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Martens, Wim, Frank Neven, and Marc Gyssens. "Typechecking top-down XML transformations: Fixed input or output schemas." Information and Computation 206, no. 7 (July 2008): 806–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2008.01.002.
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Munksgaard, Jesper, Manfred Lenzen, Thomas C. Jensen, and Lise-Lotte Pade. "Transport Energy Embodied in Consumer Goods: A Hybrid Life-Cycle Analysis." Energy & Environment 16, no. 2 (March 2005): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305053749480.
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This paper describes an analysis of the transport-related energy embodied in goods consumed by households. Our approach combines bottom-up with top-down modelling in a hybrid life-cycle analysis. The bottom-up part is a process analysis of international transport, examining foreign trade statistics, transportation modes, transport distances, and energy efficiencies. The top-down part is an input-output analysis identifying transport energy use in upstream production layers. To demonstrate the application of the model we carry out a three-step empirical analysis of goods consumed in Denmark in 1995, starting with highly aggregated commodity groups, and ending with “bread”.
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Ling, Meng, Xue Luo, Sheng Hu, Fan Gu, and Robert L. Lytton. "Numerical Modeling and Artificial Neural Network for Predicting J-Integral of Top-Down Cracking in Asphalt Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2631, no. 1 (January 2017): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2631-10.
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Top-down cracking (TDC) is recognized as one of the major distress modes in asphalt pavements. This study aimed to determine the fracture parameter J-integral of TDC, which is a critical input to predict the crack growth rate and fatigue life of pavements for this type of distress. Previous research studies demonstrated that TDC is affected by various factors, including the complex state of high tensile or shear stresses induced by the loading at the edge of or within the tire and material properties such as the modulus gradient in the asphalt layer, moduli of the base and subgrade layers, and pavement structures. In this study, the finite element model (FEM) was adopted to simulate the propagation of TDC by considering combinations of these essential factors and to calculate the J-integral for 194,400 cases. It was shown that the modulus gradient plays an important role in determining the J-integral, and the J-integral is not uniformly distributed within the pavement depth. On the basis of the database generated from the FEM, six backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) models—including one input layer, two hidden layers, and one output layer—were developed by using the same input variables and output variable as those for the FEM. The R2 value for each ANN model was greater than .99, which indicates the goodness of fit. After the parameters of each ANN model have been determined, the J-integral can be predicted for any combination of the design parameters without reconstruction of the FEM.
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Maneth, Sebastian. "A Survey on Decidable Equivalence Problems for Tree Transducers." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 26, no. 08 (December 2015): 1069–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054115400134.
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The decidability of equivalence for three important classes of tree transducers is discussed. Each class can be obtained as a natural restriction of deterministic macro tree transducers (MTTs): (1) no context parameters, i.e., top-down tree transducers, (2) linear size increase, i.e., MSO definable tree transducers, and (3) monadic input and output ranked alphabets. For the full class of mtts, decidability of equivalence remains a long-standing open problem.
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Sun, Zhongxiao, Arnold Tukker, and Paul Behrens. "Going Global to Local: Connecting Top-Down Accounting and Local Impacts, A Methodological Review of Spatially Explicit Input–Output Approaches." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 1048–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03148.
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Liao, Yi-Hung. "A Step Up/Down Power-Factor-Correction Converter with Modified Dual Loop Control." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010199.
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A step up/down AC/DC converter with modified dual loop control is proposed. The step up/down AC/DC converter features the bridgeless characteristic which can reduce bridge-diode conduction losses. Based on the step up/down AC/DC converter, a modified dual loop control scheme is proposed to achieve input current shaping and output voltage regulation. Fewer components are needed compared with the traditional bridge and bridgeless step up/down AC/DC converters. In addition, the intermediate capacitor voltage stress can be reduced. Furthermore, the top and bottom switches still have zero-voltage turn-on function during the negative and positive half-line cycle, respectively. Hence, the thermal stresses can also be reduced and balanced. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed step up/down AC/DC converter and its control scheme.
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Rocco, Matteo, Yassin Rady, and Emanuela Colombo. "Soft-linking bottom-up energy models with top-down input-output models to assess the environmental impact of future energy scenarios." Modelling, Measurement and Control C 79, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmc_c.790307.
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Hou, Siyu, Yu Liu, Xu Zhao, Martin Tillotson, Wei Guo, and Yiping Li. "Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082822.
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Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.
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Asuad Sanen, Normand Eduardo, and José Manuel Sánchez. "An exploratory and comparative analysis between bottom-up and top-down approaches for a spatialized construction of a regional Input-Output matrix." Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 137–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21919/remef.v13i2.273.
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Zhang, Jin, Xiaoming Qian, and Jing Feng. "Review of carbon footprint assessment in textile industry." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0006.
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Purpose Under the global climate change, carbon footprint has become a hot issue at home and abroad. However, there is no consensus on the concept, measurement and application of carbon footprint. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, first, the concept and connotation of carbon footprint are reviewed; then, different methods of carbon footprint measurement are compared, and it is found that “bottom-up” life cycle assessment and “top-down” input–output analysis are applicable to different research scales. Findings Finally, the problems in the process of carbon footprint assessment in textile industry are analyzed and further research directions are proposed. Originality/value Analyzed and further research directions are proposed.
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Sridhar, Smriti, Younghoon Kwon MD., Yeilim Cho MD., and Inki Kim PhD. "An Adaptive Fuzzy Modeling of Visual Attention in Real-world Interaction with Health Information System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641059.
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Bottom-up and top-down processes are the two mechanisms of visual attention allocation, which allow people to efficiently spot task-relevant stimuli from cluttered and noisy environments, while staying alert to abnormalities within the visual field of view. This paper presents a preliminary study of the physicians’ real-life interaction with Information Communication Technology (ICT) in their own offices, along with extensively analyzing one case of an hour-long interaction of a physician, in which one performs a daily routine of reviewing patient electronic health records (EHRs) and writing diagnostic notes to the system interface. The physician interactions were captured in a time series data by recording display screen, keystrokes and mouse movements, also by simultaneously tracking eye movements. Then, a fuzzy-based model that can distinguish bottom-up and top-down processes were defined by using statistical random variables in terms of eye-movement patterns. The shift between those two attentional processes was detected by tracking the parametric changes of gaze behaviors as input: significant shift of fixation, sustained gazing, and fixation trajectory over time. Based on those gaze metrics, a random variable was assigned to the discrete probability of low (0), medium (0.5), or high (1.0), for a quantified fuzzy output, which was further machine-learned into an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model in order to judge how a physician is likely to be dominated by a bottom-up or top-down processes in performing a task at that instance in time. On training the ANFIS model with three different types of fuzzy membership functions (Gaussian, triangular and trapezoidal), the model performed best with the Gaussian function (after 100 iterations, the predicted root mean-square error (RMSE) converged at 0.07%, yielding a smooth linear curve). For a proof-of concept, the model was implemented by using one physician’s gaze behaviors, of which the average, machine-learned fuzzy output probability indicated that the physician was veering toward bottom-up visual attention. This individualized, task-specific pattern of visual attention has implications for the designs of intelligent interface in ICT. Our ANFIS model can scale up to different physicians and tasks to predict the likelihood of bottom-up or top-down information processing based on real-world gaze behaviors.
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Zhang, Ming Fu, Huai Xin Guo, Hai Liang Zhang, Cheng Hai Xu, Ye Quan Zhao, and Jie Cai Han. "A Study on the Disk-Type Piezoelectric Transformer of Mg:LN Single Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.278.
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In this study, a disk-shaped step-down piezoelectric transformer that consists of Mg:LN single crystals operating in the extensional vibration mode was proposed, and its characteristics wre investigated. This paper proposed the PT using ring/dot electrode which had an outer diameter of 22 mm, a narrow annular gap circle of 1.0 mm and a thickness of 1.0 mm. The transformer was poled along the thickness direction. The top surface was covered by two ring-shaped electrodes separated by a narrow annular gap, and the regions covered by the outer and inner ring electrodes serve as the output and input parts of the transformer, respectively. The bottom surface was fully covered with a gold electrode. Moreover, according to the physical equivalent circuit model of the latest invented vibration mode, PT of Mg:LN single crystals were fabricated and characterized. Finally, we investigated the gain under different load resistances and input voltage.
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Wu, Jianhong, Hossein Zivari-Piran, John D. Hunter, and John G. Milton. "Projective Clustering Using Neural Networks with Adaptive Delay and Signal Transmission Loss." Neural Computation 23, no. 6 (June 2011): 1568–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00124.
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We develop a new neural network architecture for projective clustering of data sets that incorporates adaptive transmission delays and signal transmission information loss. The resultant selective output signaling mechanism does not require the addition of multiple hidden layers but instead is based on the assumption that the signal transmission velocity between input processing neurons and clustering neurons is proportional to the similarity between the input pattern and the feature vector (the top-down weights) of the clustering neuron. The mathematical model governing the evolution of the signal transmission delay, the short-term memory traces, and the long-term memory traces represents a new class of large-scale delay differential equations where the evolution of the delay is described by a nonlinear differential equation involving the similarity measure already noted. We give a complete description of the computational performance of the network for a wide range of parameter values.
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Iswahyudi, Heru. "TAX REFORM AND NONCOMPLIANCE IN INDONESIA." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 32, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.18153.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Indonesia’s tax reforms of 2000 and 2008/2009 on taxpayers’ noncompliance. Noncompliance is defined as the difference between the Value Added Tax (VAT) liability and the actual revenue. Data are mainly collected from the World Input-Output Database and Indonesia’s Central Board of Statistics. The methodology uses one of the ‘top-down’ approaches, in which national accounts figures are employed to arrive at an estimation of the VAT liability. It is found that compliance deteriorated when reform efforts were incomplete – that is when the reforms suffered from decelerations, setbacks or reversals. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a framework for analyzing the impact of tax reform on taxpayer’s compliance behavior.
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Hyvönen, Eero. "Spreadsheets based on interval constraint satisfaction." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (1994): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400000433.
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AbstractSpreadsheets are difficult to use in applications, where only incomplete or inexact data (e.g., intervals) are available-a typical situation in various design and planning tasks. It can be argued that this is due to two fundamental shortcomings of the computational paradigm underlying spreadsheets. First, the distinction between input and output cells has to be fixed before computations. Second, cells may have only exact values. As a result, spread-sheets support the user only with primitive iterative problem solving schemes based on trial-and-error methods. A constraint-based computational paradigm for next generation interval spreadsheets is presented. The scheme makes it possible to exploit incomplete/inexact data (intervals), and it can support problem solving in a top-down fashion. Current spreadsheets constitute a special case of the more general interval constraint spreadsheets proposed.
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Hayashi, Isao, Masanori Fujii, Toshiyuki Maeda, Jasmin Leveille, and Tokio Tasaka. "Extraction of Knowledge from the Topographic Attentive Mapping Network and its Application in Skill Analysis of Table Tennis." Journal of Human Kinetics 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0005.
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AbstractThe Topographic Attentive Mapping (TAM) network is a biologically-inspired classifier that bears similarities to the human visual system. In case of wrong classification during training, an attentional top-down signal modulates synaptic weights in intermediate layers to reduce the difference between the desired output and the classifier’s output. When used in a TAM network, the proposed pruning algorithm improves classification accuracy and allows extracting knowledge as represented by the network structure. In this paper, sport technique evaluation of motion analysis modelled by the TAM network was discussed. The trajectory pattern of forehand strokes of table tennis players was analyzed with nine sensor markers attached to the right upper arm of players. With the TAM network, input attributes and technique rules were extracted in order to classify the skill level of players of table tennis from the sensor data. In addition, differences between the elite player, middle level player and beginner were clarified; furthermore, we discussed how to improve skills specific to table tennis from the view of data analysis.
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Devilbiss, David M., and Barry D. Waterhouse. "Phasic and Tonic Patterns of Locus Coeruleus Output Differentially Modulate Sensory Network Function in the Awake Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00445.2010.
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Neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) discharge with phasic bursts of activity superimposed on highly regular tonic discharge rates. Phasic bursts are elicited by bottom-up input mechanisms involving novel/salient sensory stimuli and top-down decision making processes; whereas tonic rates largely fluctuate according to arousal levels and behavioral states. Although it is generally believed that these two modes of activity differentially modulate information processing in LC targets, the unique role of phasic versus tonic LC output on signal processing in cells, circuits, and neural networks of waking animals is not well understood. In the current study, simultaneous recordings of individual neurons within ventral posterior medial thalamus and barrel field cortex of conscious rats provided evidence that each mode of LC output produces a unique modulatory impact on single neuron responsiveness to sensory-driven synaptic input and representations of sensory information across ensembles of simultaneously recorded cells. Each mode of LC activation specifically modulated the relationship between sensory-stimulus intensity and the subsequent responses of individual neurons and neural ensembles. Overall these results indicate that phasic versus tonic modes of LC discharge exert fundamentally different modulatory effects on target neuronal circuits within the rodent trigeminal somatosensory system. As such, each mode of LC output may differentially influence signal processing as a means of optimizing behaviorally relevant neural computations within this sensory network. Likely the ability of the LC system to differentially regulate neural responses and local circuit operations according to behavioral demands extends to other brain regions including those involved in higher cognitive functions.
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Gonçalves, Rodrigo da Rocha, Gustavo Inácio De Moraes, and Jacó Braatz. "Estrutura produtiva das mesorregiões do Rio Grande do Sul: uma abordagem com matriz insumo-produto / production structure at macro regions of Rio Grande do Sul state: an approach trought input output table." Brazilian Journal of Business 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 1924–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34140/bjbv3n2-042.
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O objetivo deste artigo é estimar matrizes insumo-produto para as mesorregiões do Rio Grande do Sul para o ano de 2011. Em paralelo, encontrar os indicadores de impacto (multiplicadores e índice de ligação) de cada mesorregião, auxiliando na formulação de políticas públicas do tipo top-down, principalmente com ênfase nas atividades de transporte. Os resultados indicaram que os setores com maior efeito na produção na maior parte das mesorregiões são: fabricação de calçados e couro; manutenção, reparação e instalação de máquinas e equipamentos e outros equipamentos de transporte. No segmento de transporte, destacaram-se em todas as mesorregiões os transportes rodoviários de cargas e passageiros.
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Hsiao, Shen-Fu, Jia-Siang Yeh, and Da-Yen Chen. "High-performance Multiplexer-based Logic Synthesis Using Pass-transistor Logic." VLSI Design 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065514021000054736.
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An automatic logic/circuit synthesizer is developed which takes several Boolean functions as input and generates netlist output with basic composing cells from the pass-transistor cell library containing only two types of cells: 2-to-1 multiplexers and inverters. The synthesis procedure first constructs efficient binary decision diagrams (BDDs) for these Boolean functions considering both multi-function sharing and minimum width. Each node in the BDD trees is realized by using a 2-to-1 multiplexer (MUX) of proper driving capability designed pass-transistor logic. The inverters are then inserted all along the MUX paths in order to improve the speed performance and to alleviate the voltage-drop problem. Several methods are proposed to reduce the critical path delay in the multiplexer-chains for generation of faster circuits. Compared to the recently proposed pass-transistor-based top-down design, our synthesizer has better speed and area performance due to the reduced number of cascaded inverters.
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Rath, Kamlesh, Venkatesh Choppella, and Steven D. Johnson. "Decomposition of Sequential Behavior Using Interface Specification and Complementation." VLSI Design 3, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1995): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/74543.
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Decomposition of system behavior along functional boundaries into interacting sequential components is a key step in top-down system design. In this paper, we present sequential decomposition, a method for factoring sequential components from a system specification based on interface specifications of the components. The resulting components can be independently synthesized, or realized using off-the-shelf components. We introduce interface specification language (ISL), based on finite-state machine semantics, to specify the input/output behavior of synchronous sub-systems. A component is factored from a system by embedding an implementation of the complement of its interface into the system description. The composition of a machine with its complement is shown to be isomorphic to the machine, and the composition of a machine with an implementation of its component is shown to be a safe interaction. We apply sequential decomposition to a non-trivial example, a special-purpose computer with Scheme programming language primitives as its instructions.
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Sakurai, Yoshitaka, Nakaji Honda, and Junji Nishino. "Acquisition of Knowledge for Gymnastic Bar Action by Active Learning Method." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 7, no. 1 (February 20, 2003): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2003.p0010.
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In this paper, we aim at engineering realization of human active learning function by top-down approach noticing the macro functions of the brain. Concretely, we propose the Active Learning Method, the method to acquire the control knowledge actively by the method of trial and error. In this method, the input-output information is collected for the control object by the method of trial and error, and the controller is constructed based on the information. The active learning is the learning form in which the information is acquired from the behavior which the learner himself takes. In the Active Learning Method, the output is decided actively and the action result is evaluated, and the data with high evaluation are modeled. This modeled pattern information becomes the behavior policy optimized based on the evaluation. For this modeling, the method called Ink Drop Spread method (IDS) is used. In this system, the object system is modeled functionally from the data by the fuzzy-like processing. It is not the linguistic approach like fuzzy inference but represents the knowledge by the pattern-like approach. By using the model of bar gymnast, the learning simulation is done for the behavior policy, and we examine the validity of this method.
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Cohen, Yale E., Greg L. Miller, and Eric I. Knudsen. "Forebrain Pathway for Auditory Space Processing in the Barn Owl." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.891.
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Cohen, Yale E., Greg L. Miller, and Eric I. Knudsen. Forebrain pathway for auditory space processing in the barn owl. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 891–902, 1998. The forebrain plays an important role in many aspects of sound localization behavior. Yet, the forebrain pathway that processes auditory spatial information is not known for any species. Using standard anatomic labeling techniques, we used a “top-down” approach to trace the flow of auditory spatial information from an output area of the forebrain sound localization pathway (the auditory archistriatum, AAr), back through the forebrain, and into the auditory midbrain. Previous work has demonstrated that AAr units are specialized for auditory space processing. The results presented here show that the AAr receives afferent input from Field L both directly and indirectly via the caudolateral neostriatum. Afferent input to Field L originates mainly in the auditory thalamus, nucleus ovoidalis, which, in turn, receives input from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. In addition, we confirmed previously reported projections of the AAr to the basal ganglia, the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX), the deep layers of the optic tectum, and various brain stem nuclei. A series of inactivation experiments demonstrated that the sharp tuning of AAr sites for binaural spatial cues depends on Field L input but not on input from the auditory space map in the midbrain ICX: pharmacological inactivation of Field L eliminated completelyauditory responses in the AAr, whereas bilateral ablation of the midbrain ICX had no appreciable effect on AAr responses. We conclude, therefore, that the forebrain sound localization pathway can process auditory spatial information independently of the midbrain localization pathway.
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Alkhayyal, Bandar. "Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in the U.S.: Using Reverse Supply Chain Network Design and Optimization Considering Carbon Cost." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072097.
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A research model using the market price for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions illustrates how the policies, and economic and environment implications of the carbon price can be formulated using a deterministic equilibrium model. However, with increasing carbon costs, the optimal reverse supply chain (RSC) system is being required to adapt and has undergone many distinct shifts in character as it seeks out new configurations through which costs may be effectively managed and minimized. The model was studied comprehensively in terms of quantitative performance using orthogonal arrays. The results were compared to top-down estimates produced through economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) models, providing a basis to contrast remanufacturing GHG emission quantities with those realized through original equipment manufacturing operations. Introducing a carbon cost of $40/t CO2e increased modeled remanufacturing costs by 2.7%, but also increased original equipment costs by 2.3%. The research presented in this study puts forward the theoretical modeling of optimal RSC systems and provides an empirical case study concerning remanufactured appliances, an area of current industrial literature in which there is a dearth of study.
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Zeng, Guanglu, Chenggang Zhang, Sanxi Li, and Hailin Sun. "The Dynamic Impact of Agricultural Fiscal Expenditures and Gross Agricultural Output on Poverty Reduction: A VAR Model Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115766.
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China was the first developing country to achieve the poverty eradication target of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 10 years ahead of schedule. Its past approach has been, mainly, to allocate more fiscal spending to rural areas, while strengthening accountability for poverty alleviation. However, some literature suggests that poor rural areas still lack the endogenous dynamics for sustainable growth. Using a vector autoregression (VAR) model, based on data from 1990 to 2019, we find that fiscal spending plays a much more significant role in reducing the poverty ratio than agricultural development. When poverty alleviation is treated as an administrative task, each poor village must complete the spending of top-down poverty alleviation funds within a time frame that is usually shorter than that required for successful specialty agriculture. As a result, the greater the pressure of poverty eradication and the more funds allocated, the more poverty alleviation projects become an anchor for accountability, and the more local governments’ consideration of industry cycles and input–output analysis give way to formalism, homogeneity, and even complicity. We suggest using the leverage of fiscal funds to direct more resources to productive uses, thus guiding future rural revitalization in a more sustainable direction.
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Sadras, Victor O. "A quantitative top-down view of interactions between stresses: theory and analysis of nitrogen - water co-limitation in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 11 (2005): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05073.
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The multiple factors constraining the growth, reproduction, and survival of diverse organisms are often non-additive. Research of interacting factors generally involves conceptual models that are specific for target organism, type of stress, and process. As a complement to this reductionist, bottom-up view, in this review I discuss a quantitative top-down approach to interacting stresses based on co-limitation theory. Firstly, co-limitation theory is revised. Co-limitation is operationally identified when the output response of a biological system (e.g. plant or population growth) to two or more inputs is greater than its response to each factor in isolation. The hypothesis of Bloom, Chapin, and Mooney, that plant growth is maximised when it is equally limited by all resources, is reworded in terms of co-limitation and formulated in quantitative terms, i.e. for a given intensity of aggregate stress, plant growth is proportional to degree of resource co-limitation. Emphasis is placed on the problems associated with the quantification of co-limitation. It is proposed that seasonal indices of nitrogen and water stress calculated with crop simulation models can be integrated in indices accounting for the aggregated intensity of water and nitrogen stress (SWN), the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation (CWN), and the integrated effect of stress and co-limitation (SCWN = CWN/SWN). The expectation is that plant growth and yield should be an inverse function of stress intensity and a direct function of co-limitation, thus proportional to SCWN. Secondly, the constraints imposed by water and nitrogen availability on yield and water use efficiency of wheat crops are highlighted in case studies of low-input farming systems of south-eastern Australia. Thirdly, the concept of co-limitation is applied to the analysis of (i) grain yield responses to water–nitrogen interactions, and (ii) trade-offs between nitrogen- and water-use efficiency. In agreement with theoretical expectations, measured grain yield is found to be proportional to modelled SCWN. Productivity gains associated with intensification of cropping practices are interpreted in terms of a trade-off, whereby water-use efficiency is improved at the expense of nitrogen-use efficiency, thus leading to a higher degree of resource co-limitation.
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Lee, Edward T., and Fred Y. Wu. "Algorithms for simple object reconstruction using the largest possible object approach." Robotica 10, no. 4 (July 1992): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700008213.
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SUMMARYRecently, three-dimensional motion analysis and shape recovery have attracted growing attention as promising avenues of approach to image understanding, object reconstruction as well as computer vision for robotic Systems. The image generation problem and the model generation problem are presented. More specifically, the inputs to the image generator are an old image, object model, motion specification, and hidden line and hidden surface algorithms. The output is a new image. Since the object model is given, the top-down approach is usually used. On the other hand, for the model generation problem, the input is an image sequence while the output is an object model. Since the object model is not given, and bottom-up approach is usually used.In this paper, the largest possible object approach is proposed and the advantages of this approach are stated. They are:1. This approach may be applicable to objects with planar surfaces as well as nonplanar surfaces.2. This approach may be applicable to the case that there are more than one face change per frame.3. This approach may be applicable when the camera is moving.4. This approach may be applicable when the object is measured by several measuring stations.By using this approach, algorithms for simple object reconstruction given a sequence of pictures are presented together with illustrative examples. The relevance and importance of this work are discussed.The results of this paper may have useful applications in object reconstruction, pictorial data reduction and computer vision for robotic Systems.
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Donnarumma, Francesco, Roberto Prevete, Fabian Chersi, and Giovanni Pezzulo. "A Programmer–Interpreter Neural Network Architecture for Prefrontal Cognitive Control." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 06 (July 9, 2015): 1550017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065715500173.
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There is wide consensus that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is able to exert cognitive control on behavior by biasing processing toward task-relevant information and by modulating response selection. This idea is typically framed in terms of top-down influences within a cortical control hierarchy, where prefrontal-basal ganglia loops gate multiple input–output channels, which in turn can activate or sequence motor primitives expressed in (pre-)motor cortices. Here we advance a new hypothesis, based on the notion of programmability and an interpreter–programmer computational scheme, on how the PFC can flexibly bias the selection of sensorimotor patterns depending on internal goal and task contexts. In this approach, multiple elementary behaviors representing motor primitives are expressed by a single multi-purpose neural network, which is seen as a reusable area of "recycled" neurons (interpreter). The PFC thus acts as a "programmer" that, without modifying the network connectivity, feeds the interpreter networks with specific input parameters encoding the programs (corresponding to network structures) to be interpreted by the (pre-)motor areas. Our architecture is validated in a standard test for executive function: the 1-2-AX task. Our results show that this computational framework provides a robust, scalable and flexible scheme that can be iterated at different hierarchical layers, supporting the realization of multiple goals. We discuss the plausibility of the "programmer–interpreter" scheme to explain the functioning of prefrontal-(pre)motor cortical hierarchies.
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Wirth, Corina, and Hans-R. Lüscher. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Excitation and Inhibition in the Rat Barrel Cortex Investigated With Multielectrode Arrays." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 1635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00950.2003.
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We investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of activity in the rat barrel cortex using multielectrode arrays (MEAs). In acute brain slices, field potentials were recorded simultaneously from 60 electrodes with high spatial and temporal resolution. This new technique allowed us to map functionally discrete barrels and to observe the interplay between the excitatory and inhibitory network. The local field potentials (LFPs) were elicited by focal electrical stimulation in layer 4 (L4). Excitation recorded in a single barrel was first confined to the stimulated barrel and subsequently spread in a columnar manner to layer 2/3 (L2/3). This excitation in L4 and lower L2/3 was followed by inhibition curtailing excitation to a short period lasting only ∼2 ms. In the uppermost layer, a long-lasting (∼10 ms), laterally spreading band of excitation remained active. Blockade of GABAA-receptors resulted in a long-lasting and diffuse activation of L4 and lower L2/3 and abolition of activation of the upper L2/3. Thus inhibition not only shaped the spatial-temporal map of excitation in L4 and lower L2/3 but also resulted indirectly in an excitatory action in the superficial layers. Stimulation in L6 revealed a feedforward inhibition to L4 and subsequently an excitatory L6-L4-L6 loop. The complex interplay between excitation and inhibition opens two spatial windows of excitation in the infra- and supragranular layers. They may prepare the L5 pyramidal neuron for associating top-down input from other cortical regions with bottom-up input from the whisker pad to generate behaviorally relevant output.
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Rao, Thirupathi, and Siti Indati Mustapa. "A Review of Climate Economic Models in Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010325.
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This paper presents a review of literature on the development of climate economy models in Malaysia from 1988 to 2020. The type of climate economic models used in Malaysia and their attributes were analyzed. The key attributes reviewed include functions, capability, the various approaches, types of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and various sectors included in the modelling. The review analysis revealed that climate economic modelling in Malaysia can be categorized into two groups namely Input-Output (I-O) table and Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) models as well as the Integrated Assessment Models (IAM). Both groups of climate economic models complement each other in functional capability to do top-down or bottom-up as well as short-term and long-term analysis. The key contribution of this review is in discovering three key gap clusters that exist in climate economic modelling in Malaysia. These gaps include the coverage on types of GHGs, disclosing the GHG sector’s coverage in the modelling, and the discovering of the exclusion of climate damage functions as well as the unavailability of customized functions to suit Malaysia’s climate and geography. These three key gaps need to be urgently addressed for effective policy interventions in Malaysia and to meet the global goals of the Paris Agreement.
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Li, Chuan, and Pau Rausell Köster. "Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges of European Design Policy to Enable Innovation. The Case of Designscapes Project." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125132.
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Design policy for innovation and prosperity has been acknowledged and adopted globally. Existing literature on design policy usually adopts a top-down perspective to analyse the components of the design innovation system and ignores the practical needs of practitioners. Our study aims to explore potential opportunities and challenges of design policies for design-enabled innovation from a bottom-up perspective. We firstly discussed the enabling role of design in the context of design as input, output and process of innovation with emphasis on design-enabled innovation conception; then European design policies are reviewed in terms of characteristics, priorities and strategies at EU, national and regional levels. Based on multiple case studies on the SWOT (i.e., Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of 50 European design innovation initiatives, we summarised eight dimensions of SWOT factors—organisation, production, performance, knowledge, environment, market, technology and institution—so as to identify main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that practitioners are facing, and discussed common and specific factors that might influence the identification of SWOT forces by taking into account country and sector factors. We concluded that European design policy is located at a point of intergenerational transition from awareness raising to capacity building, which calls for more coordinated policies to tackle current opportunities and challenges.
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Meier, Michael Lukas, Andrea Vrana, and Petra Schweinhardt. "Low Back Pain: The Potential Contribution of Supraspinal Motor Control and Proprioception." Neuroscientist 25, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858418809074.
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Motor control, which relies on constant communication between motor and sensory systems, is crucial for spine posture, stability and movement. Adaptions of motor control occur in low back pain (LBP) while different motor adaption strategies exist across individuals, probably to reduce LBP and risk of injury. However, in some individuals with LBP, adapted motor control strategies might have long-term consequences, such as increased spinal loading that has been linked with degeneration of intervertebral discs and other tissues, potentially maintaining recurrent or chronic LBP. Factors contributing to motor control adaptations in LBP have been extensively studied on the motor output side, but less attention has been paid to changes in sensory input, specifically proprioception. Furthermore, motor cortex reorganization has been linked with chronic and recurrent LBP, but underlying factors are poorly understood. Here, we review current research on behavioral and neural effects of motor control adaptions in LBP. We conclude that back pain-induced disrupted or reduced proprioceptive signaling likely plays a pivotal role in driving long-term changes in the top-down control of the motor system via motor and sensory cortical reorganization. In the outlook of this review, we explore whether motor control adaptations are also important for other (musculoskeletal) pain conditions.
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Holla, Shravya K., Rakshita M, Varshitha P, Tejaswini B.J, and Anuradha J.P. "Multifunctional And Low Cost Braille Display." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07115.
Full textAbstract:
Braille Display is a device which helps the visually impaired to read a text file in Braille format and as well receive an audio output of the text file. It gives an option to the user whether to receive output in terms of braille or audio. Braille is a tactile writing language of raised dots using which blinds and visually impaired people read and write through touch. The pattern of raised dots can be read with the fingers by blinds. The number and arrangement of these dots forms alphabets, numbers and special characters. The braille output in Braille display is observed in Braille text popper device which is made up of a plate having holes. Solenoids are placed under each hole to raise or lower the braille pin which will emerge through perforations on the top plate to form a Braille dot. The perforations serve as guides for the pins and form six dots which is equivalent to one Braille cell. Raspberry Pi Microcontroller is used to convert the text file into Braille format and thus controls the corresponding solenoid present below each of the holes to either pop up or down the hole by sending signal values to solenoids. Thus the solenoids align themselves based on the input character from the text file . The blinds can feel the sense of touch of the Braille pins that are popped up and they recognize the character accordingly. This way, blinds can recognize character by character. At every iteration, three characters from text file comes out in braille in Braille text popper device. The next button would display next three characters and previous button would display previous three characters. If the user prefers to hear audio, then it would give audio output of the text file through ear phones. Thus, the device facilitates the user either to read the text in braille or to hear the text as audio making it multifunctional.
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Neves, José Luis, and Eby G. Friedman. "Automated Synthesis of Skew-Based Clock Distribution Networks." VLSI Design 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/72951.
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In this paper a top-down methodology is presented for synthesizing clock distribution networks based on application-dependent localized clock skew. The methodology is divided into four phases: 1) determination of an optimal clock skew schedule for improving circuit performance and reliability; 2) design of the topology of the clock tree based on the circuit hierarchy and minimum clock path delays; 3) design of circuit structures to implement the delay values associated with the branches of the clock tree; and 4) design of the geometric layout of the clock distribution network. Algorithms to determine an optimal clock skew schedule, the optimal clock delay to each register, the network topology, and the buffer circuit dimensions are presented.The clock distribution network is implemented at the circuit level in CMOS technology and a design strategy based on this technology is presented to implement the individual branch delays. The minimum number of inverters required to implement the branch delays is determined, while preserving the polarity of the clock signal. The clock lines are transformed from distributed resistive-capacitive interconnect lines into purely capacitive interconnect lines by partitioning the RC interconnect lines with inverting repeaters. The inverters are specified by the geometric size of the transistors, the slope of the ramp shaped input/output waveform, and the output load capacitance. The branch delay model integrates an inverter delay model with an interconnect delay model. Maximum errors of less than 2.5% for the delay of the clock paths and 4% for the clock skew between any two registers belonging to the same global data path are obtained as compared with SPICE Level-3.
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Wang, Shuyu, Mingxin Zhao, Runjiang Dou, Shuangming Yu, Liyuan Liu, and Nanjian Wu. "A Compact High-Quality Image Demosaicking Neural Network for Edge-Computing Devices." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 3265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093265.
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Image demosaicking has been an essential and challenging problem among the most crucial steps of image processing behind image sensors. Due to the rapid development of intelligent processors based on deep learning, several demosaicking methods based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) have been proposed. However, it is difficult for their networks to run in real-time on edge computing devices with a large number of model parameters. This paper presents a compact demosaicking neural network based on the UNet++ structure. The network inserts densely connected layer blocks and adopts Gaussian smoothing layers instead of down-sampling operations before the backbone network. The densely connected blocks can extract mosaic image features efficiently by utilizing the correlation between feature maps. Furthermore, the block adopts depthwise separable convolutions to reduce the model parameters; the Gaussian smoothing layer can expand the receptive fields without down-sampling image size and discarding image information. The size constraints on the input and output images can also be relaxed, and the quality of demosaicked images is improved. Experiment results show that the proposed network can improve the running speed by 42% compared with the fastest CNN-based method and achieve comparable reconstruction quality as it on four mainstream datasets. Besides, when we carry out the inference processing on the demosaicked images on typical deep CNN networks, Mobilenet v1 and SSD, the accuracy can also achieve 85.83% (top 5) and 75.44% (mAP), which performs comparably to the existing methods. The proposed network has the highest computing efficiency and lowest parameter number through all methods, demonstrating that it is well suitable for applications on modern edge computing devices.
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Minh Khuong, Phuong, Russell McKenna, and Wolf Fichtner. "A Cost-Effective and Transferable Methodology for Rooftop PV Potential Assessment in Developing Countries." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102501.
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The efficient uptake of decentralized solar rooftop photovoltaics (PV) is in some cases hindered by ineffective energy and political framework conditions. These may be based on inaccurate and uncertain potential assessments in the early development stage of the solar market. This paper develops a more accurate, cost-effective, and robust potential assessment for emerging and developing economies. Adjusting the module efficiency corresponding to regional and household conditions improves the output accuracy. The rooftop PV market changes are simulated regarding different input changes and policy designs, including changing the Feed-In Tariff (FIT), grid tariff, and technology development. In the case study, the market potential in Vietnam is estimated at 260–280 TWh/a and is clustered into six groups in priority order, in which Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh need the most policy focus. Changing the FIT from 8.83 to 9 Euro cent/kWh and using different regional FITs can activate an additional 16% of the market and lead to a possible 28 million Euro benefit. Increasing the grid tariff to 8.7 cents/kWh could activate the self-consumption model, and the self-sufficient market can be guaranteed in the case of CAPEX and OPEX being lower than 650 Euro/kWp. Future developments of the method should focus on combining this top-down method with detailed bottom-up approaches.
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Holden, P. B., N. R. Edwards, D. Gerten, and S. Schaphoff. "A model-based constraint of CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 27, 2012): 9425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-9425-2012.
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Abstract. We derive a constraint on the strength of CO2 fertilisation of the terrestrial biosphere through a "top-down" approach, calibrating Earth System Model parameters constrained only by the post-industrial increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. We derive a probabilistic prediction for the globally averaged strength of CO2 fertilisation in nature, implicitly net of other limiting factors such as nutrient availability. The approach yields an estimate that is independent of CO2 enrichment experiments and so provides a new constraint that can in principal be combined with data-driven priors. To achieve this, an essential requirement was the incorporation of a Land Use Change (LUC) scheme into the GENIE earth system model, which we describe in full. Using output from a 671-member ensemble of transient GENIE simulations we build an emulator of the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration change over the preindustrial period (1850 to 2000). We use this emulator to sample the 28-dimensional input parameter space. A Bayesian calibration of the emulator output suggests that the increase in Gross Primary Productivity in response of a doubling of CO2 from preindustrial values is likely to lie in the range 11 to 53%, with a most likely value of 28%. The present-day land-atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated at −0.6 GTC yr−1 (likely in the range 0.9 to −2.0 GTC yr−1). The present-day land-ocean flux (1990–2000) is estimated at −2.2 GTC yr−1 (likely in the range −1.6 to −2.8 GTC yr−1). We estimate cumulative net land emissions over the post-industrial period (land use change emissions net of the CO2 fertilisation sink) to be 37 GTC, likely to lie in the range 130 to −20 GTC.
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Chambers, Brendan, and Jason N. MacLean. "Multineuronal activity patterns identify selective synaptic connections under realistic experimental constraints." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 1837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00429.2015.
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Structured multineuronal activity patterns within local neocortical circuitry are strongly linked to sensory input, motor output, and behavioral choice. These reliable patterns of pairwise lagged firing are the consequence of connectivity since they are not present in rate-matched but unconnected Poisson nulls. It is important to relate multineuronal patterns to their synaptic underpinnings, but it is unclear how effectively statistical dependencies in spiking between neurons identify causal synaptic connections. To assess the feasibility of mapping function onto structure we used a network model that showed a diversity of multineuronal activity patterns and replicated experimental constraints on data acquisition. Using an iterative Bayesian inference algorithm, we detected a select subset of monosynaptic connections substantially more precisely than correlation-based inference, a common alternative approach. We found that precise inference of synaptic connections improved with increasing numbers of diverse multineuronal activity patterns in contrast to increased observations of a single pattern. Surprisingly, neuronal spiking was most effective and precise at revealing causal synaptic connectivity when the lags considered by the iterative Bayesian algorithm encompassed the timescale of synaptic conductance and integration (∼10 ms), rather than synaptic transmission time (∼2 ms), highlighting the importance of synaptic integration in driving postsynaptic spiking. Last, strong synaptic connections were detected preferentially, underscoring their special importance in cortical computation. Even after simulating experimental constraints, top down approaches to cortical connectivity, from function to structure, identify synaptic connections underlying multineuronal activity. These select connections are closely tied to cortical processing.
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Grassian, David, and Daniel Olsen. "Lifecycle Energy Accounting of Three Small Offshore Oil Fields." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142731.
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Small oil fields are expected to play an increasingly prominent role in the delivery of global crude oil production. As such, the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) parameter for three small offshore fields are investigated following a well-documented methodology, which is comprised of a “bottom-up” estimate for lifting and drilling energy and a “top-down” estimate for construction energy. EROI is the useable energy output divided by the applied energy input, and in this research, subscripts for “lifting”, “drilling”, and “construction” are used to differentiate the types of input energies accounted for in the EROI ratio. The EROILifting time series data for all three fields exhibits a decreasing trend with values that range from more than 300 during early life to less than 50 during latter years. The EROILifting parameter appears to follow an exponentially decreasing trend, rather than a linear trend, which is aligned with an exponential decline of production. EROILifting is also found to be inversely proportional to the lifting costs, as calculated in USD/barrel of crude oil. Lifting costs are found to range from 0.5 dollars per barrel to 4.5 dollars per barrel. The impact of utilizing produced gas is clearly beneficial and can lead to a reduction of lifting costs by as much as 50% when dual fuel generators are employed, and more than 90% when gas driven generators are utilized. Drilling energy is found to decrease as the field ages, due to a reduction in drilling intensity after the initial production wells are drilled. The drilling energy as a percentage of the yearly energy applied is found to range from 3% to 8%. As such, the EROILifting+Drilling value for all three fields approaches EROILifting as the field life progresses and the drilling intensity decreases. The construction energy is found to range from 25% to 63% of the total applied energy over the life of the field.
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Holden, P. B., N. R. Edwards, D. Gerten, and S. Schaphoff. "A model-based constraint on CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation." Biogeosciences 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2013): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-339-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We derive a constraint on the strength of CO2 fertilisation of the terrestrial biosphere through a "top-down" approach, calibrating Earth system model parameters constrained by the post-industrial increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. We derive a probabilistic prediction for the globally averaged strength of CO2 fertilisation in nature, for the period 1850 to 2000 AD, implicitly net of other limiting factors such as nutrient availability. The approach yields an estimate that is independent of CO2 enrichment experiments. To achieve this, an essential requirement was the incorporation of a land use change (LUC) scheme into the GENIE Earth system model. Using output from a 671-member ensemble of transient GENIE simulations, we build an emulator of the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration change since the preindustrial period. We use this emulator to sample the 28-dimensional input parameter space. A Bayesian calibration of the emulator output suggests that the increase in gross primary productivity (GPP) in response to a doubling of CO2 from preindustrial values is very likely (90% confidence) to exceed 20%, with a most likely value of 40–60%. It is important to note that we do not represent all of the possible contributing mechanisms to the terrestrial sink. The missing processes are subsumed into our calibration of CO2 fertilisation, which therefore represents the combined effect of CO2 fertilisation and additional missing processes. If the missing processes are a net sink then our estimate represents an upper bound. We derive calibrated estimates of carbon fluxes that are consistent with existing estimates. The present-day land–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated at −0.7 GTC yr−1 (likely, 66% confidence, in the range 0.4 to −1.7 GTC yr−1). The present-day ocean–atmosphere flux (1990–2000) is estimated to be −2.3 GTC yr−1 (likely in the range −1.8 to −2.7 GTC yr−1). We estimate cumulative net land emissions over the post-industrial period (land use change emissions net of the CO2 fertilisation and climate sinks) to be 66 GTC, likely to lie in the range 0 to 128 GTC.
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Leung, Debbie, Andreas Winter, and Nengkun Yu. "LOCC protocols with bounded width per round optimize convex functions." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 33, no. 05 (January 30, 2021): 2150013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x21500136.
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We start with the task of discriminating finitely many multipartite quantum states using LOCC protocols, with the goal to optimize the probability of correctly identifying the state. We provide two different methods to show that finitely many measurement outcomes in every step are sufficient for approaching the optimal probability of discrimination. In the first method, each measurement of an optimal LOCC protocol, applied to a [Formula: see text]-dimensional local system, is replaced by one with at most [Formula: see text] outcomes, without changing the probability of success. In the second method, we decompose any LOCC protocol into a convex combination of a number of “slim protocols” in which each measurement applied to a [Formula: see text]-dimensional local system has at most [Formula: see text] outcomes. To maximize any convex functions in LOCC (including the probability of state discrimination or fidelity of state transformation), an optimal protocol can be replaced by the best slim protocol in the convex decomposition without using shared randomness. For either method, the bound on the number of outcomes per measurement is independent of the global dimension, the number of parties, the depth of the protocol, how deep the measurement is located, and applies to LOCC protocols with infinite rounds, and the “measurement compression” can be done “top-down” — independent of later operations in the LOCC protocol. The second method can be generalized to implement LOCC instruments with finitely many classical outcomes: if the instrument has [Formula: see text] coarse-grained final measurement outcomes, global input dimension [Formula: see text] and global output dimension [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] conditioned on the [Formula: see text]th outcome, then one can obtain the instrument as a convex combination of no more than [Formula: see text] slim protocols; that is, [Formula: see text] bits of shared randomness suffice.
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Sabah, Katrina, Nachshon Meiran, and Gesine Dreisbach. "Examining the Trainability and Transferability of Working-Memory Gating Policies." Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 5, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41465-021-00205-8.
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AbstractInternal working memory (WM) gating control policies have been suggested to constitute a critical component of task-sets that can be learned and transferred to very similar task contexts (Bhandari and Badre (Cognition, 172, 33–43, 2018). Here, we attempt to expand these findings, examining whether such control policies can be also trained and transferred to other untrained cognitive control tasks, namely to task switching and AX-CPT. To this end, a context-processing WM task was used for training, allowing to manipulate either input (i.e., top-down selective entry of information into WM) or output (i.e., bottom-up selective retrieval of WM) gating control policies by employing either a context-first (CF) or context-last (CL) task structure, respectively. In this task, two contextual cues were each associated with two different stimuli. In CF condition, each trial began with a contextual cue, determining which of the two subsequent stimuli is target relevant. In contrast, in the CL condition the contextual cue appeared last, preceded by a target and non-target stimulus successively. Participants completed a task switching baseline assessment, followed by one practice and six training blocks with the WM context-processing training task. After completing training, task-switching and AX-CPT transfer blocks were administrated, respectively. As hypothesized, compared to CL training condition, CF training led to improved task-switching performance. However, contrary to our predictions, training type did not influence AX-CPT performance. Taken together, the current results provide further evidence that internal control policies are (1) inherent element of task-sets, also in task switching and (2) independent of S-R mappings. However, these results need to be cautiously interpreted due to baseline differences in task-switching performance between the conditions (overall slower RTs in the CF condition). Importantly though, our results open a new venue for the realm of cognitive enhancement, pointing here for the first time to the potential of control policies training in promoting wider transfer effects.
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Zhang, Lianma, Dazhuan Ge, Pan Sun, and Dongqi Sun. "The Transition Mechanism and Revitalization Path of Rural Industrial Land from a Spatial Governance Perspective: The Case of Shunde District, China." Land 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070746.
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The transition of rural industrial land has a critical role to play in rural revitalization. The study of rural spatial governance is an important starting point for analyzing the processes and exploring the paths through which the transition of rural industrial land takes place. This study takes the case of Shunde District, China, a typical semi-urbanized area, as its research object and constructs an analytical framework for rural industrial land transition based on spatial governance; it uses this case to conduct an analysis of the spatiotemporal processes and dilemmas involved in rural industrial land transition. Hengding Industrial Park is taken as a specific example to study how the processes and mechanisms involved in the transition of rural industrial land work in practice from a spatial governance perspective, and the path of rural revitalization based on rural spatial governance is discussed. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the fragmentation of rural space, the difficulty of renewing rural industrial land, the chaos of ownership, and the incomplete mechanism of the differentiation and game of multiple subjects, are the main obstacles in the process of rural industrial land transition in Shunde District; (2) since the 1990s, the rural industrial land dominant morphology—including quantity, structure, and so on—and the recessive morphology, including property rights, organizational systems, and input–output efficiency, have all undergone significant changes; (3) the comprehensive governance of rural space under the analytical framework of “matter-ownership-organization,” is an important starting point for analyzing the process of transition of rural industrial land. The “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, combining rural spatial governance strategy and the effective participation of multiple subjects, are important means of promoting the transition of rural industrial land; (4) rural spatial governance is conducive to promoting the transition of rural land use and the healthy development of rural space. The experience of semi-urbanized regions with rural revitalization is of vital significance for other regions.
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Holly, Jan E., and Gin McCollum. "Constructive perception of self-motion." Journal of Vestibular Research 18, no. 5-6 (April 1, 2009): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2008-185-602.
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This review focusses attention on a ragged edge of our knowledge of self-motion perception, where understanding ends but there are experimental results to indicate that present approaches to analysis are inadequate. Although self-motion perception displays processes of "top-down" construction, it is typically analyzed as if it is nothing more than a deformation of the stimulus, using a "bottom-up" and input/output approach beginning with the transduction of the stimulus. Analysis often focusses on the extent to which passive transduction of the movement stimulus is accurate. Some perceptual processes that deform or transform the stimulus arise from the way known properties of sensory receptors contribute to perceptual accuracy or inaccuracy. However, further constructive processes in self-motion perception that involve discrete transformations are not well understood. We introduce constructive perception with a linguistic example which displays familiar discrete properties, then look closely at self-motion perception. Examples of self-motion perception begin with cases in which constructive processes transform particular properties of the stimulus. These transformations allow the nervous system to compose whole percepts of movement; that is, self-motion perception acts at a whole-movement level of analysis, rather than passively transducing individual cues. These whole-movement percepts may be paradoxical. In addition, a single stimulus may give rise to multiple perceptions. After reviewing self-motion perception studies, we discuss research methods for delineating principles of the constructed perception of self-motion. The habit of viewing self-motion illusions only as continuous deformations of the stimulus may be blinding the field to other perceptual phenomena, including those best characterized using the mathematics of discrete transformations or mathematical relationships relating sensory modalities in novel, sometimes discrete ways. Analysis of experiments such as these is required to mathematically formalize elements of self-motion perception, the transformations they may undergo, consistency principles, and logical structure underlying multiplicity of perceptions. Such analysis will lead to perceptual rules analogous to those recognized in visual perception.
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Seo, Jinseok, and Gerard Jounghyun Kim. "Design for Presence: A Structured Approach to Virtual Reality System Design." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, no. 4 (August 2002): 378–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474602760204291.
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The development and maintenance of a virtual reality (VR) system requires indepth knowledge and understanding in many different disciplines. Three major features that distinguish VR systems are real-time performance while maintaining acceptable realism and presence, objects with two clearly distinct yet inter-related aspects like geometry/structure and function/behavior, and the still experimental nature of multi-modal interaction design. Until now, little attention has been paid to methods and tools for the structured development of VR software that addresses these features. Many VR application development projects proceed by modeling needed objects on conventional CAD systems, then programming the system using simulation packages. Usually, these activities are carried out without much planning, which may be acceptable for only small-scale or noncritical demonstration systems. However, for VR to be taken seriously as a media technology, a structural approach to developing VR applications is required for the construction of large-scale VR worlds, and this will undoubtedly involve and require complex resource management, abstractions for basic system/object functionalities and interaction tasks, and integration and easy plug-ins of different input and output methods. In this paper, we assembled a comprehensive structured methodology for building VR systems, called CLEVR (Concurrent and LEvel by Level Development of VR System), which combines several conventional and new concepts. For instance, we employ concepts such as the simultaneous consideration of form, function, and behavior, hierarchical modeling and top-down creation of LODs (levels of detail), incremental execution and performance tuning, user task and interaction modeling, and compositional reuse of VR objects. The basic underlying modeling approach is to design VR objects (and the scenes they compose) hierarchically and incrementally, considering their realism, presence, behavioral correctness, performance, and even usability in a spiral manner. To support this modeling strategy, we developed a collection of computeraided tools called P-VoT (POSTECH-Virtual reality system development Tool). We demonstrate our approach by illustrating a step-by-step design of a virtual ship simulator using the CLEVR/P-VoT, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in terms of the quality (performance and correctness) of the resulting software and reduced effort in its development and maintenance.
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Freeman, Walter J. "A Neurobiological Theory of Meaning in Perception Part I: Information and Meaning in Nonconvergent and Nonlocal Brain Dynamics." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13, no. 09 (September 2003): 2493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127403008144.
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The aim of this tutorial is to document a novel approach to brain function, in which the key to understanding is the capacity of brains for self-organization. The property that distinguishes animals from plants is the capacity for directed movement through the environment, which requires an organ capable of organizing information about the environment and predicting the consequences of self-initiated actions. The operations of predicting, planning acting, detecting, and learning comprise the process of intentionality by which brains construct meaning. The currency of brains is primarily meaning and only secondarily information. The information processing metaphor has dominated neurocognitive research for half a century. Brains certainly process information for input and output. They pre-process sensory stimuli before constructing meaning, and they post-process cognitive read-out to control appropriate action and express meaning. Neurobiologists have thoroughly documented sensory information processing bottom-up, and neuropsychologists have analyzed the later stages of cognition top-down, as they are expressed in behavior. However, a grasp of the intervening process of perception, in which meaning forms, requires detailed analysis and modeling of neural activity that is observed in brains during meaningful behavior of humans and other animals. Unlike computers, brains function hierarchically. Sensory and motor information is inferred from pulses of microscopic axons. Meaning is inferred from local mean fields of dendrites in mesoscopic and macroscopic populations. This tutorial is aimed to introduce engineers to an experimental basis for a theory of meaning, in terms of the nonlinear dynamics of the mass actions of large neural populations that construct meaning. The focus is on the higher frequency ranges of cortical oscillations. Part I introduces background on information, meaning and oscillatory activity (EEG). Part II details the properties of wave packets. Part III describes the covariance structure of the oscillations. Part IV addresses the amplitude modulations, and Part V deals with the phase modulations. The significance of a theory of meaning lies in applications using population neurodynamics, to open new approaches for treatment of clinical brain disorders, and to devise new machines with capacities for autonomy and intelligence that might approach those of simpler free-living animals.
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Goodland, Robert J. A., Herman E. Daly, and Salah El Serafy. "The Urgent Need for Rapid Transition to Global Environmental Sustainability." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023481.
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This paper outlines the concept of environmental sustain-ability (ES), shows why it is important to make it a top-priority goal, and why that will be difficult to attain but essential. The ES equation of impact = population × affluence × technology, is outlined. When the world approaches stability in both population size and the throughput of energy and materials per unit of production, we may indeed be approaching sustainability. As the world's population is apt to double every 40 years, and as only a few countries (e.g. Japan and Sweden) have managed so far to reduce the energy intensity of production, we are hurtling away from sustainability rather than even approaching it. Environmental sustainability can be approached by implementing four priorities: first, by using sound microeconomic means; second, by using sound macroeconomics to differentiate between use and liquidation of natural capital by means of environmental accounting; third, by using environmental assessment to incorporate environmental costs into project appraisal; and fourth—until the first three become fully achieved—by following operational guidelines for sustainability. Thus:1) Sound Microeconomic Means involve: (1) Getting the prices right: to reflect full social marginal opportunity cost; use the ‘full cost’ principle, or the ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach. (2) Repealing perverse fiscal incentives. (3) Strengthening the ‘polluter pays’ principles. (4) Including non-monetary values in project justification. (5) Adopting the transparency principle that markets can function efficiently only if relevant information is available at low cost. This involves the participation of people in decisions affecting them, and advertising who is polluting what and by how much.2) Sound Macroeconomics by Environmental Accounting is essential to discern decapitalization and to shift to using income rather than drawing down capital assets. Environmental accounting clarifies what is liquidation of natural capital from what is income. This is essential because decapitalization is frequently confused as income. Environmental accounting warns us when liquidation of potentially renewable resources exceeds their regeneration rates, such as in many forests.3) Environmental Assessment is part of the project selection process. The purpose of EA is to ensure that the development options under consideration are environmentally sustainable. Any environmental consequences should be addressed in project selection, planning, siting, and design. EAs identify ways of preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for, adverse impacts.4) Sustainability Guidelines: Until the first three rules are heeded and duly acted on, the following guidelines will be necessary: 1, Output Rule:—waste emissions from a project should be within the assimilative capacity of the local environment to absorb without unacceptable de-gradation of its future waste-absorptive capacity; and 2, Input Guide:—harvest rates or renewable resource inputs should be within regenerative capacity of the natural system that generates them. Depletion rates of non-renewable resource inputs should not exceed the rate at which renewable substitutes are developed by human invention and investment.
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Bousta, Abderrahmane, Sabrina Bondu, Alexandre Houy, Nicolas Cagnard, Carine Lefevre, Delphine Bernard, Marc-Henri Stern, Michaela Fontenay, and Olivier Kosmider. "Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing Datasets Analyses of MDS with Ring Sideroblasts Highlight Alternative Branchpoint Usage in Genes Involved in Iron Metabolism and Erythropoiesis." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1972.1972.
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Abstract Introduction SF3B1 hotspot mutations are associated with various cancers like uveal melanoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS). These mutations affect RNA splicing by the use of alternative branchpoints resulting in an aberrant 3' splice site (ss) selection. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyzed to quantify exon-exon junctions identified aberrantly spliced transcripts in target genes, and half of them are predicted to be degraded by non-sense mediated decay. For this reason, target genes in SF3B1-mutated MDS remain partially characterized. In the present study, we performed deep RNA-seq analysis of bone marrow mononuclear cells in low/int-1 MDS with SF3B1 mutations to identify aberrant/cryptic splicing events among up or down-regulated gene sets. Methods SF3B1 MUT MDS (n=21) were compared to 6 SF3B1WT cases and 5 controls. Analysis of RNA-seq read count was performed using the Voom method associated with the Limma empirical Bayes analysis pipeline (https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r29). Up or downregulated gene sets were identified using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA, false discovery rate<0.1). Gene expression profiling data (Affymetrix Hu2.0) were also available for 26/27 patient samples. TopHat (v2.0.6) was used to align the reads against the human reference genome Hg19 RefSeq (RNA sequences, GRCh37) downloaded from the UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu). Read counts for splicing junctions from junctions.bed TopHat output were considered for a differential analysis using DESeq2. Only alternative acceptor splice sites (two or more 3′ss with junctions to the same 5′ss) and alternative donor splice sites (two or more 5′ss with junctions to the same 3′ss) with P-values ≤10−5 (Benjamini-Hochberg) and absolute Log2 (fold change) ≥1 were considered. Results Principal component analysis (PCA) nicely discriminated controls from patients, and patients according to the presence of a SF3B1 mutation. A set of 6971 genes was differently expressed (P- value<0.05) between SF3B1MUT and SF3B1WT cases and allows unsupervised clustering in two separated groups (Fig. 1). Distinct gene sets also discriminated SF3B1MUT or SF3B1WT from controls. Consistent with increased amount of erythroblasts in MDS-RS bone marrows, a set of erythroid genes including several genes involved in hemebiosynthesis pathway (ALAD, UROS, ALAS2, UROD) was significantly enriched in SF3B1MUT samples. Genes selected for their involvement in the core iron-sulfur cluster mitochondrial machinery (FXN, BOLA3, FDXR, GLRX5, ISCA2, NFS1, ISCU), the iron binding and trafficking (SLC25A38, ABCB10, TFR2, SLC25A37, ABCB6, FAM132B, SLC25A39, FTH1) and the cellular iron homeostasis (ACO1, ACO2, GLRX3) were also significantly enriched (FDR<10% and nominal P-value<0.05) when input in GSEA. Moreover, other enriched gene sets were G2M checkpoint, MYC targets, oxidative phosphorylation and E2F targets. All of these observations were similarly obtained when analyzing Affymetrix data. Furthermore SF3B1MUT samples with a K700E substitution harbored a specific pattern of deregulated genes, which allowed the ordering of SF3B1MUT samples according to the type of substitution. As previously reported by AlsafadiS et al (2016), analysis of splice junctions using DESeq2 revealed an overall high level of differences between SF3B1MUT and SF3B1WTsamples. Among more than 540 differentially spliced junctions, more than 80% involved an aberrant acceptor (3'ss) site. As determined by PCA, the top 50 genes associated with relevant aberrant junctions were linked to iron metabolism or erythropoiesis and differentially expressed between SF3B1MUT and SF3B1WTsamples. Conclusion In this study, we combined robust analyses of gene expression and aberrantly spliced transcript expression in MDS with SF3B1 mutation. By comparing SF3B1MUTversus SF3B1WT samples, we identified a set of deregulated genes in which both normally and aberrantly spliced transcripts were detected that could contribute to the physiopathology of MDS-RS. Figure 1 Hierarchical clustering and heatmapshowing differentially expressed genes (P-value<0.05) between SF3B1MUT (n=21, black) and SF3B1WT samples (n=6, grey) Ref. Alsafadi S et al. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 4;7:10615. Figure 1. Hierarchical clustering and heatmapshowing differentially expressed genes (P-value<0.05) between SF3B1MUT (n=21, black) and SF3B1WT samples (n=6, grey) Ref. Alsafadi S et al. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 4;7:10615. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ghorani, M., and S. Garhwal. "A minimization algorithm for fuzzy top-down tree automata over lattices." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, December 7, 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201298.
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In this paper, we study fuzzy top-down tree automata over lattices ( LTA s , for short). The purpose of this contribution is to investigate the minimization problem for LTA s . We first define the concept of statewise equivalence between two LTA s . Thereafter, we show the existence of the statewise minimal form for an LTA . To this end, we find a statewise irreducible LTA which is equivalent to a given LTA . Then, we provide an algorithm to find the statewise minimal LTA and by a theorem, we show that the output statewise minimal LTA is statewise equivalent to the given input. Moreover, we compute the time complexity of the given algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be applied to any given LTA and, unlike some minimization algorithms given in the literature, the input doesn’t need to be a complete, deterministic, or reduced lattice-valued tree automaton. Finally, we provide some examples to show the efficiency of the presented algorithm.
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Garcia del Molino, Luis Carlos, Guangyu Robert Yang, Jorge F. Mejias, and Xiao-Jing Wang. "Paradoxical response reversal of top-down modulation in cortical circuits with three interneuron types." eLife 6 (December 19, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.29742.
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Pyramidal cells and interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) show cell-type-specific connectivity patterns leading to a canonical microcircuit across cortex. Experiments recording from this circuit often report counterintuitive and seemingly contradictory findings. For example, the response of SST cells in mouse V1 to top-down behavioral modulation can change its sign when the visual input changes, a phenomenon that we call response reversal. We developed a theoretical framework to explain these seemingly contradictory effects as emerging phenomena in circuits with two key features: interactions between multiple neural populations and a nonlinear neuronal input-output relationship. Furthermore, we built a cortical circuit model which reproduces counterintuitive dynamics observed in mouse V1. Our analytical calculations pinpoint connection properties critical to response reversal, and predict additional novel types of complex dynamics that could be tested in future experiments.
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Hanson, Elizabeth, Katie L. Brandel-Ankrapp, and Benjamin R. Arenkiel. "Dynamic Cholinergic Tone in the Basal Forebrain Reflects Reward-Seeking and Reinforcement During Olfactory Behavior." Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 15 (February 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.635837.
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Sensory perception underlies how we internalize and interact with the external world. In order to adapt to changing circumstances and interpret signals in a variety of contexts, sensation needs to be reliable, but perception of sensory input needs to be flexible. An important mediator of this flexibility is top-down regulation from the cholinergic basal forebrain. Basal forebrain projection neurons serve as pacemakers and gatekeepers for downstream neural networks, modulating circuit activity across diverse neuronal populations. This top-down control is necessary for sensory cue detection, learning, and memory, and is disproportionately disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive decline. Intriguingly, cholinergic signaling acts locally within the basal forebrain to sculpt the activity of basal forebrain output neurons. To determine how local cholinergic signaling impacts basal forebrain output pathways that participate in top-down regulation, we sought to define the dynamics of cholinergic signaling within the basal forebrain during motivated behavior and learning. Toward this, we utilized fiber photometry and the genetically encoded acetylcholine indicator GAChR2.0 to define temporal patterns of cholinergic signaling in the basal forebrain during olfactory-guided, motivated behaviors and learning. We show that cholinergic signaling reliably increased during reward seeking behaviors, but was strongly suppressed by reward delivery in a go/no-go olfactory-cued discrimination task. The observed transient reduction in cholinergic tone was mirrored by a suppression in basal forebrain GABAergic neuronal activity. Together, these findings suggest that cholinergic tone in the basal forebrain changes rapidly to reflect reward-seeking behavior and positive reinforcement and may impact downstream circuitry that modulates olfaction.