account total contents of 14 hazardous elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Sn, Ag, Ni, Mo, Cr, Co, Mn, V, B, Sr, Ba) in a complex way – both according to their total contamination index and their standards (existing State standards and phytotoxic concentrations in soil used in European countries). The fraction < 1 mm of samples was analysed by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Topsoil composite samples (110 in all) were taken approximately from each square kilometre and classified into 4 groups according to functional micro-zones. The number of samples from water sediments (Talša and Ginkūnai lakes, Kulpė and Violė rivers) was 13. Even 54.5% topsoil samples were characterised by unsatisfactory final ecological-geochemical state (30% of them had bad state). Topsoil of industrial functional micro-zones had the worst state. It was followed by topsoil of residential, then by topsoil from social-residential micro-zones. Topsoil from the territories of recreation or protected areas had the best quality. Ecological-geochemical state of water sediments in Ginkūnai and Talša lakes and in Kulpė or Violė rivers was very bad or bad.
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Vidler, Andrew, Olivier Buzzi, and Stephen Fityus. "A Simple Water Retention Model Based on Grain Size Distribution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 9452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209452.
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The Hunter valley region in NSW Australia is an area with a heavy coal mining presence. As some mines come to their end of life, options are being investigated to improve the topsoil on post mining land for greater plant growth, which may allow economically beneficial farmland to be created. This research is part of an investigation into mixing a mine waste material, coal tailings, with topsoil in order to produce an improved soil for plant growth. Implementing such a solution requires estimation of the drying path of the water retention curves for the tailings and topsoil used. Instead of a lengthy laboratory measurement, a prediction of the drying curve is convenient in this context. No existing prediction models were found that were suitable for these mine materials, hence this paper proposes a simple and efficient model that can more accurately predict drying curves for these mine materials. The drying curves of two topsoils and two tailings from Australian coal mines were measured and compared with predictions using the proposed model, which performs favorably compared to several existing models in the literature. Additionally, the proposed model is assessed using data from a variety of fine- and coarse-grained materials in the literature. It is shown that the proposed model is overall more accurate than every other model assessed, indicating the model may be useful for various materials other than those considered in this study.
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Liu, Xiao Bing, Xuan Song, Jie Chen, and Peng Fei Liu. "Difference of Soil Nutrient between Topsoil and Subsoil and its Influencing Factors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.561.
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Taking the representative alluvial plain of the Yellow River-Fengqiu county as example, difference of available K (AK), total (TK) and total (TP) between topsoil and subsoil and corresponding factors was studied. The result shows that average content of AK in topsoil is lower than it in subsoil, spatial variation of AK in topsoil is similar with it in subsoil. TK in topsoil shows more randomness than in subsoil. TP in topsoil has a stronger spatial correlation than in subsoil. The spatial distribution of TK and TP are quite consistent with landform in topsoil and subsoil, but AK does not have this trend. The difference of TK between two layers is related with surface deposit and irrigation condition. AK is mainly affected by surface deposit and farming intensity such as fertilization. The difference of TP is unrelated with elevation, the distance to the Yellow River, roads and water channel and residential areas.
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Iroko, O. A., I. L. Showunmi, J. O. Ajekigbe, S. O. Rufai, and W. T. Wahab. "Effect of different potting media on the early growth of Mansonia altissima (A. Chev)." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 18, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v18i2.5.
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The effect of different potting media on the early growth of Mansonia altissima was investigated with a view to producing viable and vigorous planting stock of the species for afforestation and reforestation programs. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of nine (9) treatments of potting media with 9 replicates; T1- riversand (400g) + topsoil (400g) + poultry manure (400g) + cow dung (400g), T2- riversand (400g) + topsoil (800g) + poultry manure (400g) , T3- riversand (400g) + topsoil (800g) + cow dung (400g), T4- topsoil (1200g) + cow dung (400g), T5 - topsoil (1200g) + poultry manure (400g), T6- topsoil (800g) + riversand (800g), T7- topsoil (800g) + cow dung (800g), T8 - topsoil (800g) + poultry manure (800g) and T9- (control 1600g riversand). Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean separation using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and biomass production. T3 had the best performance in plant height (32.78cm), stem diameter (3.49mm) while T7 had the highest leaf production (32.0) and T6, the highest biomass production of 6.25g. However, T9 (control) gave the minimum results of mean plant height (10.10cm), mean leaf production (8.91) and biomass production (1.01g) but T8 produced least stem diameter (1.32mm). The study therefore showed that incorporation of optimum level of organic manure into the potting media will improve growth of M.altissima seedlings.
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Chamberlain, P. M., B. A. Emmett, W. A. Scott, H. I. J. Black, M. Hornung, and Z. L. Frogbrook. "No change in topsoil carbon levels of Great Britain, 1978–2007." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 29, 2010): 2267–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-2267-2010.
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Abstract. Soil is an important store of carbon (C) and there has been recent concern that accelerated loss of carbon from the soil may be reinforcing climate change. There is therefore a need to both track current trends in soil C storage and to identify how soil can contribute to carbon emission reduction targets. Countryside Survey (CS) is an integrated national monitoring program in which vegetation, topsoil, water and land use measurements are made across Great Britain (GB). The soil component of CS is unique as topsoil C concentrations have been measured at three time points (1978, 1998 and 2007) together with topsoil bulk density (2007 only), vegetation composition (all years), and land use (i.e. Broad Habitat, 1998, 2007). The combined dataset allows estimates of change in topsoil C stock over time and the influence of land use change on topsoil C to be investigated. Results indicate that although there was a small increase (8%) in topsoil C concentration between 1978 and 1998 and small decrease (6.5%) between 1998 and 2007, there was no significant change in GB topsoil C concentration (in g kg−1), density (in t ha−1) or stock (in Tg) between 1978 and 2007. Within individual habitats some consistent trends were observed and by examining plots which had consistent vegetation composition since 1978 we demonstrate that land use change was not responsible for the few significant changes that were found. These results are comparable with the few other estimates of recent topsoil C concentration and stock changes in W. Europe, with the exception of a previous study in England and Wales which reported significant topsoil C losses of up to 50% over a similar period. Possible reasons for the contradictory findings are discussed. An extra 220–730 Tg of C would be stored in topsoil C stocks if all GB soils were optimised at the top 5–25% C densities as recorded for each habitat in 2007.
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Vlček, Vítězslav, and Eduard Pokorný. "Statistical treatment of aberration of chernozems in area Moravia against complex soil survey." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 2 (2006): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654020181.
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In this paper, an attempt at measure formulation of aberation in the set of results of soil analyses observed on chernozems within Soil science is presented. The statistical evaluation was realized based on the report results from separate districts. The chernozem (regardless of subtype) were chosen as suitable for statistical evaluation. The analysis of one character was calculated for the set of results in topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The comparison of average content in topsoil and subsoil was made by t-test. The significant difference is shown in content of humus (topsoil 2.61% and subsoil 1.86%), phosphorus (topsoil 8.31 mg/100 g, subsoil 4.75 mg/100 g) and kalium (topsoil 16.28 mg/100 g and subsoil 9.96 mg/100 g). There is no significant difference in other characters such as content of particles under 0,01 mm (topsoil 40.16% and subsoil 42.67%), exchange reaction (topsoil 7.03 and subsoil 7.00) and CEC – cation exchange kapacity (topsoil 23.74 mmol/100 g and subsoil 23.50 mmol/100 g). With respect to chernozems character it can be deduced, that in most of not anthropically influenced samples from mollic horizon the similar features were observed in both monitored depths. This presumption is supported also by observed differencies: humus content in topsoil was distinctly increased by addition of organic substances in organic fertilisers and by cultivation of perennial forage crops. The aberation was not observed in soil reaction. This fact could be interpreted by suppressor soil ability. Similarly, no aberation was documented in CEC. In view of quality/health of soils it is positive detection because both: exchange reaction and CEC are classified in basic soil characters. The maximal aberation was observed in phosphorous content in topsoil (with log-normal (extreme) distribution of results) and, somewhat less, in kalium content. Both characters are classified in most anthropically affected due to the addition of both components in fertilisers. Similar situation can be monitored also in the influence of humus content.
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Good, J. F., A. D. O'Sullivan, D. Wicke, and T. A. Cochrane. "Contaminant removal and hydraulic conductivity of laboratory rain garden systems for stormwater treatment." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 12 (June 1, 2012): 2154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.135.
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In order to evaluate the influence of substrate composition on stormwater treatment and hydraulic effectiveness, mesocosm-scale (180 L, 0.17 m2) laboratory rain gardens were established. Saturated (constant head) hydraulic conductivity was determined before and after contaminant (Cu, Zn, Pb and nutrients) removal experiments on three rain garden systems with various proportions of organic topsoil. The system with only topsoil had the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity (160–164 mm/h) and poorest metal removal efficiency (Cu ≤ 69.0% and Zn ≤ 71.4%). Systems with sand and a sand–topsoil mix demonstrated good metal removal (Cu up to 83.3%, Zn up to 94.5%, Pb up to 97.3%) with adequate hydraulic conductivity (sand: 800–805 mm/h, sand–topsoil: 290–302 mm/h). Total metal amounts in the effluent were <50% of influent amounts for all experiments, with the exception of Cu removal in the topsoil-only system, which was negligible due to high dissolved fraction. Metal removal was greater when effluent pH was elevated (up to 7.38) provided by the calcareous sand in two of the systems, whereas the topsoil-only system lacked an alkaline source. Organic topsoil, a typical component in rain garden systems, influenced pH, resulting in poorer treatment due to higher dissolved metal fractions.
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Yu, Zhenhua, Jian Jin, Yansheng Li, Yue Yang, Yue Zhao, Changkai Liu, and Xiaobing Liu. "Distinct effects of short-term reconstructed topsoil on soya bean and corn rhizosphere bacterial abundance and communities in Chinese Mollisol." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 181054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181054.
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Eroded black soils (classified as Mollisols) lead to a thinner topsoil layer, reduced organic carbon storage and declined crop productivity. Understanding the changes in soil microbial communities owing to soil erosion is of vital importance as soil microbial communities are sensitive indicators of soil condition and are essential in soil nutrient cycling. This study used the reconstructed facility with 10, 20 and 30 cm topsoil thickness under no-till soya bean–corn rotation in black soil region of Northeast China. Illumina MiSeq sequencing targeting 16S rRNA, q PCR and soil respiration measurement were performed to assess the changes in soya bean and corn rhizosphere bacterial communities, as well as their abundance and activities due to the topsoil thickness. The results showed that soil bacterial communities from both soya bean and corn were more sensitive to topsoil removal than to soil biogeochemical characteristics. Topsoil depths significantly influenced both soya bean and corn bacterial communities, while they only significantly influenced the bacterial abundance and respiration in corn. We also found that the topsoil depths significantly induced the changes in phyla and genera from both soya bean and corn rhizosphere bacterial community, which aid further understandings on how topsoil layer influences the global nutrient cycling of Mollisols by influencing the change in microbial communities.
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Vlček, Vítězslav, Radomíra Střálková, Jitka Podešvová, and Eduard Pokorný. "Changes in the soil organic matter supply in topsoil and subsoil caused by cereals grown in crop rotations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 5 (2007): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755050205.
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The paper evaluates seven years (1993–1999) of Soil organic matter supply monitoring in multifactor field trials conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute in Kroměříž, Czech Republic, (mean annual temperature 8.9 °C, total annual precipitation 599 mm, medium Luvi-Haplic Chernozem). The studied plots were a part of nine-crop rotation: alfalfa the 1st and 2nd year, winter wheat, spring barley, sugar beet, spring barley, winter wheat, silage maize and spring barley. The Soil organic matter supply was measured on four plots: winter wheat after spring barley (var. 1), winter wheat after alfalfa (var. 2), spring barley after winter wheat (var. 3) and spring barley after sugar beet (var. 4). Soil samples were taken from April to July (14–day period) from topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The content of Soil organic matter was determined by wet oxidation. Using bulk density, the C content (%) was converted to C supply (t. ha−1). Average yield (t. ha−1) reached 6.54 t/ha (var. 1), 7.47 t/ha (var. 2), 6.52 t/ha (var. 3) and 7.20 t/ha (var. 4). Evaluation of the results was carried out by the analysis of variance and time changes by the second-degree regression analysis. Results demonstrated that Soil organic matter supplies were significantly changed in topsoil. The highest supplies were found in barley after sugar beet (118 t. ha−1), the lowest ones in wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1). As for the cereal species generally, it was documented that in topsoils under barley the supplies were higher than under winter wheat. In subsoil, there were significant differences between wheat after alfalfa (111 t. ha−1) and barley after wheat (104 t. ha−1). As for a difference in the Soil organic matter supply in subsoil according to the cereal species the situation was contrary than in topsoil. Higher supplies were under wheat. Generally (topsoil and subsoil), the highest supply of Soil organic matter was in barley after sugar beet (224 t. ha−1) and similarly in wheat after alfalfa (222 t. ha−1). The smallest supply was in the variant of wheat after barley (217 t. ha−1). In topsoil, the average supply of humus was 114 t. ha−1 and that in subsoil was 107 t. ha−1 the difference being statistically significant.
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Bradshaw, A. D. "The quality of topsoil." Soil Use and Management 5, no. 3 (September 1989): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00769.x.
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Prastia, Budi, Ridwan Ridwan, and Akhyarnis Febrialdi. "PENGARUH MEDIA TANAM COCOPEAT, ARANG SEKAM DAN TOPSOILTERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT Eucalyptus.sp DI NURSERY." Jurnal Sains Agro 8, no. 1 (June 6, 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36355/jsa.v8i1.979.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan di Open Area Nursery Distrik VIII PT. Wirakarya Sakti yang bertempat di desa Bukit Bakar, Kecamatan Renah Mandaluh, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat.Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada 15 Juli 2022 - 27 September 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi media tanam berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bibit Eucalyptus.sp di Nursery Distrik VIII PT. Wirakarya Sakti dan (2) untuk mengetahui jenis kombinasi media tanam terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan bibit Eucalyptus.sp di Nursery Distrik VIII PT. Wirakarya Sakti.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan, 4 kali ulangan. Adapun perlakuannya adalah sebagai berikut: M1: Cocopeat 50 % + Arang Sekam 25% + Topsoil 25%, M2: Cocopeat 25% + Arang Sekam 50 % + Topsoil 25%, M3: Cocopeat 25% + Arang Sekam 25% + Topsoil 50 %, M4: Cocopeat 35 % + Arang Sekam 35% + Topsoil 30%, M5: Cocopeat 50 % + Arang Sekam 50% + Topsoil 0%. Adapun variabel yang diamati adalah: tinggi tanaman (cm), diameter tanaman (mm), berat segar tanaman (gr), berat kering tanaman (gr) dan panjang akar tanaman (cm).Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) Kombinasi media tanam cocopeat, arang sekam dan topsoil berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman, diameter tanaman dan berat segar tanaman tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada berat kering tanaman dan panjang akar pada bibit Eucalyptus.sp di Nursery Distrik VIII PT. Wirakarya Sakti dan (2) Kombinasi media tanam cocopeat 50%, arang sekam 50% dan topsoil 0% memberikan pertumbuhan bibit Eucalyptus.sp terbaik di Nursery Distrik VIII PT. Wirakarya Sakti.
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Liu, Pengfei, Guanghui Zhang, Shangjin Cui, Zhenlong Nie, Haohao Cui, and Qian Wang. "Effects of Groundwater Level Control on Soil Salinity Change in Farmland around Wetlands in Arid Areas: A Case Study of the Lower Reaches of the Shiyang River Basin, China." Water 15, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071308.
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The farmland around wetlands in the lower reaches of an arid area is susceptible to salinization. To explore the effects of the groundwater level control at an irrigation cycle scale on the salt concentration of the topsoil solution, this study carried out groundwater level control and irrigation experiments using the intelligent groundwater control and in-situ field monitoring system (also referred to as the groundwater control system) in the experimental base for groundwater control of the Shiyang River basin. On this basis, this study compared and analyzed the changes in groundwater depth, soil salinity, soil moisture content, and total water potential in zones with and without groundwater control (also referred to as the control and non-control zones, respectively). Results show: (1) When the groundwater depth increased by about 50 cm under the influence of the groundwater control system, the salt accumulation layer of the soil bulk shifted downward by about 20 cm, and the topsoil bulk salt (at a depth of less than 40 cm) decreased to below 5.0 g/kg; (2) In summer, the pore water electrical conductivity (ECp) of the topsoil in the control and non-control zones exhibited alternating rapid decreases and slow increases. In the concentration stage of the soil solution, the ECp of the topsoil in the non-control zone had significantly higher increased amplitude than that in the control zone, especially 3–8 days after irrigation. At this stage, the ECp of the topsoil in the control and non-control zones increased in two (slow and rapid increase) and three (slow, rapid, and fairly rapid increase) periods, respectively; (3) At the concentration stage of the topsoil solution, both the moisture content and solution salt content of the topsoil in the control zone were in a negative equilibrium state, with the absolute values of the equilibrium values gradually increasing. In contrast, the moisture content and solution salt content of the topsoil in the non-control zone were in negative and positive equilibrium, respectively, with the absolute values of their equilibrium values gradually increasing. The groundwater control system can mitigate the concentration rate of the topsoil solution by increasing the groundwater depth and influencing the water and salt equilibrium of the topsoil solution, which can create a suitable topsoil salt environment for crop growth. This study is of great significance for determining an appropriate ecological water level interval and optimizing groundwater control strategies for farmland around wetlands.
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Francis Faustine Laswai, Boniface Hussein Massawe, Salim Mohamed Maliondo, Charles Joseph Kilawe, Ezekiel Edward Mwakalukwa, and Eva Ephraim Mtengeti. "Evaluation of soil nutrient status in three forest stands of Sao Hill Forest plantation in Iringa, Tanzania." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 025–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrms.2024.4.2.0023.
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We investigated soil physical and chemical properties between natural vegetation, first, and second-rotation Pinus patula stands. The study provides valuable information for plantation management and a database for soil nutrient status in Sao Hill forest plantation. Soil samples from 120 plots established on three forest stands analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Analysis of variance applied to ascertain nutrients variations between stand types and soil depth. Topsoils have sandy loam and subsoil clay loam textural classes. Soil bulk density on topsoil were 1.18, 1.34, 1.28 g cm-3 and subsoil 1.23, 1.28 and 1.25 g cm-3 for three forest stands respectively and differed significantly (p < 0.05). Soil pH was higher in natural vegetation stand (5.23) than in first (4.96) and second (4.61) rotations Pinus patula stands and differed significantly (p<0.05) between forest stands and depth. Organic carbon, Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium were higher in topsoil of three forest stands and decrease with depth. Calcium (1.2 Cmol(+)/kg), magnesium (0.98 Cmol(+)/kg ) and Sulphur (19.72 mg/kg) were higher in topsoil (0 - 40 cm) of natural vegetation stand and differed significant (p<0.05) with that of Pinus patula stands. Zinc, and Manganese differed significantly (p<0.0001) across forest stand and soil depth. Planting Pinus patula first and second rotations in the same area led to decrease in soil pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, CN ratio, Zinc and Manganese but cause increase in soil organic carbon and exchangeable Al3+. Bioassay experiment is needed to get exactly levels of nutrients to apply as supplement.
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Amaral, Luise Andrade, Israel Marinho Pereira, Michele Aparecida Pereira da Silva, Marcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira, Evandro Luiz Mendonça Machado, and Marcelo Luiz de Laia. "Use of topsoil for restoration of a degraded pasture área." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 11 (November 2017): 1080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001100014.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of topsoil thickness, shading and origin when performing environmental restoration in a degraded pasture area. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a factorial (3 x 2 x 2) + 2 layout. Treatments consisted of combinations of topsoil origins (forest at early or middle regeneration stages), topsoil thicknesses (10, 20, or 30-cm superficial soil layer), and presence or absence of 70% shading; with two additional control treatments. Surveys on topsoil physical-chemical attributes and flora and soil coverage were conducted. Good correlation was observed between bulk density and total porosity. Vegetation comprised a total of 2,932 individuals of herbaceous, shrub and subshrub plants; 33 species in 11 families and 1 morphospecies were identified. A floristic survey of the tree stratum revealed 235 individuals belonging to 21 species and 14 families, as well as 2 unidentified species. The best natural regeneration index is observed in the 20-cm topsoil layer, where shading exerts a positive influence on the humidity and natural regeneration of the seed bank. Topsoil from middle-stage forest is the most suitable for restoration of degraded pasture areas.
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Herawati, Elisa. "Pengaruh Topsoil, Serabut Sawit dan Kombinasinya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tunas Stek Sungkai (Peronema canascens JACK)." Buletin Loupe 19, no. 01 (June 29, 2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/buletinloupe.v19i01.2382.
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Komposisi media tanam yang tepat akan menentukan pertumbuhan bibit tanaman sehingga perlu dilakukan percoban yang dapat memberikan informasi efektifitas pengaruh media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan bibit tanaman tersebut. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam topsoil, serabut sawit dan kombinasinya dalam menunjang pertumbuhan tunas stek sungkai (Peronema canescens JACK). Stek dari batang ortotrop (tunas vertical). Stek tidak terlalu tua dan muda. Parameter yang diukur adalah persentase tumbuh dan pertumbuhan panjang tunas. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan pola rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan media tanam yaitu topsoil (P0), media tanam serabut sawit (P1) dan kombinasi topsoil 50% dan serabut sawit 50% (P2) dengan 15 kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian: (1) Persentase tumbuh tunas stek sungkai (P. canescens JACK) media tanam P0= 66.67%, P1=73.33% dan P2=86.67%. (2) Rata-rata pertumbuhan panjang Tunas. P2=13.66 cm, P1=7.75 cm dan P0=4.93 cm. Kesimpulan: Media tanam topsoil, serabut sawit dan kombinasi topsoil 50% dengan serabut sawit 50% menunjukan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan tunas stek sungkai (P. canescens Jack). Media kombinasi topsoil 50% dengan serabut sawit 50% adalah media terbaik untuk pertumbuhan tunas stek sungkai (P. canescens Jack).
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Rončák, Peter, Peter Šurda, and Justína Vitková. "Analysis of a Topsoil Moisture Regime Through an Effective Precipitation Index for the Locality of Nitra, Slovakia." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2021-0002.
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Abstract The aim of this work was to analyze and statistically confirm the relationship between the computed daily values of the Effective Precipitation Index (EP365) and the measured moisture content of the topsoil of a research site near Nitra, Slovakia. The statistical analysis (coefficients of determination) confirmed the strong correlation. Subsequently each day’s mean of EP365 (MEP) was used to quantify the long-term deficit or surplus of the soil water supply in the individual years. The daily values of the EP365 index provide a more detailed view of the development of the topsoil’s moisture regime. According to the deviation of EP (DEP) from the 14-year MEP, the most extreme dry periods prevailed during the years 2015, 2017 and 2018. Therefore, the 2012–2018period was evaluated as dry, and the topsoil moisture regime described through the MEP index was compared with the course of the MEP index from the normal (slightly humid) period of the years 2005 – 2011.
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KUNDU, N. K., and M. K. GHOSE. "Shelf life of stock-piled topsoil of an opencast coal mine." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000064.
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Topsoil is essential to abandoned mines and has to be stock-piled separately for post-mining land reclamation. If the storage period exceeds the 'shelf life' of the topsoil, it cannot be preserved by technical reclamation only. Opencast coal mining production in India is predicted to increase from the present level of 180 million tonnes per year to approximately 256 million tonnes per year by the year 2000. At that time about 60 km2 of land per year would be damaged by direct coal mines and 75 km2 per year would be affected by external overburden dumps and topsoil dumps. A large opencast coal mine was studied to evaluate the effect of stock-piling topsoil. Soil characteristics of soil dumps of six different ages (1, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 10 years old) were compared with those of surrounding unmined sites. Soil profiles were found to change greatly with age. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil dumps were found to deteriorate with respect to unmined soil. It was observed that, as the age of soil dumps increased from one to 10 years, the concentrations of suitable plant growth nutrients in soil gradually decreased and, after six years, the soils were found to be stagnant. This may be considered to be the 'shelf life' of topsoil. Biological reclamation must be adopted to preserve the topsoil if the storage period exceeds the shelf life period. The methodology provides guidelines for assessing the shelf life of topsoil in other areas.
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Olufemi, Aremu-Dele, Nduka Beatrice Abanum, Sobowale Ibrahim Olalekan, Adesanya Kehinde Ademola, and Olorundare Bunmi Olaoluwa. "Suitability of some growing media for cashew seedling growth and development in the nursery." Agricultural Science and Technology 15, no. 3 (September 2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.03.024.
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Abstract. Using the right growing media is pivotal for cultivating high-quality seedlings. While topsoil remains a prevalent choice in nurseries, there is a growing need to explore its effectiveness in cashew seedling production and find potential alternatives that might reduce our dependence on it. A three-month experiment was undertaken at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria’s nursery. The setup followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) incorporating ten treatment variations, each replicated thrice. These treatments involved two cashew nut types, Jumbo and Medium, and five distinct growing media: 100% Topsoil, 100% Sawdust, 75% Topsoil + 25% Sawdust, 50% Topsoil + 50% Sawdust, and 25% Topsoil + 75% Sawdust. For the procedure, each of these media was filled into perforated polythene bags measuring 30cm x 15cm, with one seed planted per bag. Data collected were on % emergence, morphological, shoot and root data. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS (version 2010) statistical package and means were separated using DMRT at (P≤0.05). Findings revealed no notable variance in percentage mean emergence at four weeks post-planting or in leaf count at the twelve-week mark. Control treatments (100% topsoil) for jumbo and medium had the shortest plant height, lowest number of leaves, seedling vigour, fresh root weight and taproot length. 100% topsoil as a growing medium for raising cashew seedlings should be discouraged as the experimented growing media offered statistically the same or improved emergence, morphology, and root growth development.
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Kim, Min-Jee, Jae-Eun Lee, Insuck Back, Kyoung Jae Lim, and Changyeun Mo. "Estimation of Total Nitrogen Content in Topsoil Based on Machine and Deep Learning Using Hyperspectral Imaging." Agriculture 13, no. 10 (October 11, 2023): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101975.
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Excessive total nitrogen (TN) content in topsoil is a major cause of eutrophication when nitrogen flows into water systems from soil losses. Therefore, TN content prediction is essential for establishing topsoil management systems and protecting aquatic ecosystems. Recently, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been used as a rapid, nondestructive technique for quantifying various soil properties. This study developed a machine and deep learning-based model using hyperspectral imaging to rapidly measure TN contents. A total of 139 topsoil samples were collected from the four major rivers in the Republic of Korea. Visible-to-near-infrared (VNIR) and near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging data were acquired in the 400–1000 nm and 895–1720 nm ranges, respectively. Prediction models for predicting the TN content in the topsoil were developed using partial least square regression (PLSR) and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). From the total number of pixels in each topsoil sample, 12.5, 25, and 50% of the pixels were randomly selected, and the data were augmented 10 times to improve the performance of the 1D-CNN model. The performances of the models were evaluated by estimating the coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean squared errors (RMSE). The Rp2 values of the optimal PLSR (with maximum normalization preprocessing) and 1D-CNN (with SNV preprocessing) models were 0.72 and 0.92, respectively. Therefore, HSI can be used to estimate TN content in topsoil and build a topsoil database to develop conservation strategies.
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Cuthbert, M. O., R. Mackay, and J. R. Nimmo. "Linking soil moisture balance and source-responsive models to estimate diffuse and preferential components of groundwater recharge." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 1003–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1003-2013.
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Abstract. Results are presented of a detailed study into the vadose zone and shallow water table hydrodynamics of a field site in Shropshire, UK. A conceptual model is presented and tested using a range of numerical models, including a modified soil moisture balance model (SMBM) for estimating groundwater recharge in the presence of both diffuse and preferential flow components. Tensiometry reveals that the loamy sand topsoil wets up via preferential flow and subsequent redistribution of moisture into the soil matrix. Recharge does not occur until near-positive pressures are achieved at the top of the sandy glaciofluvial outwash material that underlies the topsoil, about 1 m above the water table. Once this occurs, very rapid water table rises follow. This threshold behaviour is attributed to the vertical discontinuity in preferential flow pathways due to seasonal ploughing of the topsoil and to a lower permeability plough/iron pan restricting matrix flow between the topsoil and the lower outwash deposits. Although the wetting process in the topsoil is complex, a SMBM is shown to be effective in predicting the initiation of preferential flow from the base of the topsoil into the lower outwash horizon. The rapidity of the response at the water table and a water table rise during the summer period while flow gradients in the unsaturated profile were upward suggest that preferential flow is also occurring within the outwash deposits below the topsoil. A variation of the source-responsive model proposed by Nimmo (2010) is shown to reproduce the observed water table dynamics well in the lower outwash horizon when linked to a SMBM that quantifies the potential recharge from the topsoil. The results reveal new insights into preferential flow processes in cultivated soils and provide a useful and practical approach to accounting for preferential flow in studies of groundwater recharge estimation.