Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Topographic Survey'

Les dunes côtières constituent un des éléments fondamentaux de la dynamique des systèmes côtiers sableux. Leur stabilité dépend essentiellement de leur capacité à résister aux effets des tempêtes et à se reconstituer après l'érosion. Dans le contexte actuel du changement climatique, la probable hausse du niveau de la mer devrait affecter considérablement les systèmes côtiers et de surcroît augmenter la vulnérabilité des cordons dunaires à l'érosion.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier l'évolution des littoraux dunaires de la Côte d'Opale en adoptant une approche à plusieurs échelles de temps afin d'évaluer leur capacité de résistance et/ou de régénération face aux événements tempétueux. A long terme, l'étude de l'évolution du trait de côte sur près de 68 ans, à partir de photographies aériennes orthorectifiées, a révélé que plus de la moitié des littoraux dunaires de la Côte d'Opale sont stables ou en accumulation et possèdent donc une bonne capacité de résilience, malgré les nombreuses tempêtes ayant affecté ce littoral depuis le début des années 50. L'analyse de leur évolution sur un pas de temps de 5 ans a mis en évidence une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle directement liée aux forçages météo-marins, notamment aux épisodes tempétueux associés à des hauts niveaux d'eaux. A moyen et court termes, des levés topographiques LiDAR et des mesures in-situ, couplés aux données météorologiques et hydrodynamiques, ont révélé une réponse morphologique différente entre des secteurs dunaires adjacents. Celle-ci est liée à la variation des paramètres morphologiques (altitude de pied de dune, largeur et volume du haut de plage) au cours des périodes étudiées. Les résultats montrent également que les processus de régénération peuvent être très longs sur nos sites d'étude, ce qui suggère que les dunes cotières qui, jusqu'à présent étaient relativement stables, risquent de connaître des épisodes d'érosion plus fréquents avec l'élévation contemporaine du niveau de la mer
Coastal dunes are fundamental elements of sandy coastal systems dynamic. They may experience a variable response to coastal erosion, in relation to their ability to withstand storm effects and to recover from erosion. Global sea level rise, related to global warming, would considerably affect coastal systems and hence the sensitivity of coastal dunes to erosion. The main objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of the Côte d'Opale coastal dunes at different time scales in order to evoluate their capacity to resist and/or to recover from storm impacts. Over long term periods (nearly 68 years), shoreline evolution analysis from orthorectified aerial photographs revealed that more than half of the Côte d'Opale coastal dunes are stable or prograding and thus, are resilient. Their evolution over 5-year periods highlighted a strong spatial and temporal variability which is directly linked to weather and hydrodynamic conditions, especially the occurence of storms during heigh water levels. At medium and short term scales, topographic surveys from LiDAR and in-situ measurements, coupled with metrological and hydrodynamic data, showed a different morphological response between adjacent coastal dune areas. This is related to variations in morphological parameters such as dune foot elevation, width and volume of the upper-beach during the studied periods. Results show also that coastal dunes recovery from storms can be a very long process at our study areas, suggesting that foredunes in a state of mesoscale stability may experience more frequent erosion with currents sea level rise

The primary objective of this research was to perform an in vitro assessment of the ability of microscale topography to alter cell behaviour, with specific regard to producing favourable topography in an orthopaedic ceramic material suitable for implantation in the treatment of arthritis. Topography at microscale and nanoscale alters the bioactivity of the material. This has been used in orthopaedics for some time as seen with optimal pore size in uncemented hip and knee implants. This level of topography involves scale in hundreds of micrometres and allows for the ingrowth of tissue. Topography at smaller scale is possible thanks to progressive miniaturisation of technology. A topographic feature was created in a readily available clinically licensed polymer, Polycaprolcatone (PCL). The effect of this topography was assessed in vitro. The same topography was transferred to the latest generation composite orthopaedic ceramic, zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). The fidelity of reproduction of the topography was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These investigations showed more accurate reproduction of the topography in PCL than ZTA with some material artefacts in the ZTA. Cell culture in vitro was performed on the patterned substrates. The response of osteoprogenitor cells was assessed using immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction and alizarin staining. These results showed a small effect on cell behaviour. Finally metabolic comparison was made of the effects created by the two different materials and the topography in each. The results have shown a reproducible topography in orthopaedic ceramics. This topography has demonstrated a positive osteogenic effect in both polycaprolactone and zirconia toughened alumina across multiple assessment modalities.

Shetland boasts exceptionally well-preserved, but largely overlooked, field systems spanning a period of approximately 4000 years (Neolithic/Bronze Age – Viking/Norse). These have the potential to vastly increase our understanding of past agricultural practices and life styles. This study uses topographical survey, Shape Analysis, GIS, soil survey and micromorphology to answer questions relating to their location, form and function/management, pioneering the use of new tools and testing current models. An holistic landscape approach to the field systems is developed and tested against a multi-period site. Previously unknown types and periods of field systems are identified through survey and shape analysis, tools demonstrated to be valuable in refining the emerging model of field classification. GIS has illuminated pre-, during and post- construction factors influencing boundary form. New insights into location arise from the survey and GIS. Soils work has demonstrated that existing models of soil management over-simplify a complex situation, that thin acidic soils retain cultural information and that accretion was important to the sustainability of these peaty soils. While soils were sustainable over extended periods, the cultural inheritance of managed land appears to be limited. This thesis therefore presents the most holistic and comprehensive understanding of Shetland field systems which has so far been attempted.

The following presents a method for determining topographic elevation error for overland unstructured finite element meshes derived from bare earth LiDAR for use in a shallow water equations model. This thesis investigates the development of an optimal interpolation method to produce minimal error for a given element size. In hydrodynamic studies, it is vital to represent the floodplain as accurately as possible since terrain is a critical factor that influences water flow. An essential step in the development of a coastal inundation model is processing and resampling dense bare earth LiDAR to a DEM and ultimately to the mesh nodes; however, it is crucial that the correct DEM grid size and interpolation method be employed for an accurate representation of the terrain. The following research serves two purposes: 1) to assess the resolution and interpolation scheme of bare earth LiDAR data points in terms of its ability to describe the bare earth topography and its subsequent performance during relevant tide and storm surge simulations.
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Water Resources Engineering

Since the texture of surfaces plays a key role in the shaping of many environmental processes, high resolution measurements are important to study these phenomena. Specifically, 3-D point cloud data is desirable to document river shape and evolution, surface roughness, and erosion-sedimentation processes. The best method of obtaining these measurements is using a terrestrial laser scanner. However, these are too expensive for limited-use experiments. Therefore, I developed a simple, affordable, and robust system used to acquire high resolution data relating to hydraulic and fluvial environments.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the development of an anatomically based, young adult eye model, which includes a crystalline lens with a gradient refractive index (GRIN). This model will then be used to investigate the effect of laser refractive surgery. The first step in this process involved developing a symmetrical eye model that was found to be a better predictor of empirical longitudinal spherical aberration than any previous model. Myopia was simulated by either a purely axial or refractive technique. While these models were found to be good predictors of the spherical aberration measured in young adults, they did not predict the total amount of high-order aberrations. The techniques used to simulate a single type of myopia caused the myopic models to become anatomically inaccurate. To improve the eye models a biconic surface was used to quantify the anterior corneal shape as a function of myopia. A method to describe the refractive error and biconic shape parameters in Jackson Cross Cylinder terms was implemented to determine correlations. Results indicate that a biconic accurately models the average shape of the anterior corneal surface as a function of myopia. Adopting the biconic model for the anterior corneal surface and adding average misalignments of the ocular components transformed the models from symmetrical to asymmetrical. Refractive error was now simulated by the anatomically accurate changes in both the anterior corneal shape and axial length. The asymmetrical aberrations resulted from the misalignment of the ocular components and provided a good prediction of average empirical aberrations but underestimated the aberrations of individual subjects. Photorefractive keratectomy, a form of laser refractive surgery, was simulated by theoretically calculated and by empirically measured changes in the shape of the anterior corneal surface. Applying the change in anterior corneal shape to the asymmetrical models was used to develop postoperative models. Changes in corneal shape and model aberrations attributed to theoretical calculations do not match empirical observations. The prediction of increased high-order aberrations in postoperative models based on empirically measured changes in the anterior corneal topography was similar to clinical results. Average anatomically based, GRIN eye models have been developed that accurately predict the average aberrations of emmetropic and myopic young adults. These models underestimate the asymmetrical and total high-order aberrations that have been measured in individual subjects but are still useful for investigating the average effects of procedures like refractive surgery.

There has been widespread interest in corneal biomechanics over recent years, driven largely by the advancements in, and the popularity of refractive surgery techniques and subsequent concerns over their safety. Lately there has been interest into whether crosslinking, which is currently used for the treatment of keratoconus, could be developed as a minimally invasive technique to change the refractive power of the cornea by selectively changing the corneal biomechanics in specific regions to induce a shape change. Successful application of this technique requires a detailed understanding of corneal biomechanics and so far, little is known about the biomechanics of this complex tissue. The current lack of understanding can be mostly attributed to the absence of a suitable measurement technique capable of examining the dynamic behaviour of the cornea under physiological loading conditions. This thesis describes the development of a novel full-field, ex vivo, measurement method incorporating speckle interferometric techniques, to examine the biomechanics of the cornea before and after crosslinking in response to hydrostatic pressure fluctuations representative of those that occur in vivo during the cardiac cycle. The eventual measurement system used for the experiments detailed in this thesis incorporated; an Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI), a Lateral Shearing Interferometer (LSI) and a fringe projection shape measurement system. The combination of these systems enabled the 3-dimensional components of surface displacement and the 1st derivative of surface displacement to be determined in response to small pressure fluctuations up to 1 mmHg in magnitude. The use of both ESPI and LSI together also enabled the applicability of LSI for measurement of non-flat surfaces to be assessed, and limitations and error sources to be identified throughout this work. To enable the measurement of corneal biomechanics, part of this thesis was concerned with the design of a bespoke loading rig. A chamber was designed that could accommodate tissue of both porcine and human origin. This chamber was linked to a hydraulic loading rig, whereby the cornea could be held at a baseline pressure representative of normal intraocular pressure and small pressure variations could be introduced by the automated vertical movement of the reservoir supplying the chamber. Experiments were conducted on a range of non-biological samples with both flat and curved surface topography, and both uniform and non-uniform mechanical properties, to determine if the measurement configuration was giving the expected measurement data and the loading rig was stable and repeatable. Following experiments on non-biological samples, a range of experiments were conducted on porcine corneas to develop a suitable testing methodology and address some of the challenges associated with corneal measurement, including transparency and hydration instability. During these investigations, a suitable surface coating was identified to generate an adequate return signal from the corneal surface, while not interfering with the response. Alongside this, the natural variation in the response of the cornea was investigated over the total experimental time, and a range of data was presented on corneas before and after crosslinking, which confirmed the suitability of the measurement methods for the assessment of crosslinking. Ultimately, a small sample size of six human corneas were investigated before and after crosslinking in specific topographic locations. From the experiments on human and porcine corneas, full-field maps of surface deformation have been presented, and a compliant region incorporating the peripheral and limbal areas has been identified as being fundamental to the response of the cornea to small pressure fluctuations. In addition to this, the regional effects of crosslinking in four different topographic locations on corneal biomechanics have been evaluated. From this, it has been demonstrated that crosslinking in specific regions in isolation can influence the way the cornea deforms to physiological-scale fluctuations in hydrostatic pressure and this could have implications for refractive correction.

Orientador: Zacarias Xavier de Barros
Banca: José Milton Arana
Banca: Osmar Delmanto Junior
Banca: Lincoln Gering Cardoso
Banca: Vilmar Antonio Rodrigues
Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram realizados levantamentos topográficos para a avaliação do efeito da cobertura vegetal, na recepção de sinais GPS, para obtenção de posicionamento tri-dimensional, considerando os estudos realizados em diferentes tipos de uso do solo. Vértices foram implantados em diferentes tipos de uso do solo; em área com pastagem, com plantação de seringueiras e com eucaliptos, e as suas posições determinadas com estação total, nivelamento geométrico e com receptores GPS. Na avaliação do posicionamento altimétrico adotou-se como valores de referência os desníveis determinados com o nivelamento geométrico para avaliação dos dados obtidos com receptores GPS. As coordenadas planimétricas obtidas com receptores GPS foram analisadas utilizando-se com valores de referência os dados obtidos com a estação total. No levantamento topográfico com estação total foram adotadas as prescrições estabelecidas nas Normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) NBR 13.133, Execução de Levantamentos Topográficos, para poligonais do tipo IVP. Foi realizada a análise de exatidão e de precisão do posicionamento tridimensional, adotando como padrão a NBR 13133 da ABNT para a classe do levantamento executado. Para aplicações do GPS na altimetria há necessidade do conhecimento da ondulação geoidal (N), que neste trabalho, para a sua determinação foram coletados dados com receptor na referência de nível (RN). Os resultados obtidos indicam que cuidados especiais devem ser tomados nos levantamentos com receptores GPS em áreas com cobetura vegetal, pois estas interferem na propagação das ondas eletromagnéticas provenientes dos satélites podendo inviabilizar o posicionamento.
In this work, topographic surveys were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of vegetal cover, on the reception of GPS signals, for 3D positioning, considering studies to be made in different types of land use. Points were set up on different types of land use, in areas containing grass, rubber trees and eucalyptus, which had their positions defined using a total station, geometric leveling and GPS receivers In the evaluation of height positioning it was adopted as reference values the height differences determined by geometric levelling in order to evaluate data obtained through GPS receivers. Planimetric coordinates obtained by using GPS receivers were analysed using as reference values the data obtained using a total station. During the topographic survey using a total station the recommendations set up by the Brazilian Association for Technical Rules (ABNT) NBR 13.133, regarding the execution of topographic surveys, for transverses of type IVP. Accuracy and precision analysis was made on the 3D positioning, also considering ABNT NBR 13.133, for the class of topographic survey which was carried out. In order to apply GPS on height positiong it is necessary to know the geoidal ondulation (N) and, in this work, N was computed based upon data acquired employing receivers at the level reference (RN). The results obtained indicate that special care must be taken during the surveys carried out with the use of GPS receivers on areas with vegetal cover, because it causes interference in the propagation of electromagnetic waves from the satellite which can even make the positioning become unviable.
Doutor

L'impact dynamique des montagnes sur la circulation de grande échelle de l'atmosphère passe généralement par des forces : pour cette raison, la partie de l'orographie qui n'est pas résolue par les modèles de circulation générale est prise en compte par la paramétrisations des forces qu'elle applique à l'atmosphère. Dans cette thèse , nous nous attacherons à comprendre l'impact des forces appliquées par les montagnes des moyennes latitudes, en particulier le Plateau tibétain, sur la circulation de l'atmosphère. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons notamment le concept de couple appliqué par les montagnes sur l'atmosphère, traduction des forces à l'échelle globale. Les chaînes de montagnes les plus importantes des moyennes latitudes génèrent, à l'échelle synoptique, d'importantes vagues de froid appelées cold surges dans la littérature anglophone, un terme que nous traduirons littéralement par crues froides. L'importance du couple équatorial des montagnes dans l'initiation des crues froides sur l'Asie de l'Est (impact du Plateau tibétain), l'Amérique du Nord (impact des montagnes Rocheuses) et l'Amérique du sud (impact de la cordillère des Andes) est mise en évidence par une étude statistique. À l'aide d'un modèle dynamique simple, une interprétation du mécanisme sous-jacent à ce forçage est proposée, montrant que les forces de portance appliquées par la montagne à l'atmosphère dans la phase initiale des crues froides suffisent à leur déclenchement. L'impact dynamique du plateau tibétain sur la mousson d'hiver est-asiatique est important, en particulier sur les événements de convection en hiver sur la Mer de Chine Méridionale. Une séquence d'événements montrant cet impact a été identifiée statistiquement : un forçage dynamique de la circulation atmosphérique par le Plateau tibétain, se traduisant par un fort signal sur le couple des montagnes équatorial appliqué à l'atmosphère, est suivi par le déclenchement d'une crue froide puis, après quelques jours, par un renforcement de la convection profonde sur la Mer de Chine Méridionale. Cet effet dynamique du Plateau tibétain sur la mousson d'hiver s'étend au sud jusqu'à l'Indonésie et à l'ouest jusqu'à la Baie du Bengale. L'utilisation du modèle de circulation générale du Laboratoire de Métérorologie Dynamique, LMDz, permet de compléter les résultats observationnels décrits auparavant. Ce modèle ferme de manière satisfaisante le bilan de moment angulaire et permet de montrer que l'orographie sous-maille joue un rôle important sur la phase finale de l'évolution des crues froides. Des résultats nouveaux sont présentés sur le bilan de moment angulaire de l'atmosphère, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'impact du couple équatorial des montagnes et de la contribution du Plateau tibétain. Il est en particulier montré que le couple équatorial appliqué par le Plateau tibétain joue un rôle faible dans l'évolution temporelle du moment angulaire équatorial, mais un rôle significatif dans sa répartition spatiale

Variable data will play a decisive role in the future of packaging and product promotion. Variable data printing (VDP) is a technique whereby certain information can be altered in an otherwise static layout with the help of a digital printing system, and in the packaging industry a wide range of applications is possible. Inkjet printing, due to its non-impact printing (NIP) principle, is the most suitable technology to use when applying variable data on packaging and to offer customized and even personalized prints for the industry and the end-consumer (van Daele, 2005). The aim of the work described in this thesis was to evaluate the practicability of attaining high quality variable data print (VDP) at high speed. The thesis is divided into three major parts. Part one focussed on the surface topography of corrugated board and applicable analytical methods to describe the printability of the substrate. In the second part the performance of inkjet on corrugated board liners printed at high speed was investigated and how to achieve maximum printing resolution. The final part of the thesis is devoted to a market survey of variable data printing on the North American and European markets. Part 1 concentrated on corrugated board as substrate and its pre-conditions regarding surface topography before the printing operation. Most critical for the quality are print defects such as mottling, gloss and stripiness, all of which occur in the printing of corrugated board. Stripiness is especially critical because it is one of the most disturbing print defects on corrugated board since it is periodical and more easily perceived than random print defects (Netz, 1996). Part 1 revealed that there is a difference in surface micro-roughness between the regions on the peak line of the fluting and the regions in the valley between two peaks of the corrugation which leads to glossy lines on the peak areas. The aim of the second part was to assess the practicability of attaining high quality VDP at high speed on a variety of liners for corrugated board production. The trial was conducted on a Kodak Versamark DP5240 press in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, in cooperation with the Mid-Sweden University - Digital Printing Centre (DPC). Nine different substrates were printed at speeds between 0.5 and 5 m/s. The results revealed that the paper type rather than the printing speed has the greatest influence on the print quality. Speed, however, is the most important technical factor for inline implementation of inkjet. To obtain a picture of the industries’ view of variable data print on fibre-based packaging, a market survey was initiated and was addressed to people in the development, marketing and decision-making sectors of the packaging and printing industry, including manufacturers of machinery, producers of packaging and prints, and print buyers. The goal was to draw an overview map covering the people’s view of their market, trends in their fields and how they envision the future of VDP on fibre-based packaging. The conclusion was that inkjet technology has to prove itself first and to increase its technical capability, and the printing industry will then start investing more in this technology and in applications such as VDP.
QC 20101206

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Neste trabalho, foram realizados levantamentos topográficos para a avaliação do efeito da cobertura vegetal, na recepção de sinais GPS, para obtenção de posicionamento tri-dimensional, considerando os estudos realizados em diferentes tipos de uso do solo. Vértices foram implantados em diferentes tipos de uso do solo; em área com pastagem, com plantação de seringueiras e com eucaliptos, e as suas posições determinadas com estação total, nivelamento geométrico e com receptores GPS. Na avaliação do posicionamento altimétrico adotou-se como valores de referência os desníveis determinados com o nivelamento geométrico para avaliação dos dados obtidos com receptores GPS. As coordenadas planimétricas obtidas com receptores GPS foram analisadas utilizando-se com valores de referência os dados obtidos com a estação total. No levantamento topográfico com estação total foram adotadas as prescrições estabelecidas nas Normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) NBR 13.133, Execução de Levantamentos Topográficos, para poligonais do tipo IVP. Foi realizada a análise de exatidão e de precisão do posicionamento tridimensional, adotando como padrão a NBR 13133 da ABNT para a classe do levantamento executado. Para aplicações do GPS na altimetria há necessidade do conhecimento da ondulação geoidal (N), que neste trabalho, para a sua determinação foram coletados dados com receptor na referência de nível (RN). Os resultados obtidos indicam que cuidados especiais devem ser tomados nos levantamentos com receptores GPS em áreas com cobetura vegetal, pois estas interferem na propagação das ondas eletromagnéticas provenientes dos satélites podendo inviabilizar o posicionamento.
In this work, topographic surveys were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of vegetal cover, on the reception of GPS signals, for 3D positioning, considering studies to be made in different types of land use. Points were set up on different types of land use, in areas containing grass, rubber trees and eucalyptus, which had their positions defined using a total station, geometric leveling and GPS receivers In the evaluation of height positioning it was adopted as reference values the height differences determined by geometric levelling in order to evaluate data obtained through GPS receivers. Planimetric coordinates obtained by using GPS receivers were analysed using as reference values the data obtained using a total station. During the topographic survey using a total station the recommendations set up by the Brazilian Association for Technical Rules (ABNT) NBR 13.133, regarding the execution of topographic surveys, for transverses of type IVP. Accuracy and precision analysis was made on the 3D positioning, also considering ABNT NBR 13.133, for the class of topographic survey which was carried out. In order to apply GPS on height positiong it is necessary to know the geoidal ondulation (N) and, in this work, N was computed based upon data acquired employing receivers at the level reference (RN). The results obtained indicate that special care must be taken during the surveys carried out with the use of GPS receivers on areas with vegetal cover, because it causes interference in the propagation of electromagnetic waves from the satellite which can even make the positioning become unviable.

La cirugía refractiva corneal corrige los errores refractivos modificando la curvatura de la córnea. Después de la cirugía de la miopía con técnica LASIK, se ha observado un aplanamiento central inesperado de origen biomecánico y un encurvamiento periférico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la relación entre ambos fenómenos y otros parámetros oculares. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de una serie quirúrgica, utilizando las topografías tangenciales diferenciales. El encurvamiento se caracterizó mediante tres parámetros: incremento de potencia, diámetro de la zona de mayor valor (anillo) y ángulo del gradiente periférico. Un estudio prospectivo analizó su presencia post-ablación en cuatro tipos de modelos esféricos experimentales sin respuesta biomecánica. El encurvamiento periférico se situó entre la zona óptica y la zona de transición, con un ligero desplazamiento lateral debido al ángulo kappa. No se halló correlación con el aplanamiento central inesperado. Tiene una correlación positiva y significativa con el gradiente teórico y con la edad. En los modelos experimentales, se presentó un anillo de encurvamiento periférico
Corneal refractive surgery corrects refractive errors by modifying the corneal curvature. After myopia surgery with LASIK, a central unexpected flattening of biomechanical origin and a peripheral steepening have been observed. The aim of this work was to study the relation between both facts and other ocular parameters. A retrospective study of a surgical series was done using the tangential differential topography. Steepening was characterized by three parameters: increase of power, diameter of the zone of major value (ring) and the angle of the peripheral gradient. A prospective study analyzed post-ablation peripheral steepening in four types of spherical experimental models without biomechanical response. The peripheral steepening was placed between the optical zone and the transition zone, with a light lateral displacement due to angle kappa values. No correlation with the central unexpected flattening was found, whereas it has a positive and significant correlation with the theoretical gradient and with the age. In the experimental models, a ring of peripheral steepening was present.

Objetivo: Investigar as alterações biomecânicas da córnea de suínos induzidas pela confecção de lamelas pediculadas de diferentes espessuras pelo laser de femtossegundo. Métodos: Para a formação dos dois grupos, 12 olhos de porcos foram usados: lamelas pediculadas de 100 e de 300 micrômetros confeccionadas pelo laser de femtossegundo. Cada olho foi submetido aos seguintes exames, antes da criação das lamelas: topografia por rasterstereography, Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA), tomografia do segmento anterior por coerência óptica para a avaliação paquimétrica corneal e das lamelas criadas e sistema de velocidade de onda (SVO), que mede a velocidade de propagação de ondas acústicas entre dois transdutores posicionados na superfície corneal antes e imediatamente, após a feitura da lamela. O primerio passo foi desenhado para o estudo das diferenças em relação à histerese corneal, fator de resistência corneal, mudanças na curvatura e velocidade de propagação de onda acústica entre córneas com lamelas finas e espessas. Posteriormente, as lamelas foram amputadas, e as medidas do sistema de velocidade de onda foram repetidas. Resultados: A média de espessura das lamelas ± desviopadrão (DP) foi de 108,5±6,9 (8,5% da espessura total) e 307,8±11,5 m (22,9% da espessura total), para os grupos de lamelas finas e espessas, respectivamente (p< 0,001). Histerese corneal e o fator de resistência corneal não apresentaram diferença estatística, após a criação de lamelas finas (p = 0,81 e p = 0,62, respectivamente). Histerese corneal foi significantemente mais baixa, depois da confecção de lamelas mais espessas (8,0±1,0 para 5,1±1,5 mmHg para medidas pré e pós-operatórias, respectivamente, p = 0,003, diminuição de 36,25%) e fator de resistência corneal também mostrou significante diminuição nesse grupo, após o procedimento cirúrgico; valores médios pré e pós-operatórios de 8,2±1,6 e 4,1±2,5 mmHg respectivamente (p= 0,007), diminuição de 50%. A ceratometria média simulada apresentou maiores valores, após a confecção das lamelas mais espessas em relação ao pré-operatório (ceratometria pré e pós-operatória de 39,5±1 D e 45,9±1,2 D, respectivamente, p= 0,003). Para o grupo de lamelas finas, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (ceratometria pré e pós-operatória de 40,6±0,6 D e 41,4±1,0 D, respectivamente, p=0,55). Em relação ao Sistema de Velocidade de Onda, após a criação das lamelas e sua amputação, houve diminuição da velocidade de propagação acústica, embora na maior parte das posições não fosse estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: Nas condições experimentais estabelecidas por este estudo, a criação de lamelas de maior espessura pareceu exercer efeito mais relevante sobre a biomecânica da córnea de suínos
Purpose: To study the impact of programmed flaps at two different thicknesses on the biomechanical properties of the swine corneas. Methods: Twelve pig eyes were enrolled in this study and were formed two groups: 100m and 300 m flaps performed with the femtosecond laser. Each eye had the following procedure before the flap creation: raster photograph topographic maps, Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA), Optical Coherence Tomography to measure the pachymetry and flap thickness and Surface Wave Velocity system which is a prototype system that measures sonic wave propagation time between two transducers positioned on the corneal surface before and after flap creation. This first step was designed to investigate the differences in respect to corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, curvature change and ultrasonic wave propagation between the groups with thinner and thicker flaps. After this initial procedure, flap amputation was performed and new measurements with the surface wave velocity system were taken again. Results: Measured flap thicknesses averaged 108.5±6.9 (8.5% of the total cornea) and 307.8±11.5 m (22.9% of the total cornea) for thin and thick flap groups, respectively (p< 0.001). Hysteresis and corneal resistance factor did not change significantly after flap creation in the thin flap group (p = 0.81 and p = 0.62, respectively). With thicker flaps, both parameters decreased significantly from 8.0±1.0 to 5.1±1.5 mmHg (p=0.003, reduction of 36.25%) and from 8.2±1.6 to 4.1±2.5 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.007), reduction of 50%. Simulated keratometry values increased in the thick flap group (from 39.5±1 D to 45.9±1.2 D, p=0.003) after flap creation and not in the thin flap group (from 40.6±0.6D to 41.4±1.0D, p= 0.55). Regarding surface wave velocity analysis, the surgical procedures induced lower values in some positions although most of them did not present statistically different results. Conclusion: In this experimental model, thicker flaps seemed to have a greater effect on the biomechanics of the swinish cornea

Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt einerseits überblicksartig, gleichzeitig aber auch ins Detail gehend, vor allem die kartographische Entwicklung von Namibia von den Anfängen im 18. Jh. bis zur Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1990. Dabei werden neben der eigentlichen Kartographie auch die wichtigsten damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Entwicklungen der Forschungsreisen, des Vermessungswesens, der allgemeinen Verwaltung des Landes und der Organisation des Karten- und Vermessungswesens im Gebiet des heutigen Namibia, im Deutschen Reich und in Südafrika dargestellt. Diese Ausweitung des Themas erwies sich als notwendig, um die Hintergründe und das geschichtliche und politische Umfeld mancher kartographischen Entwicklung deutlich und verständlich machen zu können. Damit liegt erstmals eine umfassende Dokumentation über die Kartographie von Namibia vor. Die Gliederung der Arbeit in die drei großen Zeitabschnitte der vorkolonialen, der deutschen Kolonial- und der südafrikanischen Mandatszeit ermöglicht die genaue Differenzierung von politischen und verwaltungstechnischen Abhängigkeiten bei der Kartenherstellung. Allerdings muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass unterschiedliche Entwicklungsstadien nicht nur vom Herrschaftsträger abhängig waren. Der Vergleich zu anderen Kolonien des südlichen und zentralen Afrika, aber auch der weiterreichende Blick auf alle europäischen Afrikakolonien zeigt, dass Fortschritte im jeweiligen Karten- und Vermessungswesen neben der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Wertschätzung der Kolonie und der Macht des Mutterlandes (Deutschland, Portugal, Großbritannien, Frankreich) vor allem auch von der Größe, der Lage, der sehr verschiedenartigen Natur und dem Klima des entsprechenden Gebietes bestimmt wurden. Im Gegensatz zu der relativ langsamen, aber kontinuierlichen Entwicklung der Vermessungsmethoden und der kartographischen Darstellung in Europa sind in den Kolonien eher ruckartige Veränderungen zu verzeichnen, die mit dem Import der europäischen Methoden und Instrumente in infrastrukturell unterentwickelte Gebiete einhergingen. Die Entwicklung afrikanischer und im Besonderen südwestafrikanischer Karten zeigt drei Phasen: Zunächst erfolgte die Aufnahme der Küsten während der Entdeckungsreisen des 15. und 16. Jhs. und durch spezielle Forschungsreisen vor allem im 17. und beginnenden 18. Jh. Die Erforschung und kartographische Darstellung des Landesinnern begann dagegen zögernd erst Ende des 18. und Anfang des 19. Jhs. In SWA ist der Grund dafür vor allem in den schlechten Zugangsmöglichkeiten auf Grund der Wüstengebiete zu suchen. Träger dieser Aufnahmen waren hauptsächlich Missionare und Forschungsreisende. Innerhalb der nächsten 100 Jahre konnte in Südwestafrika ein grobes topographisches Grundwissen aufgebaut werden, das zur Orientierung im Land meist ausreichte. Mit der Eroberung Afrikas durch europäische Kolonialmächte Ende des 19. Jhs. begann die dritte Phase. Diese war in Südwestafrika durch die deutsche Kolonialherrschaft bestimmt und ist vor allem geprägt durch die Suche nach geeigneten Aufnahmemethoden und Darstellungswegen, um die riesigen, teilweise menschenleeren Gegenden in wirtschaftlich verantwortbarer, aber auch militärisch und verwaltungstechnisch nutzbarer Form kartographisch darzustellen. Ihren Höhepunkt erreicht diese Phase jedoch erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, in Südwestafrika sogar erst in den 1970er Jahren mit dem Einsatz moderner Aufnahmetechniken. In gleichen Phasen vollzog sich auch der Übergang von Kontinentkarten über lineare Routenaufnahmen mit stark wechselnden Maßstäben hin zu flächendeckenden topographischen Abbildungen. Mit diesen Veränderungen war auch eine Wandlung des Aussagewertes der Karten verbunden. Wie in Europa war die Kartenherstellung in Südwestafrika seit 1904 vor allem durch das Militär und dessen Bedürfnisse geprägt. Damit besaß das Land gegenüber den anderen deutschen Afrikakolonien eine Sonderstellung. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen deutschen Kolonien, aber in Anlehnung an das landschaftlich und klimatisch vergleichbare Südafrika wurde seit dem Hererokrieg 1904 eine großzügige und möglichst flächendeckende geodätische Vermessung durch Triangulation durchgeführt. Dagegen lagen die Katastervermessung und alle damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Arbeiten wie im Deutschen Reich in den Händen der zivilen Behörden. Allerdings war die Trennung der Aufgaben, bedingt durch die alleinige Zuständigkeit der Zivilverwaltung für alle Vermessungs- und Kartierungsangelegenheiten in Südwestafrika vor 1904, nicht ganz so deutlich wie im Deutschen Reich. Die dadurch bedingten regelmäßigen Kompetenzstreitigkeiten und die mangelnde Anerkennung der Arbeiten der Gegenseite verursachten die Behinderung zügiger Fortschritte in der Kartenherstellung sowie erhebliche zusätzliche Kosten. Die Koordinierung und Organisation der Arbeiten in Südwestafrika während der deutschen Kolonialzeit zeigt deutliche Mängel. Trotzdem kann das kartographisch Erreichte als positiv bewertet werden. Natürlich können aus heutiger Perspektive verschiedene Entscheidungen und Vorgehensweisen kritisiert werden. Für die damalige Zeit, die vorhandenen Mittel, Instrumente und Methoden, die Anzahl des Personals und im Wissen um die infrastrukturellen und Lebensbedingungen sind die erzielten Ergebnisse, ob das die Einzelkarten, räumlich definierte Kartenwerke oder solche des ganzen Landes betrifft, eine große Leistung. Das zeigt sich umso mehr im Vergleich zu den Nachbarstaaten, von denen beim Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges keines so zahlreiche und gute Kartenmaterialien vorweisen konnte. Aber auch während der südafrikanischen Mandatszeit seit 1920 waren die Kompetenzen und Zuständigkeiten nicht eindeutig geregelt. Zunächst besaß Südwestafrika eine Sonderstellung gegenüber den Provinzen der Südafrikanischen Union, indem das Vermessungsamt in Windhuk für alle Vermessungs- und Kartierungsarbeiten des Landes zuständig war. Damit war das Mandatsgebiet in gewisser Weise aber auch von den methodischen und technischen Fortschritten, vor allem des Trigsurvey, abgekoppelt. Andererseits nutzte man diese Unabhängigkeit in Windhuk für eigene Wege, vor allem beim Druck der Karten in Southampton. Spätestens seit dem Beginn der Herstellung der landesweiten Kartenwerke in den Maßstäben 1:50 000, 1:250 000 und kleiner in den 1960er Jahren wurden die kartographischen Arbeiten dann aber von Südafrika bestimmt und kontrolliert. Trotz dieser Probleme lässt sich sowohl für die deutsche Kolonialzeit als auch für die südafrikanische Mandatszeit eine Vielzahl guter und von unterschiedlichen Autoren stammender Karten als Einzelwerke, als Beilage zu diversen Berichten oder als Kartenwerke feststellen. Flächendeckende Triangulationen stellen daneben eine bedeutende Entwicklung für die lagerichtige Wiedergabe der Topographie auf der Karte dar. Dass die deutsche Kolonialzeit in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein starkes Übergewicht gegenüber den anderen beiden Zeitabschnitten aufweist, liegt auch an den zahlreichen Aktivitäten und Produkten dieser Zeit, vor allem aber an der Quellenlage, die für die Zeit zwischen 1890 und 1915 qualitativ und quantitativ wesentlich umfangreicher ist, als beispielsweise für die Zeit nach 1920
This work gives an overview over the cartographic development of Namibia from the beginnings in the early 18th century up to the independence of the country in 1990. At the same time there is also a detailed view to the cartography, the maps and map series possible. Besides the most important developments of the large expeditions, the surveying, the general administration and the organization of the surveying and mapping in the area of today’s Namibia are shown. Additionally also the most important developments of surveying and mapping in the German Empire and in South Africa are presented because of there relevance for some historical and political decisions in relation to the surveying and mapping of Namibia. For the first time this work presents a comprehensive documentation about the cartography and the map-products of Namibia. Such a work does not exist for any of the neighbour countries in Southern Africa. The work is structured into three main periods, the Precolonial time up to 1884, the time of the German colony German South West Africa between 1884 and 1915/20 and the time of the South African mandatory power between 1920 and 1990. These periods allow to show in detail the different political and administrative obediences for the map making. But not only the colonial power (Germany, Great Britain, France, Portugal) is responsible for different developments. In comparison especially with other countries of Southern Africa but also with countries all over Africa it could be shown that advances in surveying and mapping also depend on the dimension, the location, the different nature, relief and the climate of an area. In contrast to the mostly slow but continuous development of the surveying methods and the cartographic design in Europe the colonies show steplike changes. This is because of the import of the European methods and instruments into areas with very low infrastructure. The development of the South West African cartography shows three main phases. During the age of discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries but also through special expeditions in the 17th and the beginning 18th centuries the coasts were surveyed and mapped. The exploration and mapping of the inner parts of the country began late (end of 18th century) and slowly. The main reason for this are the large coastal deserts and the large waterless areas that made travelling very difficult and dangerous. The first travellers in South West Africa were missionaries and researchers. Within the next about 100 years the travellers could map an approximate topographic structure of the land. This was more or less satisfactory for an overview and the safe travelling in the country. The third phase began with the European, here German colonisation at the end of the 19th century. This phase began with the search for useful recording and mapping methods. Especially the huge but deserted areas of the colony had to be mapped in an economic arguable but also for the military and the administration usable way. The culmination of this phase was reached only after World War II, in South West Africa even only in the 1970th. At this time the modern recording methods allowed an area-wide and economic surveying and mapping of the whole country. In the same phases one can also see the change-over from maps of the continent via linear maps as results of route-mappings to area-wide topographic map series. As in Europe the surveying and mapping of German South West Africa since 1904 was affected by the military and its techniques and demands. This gave the land an exceptional position in comparison to the other German colonies. Like in the scenic and climatic similar South Africa the military survey section built up a large and area-wide geodetic survey by triangulation since the Herero-War in 1904. On the other hand the cadastral survey was in the hands of the civil administration as it was in the German Empire. But the separation of the duties and responsibilities was not that clear and precise like in Germany because the civil land surveyors were responsible for all works in the colony prior 1904 and did not wanted to give up all charges. The constant questions of authority and the partly lack of acceptance of the works of the other side caused a lot of additional costs and the relatively slow mapping progress. The coordination and organization of the surveying and mapping of the German colony South West Africa shows obvious failings. Even so the mapping of the colony can be evaluated positive. For that time, the possibilities, instruments and methods, for the small number of employees and with the knowledge of the infrastructure and the living conditions the results are quite good. Many beautiful and high quality single maps and maps series of special area and for the whole country are known. This is much more astonishing as none of the neighbour countries could reach such an high standard up to the beginning of World War I. During the time of the South African mandatory power the competences and responsibilities of the surveying and mapping were also not clearly defined. After World War I but up to the 1950th South West Africa had an exceptional position compared to the South African provinces. The surveying office in Windhuk was responsible for all surveyings and mappings in South West Africa. For this the country was partly cutted from the latest methodic and technic developments of the South African Trigsurvey. On the other hand Windhuk could use his independence for own ways. For this the SWA-maps produced in the 1930th were printed in Southampton and not at the South African Government Printer in Pretoria and show a much better printing quality than the South African maps of that time. At the latest with the beginning of the production process of the map series in 1:50 000, 1:250 000 and smaller in the 1960th the mapping process of South West Africa/Namibia was fully controlled and affected by the South African Trigsurvey. Despite a lot of problems there are both for the Precolonial period, for the German and for the South African time a lot of good maps from many different authors and for different objections produced known. An analysis of the geometric accuracy of four maps, made between 1879 and 1980 (Chapter 6) shows additionally the high importance of area-wide triangulations for high quality maps. The reason for the overweight of the German colonial time in this work depends on the one side on the many maps and other cartographic products and activities of that time but on the other side it depends also on the high quantity and quality of resources about surveying and mapping in the German time

Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt einerseits überblicksartig, gleichzeitig aber auch ins Detail gehend, vor allem die kartographische Entwicklung von Namibia von den Anfängen im 18. Jh. bis zur Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1990. Dabei werden neben der eigentlichen Kartographie auch die wichtigsten damit im Zusammenhang stehenden Entwicklungen der Forschungsreisen, des Vermessungswesens, der allgemeinen Verwaltung des Landes und der Organisation des Karten- und Vermessungswesens im Gebiet des heutigen Namibia, im Deutschen Reich und in Südafrika dargestellt. Diese Ausweitung des Themas erwies sich als notwendig, um die Hintergründe und das geschichtliche und politische Umfeld mancher kartographischen Entwicklung deutlich und verständlich machen zu können. Damit liegt erstmals eine umfassende Dokumentation über die Kartographie von Namibia vor. Die Gliederung der Arbeit in die drei großen Zeitabschnitte der vorkolonialen, der deutschen Kolonial- und der südafrikanischen Mandatszeit ermöglicht die genaue Differenzierung von politischen und verwaltungstechnischen Abhängigkeiten bei der Kartenherstellung. Allerdings muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass unterschiedliche Entwicklungsstadien nicht nur vom Herrschaftsträger abhängig waren. Der Vergleich zu anderen Kolonien des südlichen und zentralen Afrika, aber auch der weiterreichende Blick auf alle europäischen Afrikakolonien zeigt, dass Fortschritte im jeweiligen Karten- und Vermessungswesen neben der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Wertschätzung der Kolonie und der Macht des Mutterlandes (Deutschland, Portugal, Großbritannien, Frankreich) vor allem auch von der Größe, der Lage, der sehr verschiedenartigen Natur und dem Klima des entsprechenden Gebietes bestimmt wurden. Im Gegensatz zu der relativ langsamen, aber kontinuierlichen Entwicklung der Vermessungsmethoden und der kartographischen Darstellung in Europa sind in den Kolonien eher ruckartige Veränderungen zu verzeichnen, die mit dem Import der europäischen Methoden und Instrumente in infrastrukturell unterentwickelte Gebiete einhergingen. Die Entwicklung afrikanischer und im Besonderen südwestafrikanischer Karten zeigt drei Phasen: Zunächst erfolgte die Aufnahme der Küsten während der Entdeckungsreisen des 15. und 16. Jhs. und durch spezielle Forschungsreisen vor allem im 17. und beginnenden 18. Jh. Die Erforschung und kartographische Darstellung des Landesinnern begann dagegen zögernd erst Ende des 18. und Anfang des 19. Jhs. In SWA ist der Grund dafür vor allem in den schlechten Zugangsmöglichkeiten auf Grund der Wüstengebiete zu suchen. Träger dieser Aufnahmen waren hauptsächlich Missionare und Forschungsreisende. Innerhalb der nächsten 100 Jahre konnte in Südwestafrika ein grobes topographisches Grundwissen aufgebaut werden, das zur Orientierung im Land meist ausreichte. Mit der Eroberung Afrikas durch europäische Kolonialmächte Ende des 19. Jhs. begann die dritte Phase. Diese war in Südwestafrika durch die deutsche Kolonialherrschaft bestimmt und ist vor allem geprägt durch die Suche nach geeigneten Aufnahmemethoden und Darstellungswegen, um die riesigen, teilweise menschenleeren Gegenden in wirtschaftlich verantwortbarer, aber auch militärisch und verwaltungstechnisch nutzbarer Form kartographisch darzustellen. Ihren Höhepunkt erreicht diese Phase jedoch erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, in Südwestafrika sogar erst in den 1970er Jahren mit dem Einsatz moderner Aufnahmetechniken. In gleichen Phasen vollzog sich auch der Übergang von Kontinentkarten über lineare Routenaufnahmen mit stark wechselnden Maßstäben hin zu flächendeckenden topographischen Abbildungen. Mit diesen Veränderungen war auch eine Wandlung des Aussagewertes der Karten verbunden. Wie in Europa war die Kartenherstellung in Südwestafrika seit 1904 vor allem durch das Militär und dessen Bedürfnisse geprägt. Damit besaß das Land gegenüber den anderen deutschen Afrikakolonien eine Sonderstellung. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen deutschen Kolonien, aber in Anlehnung an das landschaftlich und klimatisch vergleichbare Südafrika wurde seit dem Hererokrieg 1904 eine großzügige und möglichst flächendeckende geodätische Vermessung durch Triangulation durchgeführt. Dagegen lagen die Katastervermessung und alle damit in Zusammenhang stehenden Arbeiten wie im Deutschen Reich in den Händen der zivilen Behörden. Allerdings war die Trennung der Aufgaben, bedingt durch die alleinige Zuständigkeit der Zivilverwaltung für alle Vermessungs- und Kartierungsangelegenheiten in Südwestafrika vor 1904, nicht ganz so deutlich wie im Deutschen Reich. Die dadurch bedingten regelmäßigen Kompetenzstreitigkeiten und die mangelnde Anerkennung der Arbeiten der Gegenseite verursachten die Behinderung zügiger Fortschritte in der Kartenherstellung sowie erhebliche zusätzliche Kosten. Die Koordinierung und Organisation der Arbeiten in Südwestafrika während der deutschen Kolonialzeit zeigt deutliche Mängel. Trotzdem kann das kartographisch Erreichte als positiv bewertet werden. Natürlich können aus heutiger Perspektive verschiedene Entscheidungen und Vorgehensweisen kritisiert werden. Für die damalige Zeit, die vorhandenen Mittel, Instrumente und Methoden, die Anzahl des Personals und im Wissen um die infrastrukturellen und Lebensbedingungen sind die erzielten Ergebnisse, ob das die Einzelkarten, räumlich definierte Kartenwerke oder solche des ganzen Landes betrifft, eine große Leistung. Das zeigt sich umso mehr im Vergleich zu den Nachbarstaaten, von denen beim Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges keines so zahlreiche und gute Kartenmaterialien vorweisen konnte. Aber auch während der südafrikanischen Mandatszeit seit 1920 waren die Kompetenzen und Zuständigkeiten nicht eindeutig geregelt. Zunächst besaß Südwestafrika eine Sonderstellung gegenüber den Provinzen der Südafrikanischen Union, indem das Vermessungsamt in Windhuk für alle Vermessungs- und Kartierungsarbeiten des Landes zuständig war. Damit war das Mandatsgebiet in gewisser Weise aber auch von den methodischen und technischen Fortschritten, vor allem des Trigsurvey, abgekoppelt. Andererseits nutzte man diese Unabhängigkeit in Windhuk für eigene Wege, vor allem beim Druck der Karten in Southampton. Spätestens seit dem Beginn der Herstellung der landesweiten Kartenwerke in den Maßstäben 1:50 000, 1:250 000 und kleiner in den 1960er Jahren wurden die kartographischen Arbeiten dann aber von Südafrika bestimmt und kontrolliert. Trotz dieser Probleme lässt sich sowohl für die deutsche Kolonialzeit als auch für die südafrikanische Mandatszeit eine Vielzahl guter und von unterschiedlichen Autoren stammender Karten als Einzelwerke, als Beilage zu diversen Berichten oder als Kartenwerke feststellen. Flächendeckende Triangulationen stellen daneben eine bedeutende Entwicklung für die lagerichtige Wiedergabe der Topographie auf der Karte dar. Dass die deutsche Kolonialzeit in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein starkes Übergewicht gegenüber den anderen beiden Zeitabschnitten aufweist, liegt auch an den zahlreichen Aktivitäten und Produkten dieser Zeit, vor allem aber an der Quellenlage, die für die Zeit zwischen 1890 und 1915 qualitativ und quantitativ wesentlich umfangreicher ist, als beispielsweise für die Zeit nach 1920.
This work gives an overview over the cartographic development of Namibia from the beginnings in the early 18th century up to the independence of the country in 1990. At the same time there is also a detailed view to the cartography, the maps and map series possible. Besides the most important developments of the large expeditions, the surveying, the general administration and the organization of the surveying and mapping in the area of today’s Namibia are shown. Additionally also the most important developments of surveying and mapping in the German Empire and in South Africa are presented because of there relevance for some historical and political decisions in relation to the surveying and mapping of Namibia. For the first time this work presents a comprehensive documentation about the cartography and the map-products of Namibia. Such a work does not exist for any of the neighbour countries in Southern Africa. The work is structured into three main periods, the Precolonial time up to 1884, the time of the German colony German South West Africa between 1884 and 1915/20 and the time of the South African mandatory power between 1920 and 1990. These periods allow to show in detail the different political and administrative obediences for the map making. But not only the colonial power (Germany, Great Britain, France, Portugal) is responsible for different developments. In comparison especially with other countries of Southern Africa but also with countries all over Africa it could be shown that advances in surveying and mapping also depend on the dimension, the location, the different nature, relief and the climate of an area. In contrast to the mostly slow but continuous development of the surveying methods and the cartographic design in Europe the colonies show steplike changes. This is because of the import of the European methods and instruments into areas with very low infrastructure. The development of the South West African cartography shows three main phases. During the age of discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries but also through special expeditions in the 17th and the beginning 18th centuries the coasts were surveyed and mapped. The exploration and mapping of the inner parts of the country began late (end of 18th century) and slowly. The main reason for this are the large coastal deserts and the large waterless areas that made travelling very difficult and dangerous. The first travellers in South West Africa were missionaries and researchers. Within the next about 100 years the travellers could map an approximate topographic structure of the land. This was more or less satisfactory for an overview and the safe travelling in the country. The third phase began with the European, here German colonisation at the end of the 19th century. This phase began with the search for useful recording and mapping methods. Especially the huge but deserted areas of the colony had to be mapped in an economic arguable but also for the military and the administration usable way. The culmination of this phase was reached only after World War II, in South West Africa even only in the 1970th. At this time the modern recording methods allowed an area-wide and economic surveying and mapping of the whole country. In the same phases one can also see the change-over from maps of the continent via linear maps as results of route-mappings to area-wide topographic map series. As in Europe the surveying and mapping of German South West Africa since 1904 was affected by the military and its techniques and demands. This gave the land an exceptional position in comparison to the other German colonies. Like in the scenic and climatic similar South Africa the military survey section built up a large and area-wide geodetic survey by triangulation since the Herero-War in 1904. On the other hand the cadastral survey was in the hands of the civil administration as it was in the German Empire. But the separation of the duties and responsibilities was not that clear and precise like in Germany because the civil land surveyors were responsible for all works in the colony prior 1904 and did not wanted to give up all charges. The constant questions of authority and the partly lack of acceptance of the works of the other side caused a lot of additional costs and the relatively slow mapping progress. The coordination and organization of the surveying and mapping of the German colony South West Africa shows obvious failings. Even so the mapping of the colony can be evaluated positive. For that time, the possibilities, instruments and methods, for the small number of employees and with the knowledge of the infrastructure and the living conditions the results are quite good. Many beautiful and high quality single maps and maps series of special area and for the whole country are known. This is much more astonishing as none of the neighbour countries could reach such an high standard up to the beginning of World War I. During the time of the South African mandatory power the competences and responsibilities of the surveying and mapping were also not clearly defined. After World War I but up to the 1950th South West Africa had an exceptional position compared to the South African provinces. The surveying office in Windhuk was responsible for all surveyings and mappings in South West Africa. For this the country was partly cutted from the latest methodic and technic developments of the South African Trigsurvey. On the other hand Windhuk could use his independence for own ways. For this the SWA-maps produced in the 1930th were printed in Southampton and not at the South African Government Printer in Pretoria and show a much better printing quality than the South African maps of that time. At the latest with the beginning of the production process of the map series in 1:50 000, 1:250 000 and smaller in the 1960th the mapping process of South West Africa/Namibia was fully controlled and affected by the South African Trigsurvey. Despite a lot of problems there are both for the Precolonial period, for the German and for the South African time a lot of good maps from many different authors and for different objections produced known. An analysis of the geometric accuracy of four maps, made between 1879 and 1980 (Chapter 6) shows additionally the high importance of area-wide triangulations for high quality maps. The reason for the overweight of the German colonial time in this work depends on the one side on the many maps and other cartographic products and activities of that time but on the other side it depends also on the high quantity and quality of resources about surveying and mapping in the German time.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
97
The technology of surveying and drawing is progressed, the application and technology of computer science is used, and the usage of the topographic map is more extended, it has been great changes already in the survey environment. The topographic map became one of the most important information in construction area. Under lack of land resource, land use was more important in Taiwan and the request of topographic map quality became an important index at construction engineer. Because of the characteristic of survey engineer, there are a numerous influence factors that affect its quality on working process, so it’s difficult to control on qualitative control. The quality control of survey engineer was mainly concentrated on checking data in the past, and makes a redo or revises at this time; there are no researches for what reasons that can affect the survey quality. Improved tactics of “Six Sigma”, it is already paid attention deeply by manufacturing industry qualitative control at present, but it application of the construction industry is being still rare. By using the “Six Sigma” DMAIC procedure to improve the quality on the topographic survey, incorporate the customer's voice with the “Quality Function Deployment”, with collection of the fact data of the case and statistical analysis, that leads out customer's demand and key factors of influence quality , and propose improving the scheme, reduction the error on topography survey effectively, and reduce the defect rate of the products, the result of this study prove that manages the suitability of survey engineer in six standard deviations.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地質科學研究所
106
How sediments are transported in rivers has long been a critical issue in fluvial geomorphology, especially the transportation process of large amount of sediments during flood events. In previous studies, this question has been generally tackled using numerical simulations and flume experiments. Results from direct observations of sediment transport in the field are scarce. We therefore intend to observe in situ fluvial sediment transportation processes during flood events based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technique in a mountain bedrock channel in eastern Taiwan. Along the Swallow Grotto (Yanzikou) section of the Liwu River, there are many huge boulders with different sizes, up to tens of meters. Most of these boulders, which came from rock falls of a nearby tributary, are composed of gneiss, distinctively different from the marble bedrock of the river channel. Thus, we chose these boulders as our survey targets in this study. We surveyed the boulders by TLS annually between the rainy and dry seasons to observe their geometry. By comparing the scanning results of the river segment in different time, we are able to analyze the movement mechanism and transport distance of each boulder and the relationship between the transportation and fluvial hydraulic conditions. We divided the transportation modes into 5 types: sliding, toppling, rotation, rolling and saltation, and analyzed the relationship between transportation modes, boulder conditions, and the size threshold of transported boulders. We found that the hydraulic condition is not the only reason to cause the movement of the boulders, but the condition of the boulders is also an important factor to affect their movements. We used an automatic camera to take photographs at the same site every 30 minutes to identify the flood events that caused the boulder movements. Furthermore, we also observed processes of fluvial erosion in this study based on the TLS data, including abrasion and plucking processes of the boulders. These results would allow us to further understand the sediment transportation processes in various geomorphic systems.

碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
106
This thesis analyzes the topographic openness applied to self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps and global positioning system (GPS) positioning accuracy. The topographic openness has been studied in the past 20 years. It is mostly used for topographic map generation and landslide interpretation. We provide two methods of computing topographic openness, the average method and the eight-direction method, to analyze their difference in creating the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps. In addition, the relationship between the topographic openness and the GPS positioning accuracy is analyzed. The test areas include urban areas and hillsides. In the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps, the topographic openness derived from the eight-direction method show a better result than those derived from the average method because it can present more detailed terrain. In GPS positioning, the topographic openness corresponding to the PDOP values are more reasonable than the average method. Therefore, we recommend using the eight-direction method in the GPS survey. This study analyzes the results of using different topographic openness calculation methods for creating the self-developed three-dimensional terrain maps. In addition, an important method of determining the hot zone for setting up a GPS station is also provided.

No
The famous Celtic site of Entremont, well known for its head cult and warrior statues, is a heritage gem of southern France. This naturally inhibits further excavation there, but the authors show just how much can be achieved through an integrated package of remote mapping techniques. Their exemplary methodology produced more than a high resolution plan of the unexcavated part of the site; this type of integrated procedure generates ground-breaking research, without breaking any ground. Here the investigation mobilised arguments for pre-urban monuments, and the activities, enclosures, entrances and circulation of the oppidum.

碩士
國立中央大學
水文與海洋科學研究所
100
Coastal zone is the intersection among atmosphere, sea and land, where the processes involved are complex and intense owing to the interactions of human activities and nature. Due to the global climate change and sea level rise, and the occurrence frequency of extreme weather events exhibits an increasing trend, and therefore enhance the coastal hazard such as coastline erosion, coastal inundation and coastal ecosystem degradation. These hazards bring direct impacts to the coastal residents. In order to increase coastal safety, it is important to realize coastal situation. According to the CoastView Project, the coastal situation can be represented by the coast state indicators (CSIs) which are a reduced set of parameters that can simply, adequately and quantitatively describe the dynamic-state and evolutionary trends of a coastal system. For example, the beach volume, which is one of the CSIs, can be described by the variables of beach width, beach height, beach slope etc., and these variables can be obtained by estimating the waterline position. The detecting of the waterline position is of an important task regarding to the coastal management. In this study, we proposed a new method to detect the waterline position using microwave radar. According to the principle and mechanism of the radar backscattering mechanisms, we distinguished the area of beaches and seas according to the corresponding temporal variation of the radar backscatter strength. After the processes of radar signals through radar intensity correction, spatial geometric correction, coordinate transformation and the standard deviation of radar backscatter intensity, we can obtain the waterline position by image processing methods, i.e. the high-contrast-edge method and the filter noise process. In order to assess the feasibility of present method, we compare the results of waterline position with CCD image method and the actual DGPS-RTK survey. After the process of lens distortion correction and orthographic projection, the waterline estimation results of the CCD orthoimages agree with the results of radar method. The comparison of waterline estimation using DGPS-RTK survey shows good consistency with our method. Furthermore, the topographic vertical profiles of the intertidal flat are obtained by combining the waterline position and the water level information. Using the chronological record by high-contrast-edge treatment, filtering noise process, we can obtain the change of waterline position with time, and obtain the time averaged topographic vertical profile of the intertidal flat by combining with water level information. Finally we use DGPS RTK to measure the topography of intertidal flat to confirm the accuracy that the radar estimated. In this study during the strong winter northeast monsoon and summer southwest monsoon events, we estimate the change of topography at the south intertidal flat of Yong-An fishery port, and discuss the coastal erosion under the groin effect.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1992.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-132).

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
O desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas é suportado por uma atividade marítima intensa, tendo como consequência uma natural atração pela fixação das populações junto do litoral. Esta localização preferencial pelas orlas costeiras obriga à criação de soluções de defesa da costa, que permitam o desenvolvimento das diferentes atividades instaladas com a segurança adequada. Nas zonas costeiras as ameaças são na sua maioria, ambientais/naturais, estando a erosão, as correntes marítimas e a subida do nível das águas do mar entre as problemáticas que se destacam. Algumas destas ameaças são agravadas pela ação humana. A adaptação e mitigação dos efeitos resultantes das ameaças descritas deverão basear-se em estudos e informação que possam colmatar a insuficiência de dados necessários para a caracterização do litoral português. A gestão integrada e sustentável da zona costeira depende do acesso a informação relevante que inclua dados e modelos com a resolução espacial e temporal adequada. O trabalho desenvolvido na presente dissertação pretende contribuir para a disponibilização de informação relativa à morfodinâmica de praias de calhau rolado. O estudo foi realizado numa praia de calhau na costa Norte da ilha da Madeira. Na caracterização morfológica da praia dos Juncos, foi obtida informação topográfica, utilizando-se um aparelho DGPS para realizar os levantamentos. Os dados foram processados em AutoCAD Civil 3D, obtendo-se diferentes morfologias da praia registadas em diferentes datas. Recorrendo-se ao programa AutoCAD traçaram-se as linhas de nível representativas e extraíram-se três perfis transversais. O programa XBeach-Gravel permitiu realizar a modelação numérica da evolução da praia no período monitorizado, com base na informação relativa aos perfis, maré e características da agitação. O estudo incidiu sobre uma praia de calhau rolado de estado morfodinâmico do tipo reflectivo. Do trabalho de modelação realizado com a aplicação XBeach- G, num espaço de tempo longo, revelou-se inviável, e também numa simulação com manipulação de dados para um curto espaço de tempo. As características da praia acabaram não se coadunando com a aplicação modelar da simulação morfodinâmica do XBeach-G.
The development of contemporary societies is supported by an intense maritime activity, resulting in a natural attraction for the settlement of populations along the coast. This preferential location along the coastlines requires the creation of coastal defense solutions that allow the development of different activities installed with adequate security. In coastal areas the threats are mostly environmental / natural, with erosion, sea currents and rising sea levels among the issues that stand out. Some of these threats are aggravated by human action. The adaptation and mitigation of the effects resulting from the described threats should be based on studies and information that can complete the necessary data to characterize the Portuguese coast. The integrated and sustainable management of the coastal zone depends on access to relevant information that includes data and models with adequate spatial and temporal resolution. The work developed in this dissertation intends to contribute to the availability of information on the morphodynamics of pebble beaches. The study was carried out on a pebble beach on the north coast of the Madeira island. In the morphological characterization of the Juncos beach, topographic information was obtained, using a DGPS device to perform the surveys. The data were processed in AutoCAD Civil 3D, obtaining different beach morphologies registered in different dates. Using the AutoCAD program contour lines were drawn and three beach profiles were extracted at fixed positions. A model implemented in XBeach-Gravel program based on beach profiles data, tide and wave characteristics, allowed the simulation of the evolution of the beach during the monitored period. The study focused on a beach of pebble rolled of reflective morphodynamic state. From the modeling work carried out with the XBeach-G application, over a long period of time, it was not feasible, and also in a simulation with data manipulation for a short time. The characteristics of the beach ended up not being in line with the modeling application of the XBeach-G morphodynamic simulation.

碩士
雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
96
The GPS Real Time Kinematic( RTK) applys at the surver of the civil engeneering.It has characteristic like easy to use, high efficiency, free of weather, offering the precision in centimeters, without view each point, and easy to apply it in various coordinate system.It is influenced that RTK is propagated to decay and to be covered etc. with the distance by the building by the radio signal. The tradition survey its precision precision can accord with the demands But must guide and have enough control points to examine the cloth in the area to measure, for surveying and drawing the basis of the detail.And limited to position must have a good view, and be influence by fog or rain. In order to understand the difference between RTK and tradition survey and the apparatus to apply to the topography, the complementarity of the advantage that the two have. So carry on this research, improve and construct the efficiency and precision for the related scheme that seeks to be improved. Research using the tranditional level, total station, and GPS to survey the position and evaluation of the area that we set.Conclusionly, the result of this research is as below. 1.RTK is influenced by conditions such as the distance or covering,etc., its evaluation obtaining is still unable to take the place of the accurate spirit level completely, and forest, tunnel, building hide terms the two of hindering etc. for high complementarity. 2.RTK is propagated to decay with the distance by the radio signal.The evaluation it measure was vary close to the evaluation mearsuring by the total station.Specially, banding short distance or examine picec intensive with cover have complementarity. 3.RTK every station one belongs to independent structure so don’t have the propagate of error, but it have receive question, but receive questions such as the dead angle,etc.

In 1887, following the completion of the CPR to the Pacific, William Stewart Drewry took part in the Topographical Survey of Canada's first experiment with photographic surveying, which he applied to the Rocky Mountain Railway Belt. He then surveyed the rich mining districts of BC during the Kootenay hardrock mining boom (1893-1909). In 1909, he became BC's first and only Chief Water Commissioner and, in 1911, he returned to surveying as BC's Inspector of Surveys. From 1913 until his retirement in 1929, he surveyed for government and in private practice. Throughout his career, Drewry operated between two land systems: first, a system based on customary rights and local obligations; and, second, a system based on private property and market exchange. Drewry implemented the latter capitalist system, attempting to empower the settlement society, which had the effect of ensuring corporate dominance and, to Drewry's dismay, monopolization of the BC landscape.

TŮMOVÁ, M., The town of Opočno in topographic sources of the 18. and 19. centuries, diploma thesis, The Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague, 2014, 191 p., 11 app. The topic of the diploma thesis is to capture the town of Opočno and its landscape in selected significant topographic sources of the 18th and 19th century. The main aim is to compare relevance and value of the selected significant sources and to assemble a picture of the town's landscape in the past. An introduction integrates the topic of the diploma into various historic regionality and covers a brief history and description of a state of the town of Opočno. The thesis is divided into several chapters according to the selected sources. We paid particular attention to cadastral documentation of the first Military Survey and to Stable cadaster that includes written and cartographical materials of the town. These sources are comparable because of the diverse time interval and the different purposes of origin. In order to provide thorough understanding of the studied sources and the region, the thesis includes picture elements, supplements and samples of historic and contemporary maps. Keywords: Opočno, topography, 1st Military Survey, Stable cadaster, urban area

Since about 20 years, local religious studies are being conducted in certain cities of German speaking Europe. These surveys deal scientifically with certain segments or with the total span of religious communities. This study about Steyr, Austria (42.000 inhabitants) is the first one that combines religious topography of a city with the gathering and comparison of statistical data of all its religious communities, covering the years 1995 - 2004. The partly surprising results confirm trends that national socio-religious studies have pointed out over the last years. At the same time the findings of this study complement other studies by looking also at minor religious bodies. Comparisons of local statistical trends in Steyr with the corresponding larger religious body in Austria show whether growth, stagnation or decline is typical for a community. At the end the researcher reflects on the contribution of this type of study to the field of missiology. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die lokale Religionsforschung beschäftigt sich seit 20 Jahren mit religionstopographischen Studien einzelner Städte oder Regionen im deutschsprachigen Europa. Dabei wird entweder ein Segment der religiösen Landschaft oder das ganze religiöse Spektrum der institutionalisierten Religiosität wissenschaftlich erforscht und beschrieben. Diese Studie über die Kleinstadt Steyr (42.000 Einwohner) kombiniert erstmals die religionstopographische Bestandsaufnahme aller vorfindbaren Kirchen und Glaubensgemeinschaften einer Stadt mit der genauen statistischen Erfassung und Auswertung der Mitgliederzahlen und der Gottesdienstbesuchendenzahlen von 1995-2004. Die teilweise überraschenden Ergebnisse bestätigen die Trends für die Großkirchen, welche die nationale religionssoziologische Forschung der letzten Jahre aufgezeigt hat und ergänzen das bisher gewonnene, aber unvollständige Bild durch das Einbeziehen religiöser Minderheiten. Durch Vergleichen der lokalen statistischen Trends mit denen auf Österreichebene ist es möglich, festzustellen, ob das eruierte zahlenmässige Wachstum, die Stagnation oder der Rückgang der Mitglieder- und Besuchendenzahl einer Glaubensgemeinschaft typisch ist. Zum Schluss wird über den missiologischen Beitrag religionstopographischer Studien reflektiert.
Practical Theology
M. Th (Missiology)

No
To determine whether Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing detects differences in optical performance in vivo between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and foldable acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) and between clear corneal and scleral tunnel incisions and whether optical differences are manifested as differences in visual performance. SETTING: Department of Optometry, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom. METHODS: This study comprised 74 subjects; 17 were phakic with no ocular pathology, 20 had implantation of a Pharmacia 722C PMMA IOL through a scleral tunnel, 21 had implantation of an Alcon AcrySof IOL through a scleral tunnel, and 16 had implantation of an AcrySof IOL through a corneal incision. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity testing, ocular optical quality measurement using Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing, and corneal surface measurement with a videokeratoscope were performed in all cases. RESULTS: There were significant differences between groups in the total root-mean-square (RMS) wavefront aberration over a 6.0 mm pupil (F=3.91; degrees of freedom=3,70; P<.05) mediated at the 4th-order RMS, specifically spherical and tetrafoil aberrations. The PMMA-scleral group had the least aberrations and the AcrySof-corneal group the most. For a 3.5 mm diameter pupil, the total higher-order RMS wavefront aberration was not significantly different between the groups (P>.05). There were no differences between groups in corneal shape, visual acuity, or contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of the spherical PMMA IOL led to a slight reduction in total wavefront aberration compared to phakic eyes. AcrySof IOLs induced more aberrations, especially spherical aberration. Corneal-based incisions for IOL implantation compounded this increase. Studies of the optical performance of IOLs in vivo should use wavefront sensing as the main outcome measure rather than visual measures, which are readily confounded by multiple factors.

My topic of my thesis was the survey of the actual state of the building as a basis for reconstruction. Surveying the actual state took place in the South Region in Pisek, cadastral surveying 720755. As a building, I chose the bridge of Fráni Šrámka no. 20-069 on the road I20 / E49 connecting regional cities Ceske Budejovice and Plzen, spanning the Otava River. The focus of the bridge was necessary due to poor technical condition of the bridge equipment, their influence there was water leaking into the supporting structure of the bridge. The aim was to focus the actual condition of the bridge, and planimetry and altimetry a scale of 1: 250. Before focusing bridge was necessary reconnaissance current point field. After reconnaissance followed selection and stabilization of new auxiliary points for orientation. The focus of the bridge was used Leica Total Station TCRM 1205 R300. Based on focus were drawn and computer graphic work. The building was targeted in a coordinate system S - JTSK a vertical system Bpv.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A região costeira apresenta uma dinâmica intensa forçada por diferentes agentes: ventos, agitação marítima, marés, entre outros. As correntes costeiras e o vento induzem o transporte sedimentar em costas arenosas ou de seixos responsáveis por diferentes padrões morfodinâmicos. Com efeito, é fulcral a caracterização da hidrodinâmica, que constitui o primeiro passo em muitos estudos sobre a orla costeiras (sistema praia-duna), dado que as correntes, induzidas por diferentes estados de agitação e tipologia de maré, determinam o movimento dos sedimentos. O conhecimento sobre a morfodinâmica de praias arenosas é extenso mas, é ainda reduzido, o das praias de seixos, apesar de estas ocuparem uma área importantíssima da faixa costeira mundial (Loureiro,2006). A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento do comportamento deste tipo de praia, tomando como caso de estudo a praia de Belinho, no concelho de Esposende. Para conhecer as mudanças morfológicas da praia e sua relação com diferentes estados hidrodinâmicos, foram realizados diversos levantamentos topográficos com auxílio do equipamento DGPS Trimble Geo-XR, em perfis transversais, em situações de marés vivas, com suporte de ferramentas informáticas e de equipamento DGPS para levantamento topográfico de alta precisão. O processamento posterior dos dados foi realizado com recurso ao software Arcgis, tendo-se obtido cartas dos levantamentos realizados, modelos tridimensionais (3D) da praia e estimativas de áreas e volumes. Procedeu-se ainda à comparação de resultados entre os distintos levantamentos. Foi realizada uma análise das dimensões dos seixos existentes à superfície da praia com recurso ao programa Autocad e fotografias obtidas em cada uma das campanhas. Foram gerados modelos 3D, através de fotografia, com o software Agisoft Photoscan.
The coastal region presents an intense dynamic forced by different agents: winds, sea waves, tides, among others. Coastal currents and the wind induce sediment transport along sandy or gravels coasts responsible for different morphodynamic patterns. Indeed, it is crucial to the hydrodynamic characterization that is the first step in many studies of coastal areas, considering that the currents, in different conditions of roughtness and type of tide, determine the sediments movement and the dissolved substances. These sediment deposits are, for example, beaches that are covered with sand, shells, and gravel or pebbles, among others. The knowledge of the dynamic and the gravel beaches evolution is still reduced, however they occupy a very important area of the world's coastline (Loureiro, 2006). This thesis is to contribute to increase the knowledge of the complex systems behavior. Transverse profiles were obtained by assessing morphological changes during spring-tides and neap-tides, with IT tools and a DGPS equipment for high-precision topographic surveying. Several topographic surveys were done at Belinho beach, in Esposende municipality, making use of Trimble Geo-XR equipment. Data processing was performed later applying the software Arcgis. Maps of the surveys, three-dimensional models (3D) from the beach, areas and volumes calculations were obtained and then the results were compared between different surveys. It has also been performed an analysis of the gravels superficial layer dimensions using the Autocad program and photographs obtained in each of the campaigns. 3D models were generated through photography with Agisoft Photoscan software.

This thesis is a multi-disciplinary survey of the Central Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC) illustrated with an abundant use of maps and tables. The purpose is to determine how the Jordan Valley functioned as an economic unit during the Late Bronze Age. This thesis surveys the geographical, historical and archaeological records related to the Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age. A chapter is devoted to each field, geography (physical and human), history (Egyptian and Hebrew Bible) and archaeology. The data from each discipline is used to individually answer two questions: 1) was the Jordan Valley a single geographic/economic unit in the Late Bronze Age? 2) to what extent was the Jordan Valley integrated/interacting with the east-west highlands and the larger region in the Late Bronze Age? The primary objectives are to 1) explore and model a historical geographic hermeneutic for understanding the human experience of the Ancient Near East; and 2) lay a foundation for understanding the role of the Jordan Valley in affecting the Biblical periods of the Israelite monarchy to the Roman period.The answers from each chapter are then synthesized into a single geographic historical archaeological picture of the Central Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age. The Central Jordan Valley was divided into two sections: a fertile, populated, well connected north-central section and an isolated, sparsely populated southern section with limited agricultural zones. Trade with and between the eastern and western highlands is well represented by artifactual parallels in and through the Jordan Valley, the north-central section on a regional and international scale and the southern section on a more local scale. The thesis concludes that there are more artifactual points of connection between the Jordan Valley and the eastern highlands than with the western highlands. An ‘early conquest’ model of the Hebrew Bible is plausible within the historical records of the Egyptian 18th and 19th Dynasties and the geographical and archaeological records of the Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) est une déformation tridimensionnelle complexe du rachis affectant majoritairement les filles. L’atteinte progressive est surtout esthétique avec, notamment, une déformation de la cage thoracique résultante. L’asymétrie mammaire est une préoccupation fréquente chez ces jeunes filles. Se définissant comme une différence de forme, de position ou de volume des seins ou des complexes aréolo-mamelonnaires, l’asymétrie mammaire est courante chez les femmes, mais habituellement mineure et non visible. Il demeure incertain dans la littérature si l’asymétrie mammaire est plus fréquente chez les scoliotiques. De plus, très peu d’études ont évalué la relation entre la scoliose et l’asymétrie mammaire. De façon instinctive, on serait porté à croire que ce ne sont pas les seins qui sont asymétriques, mais plutôt la déformation du thorax en rotation qui donne cette impression. Les seins représentent un des organes les plus difficiles à mesurer étant donné leur grande variabilité. Plusieurs méthodes de mesure ont été décrites. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) est considérée l’outil le plus précis pour définir la glande mammaire et plus particulièrement, sa délimitation sur la cage thoracique. Ce projet consiste à quantifier l’asymétrie mammaire, représentée par une différence de volume entre les deux seins, chez une cohorte de jeunes filles présentant une SIA significative, en utilisant l’IRM comme outil de mesure. Ensuite, une méthode de mesure automatisée, à partir de la topographie surfacique 3D, est proposée. Les résultats obtenus avec cette méthode sont confrontés à ceux de l’IRM. L’influence de la posture sur le volume mammaire est également étudiée à partir de ces deux modalités différentes. Pour réaliser ces objectifs, une cohorte de 30 patientes scoliotiques a été recrutée sur la base de leur courbure thoracique et de leur maturité osseuse et mammaire. Deux imageries de tronc ont été effectuées : la topographie surfacique 3D et la résonance magnétique. Dans un premier temps, la sommation des images segmentées acquises par IRM nous a permis de mesurer de façon très précise le volume mammaire. Notre cohorte présente une asymétrie mammaire moyenne statistiquement significative de 8.32%. 66.6% des patientes présentent une asymétrie ≥ 5%. Par ailleurs, le sein gauche est plus volumineux chez 65.5% des patientes. Une faible corrélation non-significative existe entre les volumes mammaires et l’angle de Cobb ainsi que la gibbosité thoracique. Par la suite, une méthode de mesure automatisée, développée à partir de l’environnement mathématique Matlab, est appliquée directement sur les reconstructions 3D. En bref, elle consiste à identifier les contours des seins pour les exciser afin d’exposer la cage thoracique puis, à soustraire le thorax complet du thorax sans seins pour déterminer les volumes mammaires. Les volumes mammaires acquis par la méthode automatisée sont, de manière attendue, de plus petites tailles que ceux obtenus à l’IRM. Une forte corrélation est établie entre les volumes mammaires obtenus par les deux différentes techniques de mesure. Bien que statistiquement significatives, les asymétries mammaires (r= 0.614, p< .001) ne sont pas aussi fortement corrélées entre elles que les volumes. Le sein droit (r=0.805) présente une corrélation plus élevée que le sein gauche (r=0.747). Finalement, l’influence de la posture est étudiée à partir des maillages 3D de l’IRM (décubitus ventral) et de la topographie surfacique 3D (position debout). D’excellentes corrélations sont confirmées entre les volumes mammaires ; r= 0.896 et r= 0.939, respectivement pour les volumes mammaires gauches et droits. Ce projet a permis de démontrer, pour la première fois, qu’il est possible de calculer le volume mammaire de façon objective et précise avec l’IRM, chez une cohorte scoliotique. Grâce à la précision des repères anatomiques, l’IRM nous a permis de revisiter une croyance populaire dans la communauté de la scoliose. Celle soutenant que l’asymétrie mammaire ressentie par les patientes n’est qu’une perception. Ces nouvelles données nous permettrons de conseiller les jeunes filles avec la SIA, concernant leurs préoccupations sur l’asymétrie de leurs seins. Nous avons confirmé que la méthode de mesure automatisée est réalisable cliniquement et pourrait être utilisée pour prédire les volumes obtenus à l’IRM. Par ailleurs, c’est le premier outil de mesure de volumétrie mammaire complètement automatisé à notre connaissance. Les volumes mammaires obtenus debout et en décubitus ventral sont comparables.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex tridimensional deformation of the spine affecting primarily girls. The progressive course is mostly aesthetic with, in particular, a resulting rib cage deformity. Breast asymmetry is a frequent concern expressed by these girls. Defined as a difference in shape, position or volume of the breasts or the nipple complex, breast asymmetry is common in women but usually minor and not visible. It remains unknown in the literature if breast asymmetry is more frequent in scoliotics. Moreover, very few studies have evaluated the relationship between scoliosis and breast asymmetry. It is commonly believed that it is not the breasts that are asymmetric, but rather the trunk rotation giving this perception. The breasts represent one of the most challenging organs to measure due to their great variability. Many measuring methods have been described. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most precise tool to define the mammary gland and its delimitation on the rib cage. This study aims at measuring objectively breast asymmetry, as described by a volume difference between the breasts, in a cohort of young girls presenting with significant AIS, using the MRI as a measuring tool. Then, an automated measuring method, applied on the 3D surface topography, is proposed. The results obtained with this method are confronted to those of the MRI. The influence of posture on breast volume is also examined from the two different modalities. To achieve these objectives, a cohort of 30 scoliotic patients was enrolled on the basis of their thoracic curvature and their bone and breast maturity. Two torso imaging were performed: 3D surface topography and MRI. Initially, the sommation of segmented images acquired by MRI enabled us to measure very precisely breast volume. The statistically significant mean breast asymmetry was found to be 8.32%. 66.6% of the patients presented an asymmetry ≥ 5%. A weak positive non-significant correlation exists between breast volumes and Cobb angle as well as thoracic gibbosity. Thereafter, an automated measuring method, developed from the numeric environment Matlab, is applied directly on the 3D reconstructions. In short, it consists in identifying the breasts contours to excise them in order to expose the rib cage, then subtracting from the complete thorax, the thorax without breasts to determine the breast volumes. The breast volumes acquired by the automated method are, as expected, smaller than those obtained with MRI. A strong correlation is established between breast volumes obtained from the two different techniques. Although statistically significant, breast asymmetries (r= 0.614, p< .001) are not as strongly correlated therebetween as are breast volumes. The right breast (r=0.805) presents a higher correlation than the left breast (r=0.747). Finally, the influence of posture is studied from the meshes obtained from MRI (prone) and 3D surface topography (standing position). Excellent correlations are confirmed between breast volumes; r= 0.896 and r= 0.939, respectively for the left and right breast volumes. This project enabled us to demonstrate, for the first time, that it is possible to measure breast volume objectively and accurately in a cohort of scoliotic patients. As a result of the anatomic landmarks precision, the MRI allowed us to revisit a common belief in the scoliosis community, which states that breast asymmetry expressed by patients, is in fact a perception. These new data will help us counsel our young girls with AIS, regarding their concerns with the asymmetry of their breasts. We have confirmed that the automated measuring method is clinically feasible and could be used to predict MRI volumes. Furthermore, it is the first breast volumetric measuring tool completely automatic, to our knowledge. Also, the breast volumes obtained in standing and in prone are comparable.

1 Abstract In this work I deal with farmyards 13th-15th century, which formed an integral part of the medieval landscape. The main attention is paid to settlement-historical context and economic potential. Attention was also focused on the methods used, archaeological surveys and surface exploration. Nobility farmyards are divided into several types, according to the economic strategy and in material form. Their form depended on the owner, the monasteries were built large courtyards and nobility smaller. The main purpose of these farmyards was to provide the economic base of the nobility. There are also farmyards that served to financial income. The most common owners were a nobility and church institutions. Mostly they were situated to rural settlemet, where they were always dominant feature. Because this is not very frequent theme in Czech archeology, the aim of this work was also to summarize current knowledge. Given the breadth of the topic, I tried to include as much information, on the other hand, I had to approach selected topics in general. Work should, however, include the most important knowledge on this topic.

The following thesis summarizes two years investigation conducted in Sherabad District in South Uzbekistan. The research was focused on systematic field survey in immediate vicinity of tepas, artificial mounds created by centuries of a human inhabitation. Five different areas were examined in order to follow the settlement extant and chronology. The work was conducted by using satellite imageries in combination with topographical maps. The information collected on the fields were marked in PDA running GIS application and evaluated in computer. The results of the field prospection were verified by using complementary methods of the test pits and of the total pickups. Key words: Central Asia, South Uzbekistan, Sherabad District, topographical maps, satellite imagery, systematic field survey, test pits, total pickups, GIS application.