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1

Borisov, Mirko. "Military topographic maps." Vojnotehnicki glasnik, no. 1 (2006): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg0601081b.

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Biahun, Ratsibor. "Maps of Minsk of the late XVIII – early XIX century as the sources on social topography of the city." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 3 (March 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.3.32406.

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This article examines the maps of Minsk of the late XVIII – early XIX century as the sources on social topography of the city. Socio-topographic approach in history implies combining topographic data and social research. City maps have been traditionally viewed as the sources for reconstructing urban topography. However, they often contain valuable data on population of the city, thus it is suggested viewing the maps of Minsk as the carriers of two types of information – topographic and social. Having prepared a review of twenty city maps, the author demonstrates the context of their emergence and provides brief description. The importance of city maps for reconstruction of its topography is underlined. Bases on studying the cartographic content of maps, the author reproduces the image of Minsk of the late XVIII – early XIX; determines the records on social characteristics of urban population. The meaning of cartographic sources for examination of social topography of Minsk is defined.
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Hochmair, Hartwig, and Adam Benjamin. "An Introduction to USGS Topo Maps." EDIS 2021, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fr432-2021.

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Topographic maps provide both a detailed and accurate representation of cultural and natural features on the ground and a quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines. They can be used to address spatial questions in disciplines related to natural resources, hydrology, forestry, agriculture, or ecology. In 1879, the United States Geological Survey began to map the topography of the United States, producing new map versions of each area at semi-regular time intervals. US Topo maps are the current generation of USGS topographic maps. Unlike traditional topographic maps, the US Topo product is automatically generated from national map databases with topographic maps and produced every three years for all 48 of the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and the United States territories. They are published as freely available geospatial PDF documents that facilitate coordinate readings and spatial measurements (e.g. distance, area) through built-in georeferencing technology. This 7-page fact sheet written by Hartwig H. Hochmair and Adam R. Benjamin and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation focuses on US Topo quadrangle download procedures and layer structure. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr432
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4

Udin, S. B., and J. W. Fawcett. "Formation of Topographic Maps." Annual Review of Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (March 1988): 289–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001445.

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5

Zentai, László. "Cold War era topographic maps: Soviet influences on Hungarian civil topographic maps." Abstracts of the ICA 5 (September 14, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-5-41-2022.

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6

LAZORENKO-HEVEL, N., Yu KARPINKYI, and D. KIN. "Creation (updating) digital topographic maps for the forming the main state topographic map." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (April 1, 2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-113-122.

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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to research the peculiarities of creation (updating) of digital topographic maps at the scale of 1:50 000/1:10 000 which would satisfy the requirements for the development of the seamless Topographic Database of the Main State Topographic Map at the scale of 1:50 000. Methodology. The basis for the research is the analysis of the possibilities of applying the theory of databases and knowledge bases, International Standards and specifications and vectorization method. Results. The article examines the peculiarities of creation (updating) digital topographic maps of the scale 1:50000 for the formation of the Main State Topographic Map of Ukraine for the purpose of the creation and maintain the seamless topographic database for national needs, which is located on the Geoportal to ensure the relevance of a single digital topographic basis by topographical monitoring of the territories and for the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Ukraine. The rules of topological relations between features of the digital topographic maps of the scale 1:50 000 are also defined and given. The peculiarities of providing automated quality control of updated digital topographic maps are investigated. The creation of the seamless Topographic Database of the Main State Topographic Map in the conditions of transfer the cartographic paradigm to geoinformation creates new requirements for the creation (updating) of digital topographic maps of the scale 1:50 000/10 000: creation of spatial schemes, description of the internal design of models and rules of digital description of geospatial features, unification of the features catalog and their attributes, as well as rules of topology between topographic features to ensure topological consistency of geometry in accordance with standards and specifications; creation of the “Validate” software package for checking of created (updated) digital topographic maps at a scale of 1:50 000/10 000 to ensure automated quality control of updated digital topographic maps; creation of new virtual and associated features in the TDB of the Main State Topographic Map. This will increase the intellectual level of geospatial data creation. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The creation of the Main Topographic Map Topographic Database takes into account the use of new virtual and associated features, the use of rules of topological relations between digital topographic map features, providing automated quality control of updated digital topographic maps.
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Hamad, Salah. "Updating Topographic Maps at Scale 1:250000 for Libyan Territory Using Quantum GIS (QGIS) and Open Geospatial Data: Libya Topo-Project." Journal of Geographical Studies 4, no. 1 (September 13, 2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.20040103.

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From the beginning of the twentieth century, topographic maps for the Libyan state carried out by various compilers, where the first mapping was carried out by the Italian Military Geographical Institute, the Soviet Union Military, and the U.S. Army, followed by mapping carried out by the Libyan state from the 1950s to the 2000s. Most of these maps have not been digitized and updated using the techniques of geographic information systems and remote sensing. This paper discusses on the objectives, methodology and results of the Libya Topography Project, “Libya Topo” for updating the previously compiled topographical map at scale, 1:250000. Open spatial data from different platforms (OSM, Logistics Cluster, Landsat 8 satellite imagery, and SRTM data, etc.). Also, POIs extracted from previously compiled topographic and geological maps. Spatial database for each UTM zone created to store the features and raster. As for the cartographic style, the map layout adopted is the style of the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency maps. The results of the project are an update of 121 topographical map sheets using Quantum (GIS), those will be freely available for the interested users on request (e.g., environmentalists, academics, and university students, etc.).
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8

Ławniczak, Radzym, and Jarosław Kubiak. "Geometric accuracy of topographical objects at Polish topographic maps." Geodesy and Cartography 65, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geocart-2016-0003.

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Abstract The objective of research concerned verifying the accuracy of the location and shape of selected lakes presented on topographical maps from various periods, drawn up on different scales. The area of research covered lakes situated in North-Western Poland on the Międzychód-Sieraków Lakeland. An analysis was performed of vector maps available in both analogue and digital format. The scales of these studies range from 1:50 000 to 1:10 000. The source materials were current for the years 1907 through 2013. The shape and location of lakes have been verified directly by means of field measurements performed using the GPS technology with an accuracy class of RTK. An analysis was performed of the location and shape of five lakes. The analysed water regions were vectorised, and their vector images were used to determine quantitative features: the area and length of the shoreline. Information concerning the analysed lakes obtained from the maps was verified on the basis of direct field measurements performed using a GPS RTK receiver. Use was made of georeferential corrections provided by the NAVGEO service or a virtual reference station generated by the ASG EUPOS system. A compilation of cartographic and field data formed the basis for a comparison of the actual area and the length of the shoreline of the studied lakes. Cartographic analyses made it possible to single out the most reliable cartographic sources, which could be used for the purposes of hydrographical analyses. The course of shorelines shows the attached map.
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9

Tiňo, Peter, Igor Farkaš, and Jort van Mourik. "Dynamics and Topographic Organization of Recursive Self-Organizing Maps." Neural Computation 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 2529–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.10.2529.

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Recently there has been an outburst of interest in extending topographic maps of vectorial data to more general data structures, such as sequences or trees. However, there is no general consensus as to how best to process sequences using topographic maps, and this topic remains an active focus of neurocomputational research. The representational capabilities and internal representations of the models are not well understood. Here, we rigorously analyze a generalization of the self-organizing map (SOM) for processing sequential data, recursive SOM(RecSOM) (Voegtlin, 2002), as a nonautonomous dynamical system consisting of a set of fixed input maps. We argue that contractive fixed-input maps are likely to produce Markovian organizations of receptive fields on the RecSOM map. We derive bounds on parameter β (weighting the importance of importing past information when processing sequences) under which contractiveness of the fixed-input maps is guaranteed. Some generalizations of SOM contain a dynamic module responsible for processing temporal contexts as an integral part of the model. We show that Markovian topographic maps of sequential data can be produced using a simple fixed (nonadaptable) dynamic module externally feeding a standard topographic model designed to process static vectorial data of fixed dimensionality (e.g., SOM). However, by allowing trainable feedback connections, one can obtain Markovian maps with superior memory depth and topography preservation. We elaborate on the importance of non-Markovian organizations in topographic maps of sequential data.
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Ali, Amal Mahdi. "Making Different Topographic Maps with the Surfer Software Package." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 1 (February 8, 2024): 12556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6525.

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The main objective of this study is to describe the preparation of topographic maps using the Surfer software. A total of 159 regularly distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs) were collected with the use of the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). Seven methods (Contour Map, Post Map, 3D Surface Map, 3D Wireframe Maps, Grid Vector-1 Map, Color Relief Map, and Shaded Relief Maps) at the Surfer environment were used to prepare the topographic maps at the Mukhtar Village near the Al-Fallujah City. Contour lines with other features were superimposed on the DEM layer, which refers to the topography of the terrain inside this study area. The accuracy of the database's results was estimated, essential maps were given, and the results were efficient and effective. The most appropriate method to represent topographic maps was proposed, each of these techniques has been enough to provide us with a general understanding of the subject area.
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11

Ideto, Masatoshi, Yuki Kurisu, and Hideyuki Toishigawa. "Potential of Digital Elevation Topographic Maps reveal the history of the region: comparing Those Maps with Marsh data in the early Meiji Period." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-134-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Landform of lowland is remains of the natural disasters and the history. Residents of this area are influenced of the landform with history of natural disaster. Therefore, there is an inseparable relationship between topography and social life. At Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI), we are creating Thematic maps which clearly express topographic information. We also create, Thematic maps which distinguish the topography from the formation of the land. New findings can be obtained by considering these thematic maps in combination.</p><p> In this paper, we study the relationship between landform and history of Tokyo by comparing “Digital Elevation Topographic Map” and “Marsh data in the early Meiji Period”. (This early Meiji Period here is the 1880s.)</p>
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12

Usery, E. Lynn. "GeoAI for Topographic Mapping Feature Extraction to Knowledge Graph." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-39-2020.

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Abstract. The U.S Geological Survey is exploring the use of machine learning and geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) for topographic mapping tasks. These automated tasks include extracting topographic features such as hydrography, transportation, vegetation canopy, urban 3D structures, and others from raw data including lidar point clouds, color and near infrared images, historic topographic maps, and Web sources of existing geospatial resources. Current (2020) work includes extracting hydrography from elevation data, and geomorphic features with geographic names from historical topographical maps using Deep Learning. Extracted features are included in a geographic information system (GIS), supporting topographic mapping and modeling activities, and as semantic entities in a graph data model, building a knowledge graph for topographic data. These GIS datasets and topographic knowledge graphs can be used in automated topographic mapping processes and artificial intelligence routines that develop data for hydrologic, biologic, and geologic models that form part of the USGS EarthMap vision.
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13

Borisov, Mirko, Radoje Bankovic, and Sinisa Drobnjak. "Modeling processes on topographic maps." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 89, no. 3 (2009): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0903207b.

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The paper deals the procedures and processes in the modeling of topographic data. There are some fazes and procedures of modeling of topographic data in digital form. It deals in capturing, modeling, distributing and archiving of data. Sometimes many procedures are need for convertion and transformation from one format to other, from one system to other. The procedure of modeling data is a very important way and with computer-aided along with a certain degree of automatizaton that is useful for using and updating of topographic contents. .
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14

Borisov, Mirko. "Expressive features of topographic maps." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 91, no. 3 (2011): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1103139b.

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In the field of official topographic cartography Serbia has a long tradition which origin dates from Princedom of Serbia. On the territory of Serbia and former federal state, there have been conducted several surveys in the field, of which the last one was conducted in the period from 1947 to 1967. Based on that survey, the entire area of ex state was covered with topographic maps, but some of them are interested for example at the scale from 1:25 000 up to 1:100 000. That maps are analyzed in this article, specially their characteristics.
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15

Anderson, J. S., M. A. Ferguson, M. Lopez-Larson, and D. Yurgelun-Todd. "Topographic maps of multisensory attention." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 46 (November 1, 2010): 20110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011616107.

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16

Anonymous. "Topographic maps of Mississippi completed." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 71, no. 33 (1990): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo071i033p01034-03.

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17

Raitz, Karl B. "Rivers, Towns, and Topographic Maps." Journal of Geography 86, no. 2 (March 1987): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221348708979459.

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18

Vujić, Jana Žiljak, Maja Matas, Matej Pogarčić, and Ivana Žiljak Stanimirović. "Topographic Maps with Infrared Colors." Procedia Engineering 100 (2015): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.451.

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19

Van Hulle, M. M. "Faithful representations with topographic maps." Neural Networks 12, no. 6 (July 1999): 803–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(99)00041-6.

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Jenny, Bernhard, Ernst Hutzler, and Lorenz Hurni. "Scree Representation on Topographic Maps." Cartographic Journal 47, no. 2 (May 2010): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000870409x12525737905006.

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21

Kinnear, Paul R., and Michael Wood. "Memory for topographic contour maps." British Journal of Psychology 78, no. 3 (August 1987): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1987.tb02257.x.

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22

Hobbs, K. F. "Names on Chinese Topographic Maps." Cartographic Journal 26, no. 1 (June 1989): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1989.26.1.15.

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Moore, Patricia A. "Topographic maps in US libraries." International Library Review 19, no. 3 (July 1987): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7837(87)90033-1.

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Sanes, Joshua R. "Topographic maps and molecular gradients." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3, no. 1 (February 1993): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(93)90037-y.

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Bakrac, Sasa, Boris Vakanjac, Stevan Radojcic, Dejan Djordjevic, and Vladan Tadic. "Significant results of Serbian military topographical and cartographical activities." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 104, no. 1 (2024): 451–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2401451b.

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Serbian military topographic and cartographic activity has existed for almost 150 years. During that time, a relatively small country like Serbia faced difficult temptations but successfully produced topographic maps. During this period, Serbia was affected by numerous wars and other trials. First, there was a war for liberation with the Turkish Empire, then came the Balkan Wars, the First and Second World Wars and the transformation of Yugoslavia from a kingdom into a socialist state, as well as the final disintegration of Yugoslavia. During all that time, the Serbian army managed to create maps that were a necessary tool used by many civilian institutions. Serbian military topography developed solutions related to geodetic surveying, and cartography provided and developed many maps of different scales with appropriate cartographic keys. Although it often faced difficult situations, the Military Geographical Institute - MGI managed to recover, train new personnel, and continue with topographic surveying, map making, aerial photogrammetry, application of satellite images and implementation of digital technology. In this paper, we provide primary data on the development of military cartographic and topographic activity through a presentation of results and activities from establishing the Military Geographical Institute to the present day. The topographic activity, in addition to topography, includes trigonometric and levelling surveying.
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Yablonskiy, L. I. "Foreign evaluation of Soviet topographic maps as an indicator of professional training quality." Geodesy and Cartography 987, no. 9 (October 20, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2022-987-9-57-64.

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The main historical stages of education, the Soviet period of formation and development of the military topographic school, which celebrates its 200th anniversary this year, are considered. It is noted that training specialists in the field of geodesy, topography and cartography made the core of the educational process regardless to political and military changes. The direct impact of the knowledge gained by graduates on extraterritorial mapping of inaccessible territories is shown in the view of quality. According to the comments from foreign specialists and experts, their assessment of the created topographic maps and plans is presented with the allocation of completeness and details of the information. The main published research works concerning to evaluation of domestic topographic maps and plans created for foreign territory within the framework of the Soviet cartographic project are given. It is proved that development and implementation of a cartographic project were largely determined by the professional education system which existed in the Soviet epoch, including training specialists in Leningrad Military Topographic school, rearranged later into Higher Military Topographic Command one.
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HUTSUL, Taras, and Yaroslav SMIRNOV. "COMPARATIVE ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL DTM AND DTM GENERATED FROM SOVIET TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS FOR THE PURPOSES OF ROAD PLANNING." Geodesy and cartography 43, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2017.1412638.

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This article analyses the accuracy of global DTM comparatively to the Soviet topographic maps. The main aim of this study is to estimate the possibility of utilising global DTM for the purposes of road planning. In order to reach this aim, three separate territories with mountain, hill and plain topography were chosen. A DEM was generated for those territories from three different scale levels of Soviet topo­graphic maps. The generated DEM rasters where then subtracted from SRTM and ASTER GDEM global DTMs. Results of the subtraction were analysed using statistical methods and verified with ground data. The Possibility of the replacement of DTMs generated from topographic maps by the global DTM data was proven for the different territories. The results obtained could be useful for the road engineers who still use Soviet topographic maps for the purposes of road planning. Also, some of the findings might be interesting for GIS-professionals who frequently use global DTMs.
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Milleville, Kenzo, Steven Verstockt, and Nico Van de Weghe. "Automatic Georeferencing of Topographic Raster Maps." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070387.

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In recent years, many scientific institutions have digitized their collections, which often include a large variety of topographic raster maps. These raster maps provide accurate (historical) geographical information but cannot be integrated directly into a geographical information system (GIS) due to a lack of metadata. Additionally, the text labels on the map are usually not annotated, making it inefficient to query for specific toponyms. Manually georeferencing and annotating the text labels on these maps is not cost-effective for large collections. This work presents a fully automated georeferencing approach based on text recognition and geocoding pipeline. After recognizing the text on the maps, publicly available geocoders were used to determine a region of interest. The approach was validated on a collection of historical and contemporary topographic maps. We show that this approach can geolocate the topographic maps fairly accurately, resulting in an average georeferencing error of only 316 m (1.67%) and 287 m (0.90%) for 16 historical maps and 9 contemporary maps spanning 19 km and 32 km, respectively (scale 1:25,000 and 1:50,000). Furthermore, this approach allows the maps to be queried based on the recognized visible text and found toponyms, which further improves the accessibility and quality of the collection.
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Goncharenko, O., V. Kukol, and S. Mikheli. "THE PECULIARITIES OF MAPS IN NATO." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 1 (43) (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2020.43.43-50.

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The article describes basic data about the features of creating and operating of NATO maps. The article provides informationabout scale standards for NATO topographic maps. The structure of topographic maps, the order of their creation, mainpurposes, tasks, requirements according to NATO standards are considered. Topographic maps at scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000and 1: 100 000 are created by NATO countries in accordance with national requirements while maintaining their traditionaltransition to the creation of topographic maps, but adhering to a single NATO standard for mandatory mapping of WGS -84 andUTM grids, the printing of explanation symbols and abbreviations in English and application of geographical names in Latin. Atpresent, there is a coherent NATO geopolitics for the creation of topographic special maps (including digital maps), the basicprinciple of which is that each NATO member is responsible for providing the necessary cartographic materials to its troops andNATO forces on its territory and to the globe. for planning and conducting military operations. A 1: 250,000 scale map is used tostudy and evaluate in detail individual, relatively small but important areas, when crossing water obstacles, during hostilities inlarge settlements, as well as when designing and constructing large engineering structures. Projections of topographic maps ofscale 1: 250 000 are considered, specifics of delineation and designations adopted for the map, features of the content of th etopographic map according to NATO standards. The maps are created in the Universal Transversal Mercator Projection (UTM),the Universal Polar Stereographic Projection (UPS) and the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. The article presents a system ofgraphic symbols and symbols of NATO.
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VAN HULLE, Marc M. "Heteroscedastic Gaussian Kernel-Based Topographic Maps." Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 6 (2007): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jsoft.19.6_627.

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Asylbekova, A., and A. Kikkarina. "Updating topographic maps using Remote Sensing." Journal of Geography and Environmental Management 42, no. 1 (2016): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jgem.2016.1.296.

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32

Lebedev, P. P. "The scientific use of topographic maps." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2206-09.

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The article discusses the problem of an unused scientific resource of topographic maps. For resolve this issue, the methodological research has been carried out and the ways and means of solution have been proposed in this paper.
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Rapp, David N., Steven A. Culpepper, Kent Kirkby, and Paul Morin. "Fostering Students' Comprehension of Topographic Maps." Journal of Geoscience Education 55, no. 1 (January 2007): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-55.1.5.

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Pettigrew, John D. "A database of retinal topographic maps." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 91, no. 1 (January 2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00227.x.

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Sun, Cai Min, and Yi Xin Xu. "Development of Topographic Maps Symbols Library." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2782.

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Visual LISP language is favored by many people for its simple and practical. Because of most CAD teaching materials centre on introducing concrete languages’ use and single symbol making, lack of a comprehensive descriptionof the whole process of developing professional symbols library, it is very difficult for People having mastery of LISP languages to developing professional symbol library by this language. In this article, the authors develop a symbols library for common Topographic Maps and design an environment to transfer and input the symbols with the aid of Visual LISP language, including defining graphic coordinates systems, coordinates transformations, putting library files in order, calling user-defined file etc. This paper provides great help for people who Devote oneself to map symbol library system development.
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Guy, Russell E. "The Availability of International Topographic Maps." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 09 (March 1, 1991): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp09.1073.

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Van Hulle, M. M. "Density-based clustering with topographic maps." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 10, no. 1 (1999): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.737510.

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Lawson, J. Stuart, Howard Galin, Susan J. Adams, Donald G. Brunet, Margarita Criollo, and Duncan J. MacCrimmon. "Artefacting reliability in QEEG topographic maps." Clinical Neurophysiology 114, no. 5 (May 2003): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00037-3.

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39

Bauer, H. U., M. Herrmann, and T. Villmann. "Neural maps and topographic vector quantization." Neural Networks 12, no. 4-5 (June 1999): 659–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(99)00027-1.

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Corbett, Melanie C., David P. S. O'Brart, David C. Saunders, and Emanuel S. Rosen. "The Manipulation of Corneal Topographic Maps." European journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 6, no. 4 (August 1994): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3681(13)80283-3.

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41

Corbett, Melanie C., David P. S. O'Brart, David C. Saunders, and Emanuel S. Rosen. "The Interpretation of Corneal Topographic Maps." European journal of Implant and Refractive Surgery 6, no. 3 (June 1994): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3681(13)80406-6.

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42

Fyfe, Colin. "Two topographic maps for data visualisation." Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2007): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10618-006-0047-5.

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43

Loginov, Dmitriy. "Topographic data in the cartographic support of geological exploration: current state and prospects." InterCarto. InterGIS 29, no. 1 (2023): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2023-1-29-521-534.

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The purpose of the current study is an attempt to characterize the scientific and practical issues of modern topographic data preparation and its use in geological exploration. The study is based on the long-term author’s experience in cartographic support of field and cameral geological and geophysical works and on the analysis of modern research in topographical mapping. The specifics of providing access to modern topographic data in the Russian Federation, the Republic of India and the Republic of Colombia, where the main experimental work has been carried out, are briefly described. The content features of the topographic map sheets of these countries are shortly summarized. Practical results of solving such exploration tasks as survey network design, creation of terrain sketch, processing and interpretation of geological and geophysical data, creation of digital terrain models, and preparation of base maps for web services are presented. The prospective directions for further research in improving the use of topographic data in geological exploration are given. It has been found that topographic maps and data are increasingly being used as base layers in the creation of the modern web map services. A balanced and critical approach to the use of global topographic data resources is need for geological exploration as a state’s strategic activity. The industry needs publicly available national multiscale topographic maps as well as theoretical and methodological foundations for the use of web mapping advances in mineral prospecting and exploration.
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44

Sossa, Rostyslav. "Contemporary status of topographic mapping in Ukraine." Polish Cartographical Review 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2021-0001.

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Abstract The fundamentals and contemporary status of topographic mapping of Ukraine’s territory has been studied. Prior to declaration of Ukraine’s independence, its territory was covered with 1:10,000 to 1:1,000,000 scale topographic maps made by sub-divisions of the Chief Department of Geodesy and Cartography affiliated with the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GUGK USSR) and sub-divisions of the Military Topographic Service (MTS) of the USSR Armed Forces. Topographic mapping related cooperation between these institutions has been described. Topographic study of Ukraine’s territory as at 1991 has been subject to close analysis, with due consideration of the coordinate systems used for topographic maps. During the first years after Ukraine’s independence declaration topographic maps in Ukraine were made according to the previously effective Soviet instructions in the 1942 coordinate systems and 1977 Baltic height system. Since mid 1990s, Ukraine enjoyed transition from analog technology of making topographic maps to digital one. The contemporary legal and statutory support of topographic mapping in Ukraine has been studied; the implementation since 1 January 2007 of the UCS-2000 national geodetic reference coordinate system and the height system measurement works have been analyzed. Focus has been made on obsolescence of information of contemporary topographic maps and on extensive deprivation of secrecy for topographic maps in 2000s. Critical for the development of topographic mapping in Ukraine is now the Law of Ukraine “On National Geospatial Data Infrastructure” adopted in 2020. The Topographic Service of the Armed Forces (TS AF) of Ukraine carried out big scopes of works to update the topographic maps related to Russia’s military operations against Ukraine.
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45

Demirbas, Nilufer H., and Stephen C. Pflugfelder. "Topographic Pattern and Apex Location of Keratoconus on Elevation Topography Maps." Cornea 17, no. 5 (September 1998): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199809000-00004.

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46

Lemenkova, Polina. "Scripting methods in topographic data processing on the example of Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9.

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This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.
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Yosanny, Agustinna, Muhammad Ismail, and Handoko Said. "Perancangan Augmented Reality untuk Peta Topografi." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v4i2.2587.

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Topography is the science about the earth's surface and other objects such as planets, satellites, and asteroids. Topography is studied at school and is found quite difficult to understand because it requires imagination to understand the meaning of contour maps as well as the lines. To motivate students in learning topography,we design an learning application of interactive topographic map with 3D features using Augmented reality technology. In this research we implement analysis and design method. The result achieved is a learning topographic map application based on augmented reality. The conclusion that can be drawn is the teaching and learning of topography can be more interesting with 3D features so that students can more easily recognize the meaning of contour lines in a topographic map.
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48

Suwarno, Eno, Yose Rizal, Fadrizal Lubis, and Muhammad Ikhwan. "The TOPOGRAPHY MAP MAKING OF THE TAHFIDZ AL-QUDS BOARDING SCHOOL OF THE AR-RISALAH AL-ALAMIYAH RIAU." Dinamisia : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2023): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/dinamisia.v7i2.12540.

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The availability of topographical maps is indispensable for planning the physical development and landscape arrangement of the Tahfizh Al-Quds Islamic Boarding School. Currently for the manufacture of topographic maps can use drones. Partners do not yet have the skills to do this. The solution offered by the Lancang Kuning University service team is to assist in making topographic maps. Aerial photography is done by using a drone. Furthermore, the data is processed using the Agisoft Photoscan and ArcGIS applications. Based on the topographic map, there are 12 contour lines. The highest area is in the North Southwest, while the lowest area is on the outermost polygon line. Areas that are relatively sloping are in the West to the North, while areas that are steep are in the East to the Southeast. This map can be used as a guide for physical development and infrastructure according to the characteristics of the land.
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49

Sossa, R. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF UKRAINE." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 1 (45) (2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2021.45.74-78.

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The basic principles and current state of topographic mapping of the territory of Ukraine are considered. Prior to the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, its territory was covered by topographic maps in the scale of 1:10 000 to 1: 1 000 000, created by the Main Department of Geodesy and Cartography under the USSR Council of Ministers and the Military Topographic Service of the USSR Armed Forces. The interaction of these departments in topographic mapping is highlighted. The topographic study of Ukrainian territory as of 1991 is analyzed in detail. Today the content of most topographic maps of scales from 1:10 000 to 1: 200 000 is characterized by "aging" of information and does not correspond to the current state of the area. The unsatisfactory state of topographic study of the territory led to the unclaimed topographic maps with much outdated information for consumers, and for the military it very difficult to perform combat tasks. The needs of current topographic information users require a significant improvement in topographic maps content. Since the mid-1990s, the creation of national geospatial data infrastructures has become crucial for providing spatial information to the state and society. The basic principles and general requirements for the creation and updating of state topographic maps are now defined by the "Procedure for national topographic and thematic mapping" (2013). The adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data", giving a powerful impetus to topographic mapping, poses a responsible task of organizational and regulatory and technical support of this process. The issue of obtaining topographic maps from the topographic database requires scientific and technical elaboration, development of appropriate normative and technical documents (guides, principles, instructions, symbols, etc.).
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50

Ardizzone, F., M. Cardinali, M. Galli, F. Guzzetti, and P. Reichenbach. "Identification and mapping of recent rainfall-induced landslides using elevation data collected by airborne Lidar." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 6 (November 6, 2007): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-637-2007.

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Abstract. A high resolution Digital Elevation Model with a ground resolution of 2 m×2 m (DEM2) was obtained for the Collazzone area, central Umbria, through weighted linear interpolation of elevation points acquired by Airborne Lidar Swath Mapping. Acquisition of the elevation data was performed on 3 May 2004, following a rainfall period that resulted in numerous landslides. A reconnaissance field survey conducted immediately after the rainfall period allowed mapping 70 landslides in the study area, for a total landslide area of 2.7×105 m2. Topographic derivative maps obtained from the DEM2 were used to update the reconnaissance landslide inventory map in 22 selected sub-areas. The revised inventory map shows 27% more landslides and 39% less total landslide area, corresponding to a smaller average landslide size. Discrepancies between the reconnaissance and the revised inventory maps were attributed to mapping errors and imprecision chiefly in the reconnaissance field inventory. Landslides identified exploiting the Lidar elevation data matched the local topography more accurately than the same landslides mapped using the existing topographic maps. Reasons for the difference include an incomplete or inaccurate view of the landslides in the field, an unfaithful representation of topography in the based maps, and the limited time available to map the landslides in the field. The high resolution DEM2 was compared to a coarser resolution (10 m×10 m) DEM10 to establish how well the two DEMs captured the topographic signature of landslides. Results indicate that the improved topographic information provided by DEM2 was significant in identifying recent rainfall-induced landslides, and was less significant in improving the representation of stable slopes.
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