Journal articles on the topic 'Top-level structure strategy'
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1
Kletzien, Sharon Benge. "Proficient and Less Proficient Comprehenders' Strategy use for Different Top-Level Structures." Journal of Reading Behavior 24, no. 2 (June 1992): 191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862969209547772.
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This study examined proficient and less proficient high school comprehenders' use of strategies as they read three passages with different top-level structures: collection, causation, and comparison. Subjects were 24 tenth and eleventh graders who were divided into proficient and less proficient comprehenders based on results of standardized comprehension tests: proficient comprehenders scored above the 70th percentile; less proficient comprehenders below the 50th percentile. Content area passages were used with the proficient comprehenders and were revised for the less proficient comprehenders so that the passages would be the same relative difficulty for both groups. Results indicate that both groups of readers used similar strategies: rereading, previous knowledge, inference, reading subsequent text, utilizing author's structure, relating to the main idea, and focusing on key vocabulary. Use of inferences was more valuable than other strategies on the collection passage, and use of author's structure was more valuable on the causation passage than on the other passages for the proficient comprehenders. Proficient comprehenders differed from less proficient comprehenders in their greater use of previous knowledge on the collection passage and their greater use of vocabulary strategies on the causation and comparison passages. Implications for instruction are addressed.
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Han, Shuang Xia, Lu Zhang, and Jian Wen Fang. "An Improved Control for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2315.
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A 3-layer topology is proposed to solve the problem of the incompatibility of the traditional topology structure in large-scale WSN. The data communication strategy for each level have been analysed, and an topology control algorithm for top-level is brought up based on the bottleneck-nodes, which will provide higher reliability control for the key-level. The experimental results indicated that, the new topology control strategy will contribute to balance the communication load of the nodes, and the energy consumption in the key-level reduce remarkably.
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Brown, Chris J. "Towards a strategy for project management implementation." South African Journal of Business Management 30, no. 2 (June 30, 1999): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v30i2.753.
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The basic tenet of this article is that the implementation of project management as a way of managing, in formerly functionally structured organisations, is a complex process requiring strategic management intervention. The three outstanding issues contributing to this complexity are expounded. These are differing characteristics of the range of an organisation's projects that must be provided for: the inherent characteristics of functional organisations inhibiting to a cross-functional approach that need to be overcome: and the very necessary mind shift to the project management culture that needs to be instilled. The ground rules for project management implementation is laid down by way of eight questions that must be answered on top management level. These resolve around a firm commitment to the replacement of old, seemingly well proven practices as well as around the implications and consequences for the organisations. The article then proceeds with proposing framework for the process of project management and implementation. This is presented in seven steps, concluding that the implementation should be approached as a project in own right. To that effect a generic work breakdown structure is offered as a guideline.
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Bukhari, Zara Yasmin, and Khawaja Khalid Mehmood. "The Mediating role of Effective Communication between Organization Strategy, Structure, Culture and Organization Performance." Review of Education, Administration & Law 5, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i4.289.
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Effective communication plays very important role to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of organizational culture, structure, and innovation strategy on the performance of hotels through taking effective organizational communication as a mediator. Quantitative research design was used to accomplish this purpose. Data were collected using survey method through previously developed/tested questionnaires. The data were collected at organizational level and one response from each hotel was collected from top level managers. More than 340 questionnaires were delivered to respondents and 255 questionnaires were returned. Data analyses were conducted using SEM-AMOS. The findings indicate that organizational culture, structure, and strategy all had significant and positive impact on organization performance as measured through balance scorecard. Additionally effective communication served as a partial mediator between all organizational factors and performance. The findings suggest hotels’ management to focus on innovation strategy and rely on organic structure to improve communication and boost up performance. Additionally, they must have a customer focused culture and an employee focused culture that supports job variety and job satisfaction among staff members. Through those ways, effective communication would develop that would help improve hotel performance.
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Khatri, Naresh, and Pawan S. Budhwar. "A study of strategic HR issues in an Asian context." Personnel Review 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480210416856.
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Examines five strategic human resource management (HRM) issues using a qualitative methodology. Two of these are related to the central organisational‐level constructs of structure and culture. The other three pertain to HR strategy, HR competencies, and HR outsourcing. The study employed the multiple‐case design method proposed by Yin, with a view to extending theory in strategic HRM research. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 35 managers (CEOs, line managers, and HR managers) of nine companies from two major industries in the manufacturing sector – electronic products and machinery/equipment. The research found that top management enlightenment and level of HR competencies together determine the role and status of the HR function in organisations, and that the companies studied pursue four types of HR strategies: informal and not communicated; informal and communicated; formal but not communicated; and formal and communicated. HR strategy was found to affect both vertical and horizontal fits of the HR function. Culture, HR strategy and HR competencies influenced organisational propensity to outsource HR activities.
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Chong, Pei Wen, Siti Zakiah Melatu Samsi, and Mohd Nazri Mohd Noor. "A REPORT ON WORLD’S TOP 20 UNIVERSITIES WEBSITE MARKETING COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: WHAT CAN BE EMULATED." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 5, no. 37 (December 1, 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.537005.
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The university website is important as a window for potential students. Its quality is directly associated with the image and reputation of the university, reflecting the level of the university. Therefore, it is vital that a university is able to establish a website that has a high level of usability, functionality, and creativity which can attract and retain the users. In order to have a rational understanding and learning from the experienced university websites, this study has selected the top 20 universities around the world where important elements from their websites are being studied and evaluated thoroughly. The elements include picture resolution, typography, layout, web structure and colour, type of information and content as well as the privacy and trust policy. The study provides important provision on how the world-class universities designed their websites which would potentially yield refinements to the current website of other universities around the globe.
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Baušys, Romualdas, Gintautas Dundulis, Rimantas Kačianauskas, Darius Markauskas, Sigitas Rimkevičius, Eugeniuš Stupak, Stanislav Stupak, and Saulius Šliaupa. "SENSITIVITY OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE FE MODEL: CASE STUDY FOR THE IGNALINA NPP REACTOR BUILDING." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2008.14.7.
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The 3D thin‐walled finite element model of Ignalina NPP Unit 2 reactor building was developed aimed at the evaluation of the global dynamic behaviour with a focus on the seismic response. The model comprises description of the monolithic structures, while prefabricated frame structures are ignored and replaced by external masses. Sensitivity study of the selected dynamic characteristics of the model with respect to data uncertainties is considered. Uncertainty of the model is considered in terms of masses of removed structures and wall stiffness. Seismic input is represented by the site specific free‐field ground response acceleration spectra. The sensitivity study concerns variations of frequencies and acceleration of in‐structure horizontal response spectra at specified points. Maximal bending moments are also considered. It was obtained that the reactor level is not sensitive to the uncertainties considered, while discernable sensitivity was detected at the top level of the structure. Santrauka Pateikta Ignalinos atominės elektrinės pastato erdvinio baigtinių elementų dinaminio modelio kūrimo koncepcija, išnagrinėtas šio modelio jautrumas keičiamoms masėms ir sienų standumui. Parodyta, kaip šie keičiami dydžiai turi įtaką dažniams, horizontaliems tam tikrų nagrinėjamų taškų atsako spektrams, lenkimo momentų persiskirstymui ir jų didžiui.
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Miako, Mary Jane Mukami, and Dr Vincent Machuki. "CHALLENGES OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AT ADRIAN COMPANY LIMITED KENYA." Journal of Business and Strategic Management 1, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jbsm.7.
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Purpose: The objectives of the study were to determine strategy implementation practices at Adrian Company Limited Kenya and to establish challenges of strategy implementation at Adrian Company Limited Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a cases study research design and an interview guide was used to collect data. The respondents of the study were drawn from the top management team, who were drawn from the various departments comprising of human resource manager, project manager, marketing manager, logistics & procurement manager. Other respondents were drawn from the functional level and operational level departments. Data was analyzed using content analysis.Results: Findings indicated that the strategy implementation practices carried out by Adrian co Ltd consisted of the following critical tasks; the management commitment, team appointment, training for all levels, developing an implementation plan, and establishing an internal auditing system. Findings also indicated that that there existed various challenges to strategy implementation at Adrian Co Ltd. These challenges included inadequate resources and manpower for strategy implementation were inadequate, poor compensation as a challenge to strategy implementation, poor training for the current work force, mismatch between strategy and structure and poor bottom up as well as top bottom communication, organization politics, communication and clarity understanding during strategy implementation.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: From the discussions and the conclusions, the study recommended that for an efficient and effective strategy implementation process senior management should be involved and committed throughout the process. The management should ensure that the critical strategy implementation tasks were considered during strategy implementation. In addition, the management should address the challenges of strategy implementation. For instance, regular training should be conducted and compensation should be facilitated through cost of living adjustments (COLA).
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Niculita, Ana. "The experience of public hospital managers concerning the development and implementation of management strategies." One Health & Risk Management 3, no. 4 (August 24, 2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2022.4.04.
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Introduction. The strategies developed by the management of public medical institutions are based on state regulations in various areas: type of services provided, human resources, etc., decisions need to be coordinated with central and/or local public authorities, to which the institution is subordinated. However, it is necessary for the process of developing and implementing strategies to include a number of mandatory steps at institutional level, which must be taken by the institution's management.
Material and methods. The aim of the study is to assess the experience of public hospital managers in developing and implementing management strategies. An assessment grid was applied for this purpose. The questions were classified into six fields: setting management strategy, added value strategy, analysis of institutional environment, institutional policies and strategic objectives, resources needed, strategy assessment.
Results. In the absence of the regulation on the structure and main rules for the development of institutional strategies, the study demonstrates a very different approach of the top management regarding the strategic process in public hospitals.
Conclusions. The different and sometimes erroneous approach to strategy development by the top managers results in a weak institutional strategic process.
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Cox, Paul, and Diandra Soobiah. "An empirical investigation into the corporate culture of UK listed banks." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-06-2016-0048.
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Purpose This paper aims to report new research into how small groups of people – officers, directors and managers – are guiding the governance, design and delivery of conduct and culture programmes at UK listed banks. Design/methodology/approach The research spanned two whole years between 2014 and 2015. The method involved some 30 face-to-face semi-structured meeting interviews. A pre-agreed template was used to score and write detailed notes. From many repetitions, themes and cross-interview commonalities, a rich set of findings evolved. Findings Banks that made the most improvement during the investigation activated culture predominantly within the business. Centring the culture programme within the business was associated with a focus on the middle and the grassroots level of the organisation. Banks that made least improvement activated culture principally “from the top”. Centring the culture programme at the top was associated with a focus on control, conformance and structure. The finding of relatively greater performance when culture programmes were activated within the business contrasts sharply with recommendations from regulators and conventional wisdom that the establishment of corporate culture is necessarily a top down exercise. Originality/value Culture is intangible, and as such often overlooked, and this research contributes to that gap in knowledge through insight and evidence based on direct empirical analysis. This work ranks banks differently than published corporate governance and sustainability ranking from third-party service providers, suggesting a focus on culture performance contributes a different perspective to that based on more available public information for corporate governance.
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Wang, Ping, Joan P. Mileski, and Qingcheng Zeng. "Alignments between strategic content and process structure: the case of container terminal service process automation." Maritime Economics & Logistics 21, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41278-017-0070-z.
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AbstractDuring the last three decades, technological innovations in cargo handling equipment have made it possible to automate operational processes in container terminals. Despite the increasing trend in terminal automation, little work has been done to develop theoretical guidelines for evaluating the benefits of this industrial practice. We assess terminal automation by focusing on whether strategic content and process structure are aligned. In this study, we explore the reasons that these results are mixed in the context of service automation. Have market competitiveness and operational performance been enhanced by automation in seaports? We focus on two key strategic elements and their proper alignment to produce the best performance for a port. The first element is the overall business strategy and strategic content adopted by the port. In this study, we look at Porter’s (Competitive strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980) generic strategic classification of low cost, differentiation, or focus strategies. The second element is the process structure of the port, which may have been impacted by technological innovation. Using the framework of contingency theory, we explore the interface of strategic content and process structure and how this interface impacts the service process automation. A multiple case study is conducted on a sample of 20 container terminals, selected from the list of 2014 Journal of Commerce’s Top Productive Terminals. We come up with three important findings. First, a port’s strategic market position determines the choice of overall business strategy. If a port is strategically positioned as an international gate, then it should adopt an overall cost-leadership strategy, whereas a transshipment terminal should adopt an overall differentiation strategy. Second, we find that the process structure adopted is associated with the level of automation, and a differentiation strategy is dependent on the level of flexibility, speed, and reliability. Higher market uncertainty requires higher flexibility, while lower market uncertainty requires greater speed and reliability. Third, the level of process automation depends on throughput volume and stability. Closer relationships with maritime supply–chain partners help increase throughput volume and reduce throughput uncertainty.
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Hsiao, Yung-Chang, and Ming-Ho Wu. "How organizational structure and strategic alignment influence new product success." Management Decision 58, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2017-0628.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review and re-examine the role of the organization-level determinants from the perspectives of competence-based views. Design/methodology/approach Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 80 cases drawn from a population of the top 5,000 Taiwanese firms listed in the yearbook published by the China Credit Information Service Incorporation. Findings The empirical results indicate that formalization is positively related to new product performance while decentralization has an inverse U-shaped curvilinear effect on new product performance. Furthermore, the regression findings also indicate that market-oriented strategy negatively moderates the relationship between formalization and new product performance, while technology-oriented strategy positively moderates the curvilinear relationship between decentralization and new product performance. Originality/value Extant literatures have paid attention to investigating the determinants to the performance of the new product development, but some of the results, such as in the organizational levels, are confusing and mixed. Contrary to previous works, the purpose of this paper is to review and re-examine the role of the organization levels determinants from the perspectives of competence-based view.
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Agboola, A. A., D. O. Yinusa, and O. O. Ologunde. "Impact of Digital Revolution on the Structure of Nigerian Banks." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 7, no. 4 (October 2009): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2009100103.
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The study examined the extent to which digital revolution has affected the organizational structure of Nigerian banks. Twenty-five banks were selected for the study in south-western Nigeria. Interview was conducted for middle and top level managers and questionnaire was developed and administered to the other staff using a five-point Likert scale to determine the attitudes and opinions of the staff on the effects of digital revolution on the organizational structure of the banks. The mean was used as an indicator of central tendency for quantitative variables that have frequency distributions in the study.
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Ahmed Moussa, Amr, and Khairy Elgiziry. "The impact of family involvement in business on capital structure decisions: a literature review." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.20.
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Family-controlled firms are a unique form of business because of the special nature of its ownership structure, management style, and financing needs. Moreover, these firms face difficulty in achieving a balanced mix of available financing alternatives (i.e., debt and equity), and this mix has a direct impact on the firms’ profitability, risk, and value. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the literature on how family involvement in business via ownership, management, and control affects capital structure decisions. The review showed that in a comparison with nonfamily businesses, family-controlled firms on average have higher debt levels. Additionally, family ownership is positively associated with debt financing, and the participation of family members in a firm’s top management leads to an increase in the firm’s overall debt level. Insights generated from the current study highlight the critical influence of family involvement in business on key financial policies such as capital structure decisions.
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Njagi, Anne W., Joseph Ngugi Kamau, and Charity W. Muraguri. "Adhocracy Culture and Strategy Implementation: An Application within Professional Bodies in Kenya." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 9 (August 16, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n9p47.
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Strategy implementation presents the most complex aspects of an organization. This study aimed at establishing the relationship between adhocracy culture and strategy implementation in professional bodies in Kenya. To accomplish the main study objective, a descriptive research design was conducted and anchored on Cameron and Quin’s theory of Competing Values Framework (CVF) supported by McKinsey 7S Framework. A sampling frame of 168 respondents from 28 active professional bodies registered with the Association of Professional Bodies in East Africa (APSEA) was targeted. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Purposive sampling was used to select six (6) top managers in constant touch with the strategy implementation of their organizations. The study tested a null hypothesis and the results were analyzed through regression ANOVA to establish the relationship between adhocracy culture and strategy implementation. From the results, it was found that adhocracy had a significant positive effect on strategy implementation. The study concluded that adhocracy culture and strategy implementation in professional bodies in Kenya have a significant relationship. The study recommends that the leadership of an organization should work to establish a structure that accommodates adhocracy within the organization. Both operational and business level management should be structured in such a way that there is adhocracy culture within the ranks of the organization. The study further recommends a similar survey across the East African region including more professional bodies and further pursuit of adhocracy culture to test its suitability in other organizations other than professional bodies.
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Lee, Anita, Chun Hung Cheng, and Gurmeet S. Chadha. "Synergism between Information Technology and Organizational Structure: A Managerial Perspective." Journal of Information Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629501000105.
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This paper presents a hybrid organizational structure chosen by a corporation as a means to combine the benefits of centralization and decentralization. The hybrid structure is the result of a restructuring effort by a coal company in Kentucky under the directive of its parent corporation to ensure maximum resource utilization within a more streamlined organizational structure. Through an observation of the restructuring process, we are able to demonstrate how and why it is important for top-level managers to understand and make the best use of the intricate synergism between information technology and organizational structure. The strategic implications of a hybrid structure and the roles of information technology in organizational changes are explored. We argue that a hybrid structure is a viable and strategically valuable structural alternative, especially for highly diversified conglomerates that grow through mergers and acquisitions of other companies.
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Wang, Xiang Yang, and Rui Xiong. "Study on Wind Resistance Strategy and Stability Calculation of a Single-Span Suspension Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1082.
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A main span of 500m of rock tunnel anchor steel truss single span suspension bridge, Structure of the tower across the bridge, cross a large, soft, weak damping characteristics, and the bridge site at the complex terrain, the actual wind field is more disordered, so be checking the stability of the structure of the wind. Wind stability checking showed that the torsional flutter and torsional flutter separated flow is less than the critical velocity self-excited vibration of the main beam test wind speed, wind does not meet safety requirements. Therefore, an additional level of rigidity with the wind the cable, set the cross-slope index, increased truss width, the main cable using a single triangle boom, the use of space for the main cable, etc. to increase the stability of the bridge on wind resistance. After considering the construction of economic and structural terms, the final choice of the main cable space, the top cable from 1m, the main tower for the A-type tower program. The study on the stability of the same type of calculation of the bridge with the reference wind.
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Váchal, Jan, and Tsolmon Jambal. "Analyzing the management process in small and medium-sized enterprises in the Region of South Bohemia." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 10, no. 38 (September 26, 2017): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2017-0020.
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Abstract The entry is aimed at analyzing the process of managing small and medium-sized enterprise, specifically in the Region of South Bohemia. The testing sample included 180 enterprises. The fundamental statistical information about SMEs is included, focusing of the numbers, the size category, and their specialization in the Region of South Bohemia. The research activities were aimed at the steepness of management structures and at their extent on all management levels. The analysis indicates that micro-enterprises prefer one management level, while small and middle-sized enterprises prefer two management levels with the statistic dependence on the size category. In regard to the number of employees on individual management levels, the top positions have from 6 employees up to 30 on the operative level. The general business trend involves a transfer to the functional management structure. With respect to the strategic management and decision- making, enterprises boost an attractive prospect of mainly their own sources. A statistical correlation was proved between the elaborated strategy, the size of the enterprise and number of management levels. A strong correlation between the number of management levels and the aim of the enterprise i.e. the type of organization structure was not proved.
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Li, Chenxi. "Mechanism Optimization of Villagers' Contribution in Rural Revitalization." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (May 10, 2022): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.664.
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The key to rural revitalization is people". During the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, the mechanism of new villagers helping rural revitalization suffers from the lack of multiple synergistic mechanisms, imperfect guarantee mechanisms and supervision and accountability mechanisms to be strengthened. This is inseparable from the inadequate top-level design of rural talent synergy mechanism, the long-standing dual structure of urban-rural development, and the inertia of social governance of local acquaintances. Therefore, strengthening the leadership of the Party, coordinating the efforts of all parties, constructing the evaluation system, improving the supervision mechanism, perfecting the policy guarantee and establishing the incentive mechanism are of great significance, no matter it is to improve the mechanism of multiple subjects collaborating to build beautiful countryside or to promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.
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Wang, Lujun, Boyu Feng, Yu Wang, Tiezhou Wu, and Huipin Lin. "Bidirectional Short-Circuit Current Blocker for DC Microgrid Based on Solid-State Circuit Breaker." Electronics 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020306.
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In order to solve the imminent problem in that the traditional protection strategy cannot meet time requirements, together with the fact that the rotational inertia of a DC microgrid is small and short-circuit fault develops rapidly, a bidirectional short-circuit current blocker (BSCCB) based on solid-state circuit breaker for a DC microgrid is proposed. Firstly, the bidirectional current blocking circuit structure is proposed based on the analysis of key components. Then, a top-level differential protection strategy is developed based on the aforementioned proposal. Finally, the performance of the blocking circuit is simulated and verified by experiments. The results show that the proposed method can block short-circuit current within 4 ms, and the response speed of the protection strategy is very fast compared with previous approaches. BSCCB also has reclosing, bidirectional blocking and energy releasing functions. The current blocker proposed in this paper can be reused multiple times and has a promising future in low-voltage DC microgrid application.
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JI, Weidong. "The Rule of Law in a Chinese Way: Social Diversification and Reconstructing the System of Authority." Asian Journal of Law and Society 1, no. 2 (July 3, 2014): 305–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2014.9.
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AbstractAgainst the background of increasing social diversification in a market economy, this paper examines the challenges confronting China’s existing power structure and system of authority. Both to overcome the legitimation crisis of ruling and to achieve a soft landing of the political reform depend on reconstructing the authority of the rule of law through judicial reform as the breakthrough point. For this very reason, the top-level design of regime transition can follow a two-step strategy of building a rule of law country first, to be followed by restructuring power, so as to achieve democracy via the rule of law. It also proposes a conception to institutionalize the rule of law, emphasizing that the alternative three-review mechanism is both necessary and feasible, in that a top-level design of judicial review can contribute to our strivings for judicial fairness, an implementation of budget review and accountability review at the grassroots level for fiscal democracy, and the synergy of high-level and grassroots powers for a virtuous circle between the rule of law authority and democratic polity in mutual enhancement. There also comes the moment for plural efforts to both drive and achieve the rule of law based on the three-review mechanism.
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Тутова, Анастасія Сергіївна. "ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО СТИМУЛЮВАННЯ ТОП-МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 137, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2019.4.10.
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The article discusses the basic economic incentive tools for top managers along with offering their classification and revealing the nature of incentives for senior-level management. In modern realia, economic incentives apparently seem to be effective methods to motivate senior executives. It is argued that top managers are the most important elements in the company's human capital, their remuneration and creation of favorable environment is a specific type of investment within the overall structure of the company’s compensation and incentive plan. While designing an effective compensation strategy for personnel, it is critical to acknowledge that the effects from providing incentives for top managers are of higher value to the company’s performance than rewarding other employees. The performance appraisal framework to assess senior-level managers should include the criteria relating to the company’s overall performance as well as the indicators of their individual contributions, with a focus to attaining the company’s strategic goals. Given the above, it is suggested to classify economic incentive tools into monetary and non-monetary. The monetary incentives are additional financial bonuses that enhance the overall motivation policies for the company’s top managers. Non-monetary instruments contribute to boosting personal motivation in the work quality as well as the company economic security. Business owners, in turn, should make every effort to employ a range of economic incentives, in different combinations, scale and patterns to build an effective management system and unlock the capacity of senior executives.
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Thürer, Matthias, Thomas Maschek, Lawrence Fredendall, Peter Gianiodis, Mark Stevenson, and Jochen Deuse. "On the integration of manufacturing strategy: deconstructing Hoshin Kanri." Management Research Review 42, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2018-0178.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that Hoshin Kanri has the potential to integrate the operations strategy literature into a coherent structure. Hoshin Kanri’s planning process is typically described as a top-down cascading of goals, starting with the senior management’s goals and moving to the lowest organizational level. The authors argue that this misrepresents a firm’s actual cognitive processes in practice because it implies reasoning from the effects to the cause, and assumes a direct causal relationship between what the customer wants and what is realizable by the system. Design/methodology/approach This study is conceptual, based on abductive reasoning and the literature. Findings The actual strategic thought process executed in an organization consists of three iterative processes: (i) a translation process that derives the desired customer attributes from customer/stakeholder data, (ii) a process of causal inference that predicts realizable customer attributes from a possible system design and (iii) an integrative process of strategic choices whereby (i) and (ii) are aligned. Each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice). Research limitations/implications By aligning the thought and planning processes, the competing concepts of manufacturing strategy are integrated into a coherent structure. Practical implications Different techniques have to be applied for each of the three elements. As each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice), the use of unifying tools (e.g. in the form of matrices, as often presented in the literature) is inappropriate. Originality/value This is the first study to focus on the thought processes underpinning manufacturing strategy.
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Acharya, Chandan, Isabel Rechberg, and Xiaodan Dong. "Race to learn: knowledge characteristics and resource structure." Journal of Knowledge Management 24, no. 5 (June 1, 2020): 1059–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-10-2019-0575.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the impact of the interactive effect of knowledge characteristics – tacitness, specificity and availability – and resource structure – complementarily and asymmetric – on learning race behavior among international joint venture (IJV) partners in China. Design/methodology/approach Preliminary in-depth interviews with three IJV managers were conducted to develop and evaluate the tentatively developed questionnaire. The finalized survey questionnaire was distributed to middle and top-level managers of IJVs, resulting in a total of 124 usable surveys. The psychometric properties of data were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis and hypotheses were tested using a generalized linear model. Findings The results show that partners in IJV have low tendencies to acquire tacit and specific knowledge, but, when the resource is complementary, it stimulates the learning race. Also, when resources are asymmetric, IJV partners engage in the learning race more aggressively, particularly for highly specific knowledge. The situation reverses for highly available knowledge. Originality/value The findings provide important insights for both researchers and managers on knowledge characteristics and resource structure influencing learning race behavior. This insight allows firms to leverage features of knowledge and resource conditions to prevent or facilitate the learning race for either common or private interests.
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Rodríguez-Cerezo, Daniel, Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo, and José-Luis Sierra. "A systematic approach to the implementation of attribute grammars with conventional compiler construction tools." Computer Science and Information Systems 9, no. 3 (2012): 983–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis111223022r.
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This article describes structure-preserving coding patterns to code arbitrary non-circular attribute grammars as syntax-directed translation schemes for bottom-up and top-down parser generation tools. In these translation schemes, semantic actions are written in terms of a small repertory of primitive attribution operations. By providing alternative implementations for these attribution operations, it is possible to plug in different semantic evaluation strategies in a seamlessly way (e.g., a demand-driven strategy, or a data-driven one). The pattern makes possible the direct implementation of attribute grammar-based specifications with widely-used translation schemedriven tools for the development of both bottom-up (e.g. YACC, BISON, CUP) and top-down (e.g., JavaCC, ANTLR) language translators. As a consequence, initial translation schemes can be successively refined to yield final efficient implementations. Since these implementations still preserve the ability to be extended with new features described at the attribute grammar level, the advantages from the point of view of development and maintenance become apparent.
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Iskra, Janusz, Krzysztof Przednowek, Jarosław Domaradzki, Milan Coh, Paweł Gwiazdoń, and Krzysztof Mackala. "Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Pacing Strategy in Elite Women’s 400 Meters Hurdles Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063432.
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The main objective of the study was to assess the pacing strategy of running 400 m hurdles of the world-level female athletes over the past 40 years based on the functional asymmetry -temporal and spatial characteristics. The data were collected from 1983 to 2019 using the review of scientific literature. Over the 35 years of the study, 37 top-level competitions with 283 finalists-competitors were included. The analysis of the 400 m hurdle covered mainly spatial and temporal factors of the run, related to those technical skills, the level of motor skills, and somatic structure. In addition to the basic statistics, the ANOVA analysis of variance, regression analysis, Pearson correlation, the principal component analysis (PCA), and Kaiser’s criterion was used for the multivariate analysis. The final result in the 400 mH run is determined not by the simple sum of the individual temporal and/or spatial characteristics of the run (the number of steps, the type of attacking leg, but their interaction in the area of functional asymmetry. The decisive factor in the 400 mH run strategy is the second curve, where the emphasis is on the optimal setting of the stride pattern in the context of minimizing the loss of running speed. Additionally, the application of multidimensional statistical methods is a valuable tool that allows to significantly deepen the interpretation of the obtained results, and thus optimize a strategy for a 400 mH run.
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Pranadji, T., Wahida, and I. S. Anugrah. "Turning point the concept of rural development in Indonesia from top-down to bottom-up strategy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012079.
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Abstract The Asian financial crisis of 1997 followed by political turmoil in 1998 has not given a significant change to agriculture and rural development in Indonesia. Throughout history, Indonesia has implemented the development of the agriculture sector under a top-down strategy. The success of this approach is marked by the achievement of rice self-sufficiency in 1984. Moreover, since the mid 1990s, Indonesia has embarked on various economic reforms that led to globalization. The Indonesian economy has become more integrated into the global economy and world market. Unfortunately, these changes were not translated properly to rural areas as there were no transition time for rural communities to adjust their economic condition to these changes. The multiplier effect that was expected as a consequence of globalization within rural economic systems was faced with difficulties such as paternalistic structure led by the elites. As a result, rural areas experienced with income gap, weak agriculture development, corruption, social problems and poverty. Meta-analysis approach is used to examine the approach that has been used in implementing program and projects. Findings from the articles showed that there is a need to do the re-orientation to the approach and increased the independency at the farmer level. The idea to develop national agriculture and rural development strategies that is based on a bottom-up approach, followed by an agrarian reform, as well as the formation of social capital and redefinition of local autonomy are the recommendation that high level decision maker could consider.
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Rachman, Fachrisya, and Martani Husaeni. "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan pengembangan jaringan kantor PT. Bank Negara Indonesia(Persero)Tbk." Jurnal Riset Perbankan, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi 3, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56174/jrpma.v3i1.38.
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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness implementation of branch network (outlet) development policies at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. The analysis techniques using the McKinsey 7'S model framework approach. The result shows that there are several factors that affecting strategy implementation these are strategy, organizational structure, system and procedure, skill and staff, leadership styles and organizational culture. Strategic implementation are formulated based on Corporate Plan, organizational structure is designed refers to the functions of organization, systems and procedures company has standarized and systematic, leadership style has a high commitment by providing direction, motivation and ability to adapt changing environment conditions and decision making processes involving subordinates and become a good role models, HR Planning and development refers to Human Capital Architecture, standardization capability in order to improve competencies of employees and internalization of corporate culture to achieve company vision. Based on the analysis in this study found some obstacles in strategy implementation : (1) lack of optimal outlet performance in achieving the target; (2) bureaucratic and weak coordination among units; (3) lack of compliance with company's system and procedures; (4) leadership style of top management; (5) resistance to performance appraisal system;(6) effectiveness training program and performance outcomes (7) consistency of corporate culture in units level.
Key Words : Strategy Implementation, Model 7's McKinsey, Bank Network
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Guangguo, Sun, Sun Ruiqi, and Li Hezun. "Does executive directors from controlling shareholders improve corporate governance?" Nankai Business Review International 10, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 546–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-11-2018-0064.
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Purpose The existence of controlling shareholders creates a remarkable difference between the corporate governance structures of Chinese firms and those of western firms. Despite the increasing importance of controlling shareholders, it remains disputable whether they are playing the “tunneling” roles or the “governance” roles. Therefore, more research is needed on what roles controlling shareholders are playing and how they play their roles. Previous empirical studies document a common phenomenon that directors play dual roles both on the board and in the top management team. Because of information asymmetry, the board of directors may not be able to perform its supervisory and strategic decision-making functions. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate whether controlling shareholders participate in firm management by appointing the executive directors and examine the economic consequences of controlling shareholder involvement. Design/methodology/approach In the empirical tests, the authors use the split share structure reform in China as a natural experiment. Using the data from Chinese listed firms between 2001 and 2015 and difference-in-differences analysis, the authors examine the impact of the split share structure reform on the executive directors of controlling shareholders and the governance effect of controlling shareholders’ appointing executive directors to the management. Findings The authors find that controlling shareholders get involved in firm management by appointing executive directors to strengthen the supervision and incentives of managers. The authors also find that firms exhibit a lower level of earnings management and enhance and higher pay-performance sensitivity after controlling shareholders appoint executive directors to the top management team. Originality/value As the natural experiment of the split share structure reform enables us to mitigate endogeneity, the authors investigate the channels through, which controlling shareholders get involved in firm management from the unique perspective of executive director appointment. The study expands the literature on corporate governance and board functions. The findings provide new insights to the effect of controlling shareholder governance and casts light on a new way for controlling shareholders of Chinese firms to participate in firm management – by appointing executive directors.
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Ambekar, Suhas, and Manoj Hudnurkar. "Factorial structure for Six Sigma project barriers in Indian manufacturing and service industries." TQM Journal 29, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-02-2017-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the latent constructs of various barriers affecting Six Sigma implementation in Indian industries. Design/methodology/approach Literature review resulted in 15 frequently reported barriers in Six Sigma implementation. An empirical survey of 168 Six Sigma practitioners including green belts, black belts (BB), and master BB from 40 Indian companies was conducted with the help of a structured questionnaire. The responses were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis which resulted into five constructs. Findings The study proposes five constructs, namely “role of top management,” “cultural change,” “expected attitude,” “availability of resources,” and “level of quality maturity.” The focused approach by organizations to overcome barriers in Six Sigma can be oriented using these constructs. Practical implications Six Sigma implementation needs elimination of barriers in projects. Top management support in planning and resource allocation supplemented by favorable employee attitude in bringing cultural change can develop quality maturity to implement Six Sigma successfully. Originality/value This study fills the gap in the literature by studying critical success factors, critical failure factors, and barriers together. This study is one of its kinds in the Indian context which captures the views of Six Sigma certified professionals from the organizations which are implementing Six Sigma.
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Cao, Guangming, and Yanqing Duan. "How do top- and bottom-performing companies differ in using business analytics?" Journal of Enterprise Information Management 30, no. 6 (October 9, 2017): 874–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-04-2016-0080.
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Purpose Business analytics (BA) has attracted growing attention mainly due to the phenomena of big data. While studies suggest that BA positively affects organizational performance, there is a lack of academic research. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the extent to which top- and bottom-performing companies differ regarding their use and organizational facilitation of BA. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are developed drawing on the information processing view and contingency theory, and tested using multivariate analysis of variance to analyze data collected from 117 UK manufacture companies. Findings Top- and bottom-performing companies differ significantly in their use of BA, data-driven environment, and level of fit between BA and data-drain environment. Practical implications Extensive use of BA and data-driven decisions will lead to superior firm performance. Companies wishing to use BA to improve decision making and performance need to develop relevant analytical strategy to guide BA activities and design its structure and business processes to embed BA activities. Originality/value This study provides useful management insights into the effective use of BA for improving organizational performance.
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Huettinger, Maik, and Benas Adomavičius. "A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE LOW-FARE MODEL IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY." Ekonomika 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2011.0.952.
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Despite the popularity of the “low-fare” (or sometimes called “no-frills”) airline business model, no comprehensive framework has ever been developed to evaluate the level of implementation of this business model. In the paper, we propose a framework for evaluating the extent to which an airline has implemented a “low-fare” business model. The framework (SFC) consists of three dimensions: (a) strategic direction factors; (b) pricing factors; (c) cost structure factors (COFA).Strategic direction factors primarily focus on the top-level strategic decisions of an airline: growth concepts, the range of flights, spatial strategy and target group selection. These factors serve to differentiate the “lowfare” airlines from more traditional rivals on a strategic level.Pricing factors evaluate differentiators at the level of market offer: relative ticket prices, the number of booking classes, ticket restrictions, interlining, penalties, non-ticket income and target load levels. These factors differentiate the “low-fare” business model on the value proposition level. Cost structure factors focus on internal cost-saving measures designed to significantly reduce the average costs per passenger: outsourcing, aircraft type homogeneity, levels of aircraft utilization, labour factors, airport costs, distribution and in-flight arrangements.The SFC framework allows academics and practitioners to coherently analyze and identify gaps between current and desired levels of the “low-fare” business model implementation.
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Wang, Shijin, Guirong Ji, Zhaolian Hu, and Fangdao Qiu. "Research on the Spatial Correlation of China’s Haze Pollution and the Government’s Cooperative Governance Competitive Strategy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010013.
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A government’s choice of environmental strategy plays an important role in the coordinated governance of regional air pollution. Based on changes in China’s environmental policies and on changes in environmental indicators over the years, this paper selects regional haze data from the years 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017; uses social network analysis to describe the structural characteristics of a spatial correlation network in China; measures the level of coordination using a population gravity model; and further analyzes the influence of the overall structural characteristics of spatial networks on the level of coordination. The results show that the spatial association of regional haze presents a typical “central edge” network structure. The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta region are the largest emitters in China. The coordination level of haze control in China showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the overall level of coordination is relatively low, and there is still great room for improvement. Based on the above characteristics, using the provincial panel data from 2005–2017, a two-zone spatial Durbin model was built to empirically test the impact of changes to the environmental performance assessment system on local coordinated haze-control decisions and their stage characteristics. The overall sample results show that there was a “race to the bottom” among Chinese provinces during the study period. When the haze control intensity in neighboring areas was relaxed, the regional governments also tended to relax their own environmental regulation intensity. The time-based analysis results further show that with the improvement of the environmental performance assessment system, the strategy selection of coordinated governmental haze-management presents the possibility of a “race to the top”.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Life-Extension Project Applies Assessment of Reinforced Concrete to Nonjacket Structures." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 09 (September 1, 2021): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0921-0053-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31250, “Wandoo B: Application of Advanced Reinforced Concrete Assessment for Life Extension for Non-Jacket Structures,” by Robert Sheppard, Spire Engineering; Colin O’Brien, Vermilion Oil and Gas; and Yashar Moslehy, Spire Engineering, et al., prepared for the 2021 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. Wandoo B is a concrete gravity-based structure (GBS) and is the main production facility for the Wandoo field offshore northwest Australia. It was installed in 1997 with a design life of 20 years. The structural assessments discussed in this paper are part of a comprehensive life-extension project encompassing wells, subsea systems, marine and safety systems, and topsides facilities and structures to demonstrate fitness for service through the end of field life. Background The GBS serves as the support structure for the Wandoo B facility and provides oil storage for the Wandoo field. The structure has four shafts approximately 11 m in diameter that support the top-sides facilities and a base structure with permanent ballast and oil storage cells (Fig. 1). It was originally developed as an ExxonMobil-led project and now is owned and operated wholly by Vermilion Oil and Gas Australia. The reinforced concrete (RC) shafts and the base top slab are pretensioned. In the shafts, tendons are enclosed in 20 ducts distributed around the circumference. The top of the shafts provides a mating point with the steel topsides structure with the connection formed by embedded anchor bolts in a bulge in the shaft cross section. The topsides structure is a three-level braced steel frame system supporting production operations for 12 well conductors contained within the northeast shaft and three outboard well conductors. Life-Extension Project The facility was designed with a target life of 20 years. The life-extension project was intended not only to satisfy the operator’s responsibility to continue safe operations and adhere to their safety case but also to meet the expectations of the regulator. The structural aspects of the project included four phases, the first two of which are detailed in this synopsis: - Design assessments per latest standards and modifications where required - Ultimate capacity assessments with retrofit modifications where required - Risk studies and workshops to demonstrate that risk is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) - Integrity-management manual and inspection plan The first two phases were addressed using the latest condition-assessment, weight, and environmental data available. The phased approach allowed the assessment team to use basic linear approaches to demonstrate code compliance and only use the more-advanced analysis techniques to evaluate the critical components that did not satisfy code or were needed to provide input to the ALARP assessment and establish target reliability for the facility.
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Zheng, Chuanjuan, Mengru Zhang, and Debin Xiao. "The Characteristics, Structural Level and Construction Path of Collaborative Ecosystem of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Universities." BCP Education & Psychology 3 (November 2, 2021): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v3i.44.
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Mass entrepreneurship and innovation education in colleges and universities is a systematic project promoted as a whole, which pays attention to the cooperation between different participants and the coupling between top-level design and landing implementation, showing a horizontal and vertical intertwined ecological relationship. Constructing the collaborative ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is an important topic to promote the comprehensive reform of colleges and universities, a key way to stimulate the innovation and entrepreneurship vitality of the whole society, and the only way to implement the strategy of "strengthening the country through innovation". The research shows that the collaborative ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities has the characteristics of the openness of the system boundary, the non-equilibrium of the system state, the nonlinearity of the system dynamics and the fluctuation of the system movement, and includes subject collaboration level, system collaboration level and environmental collaboration level. In terms of the construction path, the research further believes that the construction path of the collaborative ecosystem of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities includes three aspects: establishing the system structure, releasing the system power and ensuring the development of the system. Among them, the establishment of the system structure is the premise and the release of the system power is fundamental.
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Mao, Yifei, and Yuansheng Yang. "A Wrapper Feature Subset Selection Method Based on Randomized Search and Multilayer Structure." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 4, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9864213.
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The identification of discriminative features from information-rich data with the goal of clinical diagnosis is crucial in the field of biomedical science. In this context, many machine-learning techniques have been widely applied and achieved remarkable results. However, disease, especially cancer, is often caused by a group of features with complex interactions. Unlike traditional feature selection methods, which only focused on finding single discriminative features, a multilayer feature subset selection method (MLFSSM), which employs randomized search and multilayer structure to select a discriminative subset, is proposed herein. In each level of this method, many feature subsets are generated to assure the diversity of the combinations, and the weights of features are evaluated on the performances of the subsets. The weight of a feature would increase if the feature is selected into more subsets with better performances compared with other features on the current layer. In this manner, the values of feature weights are revised layer-by-layer; the precision of feature weights is constantly improved; and better subsets are repeatedly constructed by the features with higher weights. Finally, the topmost feature subset of the last layer is returned. The experimental results based on five public gene datasets showed that the subsets selected by MLFSSM were more discriminative than the results by traditional feature methods including LVW (a feature subset method used the Las Vegas method for randomized search strategy), GAANN (a feature subset selection method based genetic algorithm (GA)), and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE). Furthermore, MLFSSM showed higher classification performance than some state-of-the-art methods which selected feature pairs or groups, including top scoring pair (TSP), k-top scoring pairs (K-TSP), and relative simplicity-based direct classifier (RS-DC).
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Bardin, A. E., and J. N. Zhiteneva. "Hierarchical model of competition under uncertainty." TAURIDA JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE THEORY AND MATHEMATICS, no. 4 (49) (2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/1729-3901-2020-19-4-18-29.
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Oligopoly is a basic concept in the theory of competition. This structure is the central object of research in the economics of markets. There are many mathematical models of the market that are formalized in the form of an oligopoly in economic theory. The Cournot oligopoly is an elementary mathematical model of competition. The principle of equilibrium formalizes the non-cooperative nature of the conflict. Each player chooses the equilibrium strategy of behavior that provides the greatest profit, provided that the other competitors adhere to their equilibrium strategies. The Stackelberg model describes a two-level hierarchical model of firm competition. The top-level player (center, leader) chooses his strategy, assuming reasonable (optimal) decision-making by the lower-level players. Lower-level players (agents, followers) recognize the leadership of the center. They consider the center's strategies known. These players choose their strategies, wanting to maximize their payoff functions. This hierarchical structure is from a game point of view a case of a hierarchical game Gamma1. The indefinite uncontrolled factors (uncertainties) are the values for which only the range of possible values is known in this paper. Recently, studies of game models under uncertainty have been actively conducted. In particular, non-coalitional games under uncertainty are investigated. The concepts of risk and regret are formalized in various ways in the theory of problems with uncertainty. At the same time, the decision-maker takes into account both the expected losses and the possibility of favorable actions of factors beyond his control.\nThis article examines the two-level hierarchical structure of decision-making in the problem of firm competition. A linear-quadratic model with two levels of hierarchy is considered. This model uses the concepts of Cournot and Stackelberg under uncertainty. Uncontrolled factors (uncertainties) are identified with the actions of the importing company. The Wald and Savage principles are used to formalize the solution. According to Wald's maximin criterion, game with nature is seen as a conflict with a player who wants to harm the decision-maker as much as possible.\n\nSavage's minimax regret criterion, when choosing the optimal strategy, focuses not on winning, but on regret. As an optimal strategy, the strategy is chosen in which the amount of regret in the worst conditions is minimal. A new approach to decision-making in the game with nature is formalized. It allows you to combine the positive features of both principles and weaken their negative properties. The concept of U-optimal solution of the problem in terms of risks and regrets is considered.\nThe problems of formalization of some types of optimal solutions for a specific linear-quadratic problem with two levels of hierarchy are solved.
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Chedrawi, Charbel, Alain Osta, and Souheir Osta. "CSR in the Lebanese banking sector: a neo-institutional approach to stakeholders’ legitimacy." Journal of Asia Business Studies 14, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-03-2018-0093.
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Purpose Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an issue in the international banking industry, where each bank must assert its stakeholders, the social fabric and the natural environment. In the same time, legitimacy which has become one of the most critical issues for corporations, can be increased in the eyes of other stakeholders or institutions by structurally or procedurally adjusting to institutional influences. By conforming to three external institutional pressures (normative, mimetic and coercive), identified by DiMaggio and Powell (1983), organizations can build, support and gain legitimacy for their activities in specific institutional environments. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative approach, this research highlights the input of neo-institutional theory in the CSR context in top Lebanese banks in Lebanon. Findings This paper aims to analyze the impact of neo-institutionalism and the role of stakeholders in legitimizing CSR practices in the Lebanese banking sector. Practical implications Top Lebanese banks cannot simply comply with institutional pressures to gain their legitimacy, they need to develop their CSR activities targeted toward legitimacy-building at the local level; as for managers they cannot simply adopt managerial perspectives instrumentally to gain societal support, they need to adapt such perspectives and practices to the local needs as expressed by their internal and external stakeholders. Originality/value Managers of top Lebanese banks need to proactively engage in managing institutional pressures by adopting and adapting legitimacy-seeking strategies. This study highlights that top Lebanese banks differ in their CSR orientation because of their ownership structure, number of employees and profitability.
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Brook, Marisa. "Taking it up a level: Copy-raising and cascaded tiers of morphosyntactic change." Language Variation and Change 30, no. 2 (July 2018): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394518000078.
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AbstractThis paper uncovers evidence for two linked levels of morphosyntactic change occurring in Canadian English. The more ordinary is a lexical replacement: with finite subordination after seem, the complementizer like has been overtaking all the alternatives (as if, as though, that, and Ø). On top of this, there is a broader syntactic change whereby the entire finite structure (now represented primarily by like) is beginning to catch on at the expense of infinitival subordination after seem. Drawing on complementary evidence from British English and several partial precedents in the historical linguistics literature, I take this correlation to mean that like has reached sufficient rates among the finite strategy to have instigated the second level of change, to the point that it has ramifications for epistemic and evidential marking with the verb seem. I propose that the best model of these trajectories is a set of increasingly large envelopes of variation, one inside the next, and argue that the envelope might itself be an entity susceptible to change over time.
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Teston, Francesca, and Alberto Bramanti. "EUSALP and the challenge of multi-level governance policies in the Alps." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 10, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-12-2017-0079.
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Purpose “Wide area cooperation” may be the ultimate challenge within transnational cooperation processes. Although the Alps share a remarkable history of mutual collaboration, they are facing the challenge of a new sustainable-coordination paradigm. The Alpine territories are at a turning point. They are striving for a new governance arrangement and trying to avoid both the Scylla of top-town dirigisme and the Charybdis of poor local governments. This paper aims to address the recent literature on the EU Strategy for the Alpine Region (EUSALP) macro-regional strategy; provide some insights into the role that EUSALP could play as ultimate coordinator of the numerous networks operating in the Alpine space; and discuss a workable division of labour among the different actors that can ensure a renewed focus on sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach The review addresses two main strands of literature related to “wide area cooperation” and “multi-level governance” to synthesise the debate on the most appropriate governance structure for the Alps. The paper examines, dating back to 2000, the recent history of bottom-up projects related to sustainable tourism in the western arc of the Alps. The study uses a subset of best practices to evaluate the emerging governance frame. Findings The main outcomes of this study are a framework for a theoretical debate on the most appropriate governance structure for the Alps, guidance for policymakers on a division of labour among different stakeholders that can promote sustainable tourism in the Alps and a set of suggestions for practitioners. Further, the study acknowledges “sustainable tourism” as a highly relevant field to the emergence of bottom-up arrangements aimed at developing workable governance agreements. Research limitations/implications The paper provides a state-of-the-art framework for “wide area cooperation” in the Alps and serves as a basis for discussion between academics and practitioners. As EUSALP is still in its infancy, its success will depend on the pro-active involvement of national stakeholders. In the case of Italy, this is all but granted because of the current unstable political situation. Originality/value This paper provides a rigorous framework for addressing top-down strategies and bottom-up planning in the Alpine space. The study also makes a practical contribution by addressing some topics of interest to policymakers.
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Francis, Mark, Andrew Thomas, and Ron Fisher. "Systematic analysis of the methodological structure of the lean literature." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 526–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-03-2020-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the methodological structure of the lean literature, so that its characteristics and influence among academics and practitioners might be better understood. The authors define “methodological structure” to be comprising six categorical components: publication category, degree of methodological disclosure, research strategies and data collection instruments (DCIs), type of data collected and analysed and type of research informants. Design/methodology/approach This study is a systematic bibliometric analysis of the lean literature. It has a two-stage research design. The first stage involves the identification of the top 50 most highly cited publications on “Lean”, with the resultant reference details being entered into a focal population set (FPS) spread sheet. The second stage involves coding and adding the six component fields of the methodological structure for each of the FPS entries. Both citation analysis (CA) and publication counting are then used to analyse patterns in these six components of methodological structure. Findings The top 50 publications in the FPS represent over 52,700 citations. All are either journal papers or books, but books are the most influential. Based upon this FPS sample, the lean literature is found to be both largely atheoretical in nature and also methodologically weak. Over half of the FPS publications are viewpoint-type publications and 46% have no methodological disclosure. The lean literature is predominantly qualitative in nature. Where disclosed, the most common research strategy is the case study and the most common DCI is the interview. High- and mid-level managers are the most frequently encountered research informants, while shop floor workers are infrequently used. Originality/value This paper starts with the most extensive known systematic review of systematic reviews of the lean literature; the result of which is the characterisation of a number of gaps in this body of knowledge. One of these gaps is the lack of any previous CA. The paper then proceeds to address this gap by providing the first CA within the lean literature. This is also the most comprehensive known CA within the field of operations and supply chain management more generally. As a consequence of this analysis, previously unknown patterns and insights into the methodological structure of the lean literature are revealed.
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Setiawan, Sri Damar, Rina Oktaviani, Idqan Fahmi, and Setiadi Djohar. "ANALISIS SITUASIONAL PERUSAHAAN PENYEDIA LAYANAN BROADBAND DI ERA BISNIS DIGITAL." MIX: JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN 8, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/mix.2018.v8i1.004.
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Abstract. The growing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industryleading to the convergence of services. The depletion of industry boundaries causesthe level of competition to be more stringent. The latest competition challenge ofbroadband service providers in the digital business era is from Over The Top (OTT)service providers that provide applications and content. The purpose of this researchis to conduct gap analysis and Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) analysis. Gapanalysis includes the firm's capability gap against environmental turbulenceexpectations as well as resource gaps and performance. The method used isquantitative analysis and descriptive statistics analysis using secondary data. Theresearch results have shown that the company's capability has not been suitable tothe expectations of environmental turbulence and there are gaps in resources andperformance. This research also results have shown that the market concentrationlevel in industry is high, but the behavior of the company competes and producesgood profit level. The implication of the research results are the company needs tomake efforts to transform the capability and strategy to keep the company growingand sustainable.
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Ilyenkova, K. M. "Principle Stages of Realizing Category Management in Trade Companies." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 6 (December 18, 2018): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-6-130-142.
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The article identifies principle stages of the working process organization at the category management department aimed at efficient realization of the approach 'category management' and at attaining max high finance figures of the company. The author shows different points of view at the notion 'category management'. The article includes also a brief description of the essence of methodology of category management, which can help understand its basic principles and reveal during the research 6 stages of efficient realization of the approach through system organization of the working process of category management: setting goals and strategy of the company, annual planning, planning of the working process at monthly and weakly level, establishing effective interaction with relative departments, cooperation with suppliers. It was disclosed that the foundation of high-quality work of category managers is its system nature and structured work. Employees make decisions on the basis of analytical work. Their main aim is to meet needs of final customers. An important role is played by top-management that can efficiently build the company structure and provide all necessary tools to employees to reach the set goals.
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Péry-Woodley, Marie-Paule, Lydia-Mai Ho-Dac, Josette Rebeyrolle, Ludovic Tanguy, and C`ecile Fabre. "A corpus-driven approach to discourse organisation: from cues to complex markers." Dialogue & Discourse 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 66–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2017.103.
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This paper reports on an experiment implementing a data-intensive approach to discourse organisation. Its focus is on enumerative structures envisaged as a type of textual pattern in a sequentiality-oriented approach to discourse. On the basis of a large-scale annotation exercise calling upon automatic feature mark-up alongside manual annotation, we explore a method to identify complex discourse markers seen as configurations of cues. The presentation of the background to what is termed "multi-level annotation" is organised around four issues: linearity, complexity of discourse markers, top-down processing, granularity and the multi-level nature of discourse structures. In this context, enumerative structures seem to deserve scrutiny for a number of reasons: they are frequent structures appearing at different granularity levels, they are signalled by a variety of devices appearing to work together in complex ways, and they combine a textual role (discourse organisation) with an ideational role (categorisation). We describe the annotation procedure and experimental framework which resulted in nearly 1,000 enumerative structures being annotated in a diversified corpus of over 600,000 words. The results of two approaches to the rich data produced are then presented: firstly, a descriptive survey highlights considerable variation in length and composition, while showing enumerative structure to be a basic strategy resorted to in all three sub-corpora, and leads to a granularity-based typology of the annotated structures; secondly, recurrent cue configurations---our "complex~ markers"---are identified by the application of data mining methods. The paper ends with perspectives for further exploitation of the data, in particular with respect to the semantic characterisation of enumerative structures.
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Vlasova, Inna. "Mergers of universities in the context of increased economic autonomy." International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, no. 2(6) (December 30, 2018): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2018-6-2-117-133.
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Globalization, internationalization, mass higher education, integration and competition of universities enhance a necessity of development of a new higher education strategy to ensure university autonomy, while strengthening universities’ engagement in a regional economy by optimizing and concentrating all resources. University merger is one possible mechanisms of this process assurance. The essence of merger and collaboration terms is found out.
The institutional and system-level reasons for mergers have been defined. Reasons for activation process of mergers at the system-level are: efficiency and sustainability of higher education system, international competition (more stable and competitive institutions with high quality of higher education in the international community), division of labour. At the institutional level they are: university market position of in regional, national and international contexts, increased quality of higher education, and increased competitiveness of universities.
Among higher education institutions that are financially vulnerable, merger is a survival strategy. Among financially healthy institutions the aim of mergers is differentiation, performance enhancement, or in the expectation that greater size will yield cost savings through economies of scale. The types and kinds of mergers of higher education institutions are investigated. Types of mergers include: voluntary and involuntary, single-sector and cross-sectoral, two-partner and multi-partner, similar and different academic profile, mergers aimed at a federal or unitary structure. There are kinds of mergers: horizontal, vertical, diversification and conglomerate.
Features of mergers in Sweden, where this process is initiated «bottom up» and in Wales, where merger is initiated «top-down» have been analysed. It is necessary to make proper feasibility study, prepare a Memorandum of Understanding, conduct a due diligence of institutions, prepare a merger delivery plan and implementation strategy for successful merger implementation.
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Waititu, Jecinta Waitherero. "Relationship between Strategy Implementation and Performance in Commercial Banks in Nairobi County Kenya." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 9 (August 7, 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n9p230.
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<p>A Strategy is an essential management contrivance in any organization today. The tests of the modern business environment and fast changing global economy demands high productivity speed and flexibility for organizations that seeks to thrive. In order to achieve the required efficiency and effectiveness, organizations must change their structure strategically. The main aim of this research work was to analyze the key drivers affecting strategy implementation in the commercial banks in Nairobi, Kenya. Specifically the study endeavored to determine whether communication systems affect implementation of strategy in commercial banks, establish whether leadership styles affect implementation of strategy in commercial banks, establish whether organizational structure affect implementation of strategy in commercial banks and establish whether organizational culture affects the implementation of strategy in commercial banks in Nairobi, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive and quantitative design. The study targeted top management of the head offices of listed commercial banks in Nairobi consisting of a total of 191 respondents. The data generated by the study after fieldwork was edited, coded then entered into a computer for processing using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v. 21.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze information generated from respondents. The data collected has been presented by use of percentages, frequency distributions, tables and figures. From the research work findings, the study concluded that those listed commercial banks at <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwillMzZmafLAhXEPRoKHXRsDW0QFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nse.co.ke%2F&usg=AFQjCNHkuEfa6EUtK3TQF3kUsqKOlmq6lQ&sig2=IYtsly50V3H1ftW2GDitxA">NSE in Nairobi County-Kenya</a> that invested heavily in innovation in effective communication systems, inspirational leadership, functional organization structure and culture recorded high level of strategic implementation performance revealed by unanimous consent of “Good strategies implemented has increased our profitability levels for the last five years”. The study recommends that, the managers should always give direction and supervision through different phases of strategy implementation. Implementing a change is often done in phases. The listed banks at NSE leadership need to be able to identify when each phase of a strategic implementation is complete and be ready to transition the organization to the next phase.</p>
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Silva, Aslei Andrade da, and Sérgio Luiz Lepsch. "Operational Level Participation in the Development Process of StrategiesHttp://Dx.Doi.Org/10.5585/Riae.V10i1.1707." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 10, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 170–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v10i1.1707.
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The prime objective of this article is to investigate, through a multi-case study of five organizations from Brazil's Federal District, the operational level participation in the formulation phase of the strategic process and integration of these professionals with other hierarchical levels in organizations. Based on the theoretical referential that the conception of strategy and the strategic process is a reality built in an interactive and contextual manner, we opted for an exploratory qualitative research to investigate and analyze the data collected from the statements of interviewees. The results of this research reveal that although higher hierarchical levels (strategic and tactic) regard the participation of operational level professionals as vitally important to formulate the strategic process, in effect, that occurs in a limited fashion. Top management in organizations involves these professionals at various stages of the process, and neglects them in others. This omission can compromise the entire cycle of the strategic process and, consequently, the results to be obtained from it. In all studied organizations, there was no power distribution to allow for active participation - the highly political and traditional structure does not permit said activity. The primary finding of this study is to demonstrate that the importance of the operational level in the strategic process is not sufficient to drive excessively hierarchical organizations to grant them true participation.
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Lima, Ana, and Rui Gomes. "Top Management Role in the Development of an EA Programme in Five Portuguese Enterprises." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 5, no. 2 (April 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicthd.2013040103.
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Enterprise Architecture is an active, strategic data base which defines a business, what is necessary to operate a business, including the technologies that are needed to support its operations, and the transition processes necessary for implementing new technologies in response to changes in the needs of the business (Hite, 2002). The strategic importance of Enterprise Architecture (EA) is recognised by a growing number of global enterprises all over the world (Durst & Daum, 2007; Ross, Weill, & Robertson, 2006) and investment in Enterprise Architecture programmes raises the expectations of them being beneficial. Through case study methodology, using questionnaire and/or interviews, data from five Portuguese enterprises were collected and analysed, determining the top management vision about the different stages of the development EA programme, determining the level of maturity with regard to the implementation of EA in these enterprises. The authors found that, despite the limitations of this study, the top management of the 5 enterprises consulted see EA as a business asset since it contains all the information necessary to make decisions in the business, and allows the ITs to be aligned with the business’s strategy; that management structure is important for its development, that most of the enterprises consulted do not use assessment models for investment decisions in EA, and that the AE Balanced Scorecard is considered a suitable model for business management and EA, although most do not use it.
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Shkolnyk, Inna, Urszula Mentel, Alina Bukhtiarova, and Maya Dushak. "The trajectories of companies’ financial architecture in the real economy." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(1).2020.11.
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The formation of an effective company’s financial architecture, which includes such basic elements as the capital structure, ownership structure, and the state of corporate governance, has a significant impact on maintaining a certain market position and ensuring stable profitability of activity. This research aims at determining the state of financial architecture, changing its trajectory, and its impact on company’s market position. Twenty-two (22) Ukrainian companies were selected for the study from the list of top 200 in terms of the largest volume of sales revenue received, and those that provided full financial statements for the period from 2007 till 2017. To determine the state of company’s financial architecture and the relevant market position, the authors used a cluster analysis using the method of the most remote neighbors. Algorithms of Kohonen’s self-organizing maps were applied. Harrington’s desirability function was used to determine the integral index. The selected sample demonstrated a high level of ownership concentration in almost all companies and showed that only a few individuals controlled a significant amount of assets, thereby confirming the oligarchic structure of the Ukrainian economy. As a result, seven cluster groups were obtained, reflecting the companies in terms of the quality of their financial architecture. Only five companies in the total sample were found to have high-quality financial architecture, i.e., capital structure and ownership structure are consistent and optimal and ensure that the company maintains a leading market position.
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Komkov, N. I., A. A. Lazarev, and V. S. Romantsov. "Regional development programming." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2019): 560–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2018.9.4.560-575.
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Purpose: the purpose of the article is to study the features of regional development in terms of the need to take them into account in the formation of development strategies. The revealed features are the level of development, potential, geographical location, etc. These features are displayed in the strategy of formation of development projects in the region.Methods: the methodological basis for the formation of prospects for the development of the region is the methodology of program-target management to solve the problems of development of complex hierarchical systems. The main elements of this methodology are the basis for programming development processes in the space "forecast-strategy-program-project".Results: the results of the study are to determine the stages of programming the sequence of regional development, finding ways and conditions for the transition between the stages and intermediate goals of development, the formation and selection of development projects. To overcome the contradictions in the formation of the composition of the objectives of the development of projects in a hierarchical system: “macro level – the level of regions – the level of municipalities”, the top priority rule is used over the following. There is also the possibility of adding a lower level of own goals and projects, in accordance with the interests of a particular region and municipality. The task of project selection is one of the most important. Its importance lies not only in the required and available financial resources, but also in shaping the structure of the objective function of each region, adequate to the development goals. Fragments of the scheme of programming of development of the Astrakhan region are given.Conclusions and Relevance: the current external conditions for the development of the domestic economy dictate the need for the full use of domestic resources and the capabilities of the scientific and technological potential to ensure the competitiveness of Russia. This implies a critical attitude towards the development prospects, which are formed without taking into account the national interests of our country. The complexity of strategy formation is due to the hierarchical structure of the country's economy and the difference in interests in the system “macro level – meso level – micro level”. The basis of the proposed approach to development programming is the formation of strategic forecasts. The authors proposed a sequence of actions for programming the formation and selection of development projects at the regional level, as well as a possible list of promising development goals for the region. The analysis of the peculiarities of the development of the regions showed their considerable heterogeneity, which is important to take into account when forming promising strategies. The proposed scheme for the formation of regional development strategies and the mathematical model of project selection are illustrated by the example of one of the municipalities of the Astrakhan region.