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1

Lowe, William E. M. "Topographic maps of semantic space." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22425.

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This work develops and tests the hypothesis that similarity of meaning derives from substitution regularities in the linguistic environment, represented topographically in the brain. We develop a general mathematical theory of semantic space models and use this to motivate a set of new methods for high-dimensional space construction. We then develop a low-dimensional topographic map model of the lexicon from statistical considerations and apply both models to a range of semantic priming experiments. We show that both models capture a large number of previously un-modelled semantic relations. We model association! semantic relatedness and their interaction, and offer a new theory of associative priming. We then demonstrate that, contrary to previous findings, the models also replicate graded and mediated priming effects. Mediated priming is of theoretical importance to memory models because its existence has been taken as evidence for spreading activation and against compound cue models. We show how a semantic space account representing only substitutability relations can account for mediated priming without making any specific architectural assumptions.
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2

Arnonkijpanich, Banchar. "Matrix learning for topographic neural maps." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003854443/34.

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[Verfasser], Banchar Arnonkijpanich. "Matrix learning for topographic neural maps / Banchar Arnonkijpanich." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Universitätsbibliothek Clausthal, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003854443/34.

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4

Thomson, Marie-Kristina. "Dwelling on ontology : semantic reasoning over topographic maps." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17597/.

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The thesis builds upon the hypothesis that the spatial arrangement of topographic features, such as buildings, roads and other land cover parcels, indicates how land is used. The aim is to make this kind of high-level semantic information explicit within topographic data. There is an increasing need to share and use data for a wider range of purposes, and to make data more definitive, intelligent and accessible. Unfortunately, we still encounter a gap between low-level data representations and high-level concepts that typify human qualitative spatial reasoning. The thesis adopts an ontological approach to bridge this gap and to derive functional information by using standard reasoning mechanisms offered by logic-based knowledge representation formalisms. It formulates a framework for the processes involved in interpreting land use information from topographic maps. Land use is a high-level abstract concept, but it is also an observable fact intimately tied to geography. By decomposing this relationship, the thesis correlates a one-to-one mapping between high-level conceptualisations established from human knowledge and real world entities represented in the data. Based on a middle-out approach, it develops a conceptual model that incrementally links different levels of detail, and thereby derives coarser, more meaningful descriptions from more detailed ones. The thesis verifies its proposed ideas by implementing an ontology describing the land use ‘residential area’ in the ontology editor Protégé. By asserting knowledge about high-level concepts such as types of dwellings, urban blocks and residential districts as well as individuals that link directly to topographic features stored in the database, the reasoner successfully infers instances of the defined classes. Despite current technological limitations, ontologies are a promising way forward in the manner we handle and integrate geographic data, especially with respect to how humans conceptualise geographic space.
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5

Li, Fang. "An automated generalized system for large scale topographic maps." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387080.

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6

McCombs, John Wayland II. "Geographic Information System Topographic Factor Maps for Wildlife Management." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36865.

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A geographic information system (GIS) was used to create landform measurements and maps for elevation, slope, aspect, landform index, relative phenologic change, and slope position for 3 topographic quadrangles in Virginia. A set of known observation points of the Northern dusky flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) was used to build 3 models to delineate sites with landform characteristics equivalent to those known points. All models were built using squirrel observation points from 2 topographic quadrangles. The first model, called "exclusionary", excluded those pixels with landform characteristics different from the known squirrel pixels based on histogram analyses. Logistic regression was used to create the other 2 models. Each model resulted in an image of pixels considered equivalent to the known squirrel pixels. Each model excluded approximately 65% of the Highland study area, but the exclusionary model excluded the fewest known squirrel pixels (12.62%). Both logistic regression models excluded approximately 10% more known squirrel pixels than the exclusionary approach. The models were tested in the area of a third quadrangle with points known to be occupied by squirrels. After the model was applied to the third topographic quadrangle, the exclusionary model excluded the least amount of full-area pixels (79.30%) and only 14.81% of the known squirrel pixels. The second logistic regression excluded 81.16 % of the full area and no known squirrel pixels. All models proved useful in quickly delineating pixels equivalent to areas where wildlife were known to occur.
Master of Science
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7

Kannich, Rosene. "Automated selection of topographic base information for thematic maps." Thesis restricted. Connect to e-thesis to view abstract, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/544/.

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Thesis (MSc(R)) - University of Glasgow, 2007.
MSc(R) thesis submitted to the Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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8

Mahoney, Patricia. "Analysis of technological change and relief representation in U.S.G.S. topographic maps." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-124945/.

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9

Andrew, Colin Murray. "Computation and display of EEG spectral and event-related desynchronization topographic maps." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26326.

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10

Sapparth, David James. "Refining topographic line maps for use with ground based night vision systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15877/1/Dave_Sapparth_Thesis.pdf.

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This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.
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11

Sapparth, David James. "Refining Topographic Line Maps for Use with Ground Based Night Vision Systems." Queensland University of Technology, 2002. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15877/.

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This study aims to refine the current cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Defence Force to produce the 1:50 000 scale Topographic Line Map (TLM) so that TLMs can be read with both normal chromatic vision and with achromatic NVG vision. The proliferation and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVG) into the Australian Army has increased the operating capacity of forces at night. The Australian Army has incorporated NVG into standard operating procedures and training to the effect that Australian military personnel do not operate, at night, without NVG. The increased use of NVG in the Australian Army has required existing systems to be modified or redesigned to be effective within the limitations of NVG. The inability to read TLMs effectively with NVG is an identified problem within the Australian Army. This research has investigated the problems associated with using NVG and the information, which cannot be read on TLMs with NVG. This information was compared to a survey of features on a TLM that are critical for successful military operations. The combined information determined which features on a TLM were to be refined to enable effective reading with NVG. The scope of this research limited refinements to current or previous cartographic standards and specifications used by the Australian Army to produce TLMs. Refinements were limited to symbology, size, and colour and three critical information features of contours, watercourses and vegetation. The problems of cartographic design for a dual vision system (chromatic/achromatic) were investigated and it was determined that the common factor of value contrast exhibits the greatest effect on the refinement process. Prototype TLMs were produced and tested with normal and NVG vision to determine the best cartographic portrayal of the critical information features, without compromising the Figure/ground relationship, balance and cognitive meanings of the TLM. A final product was produced from the prototype experiment results providing a TLM for use with both normal and NVG vision. The refined TLM has changed contours from brown to black without changes to symbology or size and watercourses from 0.1mm width to 0.2mm width without changing colour or symbology. Vegetation was retained at the current standard and specification.
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12

Mehrotra, Neeta. "An automated method for locating sinkholes in Montgomery County, Virginia, using digital elevation models." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040435/.

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13

Kent, Alexander James. "An analysis of the cartographic language of European state topographic maps : aesthetics, style, and identity." Thesis, University of Kent, 2007. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/9462/.

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This thesis investigates stylistic diversity in European 1:50 000 state topographic maps and explores the extent to which national conditions, such as socio-economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics, are intrinsically expressed in their symbolization of the national landscape. The separation of the topographic map from its assumed objectivity and the poststructuralist handling of maps as ‘texts’ provide the point of departure for the theoretical framework, which includes a discussion of the role of aesthetic judgment and the nature of style in cartography, and subsequently develops a new language paradigm for understanding national differences in cartographic expression. The methodology involves the construction of a typology for the classification of the legend symbologies of 1:50 000 paper topographic maps from 20 different European national mapping organizations. In addition to providing a quantitative assessment of the symbols devoted to each type of feature, this incorporates a qualitative classification of their appearance according to the criteria of colour, visual hierarchy, ‘white’ space, and lettering in the search for supranational styles. Although it was possible to group countries using a cluster analysis based on the proportion of symbols within each class, the findings reveal much stylistic diversity in European 1:50 000 state topographical mapping, which is demonstrated further in the graphical appearance of each symbology. Tests of association between the symbol classification data and various national statistics suggest a very general reflection of national conditions and do not support some more plausible links, but nevertheless imply the influence of specifically national circumstances. In order to understand the possible influences of wider geopolitical factors on the design and production of state topographic maps, recent initiatives in Latvia and Slovenia were examined and interviews were conducted with those involved. The findings suggest that even with fundamental changes such as the achievement of political independence, the legacy of former styles of topographic cartography persist, especially concerning how the landscape is classified. The development of national styles in state topographic maps appears to be a process in which only broader, more permanent supranational characteristics, such as functional dependencies within core-periphery systems, may be reflected more accurately.
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14

Khakimbayev, Jasur S. "Development of integrated 3D terrain maps for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight and Mission Control Support System (FMCSS)." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FKhakimbayev.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation (Moves))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Wolfgang Baer, Curtis L. Blais. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p.99-101). Also available online.
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15

Atit, Kinnari. "Pattern Identification or 3D Visualization? How Best to Learn Topographic Map Comprehension." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/254701.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) experts employ many representations that novices find hard to use because they require a critical STEM skill, interpreting two-dimensional (2D) diagrams that represent three-dimensional (3D) information. The current research focuses on learning to interpret topographic maps. Understanding topographic maps requires knowledge of how to interpret the conventions of contour lines, and skill in visualizing that information in 3D (e.g. shape of the terrain). Novices find both tasks difficult. The present study compared two interventions designed to facilitate understanding for topographic maps to minimal text-only instruction. The 3D Visualization group received instruction using 3D gestures and models to help visualize three topographic forms. The Pattern Identification group received instruction using pointing and tracing gestures to help identify the contour patterns associated with the three topographic forms. The Text-based Instruction group received only written instruction explaining topographic maps. All participants then completed a measure of topographic map use. The Pattern Identification group performed better on the map use measure than participants in the Text-based Instruction group, but no significant difference was found between the 3D Visualization group and the other two groups. These results suggest that learning to identify meaningful contour patterns is an effective strategy for learning how to comprehend topographic maps. Future research should address if learning strategies for how to interpret the information represented on a diagram (e.g. identify patterns in the contour lines), before trying to visualize the information in 3D (e.g. visualize the 3D structure of the terrain), also facilitates students' comprehension of other similar types of diagrams.
Temple University--Theses
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16

Van, den Heever Johannes Lodewikus. "The development of a visualization tool to assist topographic map users." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53098.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The recognition and description of relief features from their contour patterns is recognized as the main challenge in topographic map education. Conducting field exercises can solve this problem, but can be very time consuming. Modern technology, however, provides an alternative teaching technique by creating depictions of terrain. Important issues raised by this new approach include questions such as what these depictions should look like and how it should be presented to the user. Research presented here aims to address these issues by constructing design guidelines for terrain depiction. These design guidelines were derived from previous research and case studies. The guidelines focussed on research about how people perceive different representations of terrain and how these representations should optimally be presented. The design guidelines were constructed from research done in diverse fields such as cognitive psychology, cartography and engineering. Results of this research revealed that in order to develop an effective terrain visualization tool, it is crucial to incorporate different fields of expertise. The design guidelines were implemented with ArcView GIS and its 3D Analyst extension, which has the ability to display spatial data in three dimensions. The final product is called Terrain Visualization Tool 1.1 (TVT) and was created by customizing an ArcView GIS project (TV BUILDER) and constructing a Website (TV VIEWER). TV BUILDER creates the visualization data in the form of 20 web pages per topographic area and links them to TV VIEWER that serves as a platform to view the data. The design guidelines were implemented successfully and show the advantages of using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in related research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die identifisering en beskrywing van landskapelemente vanaf hul kontoere is geidentifiseer as die primere uitdaging in topografiese kaartonderrig. Hierdie probleem kan oorkom word deur kaartleesoefeninge in die veld te onderneem, maar dit neem baie tyd in beslag. Modeme tegnologie maak ‘n alternatiewe onderrigmedium moontlik deur die skep van verskillende landskapsuitbeeldings. Hierdie alternatief laat die vraag ontstaan hoe die uitbeeldings moet lyk en hoe dit aan die gebruiker aangebied moet word. Die doel van hierdie navorsing spreek hierdie vrae aan deur ontwerpriglyne vir landskap uitbeelding daar te stel. Die ontwerpriglyne is saamgestel deur bestudering van vorige navorsing en studies wat op hierdie gebied gedoen is. Die riglyne fokus veral op navorsing wat mense se reaksie op verskillende landskapuitbeeldings ondersoek. Die ontwerpriglyne is egter saamgestel deur navorsing wat gedoen is in velde soos kognitiewe sielkunde, kartografie en ingenieurswese. Hierdie navorsing het bewys dat inkorporasie van verskillende studievelde in die ontwikkeling van terrein visualiseringstoepassings essensieel is. Die riglyne is geimplementeer deur gebruik te maak van ArcView GIS en die 3D Analyst uitbreiding wat die vermoe het om data in drie dimensies uit te beeld. Die finale produk genaamd Terrain Visualization Tool 1.1 (TVT) bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik ‘n aangepaste ArcView GIS projek (TV BUILDER) en ‘n webwerf (TV VIEWER). TV BUILDER skep die landskapsuitbeeldings van een topografiese area in die vorm van 20 web bladsye en verbind dit met TV VIEWER, wat as ‘n platform dien om die landskap uitbeeldings te beskou. Die ontwerpriglyne is suksesvol geimplementeer, wat die voordele van Geografiese Inligtingstelsels (GIS) in hierdie en soortgelyke toekomstige navorsing demonstreer.
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17

Inui, Cesar. "Metodologia para controle de qualidade de cartas topográficas digitais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-18072007-125450/.

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Hoje, existem muitas empresas de Cartografia que utilizam sistemas CAD para produção de cartas topográficas digitais.Este trabalho tem como proposta a identificação e classificação de erros de atributo gráfico em mapeamento digital, especialmente dados construídos em CAD (Computer Aided Design). Se os dados serão utilizados posteriormente num Sistema de Informações Geográficas, os dados espaciais deverão ser coletados de tal maneira que facilitem a inserção de topologia após a transferência dos dados. Como objetivo secundário, o trabalho propõe um melhor controle de qualidade, demonstrando seqüência lógica de tarefas para revisão e correção de problemas em dados espaciais
There are many Cartography corporations wich use CAD systems to built digital Topographic maps.This research intend to identify and classify errors of graphic attribute in digital mapping, specially digital spactial data built in CAD (Computer Aided Design). If these data will be applied in a Geographic Information System, they must be designed in a way that could easily perform spatial relationships (topology) after the data transfer.As a secondary objective, there is a suggestion of a better data quality control, showing a logical sequence of tasks to check up and correct problems in spatial data
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18

Powell, Nicholas Garth, and n/a. "The geology of central southern Fiordland : with emphasis on the cause of polybaric Cretaceous metamorphism in western New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070424.121136.

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Central southern Fiordland, New Zealand, is underlain extensively by metasediments and associated metavolcanics. These are mapped in three lithostratigraphic units, from west to east Edgecumbe Group, Cameron Group and Cumbrae Supergroup. Lower Cameron Group units lithocorrelate with Central Fiordland Belt lithological associations and with those of Fraser Complex, Westland. Eastern Fiordland Belt metavolcanics and lacustrine metasediments are tectonostratigraphically unrelated to Cameron Group, from which they are separated by the Grebe Fault. They instead have affiliations with the Loch Burn Formation, Largs Volcanics, Drumduan Group and Paterson Group. These units (collectively, "Cumbrae Supergroup") represent remnants of a Triassic-Jurassic calc-alkaline arc. Six deformational episodes are identified in central southern Fiordland. The earliest, D₁, is obliterated by D₂ and M₂ metamorphism. D₃ is restricted to the Southwest Fiordland Block. D₄ occupied a brief interval of M₃ time. D₄ of the Central and Western Fiordland Belts corresponds to earliest deformation in Eastern Fiordland Belt metavolcanics. The Grebe Fault is a left-lateral reverse D₄ fault; now vertical, it previously dipped eastward. The Dusky Fault, a reactivated D₅ left-lateral transfer structure, accommodated the dip-slip component of displacement at low-angle normal faults during mid-Cretaceous extension. Open folds represent D₆. Post-glacial scarps mark the post-D₆ Kilcoy and Vincent Faults. Their merged northward continuation is intersected by the tailrace tunnel of the Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station. Southwest Fiordland Block pelites were metamorphosed at 665 �C, c. 3 kbar during M₂. Early M₃ is of contact metamorphic aspect. Late M₃ is distinctively polybaric: Central Fiordland Belt kyanite-garnet pelites recrystallised at c. 8.5 kbar after metamorphism in the sillimanite field at c. 3.5 kbar. Western Fiordland Orthogneiss 12 kbar granulite assemblages formed during late M₃. South of the Dusky Fault, late M₃ is almost asymptomatic. The M₃ field gradient is continuous across the Grebe Fault: in the Eastern Fiordland Belt, late M₃ staurolite and garnet supersede chloritoid in lacustrine (meta-)sapropel-silts. The Grebe Fault is an important tectonostratigraphic break; it may separate New Zealand�s Western and Eastern Provinces. Its relationship to any "Median Tectonic Zone" is unclear, as no such zone has been found in southeastern Fiordland. Cumbrae Supergroup rocks within the "Median Tectonic Zone" represent the arc that nourished the Eastern Province�s Barretts Formation, Murihiku Supergroup and Stephens Subgroup. The Cumbrae arc was �obducted� westwards during Early Cretaceous continent-arc collision. This event simultaneously halted Eastern Province volcanogenic sedimentation and tectonically buried Fiordland, imposing late M₃ pressure increments. Drumduan Group lawsonite is coeval. Cretaceous collision induced glaciation. Late Cretaceous climatic deterioration and extensional tectonism caused icecap development. The Otago "Peneplain" is a Late Cretaceous subglacial floor. Accumulation of voluminous perennial Cretaceous ice on Earth has hitherto not been inferred. Facultative psychrophily in New Zealand�s ancient endemics and their preference for dark conditions reflect passage through a hitherto-unsuspected evolutionary bottleneck: prolonged winter darkness and harsh climate of near-polar Late Cretaceous New Zealand exerted extraordinary evolutive pressures on ancestral forms after biotic links with Gondwana were severed. New Zealand�s ancient endemics are the evolutionary derivatives of a Late Cretaceous near-polar fauna.
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Yarrow, Stuart James. "Analysing the information contributions and anatomical arrangement of neurons in population codes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10453.

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Population coding—the transmission of information by the combined activity of many neurons—is a feature of many neural systems. Identifying the role played by individual neurons within a population code is vital for the understanding of neural codes. In this thesis I examine which stimuli are best encoded by a given neuron within a population and how this depends on the informational measure used, on commonly-measured neuronal properties, and on the population size and the spacing between stimuli. I also show how correlative measures of topography can be used to test for significant topography in the anatomical arrangement of arbitrary neuronal properties. The neurons involved in a population code are generally clustered together in one region of the brain, and moreover their response selectivity is often reflected in their anatomical arrangement within that region. Although such topographic maps are an often-encountered feature in the brains of many species, there are no standard, objective procedures for quantifying topography. Topography in neural maps is typically identified and described subjectively, but in cases where the scale of the map is close to the resolution limit of the measurement technique, identifying the presence of a topographic map can be a challenging subjective task. In such cases, an objective statistical test for detecting topography would be advantageous. To address these issues, I assess seven measures by quantifying topography in simulated neural maps, and show that all but one of these are effective at detecting statistically significant topography even in weakly topographic maps. The precision of the neural code is commonly investigated using two different families of statistical measures: (i) Shannon mutual information and derived quantities when investigating very small populations of neurons and (ii) Fisher information when studying large populations. The Fisher information always predicts that neurons convey most information about stimuli coinciding with the steepest regions of the tuning curve, but it is known that information theoretic measures can give very different predictions. Using a Monte Carlo approach to compute a stimulus-specific decomposition of the mutual information (the stimulus-specific information, or SSI) for populations up to hundreds of neurons in size, I address the following questions: (i) Under what conditions can Fisher information accurately predict the information transmitted by a neuron within a population code? (ii) What are the effects of level of trial-to-trial variability (noise), correlations in the noise, and population size on the best-encoded stimulus? (iii) How does the type of task in a behavioural experiment (i.e. fine and coarse discrimination, classification) affect the best-encoded stimulus? I show that, for both unimodal and monotonic tuning curves, the shape of the SSI is dependent upon trial-to-trial variability, population size and stimulus spacing, in addition to the shape of the tuning curve. It is therefore important to take these factors into account when assessing which stimuli a neuron is informative about; just knowing the tuning curve may not be sufficient.
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20

Williams, Stefan Bernard. "Efficient solutions to autonomous mapping and navigation problems." Connect to full text, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/809.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2002.
Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 24, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Australian Centre for Field Robotics, Dept. of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Degree awarded 2002; thesis submitted 2001. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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Ory, Jérémie. "Connaissances pour la conception et la perception de styles topographiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1058/document.

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La conception de cartes topographiques de référence est aujourd’hui caractérisée par une multiplication des données géographiques et des services de conception cartographiques de plus en plus distribués. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire d’enrichir les connaissances existantes sur la rédaction cartographique afin de préserver la qualité des cartes produites, i.e. qu’elles soient lisibles et efficaces. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que le style topographique facilite la lisibilité et l’efficacité d’une carte grâce à des codes et repères visuels connus des utilisateurs. Nous nous sommes fixés comme objectif de formaliser la notion de style topographique en tant que famille cartographique regroupant des signes graphiques reconnus des utilisateurs afin de pouvoir l’utiliser pour produire de nouvelles cartes topographiques.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons un modèle conceptuel intégrant les concepts clés de signature visuelle et de famille cartographique. Nous validons et instancions ce modèle à travers la mise en place d’entretiens auprès d’experts cartographes et le déploiement de deux expérimentations auprès d’utilisateurs permettant d’étudier les familles cartographiques IGN et Swisstopo. Les résultats obtenus permettent de caractériser les signatures visuelles de chacune de ces deux familles cartographiques. À l’aide de la caractérisation des signatures visuelles de ces deux styles topographiques typiques (IGN-France et Swisstopo), nous proposons des recommandations qui permettraient de produire de nouvelles cartes topographiques pour les deux cas d’application suivants : (1) produire de nouvelles cartes topographiques appartenant au même style topographique, (2) produire de nouvelles cartes topographiques à la frontière entre deux pays / agences nationales de cartographie
The design of topographic maps of reference is characterised both by an increasing amount of reference geographic databases and by design geo-services operating in distributed architectures. In this context, one of the major challenges consists in enriching the current knowledge on cartographic design in order to preserve the maps quality, i.e. they are legible, effective and usable. We assume that the topographic style renders maps legible and effective thanks to the visual codes and guides, well-known by the users. Our research purpose aims at formalising the concept of a topographic style as a cartographic family with a recognizable visual signature in order to produce new topographic maps.We propose to formalize key concepts of visual signature and cartographic family in a unified model. We validate and instantiate this model in setting up interviews of cartography experts and in designing user’s experiments allowing to evaluate the visual recognition of maps and graphic signs belonging in Swisstopo and IGN-France cartographic families. With results of the two user’s experiments, we characterize the visual signature of the two cartographic families. Then, we propose cartographic design guidelines in order to produce reference topographic maps based on the characterisation of the visual signature for two cases studies: (1) design a map belonging in a given cartographic family, (2) design a map on the border of two countries / two national mapping agencies
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Edler, Dennis [Verfasser], Frank [Gutachter] Dickmann, and Karl-Heinz [Gutachter] Otto. "The effects of grids in topographic maps on cognitive representations of map information / Dennis Edler ; Gutachter: Frank Dickmann, Karl-Heinz Otto ; Fakultät für Geowissenschaften." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1209359049/34.

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23

Stevens, Lacey Annette. "Using Higher-Level Inquiry to Improve Spatial Ability in an Introductory Geology Course." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1435003572.

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24

Liu, Sam Chi-Hao. "An investigation of potential interactions between Ten-m3 and EphA7 in the formation of binocular visual circuits." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27416.

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Because the precise alignment between contralateral and ipsilateral visual circuits is important for the development of visual system, both circuits need to be precisely regulated concurrently. Eph-ephrin and Teneurin are two protein families that may have important roles in regulating the development of the visual pathway (Kania & Klein, 2016; Leamey & Sawatari, 2014). However, while the roles of Eph-ephrin in the development of contralateral projection have been widely studied (Kania & Klein, 2016), the numbers of studies that have focused on ipsilateral projection is relatively low. On the other hand, while the roles of teneurins in ipsilateral projection have been reported, their roles in the formation of contralateral projections are less well-known. Glendining et al (2017) recently showed that there is a potential interaction between Ten-m3 and EphA7 as the expression of EphA7 was reduced in Teneurin transmembrane protein 3 (Ten-m3) KO (Glendining et al., 2017). This thesis will investigate the roles of Ten-m3 and EphA7 in regulating the development of ipsilateral and contralateral projections during the formation of topographic map in visual system respectively. The results point to complementary roles for Ten-m3 and EphA7 in regulating the development of ipsilateral projections in the visual system. However, similar topographic errors were found in the patterning of contralateral projections in the visual system in Ten-m3 KO and EphA7 KO. This suggest that Ten-m3 and EphA7 may have different roles during the development of ipsilateral and contralateral projections. Behavioural studies revealed a potential deficit in the ability of EphA7 KO mice to discriminate between visual stimuli located in their dorsal visual field, suggesting the functional importance of EphA7 in visual behaviors.
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Orbay, İffet. "Istanbul viewed : the representation of the city in Ottoman maps of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8630.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 361-395).
Starting from the premise that maps are essentially about visualizing space, this dissertation examines what the Ottoman maps of Istanbul reveal about the city's perception, as it evolved in connection to urban development after the conquest. The maps that form the subject of this study appear as illustrations in three manuscript books. The Istanbul maps contained in Mecmu'-i Menazil (1537-8) and HiinernAme (1584) respectively mark the beginning and the accomplishment of the city's architectural elaboration. The other twenty maps, featuring in manuscript copies of Kitab-i Bahriye (1520s), roughly span the period between 1550 and 1700. The variants of a design fixed around 1570 offer an image that fulfills its topographic elaboration in the late-seventeenth century. While the making of this map's design relates to Istanbul's sixteenth century urban development, its topographical elaboration reflects a new perception of the city. These picture-maps, produced in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, form a unique group of documents as the only known Ottoman pictorial representations showing the city as a whole. As revealed by the context of the books containing them, their making relates both to Ottoman Empire's territorial expansion and to the appropriation of Constantinople as its new capital. Their cartographic language combines, in different manners, the familiar conventions of Islamic miniature painting with artistic forms encountered and assimilated during territorial expansion, particularly in contact with Venice.
(cont.) Especially the making of the Istanbul maps in Kitfb-i Bahriye copies illustrates the crucial role of the Mediterranean seafaring culture, its navigation manuals, nautical charts and island books. These images of Istanbul can be related to the development of the urban landscape and its symbolic function. Their study as cartographic representations pays attention to both accuracy and emphasis in their topographic contents. Supported by contemporary European visual sources and travel accounts as well as Ottoman topographic and poetic descriptions of Istanbul, the viewing directions, the depictions of buildings, and the overall cartographic composition in these maps are interpreted as features shaping a symbolic landscape that developed from an ideal vision to an actual garden-like urban environment, structured by land, water, and architecture.
by İffet Orbay.
Ph.D.
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26

Bhushan, Bharat. "Design elements and urban form : case study, Jaipur, India." Master's thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17426.

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27

Lamichhane, Niraj. "Prediction of Travel Time and Development of Flood Inundation Maps for Flood Warning System Including Ice Jam Scenario. A Case Study of the Grand River, Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1463789508.

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28

Williams, Stefan Bernard. "Efficient Solutions to Autonomous Mapping and Navigation Problems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/809.

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This thesis deals with the Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping algorithm as it pertains to the deployment of mobile systems in unknown environments. Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) as defined in this thesis is the process of concurrently building up a map of the environment and using this map to obtain improved estimates of the location of the vehicle. In essence, the vehicle relies on its ability to extract useful navigation information from the data returned by its sensors. The vehicle typically starts at an unknown location with no a priori knowledge of landmark locations. From relative observations of landmarks, it simultaneously computes an estimate of vehicle location and an estimate of landmark locations. While continuing in motion, the vehicle builds a complete map of landmarks and uses these to provide continuous estimates of the vehicle location. The potential for this type of navigation system for autonomous systems operating in unknown environments is enormous. One significant obstacle on the road to the implementation and deployment of large scale SLAM algorithms is the computational effort required to maintain the correlation information between features in the map and between the features and the vehicle. Performing the update of the covariance matrix is of O(n3) for a straightforward implementation of the Kalman Filter. In the case of the SLAM algorithm, this complexity can be reduced to O(n2) given the sparse nature of typical observations. Even so, this implies that the computational effort will grow with the square of the number of features maintained in the map. For maps containing more than a few tens of features, this computational burden will quickly make the update intractable - especially if the observation rates are high. An effective map-management technique is therefore required in order to help manage this complexity. The major contributions of this thesis arise from the formulation of a new approach to the mapping of terrain features that provides improved computational efficiency in the SLAM algorithm. Rather than incorporating every observation directly into the global map of the environment, the Constrained Local Submap Filter (CLSF) relies on creating an independent, local submap of the features in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle. This local submap is then periodically fused into the global map of the environment. This representation is shown to reduce the computational complexity of maintaining the global map estimates as well as improving the data association process by allowing the association decisions to be deferred until an improved local picture of the environment is available. This approach also lends itself well to three natural extensions to the representation that are also outlined in the thesis. These include the prospect of deploying multi-vehicle SLAM, the Constrained Relative Submap Filter and a novel feature initialisation technique. Results of this work are presented both in simulation and using real data collected during deployment of a submersible vehicle equipped with scanning sonar.
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Muhs, Sebastian [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Burghardt, Dirk [Gutachter] Burghardt, Nguyen Xuan [Gutachter] Thinh, and Gotthard [Gutachter] Meinel. "Computational Delineation of Built-up Area at Urban Block Level from Topographic Maps : A Contribution to Retrospective Monitoring of Urban Dynamics / Sebastian Muhs ; Gutachter: Dirk Burghardt, Nguyen Xuan Thinh, Gotthard Meinel ; Betreuer: Dirk Burghardt." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1226901220/34.

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Bedocs, Justin A. "Names and Geographic Features: An Internship with the U.S. Geological Survey." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1452529967.

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31

Pilkington, Mark. "Determination of crustal interface topography from potential fields." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=71958.

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A method is presented for the determination of interface topography of multi-layered crustal models from gravity or magnetic data. The technique is developed within the framework of discrete linear inverse theory and exploits the quasi-linearity of the problem to derive a simple cost-effective algorithm suitable for use on large gridded data sets.
Variation of auxiliary parameters allows a suite of acceptable models to be produced rapidly and appraised in the light of available geological and geophysical evidence. When independent knowledge concerning the behaviour of specified interfaces is available, the incorporation of such data in the form of linear equality constraints is outlined.
The proposed method is applied to Curie isotherm and Moho mapping in the Abitibi greenstone belt.
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Aït, Ettajer Taoufik. "Modélisation de surfaces géologiques complexes sous contraintes géométriques : application à la génération automatique de modèles géologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL058N.

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La modélisation géométrique de surfaces géologiques est un domaine en plein essor dont l'objectif est de représenter, de façon précise, des surfaces géologiques complexes. Les approches basées sur les méthodes de C. A. O. Classiques n'étant pas suffisamment adaptées pour la modélisation de telles surfaces, le professeur Mallet a proposé une nouvelle approche de la modélisation des surfaces naturelles dans le cadre du projet GOCAD. Le noyau du projet réside dans un nouveau principe d'interpolation en 3 dimensions appelé D. S. I. (Discrete Smooth Interpolation). Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire furent menés au sein de ce projet et consistaient à développer un ensemble d'outils géométriques pour la construction automatique de modèles géologiques. Parmi ces outils, on trouve le calcul des courbes d'isovaleurs sur des surfaces complexes et la modélisation de failles. La nouvelle approche, pour le calcul des courbes d'isovaleurs sur des surfaces, se distingue par sa rapidité et sa précision même si les surfaces sont complexes (par exemple présentant des trous). La modélisation d'une faille passe par la construction d'une surface et par la caractérisation de la relation qu'elle entretient avec un horizon. Cette dernière opération a été rendue possible par la mise en place de trois contraintes géométriques D. S. I. : OnTsurf, VecLink et OnBorder. Les outils de modélisation géométrique du projet GOCAD seront utilisés pour mettre au point un prototype de générateur automatique de modèles géologiques
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McCrorie, Ian. "Relief representation : time to get 'back to basics'?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU073930.

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This thesis examines the evolution of the now dominant contour method of relief representation, associated interpretation problems and attempted solutions. A hybrid method of relief representation is then suggested combining a standard topographic map, to provide quantitative data, and computer generated three-dimensional visualisations, to give topographic structure. The hypothesis that this system will result in improved performance at relief interpretation tasks, particularly for inexperienced map users, was then tested. A second aspect of the hypothesis centred on the colouring of the 3-D views. Thus the experiment was expanded to assess if the more natural impression provided by layer colouring resulted in improved performance. The principle evaluation involved 2 Objective Tests of user performance. Subjective assessment of 3-D visualisation production and quality and Opinion Samples were also used in the overall evaluation. This thesis concludes that the three-dimensional information tested here has not produced the expected improvement. Reasons suggested for this include lack of training with 2 and 3 dimensional data, unfamiliarity with computer generated three-dimensional views and inability of inexperienced map users to manipulate complex three-dimensional imagery. Suggested improvements to the theory include increased training and use of more specifically targeted views, for example, to illustrate a walking route using a series of views along its course.
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34

Golle, Olivia. "Convection mantellique, topographie et géoïde sur Mars et Vénus." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=8a4cd84d-3592-4643-b260-ebd60d74a653.

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Parmi les observables géophysiques disponibles sur les planètes telluriques autres que la Terre, la topographie et le champ de gravité éclairent pertinemment l'intérieur de ces objets et fournissent des contraintes importantes sur la structure interne et la dynamique du manteau. Les panaches mantelliques sont les objets dynamiques invoquées pour le soutien des structures topographiques de plus grande longueur d'onde et les structures de longueur d'onde intermédiaire appellent le soutien d'une lithosphère élastique. Associé à deux rhéologies différentes (visqueuse et élastique), ce travail de thèse présente la conception, la validation et l'application d'un nouveau modèle dit « hybride » qui consiste en deux outils numériques couplés. Le premier (Oedipe) résout les équations de conservation de la dynamique des fluides grâce à la méthode des volumes finis pour la convection visqueuse du manteau. Le deuxième outil concerne le calcul de la déformation élastique de la lithosphère par une méthode semi-spectrale. L'application de ce nouveau modèle porte sur l'influence des paramètres tels que le nombre de Rayleigh, le profil de viscosité ou l'ajout de chauffage radioactif sur un corps tel que Vénus. Dans un premier temps, la caractérisation de ces paramètres passe par leur influence sur les structures de la convection (degré dominant, nombre de panaches, température, viscosité, flux de chaleur, vitesse. . . ) puis surtout sur la topographie dynamique et le géoïde associé (cartes, spectre de puissance et admittance), à un instant de la convection mais également dans leur évolution temporelle
Among the geophysical observables available on terrestrial body about the Erath, topography and gravity field enlight perfectly well the interior of those objects and provide crutial informations about internal parameters and mantle dynamic. Mantle plumes are the dynamical features invoqued for the support of the long wavelength topography whereas the intermediate wavelength topographic features seems to be supported by lithospheric elastic flexure. Associated to two rheologies (viscous and elastic), this work shows the conception, the benchmarking and the use of this new hybrid model consisting of two coupled tools. The first one, (Oedipus) solves the equations of conservation of the fluid dynamic in the viscous mantle thanks to the finite volume method. The second one is dedicaced to the computation of the elastic deformation with a semi-spectral method. The use of this new tool concern the influence of parameters such as Rayleigh number, viscosity profile or internal heating on a body such as Venus. Analysis of those parameters begin first with their influence on convective features (dominate degree, number of plumes, temperature, viscosity, heat flux, velocity. . . ) and then especially on the dynamic topography and the associate geoid (map, power spectrum and admittance), for one convection time step and for time evolution
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35

Sidorov, Pavel. "Analysis of the chemical space of antimalarial compounds by generative topographie mapping." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF050/document.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l’analyse de l’espace chimique des composés antipaludiques. L’analyse est faite à l’aide de la méthode des cartes topographiques génératrices (GTM). Un nouveau concept des cartes universelles est introduit et discuté en détail dans cette thèse : ce sont des cartes qui sont capables d’accommoder plusieurs jeux de données et les propriétés associées simultanément. Trois types des cartes sont construits et analysés : les cartes locales, globales et universelles. Elles sont toutes compétentes à la prédiction des composés actifs contre le parasite, ainsi qu’à l’analyse de l’espace chimique. Elles nous permettent d’étudier le recouvrement des données issues des sources différentes, de détecter des terra incognita de l’espace chimique, identifier des zones correspondantes aux différents mécanismes d’action, et révéler des incohérences d’annotations des données
This thesis is dedicated to the concept of the analysis of chemical space, and the application of thatconcept to antimalarial compounds. The analysis of the chemical space of antimalarial compoundshere is done with the aid of the Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM) method. A concept ofUniversal GTM maps is developed and discussed in detail in this thesis: these are maps that areable to accommodate different datasets and associated properties. Three types of maps are builtand analyzed: local, global, and universal. All these maps perform well in predicting compoundsactive against the parasite, as well as in the analysis of chemical space: they help us to study theoverlap of data coming from different sources, detect terra incognita of the antimalarial space,delineate zones corresponding to various mechanisms of action, as well as highlight theinconsistencies in data annotations
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36

Ritzer, Jason Andreas. "The Topography, Gravity, and Tectonics of the Terrestrial Planets." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1278603504.

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37

Liedtke, Eric Arthur. "Effects from uncertainties in bathymetric measurements and variability in topography on computed stability of offshore slopes in deep water /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008380.

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38

Becerra, Patricio, Michael M. Sori, and Shane Byrne. "Signals of astronomical climate forcing in the exposure topography of the North Polar Layered Deposits of Mars." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622944.

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Using high-resolution topography, we link the stratigraphy of layered ice deposits at the north pole of Mars to astronomically driven climate variability. Observations of trough exposures within these deposits are used to construct virtual ice cores at 16 sites, to which we apply wavelet analysis to identify periodicities in layer properties. To confidently relate these periodicities to climatic forcing, we identify overlapping dominant stratigraphic wavelengths and compare their ratios to that of the two dominant modes of insolation variability. The average ratio of stratigraphic wavelengths in the profiles is 1.90.1, lower than the ratio of 2.3 between dominant insolation periodicities. A similar analysis of synthetic stratigraphic profiles created with a climate-driven model of ice and dust accumulation shows that this lower stratigraphic ratio is a natural consequence of time-variable ice accumulation rates.
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Webb, Jonathan J. B. "Organisation of primary auditory cortex in the mouse : a topography of inputs and responses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e3ea993d-28ad-4a03-bc82-f245b06d73c7.

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40

Mahmoudian, Saeid [Verfasser]. "Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked Potentials and Topographical Maps of the Mismatch Negativity Obtained With the Multi-Feature Paradigm in Tinnitus / Saeid Mahmoudian." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107389004X/34.

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41

Cremonini, Luiz Claudio Moreira. "Acurácia de mapas altimétricos obtidos com DGPS na colheita de cereais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-13052003-164958/.

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A produção agrícola passa por grandes transformações perante um= mercado sempre mais competitivo e com consumidores mais exigentes, tendo que se obter maiores produtividades com menor uso de insumos e defensivos agrícolas. Diante deste cenário, novas formas de gerenciamento agrícola se fazem necessárias e com técnicas de Agricultura de Precisão se torna possível compreender e intervir em algumas variáveis de produção agrícola. Na região centro-sul brasileira uma das características marcantes é a topografia nem sempre favorável à agricultura mecanizada. O relevo, por sua vez, pode influenciar vários fatores de produção como gênese, textura, retenção de água e teores de nutrientes do solo, severidade de doença, entre outros. No mapeamento da produtividade, etapa essencial na obtenção de informações para se implementar o ciclo de Agricultura de Precisão, são coletadas diversas informações, entre elas a altitude dos pontos amostrados no terreno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a acurácia de mapas altimétricos obtidos por receptores de GPS. A execução se deu em três etapas, a primeira avaliando a acurácia de posicionamento vertical de dois receptores de GPS, um com correção de sinal por pós-processamento e outro através de sinal via satélite em tempo real. A segunda etapa avaliou a acurácia de mapas altimétricos gerados com dados de simulações de colheitas de cereais, comparando-os com levantamento realizado por método convencional e a terceira etapa avaliou a acurácia de mapas altimétricos obtidos por sistema comercial de monitoramento de produção obtido em duas colheitas seguidas nessa mesma área. A correção pós-processada do sinal de GPS se mostrou mais acurada que a correção via satélite e os mapas altimétricos obtidos nas simulações de colheita e nas colheitas reais oferecem qualidade mínima necessária para a obtenção de informação de altimetria, para regiões de relevo mais acidentado, porém não aplicável para regiões com relevos planos. A junção dos dados de diferentes passadas, tanto nas simulações quanto nas colheitas reais melhorou a qualidade da informação de altimetria obtida com DGPS.
A agricultural has been exposed to strong transformations, with a market always more competitive and with more exigent consumers and farmers having to obtain larger yields with less use of agricultural defensives. With this scenery, new forms of agricultural management are necessary and the use of precision agriculture techniques, is a possibility on trying to understand and interfere on production factors. In the southern Brazilian region the rough topography, is an important caracteristic not always favorable to mechanized agriculture. Topography can correlated with production factors, like genesis, texture, water and nutrients content in the soil, severity of diseases, among others. In the yield mapping process, first step of precision agriculture, altitude data is collected together with several other data. This work aims to evaluate the accuracy of elevation maps generated with GPS receivers. It was conducted on three stages. First, the accuracy of vertical position was evalauted on two GPS receivers, one with differential correction on post processing and other with real time differential correction by satelite. The second stage, evaluated the accuracy of elevation maps generated by simulation of harvesting operation and the third stage evaluated the accuracy of elevation maps generated with datas from a commercial yield mapping system generated on two harvesting seasons on the same area. The post processing differential correction showed to be more acurate than the real time differential correction. The elevation maps generated with simulated and real harvesting operations offered a minimum quality for altitude data, for regions with uneven surface but not for flat regions. Joining altitude data from different simulations on consecutive real harvesting operation improved the quality of altitude information obtained with DGPS.
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42

Di, Silvestro Giacomo. "Topographic and geomorphologic modeling and analysis of the bedrock surface beneath Ultimi Lobe ice-cap (South Pole, Mars) using MARSIS high-resolution data." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23040/.

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Lo scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di definire la topografia e le principali morfologie del basamento roccioso al di sotto di una porzione, Ultimi Lobe (UL), della calotta polare meridionale di Marte. Tramite l'analisi dei radargrammi MARSIS per mezzo di una procedura di mappatura semi-automatica sviluppata in MATLAB, è stato possibile ricavare i dati altimetrici della superficie subglaciale in questione. Successivamente, attraverso il metodo di interpolazione noto come Natural Neighbor (Sibson, 1981), è stato possibile creare in ambiente software ESRI ArcGIS un modello di elevazione digitale della superficie. Quest’ultima ha permesso un’analisi innovativa delle geomorfologie presenti sul basamento della calotta polare al fine di comprenderne i processi geologici di formazione, l’eventuale correlazione tra ciò che viene osservato in superficie e quanto già scoperto alla base della calotta polare (vedi regione dei laghi; Orosei et al., 2018) e, infine, i possibili eventi che hanno caratterizzato la suddetta porzione del ghiacciaio in periodi remoti. In particolare, i risultati ottenuti hanno contribuito: 1) A fornire nuove prove sull’origine tettonica di alcune morfologie superficiali note come Large Asymmetric Polar Scarps (LAPS; Grima et al., 2011); 2) A descrivere ed analizzare possibili morfologie glaciali; 3) Ad individuare in corrispondenza del lago subglaciale individuato da Orosei et al. (2018) una serie di alti e bassi topografici funzionali al contenimento d’acqua. Tutti questi elementi suggeriscono un lento scorrimento di parte della calotta glaciale di UL in tempi remoti, forse favorito da un flusso di acqua di fusione alla sua base come la rete di laghi subglaciali scoperta da Orosei et al. (2018) e Lauro et al. (2021) sembrerebbe suggerire. Questi ultimi, infatti, potrebbero essere ciò che rimane di più ampi deflussi passati.
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Sekhar, Pavithra. "Three-Dimensional Spherical Modeling of the Mantles of Mars and Ceres: Inference from Geoid, Topography and Melt History." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46873.

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Mars is one of the most intriguing planets in the solar system. It is the fourth terrestrial planet and is differentiated into a core, mantle and crust. The crust of Mars is divided into the Southern highlands and the Northern lowlands. The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons is found on the crustal dichotomy boundary. The presence of isolated volcanism on the surface suggests the importance of internal activity on the planet. In addition to volcanism in the past, there has been evidence of present day volcanic activity. Convective upwelling, including decompression melting, has remained an important contributing factor in melting history of the planet. In this thesis, I investigate the production of melt in the mantle for a Newtonian rheology, and compare it with the melt needed to create Tharsis. In addition to the melt production, I analyze the 3D structure of the mantle for a stagnant lithosphere. I vary different parameters in the Martian mantle to understand the production of low or high degree structures early on to explain the crustal dichotomy. This isothermal structure in the mantle contributes to the geoid and topography on the planet. I also analyze how much of the internal density contributes to the surface topography and areoid of Mars. In contrast to Mars, Ceres is a dwarf planet in the Asteroid belt. Ceres is an icy body and it is unclear if it is differentiated into a core, mantle and crust yet. However, studies show that it is most likely a differentiated body and the mantle consists of ice and silicate. The presence of brucite and serpentine on the surface suggests the presence of internal activity. Being a massive body and also believed to have existed since the beginning of the solar system, studying Ceres will shed light on the conditions of the early solar system. Ceres has been of great interest in the scientific community and its importance has motivated NASA to launch a mission, Dawn, to study the planet. Dawn will collect data from the dwarf planet when it arrives in 2015. In my modeling studies, I implement a similar technique on Ceres, as followed on Mars, and focus on the mantle convection process and the geoid and topography. The silicate-ice mixture in the mantle gives rise to a non-Newtonian rheology that depends on the grain size of the ice particle. The geoid and topography observed for different differentiated scenarios in my modeling can be compared with the data from the Dawn mission when it arrives at Ceres in 2015.
Ph. D.
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44

Ellsiepen, Matthias. "Formalisierung kartographischen Wissens zur Schriftplazierung in topographischen Karten." Bonn : Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institutt für Kartographie und Geoinformation, 2001. http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de:90/ulb_bonn/diss_online/landw_fak/2001/ellsipen_matthias/0186.pdf.

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45

Ndlwana, Monica. "A critical analysis of problems encountered by senior secondary school pupils in the reading and interpretation of 1:50,000 topographical maps and aerial photographs with special reference to black pupils in Transkei." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003351.

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Mapwork is an established part of the geography curriculum, and yet it poses particular problems for pupils and teachers. Maps participate in a complex system of graphic communication: the conceptual abstraction involved in the reading and interpretation of maps requires on the part of pupils a high degree of cognitive and perceptual development; teachers, too, often experience considerable difficulty in imparting the skills necessary for graphic literacy (graphicacy). The peculiar difficulties associated with map reading and the poor performance of pupils in this area have regrettably encouraged an attitude which dismisses mapwork as irrelevant or dispensable in geographical education. Yet graphicacy is essential not only in the learning of geography but in the overall cognitive development of the child, and therefore cannot be excluded from the curriculum. This study attempts to identify some of the specific difficulties experienced by pupils in their attempts to read and interpret maps, and to trace the origin of these difficulties. It argues that the complexity and sophistication of the skills necessary to interpret topographical maps and aerial photographs, for instance, should not be underestimated. Teachers need to be made aware of how pupils acquire map reading skills and of the problems they encounter during this process, so that teaching programmes commensurate with pupils' level of cognitive development can be formulated. It is also important that mapwork be taught in as practical a manner as possible. The findings and recommendations of this study have implications for geography teachers, textbook writers and educational authorities, especially those involved in curriculum and syllabus design.
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46

Cheung, Karina Kawing. "Using Crustal Thickness Modeling to study Mars' Crustal and Mantle Structures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32831.

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Mars has an intriguing topographic and crustal dichotomy that divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere. The biggest question is to understand how this dichotomy was formed and what are the implications to the interior evolution of the planet. This study uses topography and gravity data obtained from the Mars Global Surveyor satellite observations in a crustal thickness program written by Mark Wieczorek. This program uses an algorithm that incorporates spherical harmonic coefficients of topography and gravity and calculates the Moho topography given a set of user-input parameters; it also generates crustal thickness maps. I modified the code to produce gravity misfit maps for interpretation of crustal and mantle structures. Experiments were performed to test various parameters in the program and observe their effects on the resulting crustal thickness. The algorithm assumes a uniform density for the crust and mantle. A crustal density of 2900 kg/m3 and a mantle density of 3500 kg/m3 were used to represent a basaltic crust and an olivine mantle, derived from petrologic studies of meteorites assumed to have originated from Mars. As the crustal density is held constant while varying the mantle density (and vice versa), it is the total density contrast that changes the crustal thickness; the larger the density contrast, the smaller the crustal thickness. Higher-order terms in the algorithm equation were also tested. Results show that the higher-order terms do not affect the overall crustal thickness by much thus are negligible. In modeling the crustal thickness, a minimum crustal thickness of 5 km was used to anchor the topography so that the resulting crust do not have negative or zero thickness. By using this minimum thickness, there is about 40 km thickness difference between the Northern Lowlands and the Southern Highlands. Crustal thickness and gravity misfit maps show a plume-like track from the South Pole to the Tharsis Rise region, consistent with the theory proposed by Zhong (2010) on a mantle plume track. A ring-like feature in the misfit maps resembles a regional-scale impact crater that may have created the Borealis Basin in the Northern Lowlands, also consistent with current hypotheses about the formation of the Northern Lowlands. A result of Airy isostacy (with only the linear terms in topography) is that the Moho topography will be related to the surface topography with a scale factor depending on the crust-mantle density contrast. Isostatic studies here reveal that Mars may be more or less isostatic at spherical harmonic degree-1 wavelength scale where as at spherical harmonic degree-2, an impact-like structure is revealed just east of the Tharsis Rise region, suggesting a possible impact. Due to the non-uniqueness of gravity, these models have a limited constraint on the crustal thickness and further studies involving a seismometer are needed to get a more precise look into Marsâ interior.
Master of Science
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47

Pavelková, Zuzana. "Interpretace výškopisu na topografických mapách USA." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226228.

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The thesis aims to analyze the altitude interpretation of the topographic maps of the U.S. and to compare them with Czech topographic maps. I have obtained the source materials for completion of the thesis during the Work and Travel exchange program in the U.S. in 2012, which also inspired me to deal with this thesis topic. The most important producer of U.S. topographic maps is the national company United States Geological Survey, which uses the U.S. customary units based on the Anglo-American measurement system that make a significant difference when interpreting the altitude of U.S. topographic maps and Czech ones. The fact that American society does not use the metric system very much, results in the use of map scales that are unique and very unusual for topographic maps. Another important producer is the company Army Map Service. Since the U.S.A. and the Czech Republic are both member states of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the production of military topographic maps strictly adheres to the NATO standards.
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48

Prado, Silas Henrique Borges [UNESP]. "Precisão de projetos de uma represa segundo diferentes bases cartográficas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93801.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_shb_me_botfca.pdf: 696688 bytes, checksum: 29a8a75930966e0506582ca31de273a4 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O conhecimento da área e de seu relevo é de fundamental importância, para a elaboração de qualquer projeto, condição indispensável para projetos de irrigação. Sendo possível a reserva de água em forma de uma represa, se torna necessária a execução de um barramento para o armazenamento dessa água. O estudo do projeto de barragem requer inicialmente o conhecimento da topografia do local. Neste trabalho, considerando diferentes bases cartográficas, verificamos a mais adequada ao dimensionamento de uma represa. Tais bases cartográficas, foram oriundas de cartas oficiais e de levantamentos topográficos à campo. Utilizaram-se como cartas oficiais a Carta do IBGE em escala 1:50.000 e do Plano Cartográfico de SP em escala 1:10.000, e como levantamentos topográficos o taqueométrico e o geométrico. Foi realizado um projeto teórico para cada base cartográfica definida. Paralelamente à este estudo, ocorreu a implantação de uma represa na área em estudo. Após sua conclusão, foram tomadas suas medidas reais (volume de terra movimentada, dimensões, volume de água armazenada, etc.), as quais foram comparadas com os dados dos projetos teóricos elaborados com base nas diferentes bases cartográficas, criando assim uma avaliação real dos resultados. As bases cartográficas obtidas pelas cartas, não foram representativas para a obtenção do relevo, não sendo fontes adequadas para o detalhamento da área no calculo do projeto. Tornando-se mais representativos os levantamentos de campo com melhores resultados para a elaboração do projeto. Houve uma pequena variação entre os resultados apresentados pelos levantamentos de campo, caracterizando o levantamento taqueométrico como o mais adequado pela praticidade do levantamento da área. Na execução da represa houve uma adaptabilidade das condições de campo para a sua construção...
The knowledge of the area and its relief is of basic importance, for the elaboration of any project. Indispensable condition for irrigation projects, the water, if becomes a restricted factor. Being possible the water reserve in form of a dam, if becomes necessary the execution of slide bars for the storage of this water. The study of the barrage project it requires initially the knowledge of the topography of the place. This work considering different cartographic bases, objectified most adequate to the sizing of a dam. Such cartographic bases, had been deriving of official letters and topographical surveys to the field. They had been used as official letters the Letter of the IBGE in scale 1:50.000 and the Cartographic Plan of SP in scale 1:10.000, and as topographical surveys the taqueometrico and the geometric one. A theoretical project for each defined cartographic base was carried through. Parallel to the this study, the implantation of a dam in the area in study occurred. After its conclusion, had been taken its measures real (volume of put into motion land, dimensions, volume of stored water, etc.), which had been compared with the data of the theoretical projects elaborated on the basis of the different cartographic bases, thus creating a real evaluation of the results. The cartographic bases gotten by the letters, had not been representative for the attainment of the relief, being sources adjusted for the detailing of the area in do not calculate it of the project. Becoming more representative, the field surveys had presented better resulted for the elaboration of the project. It had a small variation enters the results presented for the field surveys, characterizing the taqueometrico survey as the most adjusted even for the easiness of the survey of the area. In the execution of the dam it had an adaptability of the conditions of field for its construction ... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)
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49

Piper, Paige M. "Deathly Landscapes: The Changing Topography of Contemporary French Policier in Visual and Narrative Media." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469133497.

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50

Prado, Silas Henrique Borges 1976. "Precisão de projetos de uma represa segundo diferentes bases cartográficas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93801.

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Orientador: Lincoln Gerhring Cardoso
Banca: Zacarias Xavier de Barros
Banca: Sérgio Pascoal de Campos
Resumo: O conhecimento da área e de seu relevo é de fundamental importância, para a elaboração de qualquer projeto, condição indispensável para projetos de irrigação. Sendo possível a reserva de água em forma de uma represa, se torna necessária a execução de um barramento para o armazenamento dessa água. O estudo do projeto de barragem requer inicialmente o conhecimento da topografia do local. Neste trabalho, considerando diferentes bases cartográficas, verificamos a mais adequada ao dimensionamento de uma represa. Tais bases cartográficas, foram oriundas de cartas oficiais e de levantamentos topográficos à campo. Utilizaram-se como cartas oficiais a Carta do IBGE em escala 1:50.000 e do Plano Cartográfico de SP em escala 1:10.000, e como levantamentos topográficos o taqueométrico e o geométrico. Foi realizado um projeto teórico para cada base cartográfica definida. Paralelamente à este estudo, ocorreu a implantação de uma represa na área em estudo. Após sua conclusão, foram tomadas suas medidas reais (volume de terra movimentada, dimensões, volume de água armazenada, etc.), as quais foram comparadas com os dados dos projetos teóricos elaborados com base nas diferentes bases cartográficas, criando assim uma avaliação real dos resultados. As bases cartográficas obtidas pelas cartas, não foram representativas para a obtenção do relevo, não sendo fontes adequadas para o detalhamento da área no calculo do projeto. Tornando-se mais representativos os levantamentos de campo com melhores resultados para a elaboração do projeto. Houve uma pequena variação entre os resultados apresentados pelos levantamentos de campo, caracterizando o levantamento taqueométrico como o mais adequado pela praticidade do levantamento da área. Na execução da represa houve uma adaptabilidade das condições de campo para a sua construção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The knowledge of the area and its relief is of basic importance, for the elaboration of any project. Indispensable condition for irrigation projects, the water, if becomes a restricted factor. Being possible the water reserve in form of a dam, if becomes necessary the execution of slide bars for the storage of this water. The study of the barrage project it requires initially the knowledge of the topography of the place. This work considering different cartographic bases, objectified most adequate to the sizing of a dam. Such cartographic bases, had been deriving of official letters and topographical surveys to the field. They had been used as official letters the Letter of the IBGE in scale 1:50.000 and the Cartographic Plan of SP in scale 1:10.000, and as topographical surveys the taqueometrico and the geometric one. A theoretical project for each defined cartographic base was carried through. Parallel to the this study, the implantation of a dam in the area in study occurred. After its conclusion, had been taken its measures real (volume of put into motion land, dimensions, volume of stored water, etc.), which had been compared with the data of the theoretical projects elaborated on the basis of the different cartographic bases, thus creating a real evaluation of the results. The cartographic bases gotten by the letters, had not been representative for the attainment of the relief, being sources adjusted for the detailing of the area in do not calculate it of the project. Becoming more representative, the field surveys had presented better resulted for the elaboration of the project. It had a small variation enters the results presented for the field surveys, characterizing the taqueometrico survey as the most adjusted even for the easiness of the survey of the area. In the execution of the dam it had an adaptability of the conditions of field for its construction ... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)
Mestre
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