Journal articles: 'Topaz'

1

Daniels, Roger, and Ken Verdoia. "Topaz." Journal of American History 75, no. 3 (December 1988): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1901744.

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Paikaew, Chutharat, Juthamas Inthanont, Adisak Punyanut, Ekachai Hoonnivathana, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Effects of Electron Beam on Structure and Physical Properties of Natural Colorless Topaz." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.60.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate physical properties, configuration and color of topaz. Topazes were irradiated with electron beam linear accelerator at different dose from 40 to 180 MGy. The color of topaz was analyzed by UV-vis and it was shown that the color of topaz was becoming strong color with increased electron beam dose. Crystal structure and function group of topaz were characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the topaz has orthorhombic structure and no other crystalline. After irradiated, topaz released OH indicating higher crystallinity of topaz and this was confirmed with the results of electron spin resonance (ESR). Electron beam dose response of topaz was investigated. ESR results showed that the Al3+ ion was substituted in Si4+ site and Ti3+ impurity in Al4+ site and this result corresponds to the results of FTIR. The experiment result indicated that electron beam could be making defect on crystal structure and color enhancement of topaz.

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3

Modreski, Peter J., and Thomas C. Michalski. "Colorado Topaz." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 5 (September 1996): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.11761550.

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Breiter, K., N. Gardenová, T. Vaculovič, and V. Kanický. "Topaz as an important host for Ge in granites and greisens." Mineralogical Magazine 77, no. 4 (June 2013): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2013.077.4.01.

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AbstractThe composition of topaz from different granites and greisen in the Krušné Hory/Erzgebirge area was investigated using electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). All topaz grains are rich in F (17.9 19.8 wt.%, 1.73 1.90 a.p.f.u.) and the most important minor/trace elements are P, Ge and Ga. Contents of P up to 1 wt.% P2O5 (0.025 a.p.f.u.) were found in topaz from the strongly peraluminous P-rich magmatic systems at Podlesí. Regardless of genetic type, topaz from granites typically contains 50 100 ppm Ge. The greatest amounts (up to 204 ppm Ge) were found in topaz from quartz-topaz-apatite greisen in Krásno. In fractionated granites and greisens, topaz is calculated to contain 23 87% of the bulk Ge content in the rock. In contrast, topaz does not concentrate Ga. The Ga content of topaz (typically 5 35 ppm in S-type granites, <10 ppm Ga in A-type granites) is usually smaller than the bulk Ga content of the rock. In addition, up to 16 ppm Sc, 23 ppm Sn and >400 ppm Fe may be present.

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He, Xue Mei, Li Xuan Shen, Hai Yan Wang, and Wei Wei Wang. "Characteristics of Colored Topaz through a New Surface Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.551.

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To find out the characteristics, color’s genesis and identifying features of TCF (Thermal Color Fusion) topaz, and the differences between TCF topaz and the past coating topaz products, this article takes TCF topaz, which appeared recently in the market, and two other common generation of coatings topaz sample as the object of study, and use a variety of gemology testing instruments and wide spectrum and narrow spectrum of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze the gemology feature, surface structure and composition of the sample, the results shows that: the difference of the surface layer composition is the basic reason for the color difference of these samples, but the film structure and thickness of the sample do not have a big impact to the color. This article has also carried on the examination to the sample durability, at the same time analyzing and comparing a variety of optimized topaz production process. The TCF topaz technology has the advantages of both two kinds of process of coating and the diffusion, TCF topaz is rich in color compared to diffusion and irradiation product, it is better than irradiation product on high temperature resistance and radioactive residues.

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6

Pardi, Pardi, and Banyu Rizki Fauzan. "EVALUASI PENANGANAN IRADIASI BATU TOPAZ PADA OPERASI REAKTOR SIKLUS 94 DAN 95." REAKTOR - Buletin Pengelolaan Reaktor Nuklir 15, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/bprn.2018.15.1.4794.

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EVALUASI PENANGANAN IRADIASI BATU TOPAZ PADA OPERASI REAKTOR SIKLUS 94 DAN 95. Untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan reaktor RSG-GAS dalam memenuhi kepentingan pihak pengguna antara lain adalah melayani iradiasi target batu topaz saat reaktor operasi. Keandalan operasi reaktor perlu dijaga dan tingkatkan tanpa mengurangi faktor keselamatannya, salah satu keandalan operasi reaktor adalah kemampuan batang kendali pengatur (reg-rod) dalam mengimbangi perubahan reaktivitas di teras reaktor akibat gangguan dari pemasukan/penarikan target iradiasi. Reaktivitas, kecepatan, panjang langkah batang kendali pengatur (reg-rod) dan reaktivitas maksimum pada satu posisi iradiasi < 0,5% ditentukan dalam LAK , untuk penanganan iradiasi target batu topaz nilai reaktivitas sebesar ±0,0741% diperlukan kehati-hatian dengan membuat gerakan pemasukan/penarikan target sambil melihat kanal pemantau daya dan display daya digital. Pada makalah ini dilakukan evaluasi kegiatan penanganan target iradiasi batu topaz pada siklus operasi 94 dan 95, dengan menganalisis data kegiatan yang tercatat dalam buku induk operasi dan formulir iradiasi target batu topaz. Hasil evaluasi pada siklus operasi 94: iradiasi target topaz total sebanyak = 360 kali dengan massa total 324 kg dan pada siklus operasi 95: sebanyak = 576 kali dengan massa total 864 kg. Dalam melakukan radiasi target topaz tidak terjadi gangguan karena telah dilakukan analisis keselamatan terlebih dahulu serta pelaksanaan yang sesuai dengan SOP sehingga tidak mempengaruhi reaktivitas di teras begitu pula keselamatan radiasi untuk personil harus di jaga.Kata kunci : evaluasi, penanganan target iradiasi batu topaz

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Song, Zixiong, Qingfeng Guo, and Libing Liao. "Study on Gemological Characteristics and Inclusions of Yellow Topaz." Crystals 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121746.

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Topaz is a kind of mineral with variable composition and a common gemstone variety. Because of its wide distribution and rich colors, it has attracted the attention of scholars around the world. In this paper, the composition, spectral, and gemological characteristics of yellow topaz were systematically characterized, and the dark inclusions inside the samples were discussed and analyzed. The results show that the yellow topaz has a glassy luster, transparent, with a refractive index of 1.609–1.617 and a birefringence of 0.008. The topaz sample has columnar crystal shape and a typical rhomboid cross section. The infrared spectral characteristic absorption peaks of yellow topaz mainly appear near 3649, 3426, 950, 628, 550, and 457 cm−1. The characteristic absorption peaks for Raman spectra are mainly at 937, 404, and 267 cm−1. The UV-vis spectra of all samples only had strong absorption bands in the range of 200–300 nm. The results of XRF and EMPA showed that the contents of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the samples were 52.79 (wt%) and 29.55 (wt%), respectively, and it was reasonable to speculate that the chromogenic element of the yellow color was iron. The inclusions in yellow topaz samples are mainly fluid inclusions, healing cracks, and albite. This paper has enriched the gemological characteristics of topaz and can provide theoretical data for the research and marketization of topaz.

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Leroy, Jacques L., Rodolfo Rodriguez-Rios, and Sarah Dewonck. "The topaz-bearing rhyolites from the San Luis Potosi area (Mexico): characteristics of the lava and growth conditions of topaz." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.6.579.

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Abstract In Mexico, the topaz-bearing rhyolites occur mainly in the San Luis Potosi area (San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato States). These rhyolites appear as domes related to the Tertiary extensional tectonism. Three domes of the San Luis Potosi volcanic field were selected for study, according to the color, the habits and the size of the topaz they contain, in order to determine the characteristics of the lava and the growth conditions of the topaz. These rhyolites are high-silica, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and alkali-rich lavas. They are enriched in fluorine and in incompatible lithophile elements such as Rb, Cs, Ta, U and Th and depleted in Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Ti and Ni. Therefore, they are very similar to the topaz-bearing rhyolites from western United States. In Cerro El Gato dome, both amber-colored and colorless topazes crystallized in voids and fractures. Comparing these different crystals with respect to their growth environment, habits, chemical compositions and EPR characteristics provides an explanation for the crystallization conditions and color of topaz. Colorless topaz from Cerro El Gato crystallized at a temperature above 500oC (lack of color centers) from fluids enriched in elements leached from the lava, whereas the amber-colored topaz crystallized below 500oC (based on the presence of color centers) and from fluids richer in volatile elements (As). In Cerro El Lobo, the topaz have intermediate characteristics between the colorless and the amber-colored topazes of Cerro El Gato.

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9

Paterson, D. R., D. R. Earhart, and T. E. Boswell. "‘Topaz’ Sweet Potato." HortScience 23, no. 2 (April 1988): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.2.414.

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Abstract The ‘Topaz’ (Fig. 1) sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, combines high yield good sprout production, and excellent baking and canning quality.

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10

Alexander, John H. "Pikes Peak Topaz." Rocks & Minerals 71, no. 5 (September 1996): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1996.11761551.

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11

Jung, Hyun-Chae, Byung-Kwon Moon, Jieun Wie, Hyei-Sun Park, Johan Lee, and Young-Hwa Byun. "A single-column ocean biogeochemistry model (GOTM–TOPAZ) version 1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-699-2019.

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Abstract. Recently, Earth system models (ESMs) have begun to consider the marine ecosystem to reduce errors in climate simulations. However, many models are unable to fully represent the ocean-biology-induced climate feedback, which is due in part to significant bias in the simulated biogeochemical properties. Therefore, we developed the Generic Ocean Turbulence Model–Tracers of Phytoplankton with Allometric Zooplankton (GOTM–TOPAZ), a single-column ocean biogeochemistry model that can be used to improve ocean biogeochemical processes in ESMs. This model was developed by combining GOTM, a single-column model that can simulate the physical environment of the ocean, and TOPAZ, a biogeochemical module. Here, the original form of TOPAZ has been modified and modularized to allow easy coupling with other physical ocean models. To demonstrate interactions between ocean physics and biogeochemical processes, the model was designed to allow ocean temperature to change due to absorption of visible light by chlorophyll in phytoplankton. We also added a module to reproduce upwelling and the air–sea gas transfer process for oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are of particular importance for marine ecosystems. The simulated variables (e.g., chlorophyll, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon) of GOTM–TOPAZ were evaluated by comparison against observations. The temporal variability in the observed upper-ocean (0–20 m) chlorophyll is well captured by the GOTM–TOPAZ with a correlation coefficient of 0.53 at point 107 in the Sea of Japan. The surface correlation coefficients among GOTM–TOPAZ oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon are 0.47, 0.31, 0.16, and 0.19, respectively. We compared the GOTM–TOPAZ simulations with those from MOM–TOPAZ and found that GOTM–TOPAZ showed relatively lower correlations, which is most likely due to the limitations of the single-column model. Results also indicate that source–sink terms may contribute to the biases in the surface layer (<60 m), while initial values are important for realistic simulations in the deep sea (>250 m). Despite this limitation, we argue that our GOTM–TOPAZ model is a good starting point for further investigation of key biogeochemical processes and is also useful to couple complex biogeochemical processes with various oceanic global circulation models.

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Clarke, D. B., B. Wunder, H. J. Förster, D. Rhede, and A. Hahn. "Experimental investigation of near-liquidus andalusite-topaz relations in synthetic peraluminous haplogranites at 200 MPa." Mineralogical Magazine 73, no. 6 (December 2009): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.6.997.

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AbstractMany evolved peraluminous granite plutons contain either andalusite (Al2SiO5) or topaz (Al2SiO4(OH,F)2), but some plutons contain both of these A/NK [mol. Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)] = ∞ phases. We present the results of experiments conducted to locate the andalusite-topaz boundary in water-saturated peraluminous haplogranite melts in T-P-Xspace, where T = 700—650°C, P = 200 MPa. andX(A/NK = 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and F = 0, 1, 2, 4 wt.%).The starting materials are synthetic K-Na-Al-Si gels, with added H2O and AgF, with seeds of natural andalusite and topaz, and with run times of 5—7 days. Phase identification is by electron microprobe. All experimental run products contained quartz. For all values of bulk A/NK, F concentrations ⩽ 1 wt.% favour andalusite stability, whereas F concentrations ⩾ 1 wt.% favour topaz stability. For bulk A/NK ⩽ 1.2 and intermediate F concentrations, no A/NK = phase is present; for bulk A/NK ⩾ 1.3, quench or metastable mullite formed. Topaz reaction rims on naturally occurring andalusite, frequency of naturally occurring assemblages, general chemical considerations, and experimental evidence all suggest that some topaz is the product of a peritectic reaction between an early primary magmatic andalusite and a late F-enriched melt. The appearance of such topaz is an important mineralogical expression of F activity in the melt, and may be an indicator for high field-strength Sn-W-U-Mo polymetallic mineralization.

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French-McCay, Deborah, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, and Malcolm L. Spaulding. "Evaluation of Oil Spill Modeling in Ice Against In Situ Drifter Data from the Beaufort Sea." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1523.

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ABSTRACT While coupled ice-ocean models provide reliable hindcasts and large-scale predictions of ice conditions and movements in the Arctic, to date, operational models have not been implemented with sufficient spatial resolution or skill to define sea ice characteristics and dynamics needed for high resolution oil spill trajectory forecast modeling. Recently (2015) Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NERSC) researchers updated their modeling approach and rheology used for pack ice. They found that using the newly developed Elasto-Brittle (EB) model showed significant improvement in performance over the present Elastic-Viscous-Plastic (EVP) modeling approach used in the operational forecast and reanalysis versions of their TOPAZ4 coupled ice-ocean model. NERSC also integrated a wave-in-ice model (WIM) into a newly updated version of TOPAZ, to characterize waves in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). RPS ASA’s oil transport and fate models OILMAP and SIMAP (OIL/Spill Impact Model Application Package) were updated, integrating the NERSC ice modeling products for use in transport and oil weathering algorithms. Oil trajectory model simulations, using the existing publically-available TOPAZ4 and updated ice model products, were compared with available in situ drifter data for the Beaufort Sea from the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP). The goal was to evaluate model performance (skill) against drifters that were trapped in the pack ice where the EB/EVP rheology applies. The comparisons show that model-based trajectories increasingly diverged from observations over days and weeks due to cumulative errors. The model using EB rheology more closely agreed with the IABP observations than TOPAZ with EVP, and the updated TOPAZ showed improved model performance over TOPAZ4. However, model skill was degraded by time-averaging of ocean and ice model vectors before input to the oil spill model. Demonstrated improvement of oil-in-ice spill modeling would help meet the needs for Arctic oil spill response in the coming decades. While the accuracy of individual oil model trajectories projected weeks to months into the future would be expected to be low, in the event of a spill, forecasts could be updated frequently (on a time scale of hours to days) with satellite information, aircraft observations, drifter data, and other observations to improve reliability. The overall transport patterns and results of an ensemble of trajectories would provide useful information for planning and risk assessments based on typical current and ice movement patterns.

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Nuamsrinuan, Nisakorn, Weeranuch Kaewwiset, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Radiation Dose Evaluation of Colorless Topaz by TL and ESR Spectroscopy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.267.

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In the present work, colorless topaz was designed and developed a dosimeter for routine application. The samples were irradiated with gamma from 60Co at dose range 50 - 400 Gy and investigated by thermoluminescence (TL) and electron spin resonance (ESR). The TL grow curve of topaz were revealed two trapping levels at temperature 150 °C and 225 °C. The ESR signals of topaz shown that the g value at 1.966 and 2.012 due to Ti3+ and (AlO4)0 center, respectively. The intensities of TL and ESR were increased with increasing dose. The percentage error of dose from TL and ESR signal were 8 and 3, respectively. These experiment indicated that the colorless topaz could be used as a dosimeter.

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Setiawanto, Anto, Rohidi Rohidi, and Puspitasari Ramadania. "PENGENDALIAN PAPARAN RADIASI DI RUANG PENYIMPANAN SEMENTARA BATU TOPAZ PASCA IRADIASI DI RSG-GAS." REAKTOR - Buletin Pengelolaan Reaktor Nuklir 15, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/bprn.2018.15.1.4791.

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PENGENDALIAN PAPARAN RADIASI DI RUANG PENYIMPANAN SEMENTARA BATU TOPAZ PASCA IRADIASI DI RSG-GAS. Pemanfaatan RSG-GAS diantaranya adalah mengiradiasi batu topaz. Agar batu topaz siap untuk dikirim ke pengguna maka harus melalui proses peluruhan berkisar 5 s.d 10 tahun di ruang penyimpanan sementara sehingga terjadi penumpukan batu topaz yang mengakibatkan akumulasi paparan radiasi maka harus dilakukan pengendalian agar tidak melebihi batas yang diizinkan. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu menentukan tata letak ruangan, memasang perisai radiasi fleksibel dengan 2 (dua) lapis, pemetaan radiasi gamma didalam ruang penyimpanan dan permukaan pintu ruang. Hasil pengukuran diperoleh paparan radiasi tertinggi di permukaan topaz adalah 9300,0 μSv/jam, menggunakan perisai lapis pertama diperoleh 100,0 μSv/jam, perisai radiasi lapis kedua adalah 5,0 μSv/ jam, permukaan pintu luar ruang adalah 4,0 μSv/jam dengan demikian paparan dipintu luar ruang tidak melebihi batas yang diizinkan yaitu ≤ 10 μSv/jam. Sedangkan pekerja radiasi yang akan bekerja di dalam ruang penyimpanan harus memperhatikan kaidah keselamatan yaitu waktu, jarak, perisai dan didampingi oleh petugas proteksi radiasi serta dilakukan pengamatan penerimaan dosis pekerja radiasi agar tidak melebihi 20 mSv/tahun, dengan demikian para pekerja radiasi dapat bekerja secara aman dan terkendali serta aspek keselamatan dapat terpenuhi.Kata kunci : Pengendalian radiasi, batu topaz, titik pengukuran, peluruhan

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Vakalova, T. V., V. M. Pogrebenkov, A. V. Ivanchenkov, and O. A. Konovalova. "Synthesis of mullite from topaz, refractory clay, and clay-topaz compositions." Refractories and Industrial Ceramics 45, no. 5 (September 2004): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11148-005-0012-7.

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Drkenda, Pakeza, Asmira Ćulah, Nermina Spaho, Asima Akagić, and Metka Hudina. "How Do Consumers Perceive Sensory Attributes of Apple?" Foods 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112667.

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Pomological characteristics and consumer acceptability of four scab-resistant apple cultivars (‘Topaz’, ‘Florina’, ‘Goldstar’ and ‘Golden Orange’) and standard commercial cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ were investigated. Consumer acceptability consisted of rating fruit samples on Likert scales measuring appearance, flavour, size, sweetness, acidity, crispiness, juiciness, skin texture and general impression. Consumers better evaluated the cultivar ‘Topaz’ sensory characteristics of flavour, juiciness, taste and general impression than other evaluated scab-resistant apple cultivars and the cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. ‘Golden Delicious’ got good grades for appearance, size and sweetness. ‘Topaz’ also had the best pomological characteristic related to measured fruit firmness, contents of soluble solids and organic acids. It can be concluded that only the cultivar ‘Topaz’ among the scab-resistant apple cultivars achieved a good consumer assessment.

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Abbasi, Shahab Ahmed, Muhammad Rafique, Taj Muhammad Khan, Adnan Khan, Nasar Ahmad, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Pervaiz Ahmad, and Abdul Saboor. "Chemical Analysis of Thermoluminescent Colorless Topaz Crystal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040367.

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We present results of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of natural colorless topaz crystal of local Pakistani origin. Topaz plasma was produced in the ambient air using a nanosecond laser pulse of width 5 ns and wavelength 532 nm. For the purpose of detection of maximum possible constituent elements within the Topaz sample, the laser fluences were varied, ranging 19.6–37.6 J·cm−2 and optical emission from the plasma was recorded within the spectral range of 250–870 nm. The spectrum obtained has shown the presence of seven elements viz. Al, Si, F, O, H, Na and N. Results shows that the fluorine was detected at laser fluence higher than 35 J·cm−2 and plasma temperature of >1 eV. Al and Si were found as the major compositional elements in topaz crystals. The ratios of concentrations of Al and Si were found as 1.55 and 1.59 estimated by CF-LIBS and EDX, respectively. Furthermore, no impurity was found in the investigated colorless topaz samples.

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Gauzzi, Teodoro, Leonardo Martins Graça, Leonardo Lagoeiro, Isolda de Castro Mendes, and Gláucia Nascimento Queiroga. "The fingerprint of imperial topaz from Ouro Preto region (Minas Gerais state, Brazil) based on cathodoluminescence properties and composition." Mineralogical Magazine 82, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 943–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.078.

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ABSTRACTA study of the cathodoluminescence (CL) properties of imperial topaz from Ouro Preto region (Minas Gerais state, Brazil) and its relation with trace-element composition was conducted, using scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL), optical microscope cathodoluminescence (OM-CL), cathodoluminescence-spectrometry (CL-spectrometry), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Raman spectrometry. Each analytical technique allowed characterization of the imperial topaz fingerprint. SEM-CL panchromatic images show different crystal growth and resorption events in imperial topaz crystals. Colour CL images indicate only blue to violet emissions. The CL-spectra indicate a broad emission band with low intensity peak at ~417 nm and a broad emission band with high intensity and major peaks at 685, 698, 711 and 733 nm. The EMPA indicates high OH content, in which the OH/(OH + F) ratio ranges between 0.35–0.43 (0.72 ≤ OH ≤ 0.86 apfu). High Cu and Zn concentrations (LA-ICP-MS) were measured in the high luminescence areas of SEM-CL images, suggesting both elements as CL-activators in imperial topaz. Raman and CL-spectra indicate high Cr concentrations, corroborated by EMPA and LA-ICP-MS results. The high Cr caused strong luminescence intensities that enabled their superimposition over the OH stretching mode (~3650 cm–1) of topaz in all Raman spectra. Among trace elements, the concentrations of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga and Ge provide the fingerprint of imperial topaz.

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Kanazirski, Milko, E. Zakova, and Ignasi Queralt. "Physico-chemical analysis of mineral parageneses of the advanced argillic rock alteration at Pod Polomon in porphiry copper systems, Javorie, Slovak Republic." Geologica Balcanica 26, no. 4 (December 30, 1996): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.26.4.55.

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Physico-chemical analysis of the mineral parageneses of argillic type of altered rocks in Pod Polomom porphyry copper system of Javorie, Slovackia. In the zone of advanced argillizaton of the rocks occurring in the shallow parts of the porphyry copper system of Javorie, the Pod Polomom quarry, the following associations are presented: quartz + pyrophyllite, quartz + pyrophyllite + diaspore, quartz + pyrophyllite + topaz, quartz + pyrophyllite + diaspor + topaz, quartz + topaz, quartz + zunyite. A physico-chemical analysis of the mineral parageneses has been applied in order to distinguish the equilibrium mineral association (mineral parageneses), that appear as important for the genetic classifications. The prognostic paragenetic diagram obtained is the basis for analysis of physico-chemical formation conditions of mineral parageneses rich in aluminium non-sulphate mineral phases. Beside the acid-sulphate type of alteration the pyrophylite-diaspore and fluoride (topaz-zunyite) types of alteration are assigned to the advanced argillization. The facial analysis allows to identify the pyrophyllite-diaspore, topaz and zunyite facies of the secondary quartzite formation that correspond to those types of alteration. This investigation proposes unifying features of the two commonly accepted genetic classifications according to types of alterations and to formations respectively.

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Heimburger, Christian, Jane Beckwith, Donald K. Tamaki, and Edwin P. Hawkins. "Remembering Topaz and Wendover." Utah Historical Quarterly 86, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/utahhistquar.86.2.0148.

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Clausen, H. F., C. Hoffmann, X. Wang, M. Frost, B. Chakoumakos, M. A. Spackman, and B. B. Iversen. "TOPAZ – neutrons going smaller." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (August 22, 2011): C445—C446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311088787.

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23

King, R. J. "Minerals explained 31: Topaz." Geology Today 16, no. 5 (September 2000): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2451.2000.1605012.x.

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Tarasenko, Maxim. "Twinkle, twinkle little topaz." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 49, no. 6 (July 1993): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1993.11456366.

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Souza, Divanízia Do N., José F. De Lima, and MÁRio Ernesto G. Valerio. "Thermoluminescence of brazilian topaz." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 135, no. 1-4 (December 1995): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159508229817.

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King, R. J. "Minerals explained 31: Topaz." Geology Today 16, no. 5 (September 2000): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2000.00012.x.

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Inoue, Y., Y. Kato, A. Maruyama, E. Nakano, T. Okusawa, A. Shimonaka, T. Takahashi, et al. "The TOPAZ muon detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 385, no. 2 (January 1997): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(96)01140-0.

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Fox, Ilene. "Tribute to Muriel Topaz." Dance Research Journal 36, no. 1 (2004): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767700007804.

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Gübelin, Edward, Giorgio Graziani, and A. H. Kazmi. "Pink Topaz from Pakistan." Gems & Gemology 22, no. 3 (October 1, 1986): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5741/gems.22.3.140.

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Koivula, John I. "The Rutilated Topaz Misnomer." Gems & Gemology 23, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5741/gems.23.2.100.

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Ashbaugh, Charles E., and James E. Shigley. "Reactor-Irradiated Green Topaz." Gems & Gemology 29, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5741/gems.29.2.116.

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Redell, David D. "Experience with topaz telebugging." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 24, no. 1 (January 3, 1989): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/69215.69219.

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Schaefermeyer, Fred C. "The American Golden Topaz." Rocks & Minerals 63, no. 5 (September 1988): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1988.11761865.

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Wise, Michael A. "Topaz: A Mineralogical Review." Rocks & Minerals 70, no. 1 (February 1995): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1995.9926593.

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Huang, Shijie, Jingui Xu, Chunfa Chen, Bo Li, Zhilin Ye, Wei Chen, Yunqian Kuang, Dawei Fan, Wenge Zhou, and Maining Ma. "Topaz, a Potential Volatile-Carrier in Cold Subduction Zone: Constraint from Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy at High Temperature and High Pressure." Minerals 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090780.

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The equation of state and stability of topaz at high-pressure/high-temperature conditions have been investigated by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy in this study. No phase transition occurs on topaz over the experimental pressure–temperature (P-T) range. The pressure–volume data were fitted by the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (EoS) with the zero-pressure unit–cell volume V0 = 343.86 (9) Å3, the zero-pressure bulk modulus K0 = 172 (3) GPa, and its pressure derivative K’0 = 1.3 (4), while the obtained K0 = 155 (2) GPa when fixed K’0 = 4. In the pressure range of 0–24.4 GPa, the vibration modes of in-plane bending OH-groups for topaz show non-linear changes with the increase in pressure, while the other vibration modes show linear changes. Moreover, the temperature–volume data were fitted by Fei’s thermal equation with the thermal expansion coefficient α300 = 1.9 (1) × 10−5 K−1 at 300 K. Finally, the P-T stability of topaz was studied by a synchrotron-based single-crystal XRD at simultaneously high P-T conditions up to ~10.9 GPa and 700 K, which shows that topaz may maintain a metastable state at depths above 370 km in the upper mantle along the coldest subducting slab geotherm. Thus, topaz may be a potential volatile-carrier in the cold subduction zone. It can carry hydrogen and fluorine elements into the deep upper mantle and further affect the geochemical behavior of the upper mantle.

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Keller-Przybyłkowicz, Sylwia, and Małgorzata Korbin. "Identification of Four New Est-Based Markers on the Apple (MALUS ⋉ DOMESTICA) Genetic Map." Journal of Horticultural Research 22, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2014-0011.

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AbstractThe map of the linkage groups: LG2, LG12 and LG14, which are expected to contain QTLs related to fruit quality, was generated by analysis of 56 individuals of the cross: ‘Retina’ × ‘Topaz’. Twenty three of the 27 SSR markers covered 225 cM in ‘Retina’ and 371 cM in ‘Topaz’ genome. High level of colinearity (≈85%) was found between obtained map and the respective map regions of ‘Fiesta’, ‘Discovery’, ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’. Only single inversions of marker positions were noted, predominantly in ‘Topaz’. CAPS and SSCP/SNP markers in seven ESTs, chosen based on the metabolic pathways of ascorbic acids and sugar, were identified. Four of the CAPS markers, linked to the genes coding: UDP glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, and two sugar transporters, were mapped on LG2 (GFglTra - both cultivars), LG12 (PGiso1B and PSTS - ‘Topaz’) and LG14 (PST - ‘Retina’). According to our knowledge, loci of these markers have never been identified on the apple genome map.

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Alvarez, R. J., C. J. Senff, A. O. Langford, A. M. Weickmann, D. C. Law, J. L. Machol, D. A. Merritt, et al. "Development and Application of a Compact, Tunable, Solid-State Airborne Ozone Lidar System for Boundary Layer Profiling." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05044.1.

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Abstract The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory/Chemical Sciences Division (NOAA/ESRL/CSD) has developed a versatile, airborne lidar system for measuring ozone and aerosols in the boundary layer and lower free troposphere. The Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ) lidar was deployed aboard a NOAA Twin Otter aircraft during the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2006) and the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex 2010) field campaigns. TOPAZ is capable of measuring ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere with uncertainties of several parts per billion by volume at 90-m vertical and 600-m horizontal resolution from an aircraft flying at 60 m s−1. The system also provides uncalibrated aerosol backscatter profiles at 18-m vertical and 600-m horizontal resolution. TOPAZ incorporates state-of-the-art technologies, including a cerium-doped lithium calcium aluminum fluoride (Ce:LiCAF) laser, to make it compact and lightweight with low power consumption. The tunable, three-wavelength UV laser source makes it possible to optimize the wavelengths for differing atmospheric conditions, reduce the interference from other atmospheric constituents, and implement advanced analysis techniques. This paper describes the TOPAZ lidar, its components and performance during testing and field operation, and the data analysis procedure, including a discussion of error sources. The performance characteristics are illustrated through a comparison between TOPAZ and an ozonesonde launched during the TexAQS 2006 field campaign. A more comprehensive set of comparisons with in situ measurements during TexAQS 2006 and an assessment of the TOPAZ accuracy and precision are presented in a companion paper.

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Sakov, P., F. Counillon, L. Bertino, K. A. Lisæter, P. R. Oke, and A. Korablev. "TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic." Ocean Science 8, no. 4 (August 15, 2012): 633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-633-2012.

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Abstract. We present a detailed description of TOPAZ4, the latest version of TOPAZ – a coupled ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic. It is the only operational, large-scale ocean data assimilation system that uses the ensemble Kalman filter. This means that TOPAZ features a time-evolving, state-dependent estimate of the state error covariance. Based on results from the pilot MyOcean reanalysis for 2003–2008, we demonstrate that TOPAZ4 produces a realistic estimate of the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic and the sea-ice variability in the Arctic. We find that the ensemble spread for temperature and sea-level remains fairly constant throughout the reanalysis demonstrating that the data assimilation system is robust to ensemble collapse. Moreover, the ensemble spread for ice concentration is well correlated with the actual errors. This indicates that the ensemble statistics provide reliable state-dependent error estimates – a feature that is unique to ensemble-based data assimilation systems. We demonstrate that the quality of the reanalysis changes when different sea surface temperature products are assimilated, or when in-situ profiles below the ice in the Arctic Ocean are assimilated. We find that data assimilation improves the match to independent observations compared to a free model. Improvements are particularly noticeable for ice thickness, salinity in the Arctic, and temperature in the Fram Strait, but not for transport estimates or underwater temperature. At the same time, the pilot reanalysis has revealed several flaws in the system that have degraded its performance. Finally, we show that a simple bias estimation scheme can effectively detect the seasonal or constant bias in temperature and sea-level.

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Sakov, P., F. Counillon, L. Bertino, K. A. Lisæter, P. R. Oke, and A. Korablev. "TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2012): 1519–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-1519-2012.

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Abstract. We present a detailed description of TOPAZ4, the latest version of TOPAZ – a coupled ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic. It is the only operational, large-scale ocean data assimilation system that uses the ensemble Kalman filter. This means that TOPAZ features a time-evolving, state-dependent estimate of the state error covariance. Based on results from the pilot MyOcean reanalysis for 2003–2008, we demonstrate that TOPAZ4 produces a realistic estimate of the ocean circulation and the sea ice. We find that the ensemble spread for temperature and sea-level remains fairly constant throughout the reanalysis demonstrating that the data assimilation system is robust to ensemble collapse. Moreover, the ensemble spread for ice concentration is well correlated with the actual errors. This indicates that the ensemble statistics provide reliable state-dependent error estimates – a feature that is unique to ensemble-based data assimilation systems. We demonstrate that the quality of the reanalysis changes when different sea surface temperature products are assimilated, or when in situ profiles below the ice in the Arctic Ocean are assimilated. We find that data assimilation improves the match to independent observations compared to a free model. Improvements are particularly noticeable for ice thickness, salinity in the Arctic, and temperature in the Fram Strait, but not for transport estimates or underwater temperature. At the same time, the pilot reanalysis has revealed several flaws in the system that have degraded its performance. Finally, we show that a simple bias estimation scheme can effectively detect the seasonal or constant bias in temperature and sea-level.

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Langford, A. O., C. J. Senff, R. J. Alvarez, R. M. Banta, R. M. Hardesty, D. D. Parrish, and T. B. Ryerson. "Comparison between the TOPAZ Airborne Ozone Lidar and In Situ Measurements during TexAQS 2006." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-10-05043.1.

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Abstract The NOAA airborne ozone lidar system [Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and Ozone (TOPAZ)] is compared with the fast-response chemiluminescence sensor flown aboard the NOAA WP-3D during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS). TOPAZ measurements made from the NOAA Twin Otter, flying at an altitude of ~3300 m MSL in the Houston, Texas, area on 31 August, and the Dallas, Texas, area on 13 September, show that the overall uncertainty in the 10-s (~600-m horizontal resolution) TOPAZ profiles is dominated by statistical uncertainties (1σ) of ~8 ppbv (6%–10%) at ranges of ~2300 m from the aircraft (~1000 m MSL), and ~11–27 ppbv (12%–30%) at ranges of ~2800 m (~500 m MSL). These uncertainties are substantially reduced by spatial averaging, and the averages of 11 profiles (of 110 s or 6.6-km horizontal resolution) at ~1000 m MSL are in excellent agreement (±2%) with the in situ measurements at ~500 m MSL. The TOPAZ measurements at lower altitudes on 31 August exhibit a negative bias of up to ~15%, however, when the lidar signals were strongly attenuated by very high ozone levels in the plume from the Houston Ship Channel. This bias appears to result from nonlinear behavior in the TOPAZ signal amplifiers, which is described in the companion paper by Alvarez et al. An empirical correction is presented.

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Greenidge, Darius. "Investigations of color center phenomena in Topaz and Quartz through electron spin resonance with reference to optical absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance: Implications for extended mineral applications." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2018): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n1-2.958.

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Optical absorption, electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear (NMR) studies of silicate minerals such as quartz and topaz help to reveal the nature of a variety of colors which are derived from defects within the crystal structures involving the presence of impurities, trapped holes, and electrons. The present study was inspired by color changes in cinnabar, which upon exposure to sunlight, turns from vermillion red to black under certain conditions, the solid state physical reasons for which have not yet been described. Smoky and amethyst quartz are also bleached by energy from the Sun; reactions that can be reversed by the process of artificial irradiation and heat treatment. Topaz, the focus of this study, exhibits the imperial yellow variety from Ouro Preto, Brazil, which bleaches upon exposure to high temperatures and gives rise to a pink color if chromium is present as an impurity. For the blue variety of topaz, which arises from the irradiation of colorless topaz to smoky, then heat treating to blue, the crystal chemistry remains undefined. Many color centers found in topaz are believed to have a relationship to the presence of aluminum in tetrahedral sites, also related to trapped hole/electron defects. Although NMR studies have targeted the presence of 27Al with uncertain results, optical absorption and ESR studies show clear connections to the production of electronic defects related to absorbing centers caused by high energy irradiation. ESR studies indicate that significant information can be attained relative to these defects when the magnetic vector is parallel to the c axis of the crystal. This paper begins to shed light on the responsible mechanisms that may define the crystal chemistry in terms of the electronic environment, with particular emphasis on topaz.

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O'Bannon, Earl F., and Quentin Williams. "A Cr3+ luminescence study of natural topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 up to 60 GPa." American Mineralogist 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-7079.

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Abstract Topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2] is a subduction-related mineral that is found in metasediments and has a large pressure and temperature stability field. Here, we use luminescence spectroscopy of Cr3+ to probe the Al site in topaz at pressures up to ~60 GPa, which corresponds to a depth of ~1400 km in the Earth. This technique allows us to probe all three unique Al environments (i.e., [AlO4(OH)2]7–, [AlO4(F)2]7–, and [AlO4OH,F]7–) simultaneously under high pressure. We find that the R-line luminescence from all three Al environments shift linearly to longer wavelength to ~40 GPa. Above ~40 GPa, they shift nonlinearly and begin to flatten out at ~48 GPa, with a pressure shift of ~0 cm–1/GPa from ~48–55 GPa. Our results, combined with previous high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies to ~45 GPa, strongly indicate that there is a change in the compression mechanism in topaz above ~40 GPa. Our high-pressure room-temperature results show that the metastable persistence of topaz on compression represents one of the most extreme cases among tetrahedrally coordinated silicates.

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Agangi, Andrea, Arnold Gucsik, Hirotsugu Nishido, Kiyotaka Ninagawa, and Vadim S. Kamenetsky. "Relation between cathodoluminescence and trace-element distribution of magmatic topaz from the Ary-Bulak massif, Russia." Mineralogical Magazine 80, no. 5 (August 2016): 881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.023.

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AbstractIn order to define the cathodoluminescence (CL) properties of magmatic topaz and its relation with trace-element composition, we studied topaz phenocrysts from the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif, Russia using a wide array of analytical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy CL panchromatic images reveal strong variations, which define micrometre-scale euhedral growth textures. Several truncations of these growth textures occur in single grains implying multiple growth and resorption events. The CL-spectra of both CLbright and -dark domains have a major peak in the near-ultraviolet centred at 393 nm. Cathodoluminescence images taken after several minutes of electron bombardment show decreasing emission intensity. Electron microprobe analyses indicate high F concentrations (average OH/(OH + F) = 0.04 calculated by difference, 100 wt.% – total from electron probe microanalyses), consistent with what has been found previously in topaz-bearing granites, and the OH stretching vibration (∼3653 cm–1) was detected in Raman spectra. Laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry traverses performed across the CL textures detected trace elements at ppm to thousands of ppm levels, including: Fe, Mn, Li, Be, B, P, Nb, Ta, W, Ti, Ga, light rare-earth elements, Th and U. Lithium, W, Nb and Ta appear to be correlated with CL intensity, suggesting a role for some of these elements in the activation of CL in topaz. In contrast, no clear correlation was found between CL intensity and F contents, despite the fact that the replacement of OH for F is known to affect the cell parameters of topaz.

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Letnikov, F. A. "Topaz granites in northern Kazakhstan." Petrology 16, no. 4 (July 2008): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869591108040012.

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Struth, Bernd, Gero Decher, Johannes Schmitt, Wolfgang Hofmeister, Frank Neiβendorfer, Ullrich Pietsch, Gerald Brezesinski, and Helmuth Möhwald. "Chemical modification of Topaz surfaces." Materials Science and Engineering: C 10, no. 1-2 (December 1999): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-4931(99)00094-6.

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Reisch, O., R. Weller, and J. Pirron. "TOPAZ - Decentralised Cooperative Production Management." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 23 (September 1998): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)35860-3.

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Kamae, T., H. Aihara, R. Enomoto, H. Fujii, T. Fujii, R. Itoh, N. Kusuki, et al. "The TOPAZ Time Projection Chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 252, no. 2-3 (December 1986): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)91217-9.

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Imanishi, A., T. Ishii, S. Kato, K. Kono, K. Maruyama, H. Masuda, T. Morimoto, et al. "The TOPAZ inner drift chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 269, no. 3 (June 1988): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90127-1.

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Koivula, John I., C. W. Fryer, and Robert C. Kammerling. "Spessartine garnet in Brazilian topaz." Journal of Gemmology 22, no. 6 (1991): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.1991.22.6.366.

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Skvortsova, V., N. Mironova- Ulmane, L. Trinkler, and G. Chikvaidze. "Optical properties of natural topaz." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 49 (December 13, 2013): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/49/1/012051.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Topaz'

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