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Journal articles on the topic 'Top-down and bottom-up approaches'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Wanke, Peter, and Eduardo Saliby. "Top-down or bottom-up forecasting?" Pesquisa Operacional 27, no. 3 (2007): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382007000300010.

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The operations literature continues on inconclusive as to the most appropriate sales forecasting approach (Top-Down or Bottom-up) for the determination of safety inventory levels. This paper presents the analytical results for the variance of the sales forecasting errors during the lead-time in both approaches. The forecasting method used was the Simple Exponential Smoothing and the results led to the identification of two supplementary impacts upon the forecasting error variance, and consequently, upon safety inventory levels: the Portfolio Effect and the Anchoring Effect. The first depends upon the correlation coefficient of demand between two individual items and the latter, depends upon the smoothing constant and upon the participation of the individual item in total sales. It is also analysed under which conditions these variables would favour one forecasting approach instead of the other.

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2

Klint Jensen, K. "Sustainability and Uncertainty: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (January 2007): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.853.

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3

Casazza, Chiara, and Stefano Pianigiani. "Bottom-Up and Top Down Approaches for Urban Agriculture." Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 49–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/civej.2016.3204.

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4

Wilson, Piers. "“Top-down” versus “Bottom-up” – Different approaches to security." Network Security 2003, no. 12 (December 2003): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(03)00012-6.

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Mogil, Jeffrey S., and Kenneth E. McCarson. "Identifying pain genes: Bottom-up and top-down approaches." Journal of Pain 1, no. 3 (September 2000): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jpai.2000.9821.

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McVittie, Fred. "Top-down and bottom-up approaches to actor training." Journal of Visual Art Practice 6, no. 2 (October 3, 2007): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jvap.6.2.155_1.

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7

Allen, Colin, Iva Smit, and Wendell Wallach. "Artificial Morality: Top-down, Bottom-up, and Hybrid Approaches." Ethics and Information Technology 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-006-0004-4.

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8

Kaiser, Md Shahidulla. "Are Bottom-Up Approaches in Development More Effective than Top-Down Approaches?" Journal of Asian Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jassr.v2i1.20.

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This article analyzes both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of development interventions in the Global South with reference to historical backgrounds and particular case studies. It is a fact that channeling Western financial aid by using the top-down approach has not been successful when compared to the results of poverty reduction programs in poor Southern countries over the past decades. As a result, bottom-up institutions like NGOs and bottom-up development programs like microfinance emerged in the late 80s and have become popular across developing countries. However, recently, the performance of NGOs has been questioned and it is perceived that they have lost their roots. Moreover, the bottom-up NGOs seem unable to flourish further without financial aids although bottom-up development approaches seem to be more effective than top-down development approaches as they ensure people’s participation and right to choose. Hence, this article argues that no single development approach is more effective than another. In the globalized world, there are no scopes to justify isolation from each other since countries in the Global South still approach South-South Cooperation and also receive financial aid from the Northern donors. Although there are some gross failures of past top-down development approaches, then, not all the bottom-up approaches are fully successful. This article maintains that to ensure cohesive development works, the global world needs both development approaches.

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9

Fuchs, D., and M. Fuchs. "Cooperation between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theorem Provers." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 10 (March 1, 1999): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.573.

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Top-down and bottom-up theorem proving approaches each have specific advantages and disadvantages. Bottom-up provers profit from strong redundancy control but suffer from the lack of goal-orientation, whereas top-down provers are goal-oriented but often have weak calculi when their proof lengths are considered. In order to integrate both approaches, we try to achieve cooperation between a top-down and a bottom-up prover in two different ways: The first technique aims at supporting a bottom-up with a top-down prover. A top-down prover generates subgoal clauses, they are then processed by a bottom-up prover. The second technique deals with the use of bottom-up generated lemmas in a top-down prover. We apply our concept to the areas of model elimination and superposition. We discuss the ability of our techniques to shorten proofs as well as to reorder the search space in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in order to identify subgoal clauses and lemmas which are actually relevant for the proof task, we develop methods for a relevancy-based filtering. Experiments with the provers SETHEO and SPASS performed in the problem library TPTP reveal the high potential of our cooperation approaches.

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Chiacchio, Ferdinando, and Santo Motta. "Combining bottom–up and top–down approaches for knowledge discovery." Physics of Life Reviews 17 (July 2016): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2016.05.005.

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11

Connon, Che J. "Approaches to Corneal Tissue Engineering: Top-down or Bottom-up?" Procedia Engineering 110 (2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.004.

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12

Law, Gordon. "Action Research: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Supervision." Transactional Analysis Journal 37, no. 2 (April 2007): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215370703700204.

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13

Isakowitz, Tomás, Arnold Kamis, and Marios Koufaris. "Reconciling top-down and bottom-up design approaches in RMM." ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 29, no. 4 (September 1998): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/335505.335512.

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14

Linkov, Igor, Elke Anklam, Zachary A. Collier, Daniel DiMase, and Ortwin Renn. "Risk-based standards: integrating top–down and bottom–up approaches." Environment Systems and Decisions 34, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-014-9488-3.

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15

Eicken, Hajo, Finn Danielsen, Josephine-Mary Sam, Maryann Fidel, Noor Johnson, Michael K. Poulsen, Olivia A. Lee, et al. "Connecting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches in Environmental Observing." BioScience 71, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab018.

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Abstract Effective responses to rapid environmental change rely on observations to inform planning and decision-making. Reviewing literature from 124 programs across the globe and analyzing survey data for 30 Arctic community-based monitoring programs, we compare top-down, large-scale program driven approaches with bottom-up approaches initiated and steered at the community level. Connecting these two approaches and linking to Indigenous and local knowledge yields benefits including improved information products and enhanced observing program efficiency and sustainability. We identify core principles central to such improved links: matching observing program aims, scales, and ability to act on information; matching observing program and community priorities; fostering compatibility in observing methodology and data management; respect of Indigenous intellectual property rights and the implementation of free, prior, and informed consent; creating sufficient organizational support structures; and ensuring sustained community members’ commitment. Interventions to overcome challenges in adhering to these principles are discussed.

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M'hamdi, Ahmed, and Mohamed Nemiche. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Simulate Complex Social Phenomena." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2018040101.

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Social science research is concerned with the study of processes and phenomena in human societies, institutions and organizations. Social phenomena are complex due to many non-linear interactions between their elements. Social simulation represents a new paradigm for understanding social complexity with approaches that use advanced computational capabilities. The success of social simulation is largely due to its capability to test and validate hypotheses of social phenomena by the construction of virtual laboratories. This paper provides an introduction to social simulation and discusses approaches to model complex social phenomena.

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17

Perkel, D. "Complementary 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' approaches to basal ganglia function." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00156-2.

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18

Lee, Jeong Gu, Ho Young Yoon, Joon-Yung Cha, Woe-Yeon Kim, Pil Joo Kim, and Jong-Rok Jeon. "Artificial humification of lignin architecture: Top-down and bottom-up approaches." Biotechnology Advances 37, no. 8 (December 2019): 107416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107416.

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19

Clarke, David. "Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches." European Security 21, no. 4 (December 2012): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2012.656603.

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20

Lüthi, Stefan, Alain Thierstein, and Michael Hoyler. "The world city network: Evaluating top-down versus bottom-up approaches." Cities 72 (February 2018): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.09.006.

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21

Pissourios, Ioannis A. "Top-down and Bottom-up Urban and Regional Planning: Towards a Framework for the Use of Planning Standards." European Spatial Research and Policy 21, no. 1 (June 6, 2014): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/esrp-2014-0007.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ways that the top-down and the bottom-up approaches to planning can be combined in the practice of planning standards. In the first part, the paper examines the utilization of planning standards through time, while in the second part it aims to unravel the relationship between the use of planning standards and the top-down as well as the bottom-up planning approach. In the third part, the paper focuses on the limitations of bottom-up approaches, in order to demonstrate that they can only be used in a certain planning scale, leaving all other scales to top-down approaches. Last but not least, the paper proposes a framework for the use of planning standards in a combined top-down and bottom-up planning approach.

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22

SCHWEITZER, FRANK. "DESIGNING SYSTEMS BOTTOM UP: FACETS AND PROBLEMS." Advances in Complex Systems 23, no. 07 (November 2020): 2020001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525920200015.

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Systems design utilizes top-down and bottom-up approaches to influence social or economic systems such that a desired outcome is obtained. We characterize different approaches like network controllability, network interventions, nudging and mechanism design and discuss the problems involved. We argue that systems design cannot be reduced to solving complex optimization problems.

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23

Eastwood, Paul D., Sami Souissi, Stuart I. Rogers, Roger A. Coggan, and Craig J. Brown. "Mapping seabed assemblages using comparative top-down and bottom-up classification approaches." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-058.

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Acoustic technologies yield many benefits for mapping the physical structure of seabed environments but are not ideally suited to classifying associated biological assemblages. We tested this assumption using benthic infauna data collected off the south coast of England by applying top-down (supervised) and bottom-up (unsupervised) classification approaches. The top-down approach was based on an a priori acoustic classification of the seabed followed by characterization of the acoustic regions using ground-truth biological samples. By contrast, measures of similarity between the ground-truth infaunal community data formed the basis of the bottom-up approach to assemblage classification. For both approaches, individual assemblages were mapped by first computing Bayesian conditional probabilities for ground-truth stations to estimate the probability of each station belonging to an assemblage. Assemblage distributions were then interpolated over a regular grid and characterized using an indicator value index. While the two methods of classification yielded assemblages and output maps that were broadly comparable, the bottom-up approach arrived at a slightly better defined set of biological assemblages. This suggests that acoustically derived seabed data are not ideally suited to class ifying biological assemblages over unconsolidated sediments, despite offering considerable advantages in providing rapid and low-cost assessments of seabed physical structure.

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24

McGhee. "Integrating Christian Spirituality at Work: Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches." Religions 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10070433.

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This paper combines organizational and theological frameworks to address the integration of Christian spirituality at work (SAW). It begins with a brief explanation of SAW, followed by a more narrow description of Christian SAW. The paper then provides a snapshot of several integrative models from the SAW literature, after which it offers a new theological model of Christian SAW, noting that Christians want to contribute to God’s new creation while worshipping Him through their work. Both this and the models from the SAW literature are considered to be ‘top-down’ approaches in that they provide guidance for managers on how to integrate employee spirituality. The next section then provides new ‘bottom-up’ qualitative research exploring the underlying conditions that working Christians believe are required for enhancing their spirituality at work. The paper concludes by bringing these two approaches together to produce a new theoretical contribution on how best to integrate Christian SAW, and to achieve the benefits of doing so for an organization.

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25

Bullock, Roger. "Developing carers’ skills: the relationship between top-down and bottom-up approaches." Adoption & Fostering 41, no. 2 (July 2017): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308575917716385.

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26

Ishii, Kiyo, Junya Kurumida, Ken-ichi Sato, Tomohiro Kudoh, and Shu Namiki. "Unifying Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Evaluate Network Energy Consumption." Journal of Lightwave Technology 33, no. 21 (November 1, 2015): 4395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2015.2469145.

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27

Barr, Jordan G., Tiffany G. Troxler, and Raymond G. Najjar. "Understanding Coastal Carbon Cycling by Linking Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 95, no. 35 (September 2, 2014): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014eo350004.

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28

Lee, Jeong-Won, and Kyeong-Ok Yoon. "Alternative Vocabulary Learning Approaches in EFL Setting: Bottom-up or Top-down?" ENGLISH TEACHING 74, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15858/engtea.74.3.201909.141.

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29

Panda, Biswambhar. "Top Down or Bottom Up? A Study of Grassroots NGOs’ Approach." Journal of Health Management 9, no. 2 (May 2007): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340700900207.

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NGOs deploy multiple approaches to achieve their objectives. These may broadly be classified as bottom up and top down. While a bottom-up approach emphasises local decision making, community participation and grassroots mobilisation/movements, the top-down approach focuses on lobbying and bargaining with the decision-making authorities such as government agencies, building up of pressures through various campaign mechanisms, advocacy activities, etc. This article draws insights from the literature and begins with a discussion on approaches undertaken by grassroots NGOs to meet their objectives. At the outset, the article ponders over a set of questions such as whether grassroots NGOs essentially follow a bottom-up approach. If so, why? Do they also intend to establish rapport with the state officials and thereby have say in the decision-making process? If so, how do they pursue it? This article, however, operationalises the bottom-up approach in terms of an array of indicators such as awareness building efforts of NGOs, people's participation in different phases of projects, and people's involvement in creating people's institutions. Similarly, it defines top-down approach on the basis of indicators such as NGOs’ participation in advocacy activity, obtaining support from government authority and obtaining favourable court verdicts. Despite the rhetoric, this article conclusively finds that no grassroots NGO practices either a bottom-up or top-down approach exclusively.

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30

Mah'd, Osama. "Bottom-up rather than top-down: evidence from Middle Eastern and North African educational institutions." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 671–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2020-0008.

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PurposeEducational institutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are striving for better resource management and finance. The bottom-up budgeting approach plays an important role in motivating executives' performance. The main aim of this paper is to discover whether there is a significant difference between bottom-up and a top-down approaches to budgeting in terms of managers' performance.Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaires were distributed to 453 university executives in 21 MENA educational institutions. The Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized to test the difference between the three groups (bottom-up, top-down and consultative approaches). Further analysis was conducted to test the difference between the two groups using the Mann–Whitney test.FindingsThe results show that there is a significant difference between a bottom-up and top-down approach in terms of managerial performance. The study's findings indicate that the bottom-up approach to budgeting leads to higher performance indicators than a top-down approach to budgeting.Originality/valueThe current study contributes to the research as it increases awareness of budgeting approaches that are used in higher education institutions, specifically in terms of the effect of these differences on executives' performance.

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31

Oh, Duck-won. "Current Trend of Gait Rehabilitation After Stroke : Bottom-up Versus Top-down Approaches." Korean Journal of Neuromuscular Rehabilitation 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37851/kjnr.2020.10.2.7.

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32

Grix, Jonathan. "Competing approaches to the collapse of the GDR: ‘Top‐down’ vs ‘bottom‐up’." Journal of Area Studies 6, no. 13 (September 1998): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02613539808455836.

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33

Pillay, Ché S., Jan-Hendrik Hofmeyr, Lefentse N. Mashamaite, and Johann M. Rohwer. "From Top-Down to Bottom-Up: Computational Modeling Approaches for Cellular Redoxin Networks." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 18, no. 16 (June 2013): 2075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4771.

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34

Evans, Nicholas, Simon Bozonnet, Dong Wang, Corinne Fredouille, and Raphaël Troncy. "A Comparative Study of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Speaker Diarization." IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 20, no. 2 (February 2012): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2011.2159710.

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35

Wallach, Wendell, Colin Allen, and Iva Smit. "Machine morality: bottom-up and top-down approaches for modelling human moral faculties." AI & SOCIETY 22, no. 4 (March 9, 2007): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-007-0099-0.

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Pace, M. L., and J. J. Cole. "Comparative and experimental approaches to top-down and bottom-up regulation of bacteria." Microbial Ecology 28, no. 2 (September 1994): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00166807.

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37

Germain, Ronald N., Martin Meier-Schellersheim, Bastian Angermann, Frederick Klauschen, Fenghai Zhang, Marlene Brandes-Kuchen, Alex Garcia, et al. "PL2-1. Bottom-up and Top-Down Systems Biology Approaches to Understanding Immunity." Cytokine 56, no. 1 (October 2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.295.

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38

Kieu, My, Andrew D. Bagdanov, and Marco Bertini. "Bottom-up and Layerwise Domain Adaptation for Pedestrian Detection in Thermal Images." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418213.

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Pedestrian detection is a canonical problem for safety and security applications, and it remains a challenging problem due to the highly variable lighting conditions in which pedestrians must be detected. This article investigates several domain adaptation approaches to adapt RGB-trained detectors to the thermal domain. Building on our earlier work on domain adaptation for privacy-preserving pedestrian detection, we conducted an extensive experimental evaluation comparing top-down and bottom-up domain adaptation and also propose two new bottom-up domain adaptation strategies. For top-down domain adaptation, we leverage a detector pre-trained on RGB imagery and efficiently adapt it to perform pedestrian detection in the thermal domain. Our bottom-up domain adaptation approaches include two steps: first, training an adapter segment corresponding to initial layers of the RGB-trained detector adapts to the new input distribution; then, we reconnect the adapter segment to the original RGB-trained detector for final adaptation with a top-down loss. To the best of our knowledge, our bottom-up domain adaptation approaches outperform the best-performing single-modality pedestrian detection results on KAIST and outperform the state of the art on FLIR.

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Kunkel, Joseph G. "Modeling the calcium and phosphate mineralization of American lobster cuticle." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 11 (November 2013): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0034.

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Bottom-up modeling of American lobster (Homarus americanus) cuticle explains architecture and function ab initio, from first principles, starting with synthesis of component polymers and progressively building composite structure that should explain observed properties. A top-down perspective decomposes the lobster cuticle starting at the top level of structural complexity and function aiming to descend to the finest detail. Both approaches aim to ultimately model the same cuticle structure. Current bottom-up models of the cuticle do not succeed in explaining key structural and functional detail identified by top-down approaches. Top-down identified structures and associated functions are valuable as bases for potential vulnerabilities to microbial attack. An immediate objective is to inform the bottom-up approach of top-down identified model components critical to cuticle function. Top-down features include detail of protein expression and mineral heterogeneity and their function in observed structures. This function-directed approach provides a better understanding of the distribution and roles of minerals in relation to their immediate cuticle environment. The top-down identified features can hopefully be included in ab initio models to improve our understanding of cuticle design.

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Saito, Daisuke, and Tsuneo Yamaura. "A New Approach to Programming Language Education for Beginners with Top-Down Learning." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 3, S4 (December 1, 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v3is4.3216.

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There are two basic approaches in learning new programming language: a bottom-up approach and a top-down approach. It has been said that if a learner has already acquired one language, the top-down approach is more efficient to learn another while, for a person who has absolutely no knowledge of any programming languages; the bottom-up approach is preferable. The major problem of the bottom-up approach is that it requires longer period to acquire the language. For quicker learning, this paper applies a top-down approach for a beginners who has not yet acquired any programming languages.

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41

Nogami, Vitor Koki da Costa, and Andres Rodriguez Veloso. "Innovation in the subsistence marketplace: an analysis considering multiple concepts and approaches." Innovation & Management Review 18, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-12-2018-0092.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the different concepts of innovation in the subsistence marketplace from top-down and bottom-up approaches. This study analyzes the literature on the theme and identified research gaps by constructing a framework based on approaches and innovation concepts, which can guide future research efforts. Additionally, this paper presents two case studies, which can improve the way innovation is developed and diffused in the subsistence marketplace. Design/methodology/approach Through a literature review, this study develops a framework by analyzing innovation concepts in the subsistence marketplace (i.e. base of the pyramid innovation, disruptive innovation, frugal innovation, reverse innovation and inclusive innovation) in light of subsistence marketplace approaches (top-down and bottom-up). Findings The analysis showed critical research gaps, especially a lack of studies involving disruptive and frugal innovations from a bottom-up approach. This paper also concludes that the top-down approach is more common than the bottom-up one. To fill these gaps, this study presents two business plans by illustrating disruptive innovation vs bottom-up approach and frugal innovation vs bottom-up approach. Originality/value The use of real business plans to illustrate proposals having an actual impact on subsistence marketplace regions sheds light on how to address these challenges. By doing so, this paper intends to fill the theoretical gap in disruptive and frugal innovations within a bottom-up approach to promote the development and diffusion of different types of innovation in the subsistence marketplace, and thus provide solutions to alleviate poverty.

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JONES, PETER J. S. "Marine protected areas in the UK: challenges in combining top-down and bottom-up approaches to governance." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 3 (May 9, 2012): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000136.

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SUMMARYThis review outlines the policy frameworks for marine conservation zones (MCZs) and marine special areas of conservation (SACs), which are the main components of the emerging UK marine protected area (MPA) network. If current recommendations are implemented, the coverage of MPAs in English seas could rise to 27%. The governance challenges that this will raise are explored through case studies of MPA initiatives in south-west England. Whilst the initial processes by which MCZ recommendations have been developed provided for stakeholder participation (bottom-up), the main steer has been from central government (top-down). The subsequent designation and implementation of MCZs is likely to be more top-down. Marine SAC processes have, by contrast, been top-down from the outset. The fishing industry fears that more MPAs will lead to increasing restrictions, whilst conservationists fear that MPAs will not be sufficiently protected, potentially becoming paper MPAs. Both argue that the burden of proof should be placed on the other party. Such combinations of top-down (central government-led) and bottom-up (community and user-led) approaches and the related conflicts are typical of government-led MPAs in temperate countries that have higher governance capacities. Top-down approaches tend to dominate, but this does not mean that they cannot be combined with bottom-up approaches.

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43

Sabatier, Paul A. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: a Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003846.

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AbstractThis paper first reviews the implementation literature of the past fifteen years, with particular emphasis on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches. It also argues that the 4–6 year time-frame used in most implementation research misses many critical features of public policy-making. The paper then outlines a conceptual framework for examining policy change over a 10–20 year period which combines the best features of the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ approaches with insights from other literatures.

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Simanjuntak, Yogy, Kira Schamoni-Kast, Alice Grün, Charlotte Uetrecht, and Pietro Scaturro. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Proteomics Methods to Study RNA Virus Biology." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040668.

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RNA viruses cause a wide range of human diseases that are associated with high mortality and morbidity. In the past decades, the rise of genetic-based screening methods and high-throughput sequencing approaches allowed the uncovering of unique and elusive aspects of RNA virus replication and pathogenesis at an unprecedented scale. However, viruses often hijack critical host functions or trigger pathological dysfunctions, perturbing cellular proteostasis, macromolecular complex organization or stoichiometry, and post-translational modifications. Such effects require the monitoring of proteins and proteoforms both on a global scale and at the structural level. Mass spectrometry (MS) has recently emerged as an important component of the RNA virus biology toolbox, with its potential to shed light on critical aspects of virus–host perturbations and streamline the identification of antiviral targets. Moreover, multiple novel MS tools are available to study the structure of large protein complexes, providing detailed information on the exact stoichiometry of cellular and viral protein complexes and critical mechanistic insights into their functions. Here, we review top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry-based approaches in RNA virus biology with a special focus on the most recent developments in characterizing host responses, and their translational implications to identify novel tractable antiviral targets.

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Ingber, Lester. "Statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions: EEG eigenfunctions of short-term memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 3 (June 2000): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00273251.

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This commentary focuses on how bottom-up neocortical models can be developed into eigenfunction expansions of probability distributions appropriate to describe short-term memory in the context of scalp EEG. The mathematics of eigenfunctions are similar to the top-down eigenfunctions developed by Nunez, despite different physical manifestations. The bottom-up eigenfunctions are at the local mesocolumnar scale, whereas the top-down eigenfunctions are at the global regional scale. Our respective approaches have regions of substantial overlap, and future studies may expand top-down eigenfunctions into the bottom-up eigenfunctions, yielding a model of scalp EEG expressed in terms of columnar states of neocortical processing of attention and short-term memory.

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Nilsson, Sten, Matthias Jonas, Vladimir Stolbovoi, Anatoly Shvidenko, Michael Obersteiner, and Ian McCallum. "The Missing "Missing Sink"." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc791071-6.

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To assess CO2 fluxes of the terrestrial biosphere, ground-based inventories, flux measurements and bottom-up modeling approaches are used. In most cases inventory-based approaches are not able to produce a full carbon account (FCA). The FCA refers to a carbon budget that is complete, encompasses all components, and is applied continuously in time. Atmospheric inversion modeling implicitly measures the sum of all fluxes, meaning a FCA. Eddy-covariance measurements have huge variations and are difficult to scale up to regional and decadal levels. Bookkeeping up to more complex process-based models rely on land-use change estimates over time, which have large uncertainties. To overcome the accounting gap between top-down and bottom-up measurements, the IPCC introduced the terrestrial "missing sink" concept by taking long-term land-use changes into account to further break down the global carbon budget. IIASA has developed a bottom-up FCA approach that breaks down the terrestrial carbon balance of Russia for 1990 (1988–1992) resulting in a sink. This was then combined with the terrestrial sink strength of the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere (approximately > 30°N) determined via top-down atmospheric inversion. Using this approach, the remainder, the terrestrial sink strength of the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere without Russia, could then be determined with a relative uncertainty that is smaller (i.e., < 100%) than the uncertainties exhibited by inverse models. From the analysis it can be concluded that the "missing sink" issue can be reduced to an issue of relevant accounting due to the fact that the combined top-down/bottom-up approach does not identify any missing sink. Key words: carbon balance, flux, missing sink, inverse modeling, inventory approaches, full carbon accounting, top-down/bottom-up approaches, terrestrial ecosystems, Russia

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Gabe, J., S. Trowsdale, and R. Vale. "Achieving integrated urban water management: planning top-down or bottom-up?" Water Science and Technology 59, no. 10 (May 1, 2009): 1999–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.196.

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Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) acknowledges a broad range of environmental and socio-economic outcomes but the link between design intentions and operational performance is not always clear. This may be due in part to a lack of shared principles that remove bias and inconsistency in assessing the operational performance of IUWM. This paper investigates the possibility of developing shared principles through examination of shared objectives and shared indicators within two logical and integrated frameworks for urban residential developments that aspire for IUWM and sustainable development. The framework method was applied using very different approaches—one a top-down urban planning process, the other a bottom-up community consultation process. Both frameworks highlight the extent to which IUWM is part of a broad social and environmental system. Core environmental performance objectives and indicators were very similar, highlighting the potential to develop shared principles in reporting and benchmarking the environmental performance of neighbourhood developments. Socio-economic indicators were highly variable due to process and likely contextual differences, thus it is unclear if the influence of IUWM on these variables can transcend the social context unless the practice of urban water management can expand its core responsibility beyond “hard” physical infrastructure.

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Potter, Thomas D., Jos Tasche, and Mark R. Wilson. "Assessing the transferability of common top-down and bottom-up coarse-grained molecular models for molecular mixtures." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 4 (2019): 1912–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05889j.

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Routh, Jonathan C., Frederick D. Grant, Paul J. Kokorowski, Caleb P. Nelson, Frederic H. Fahey, S. Ted Treves, and Richard S. Lee. "Economic and Radiation Costs of Initial Imaging Approaches After a Child’s First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection." Clinical Pediatrics 51, no. 1 (August 25, 2011): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922811417294.

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Background. The traditional initial imaging approach following pediatric urinary tract infection is the “bottom-up” approach (cystogram and renal ultrasound). Recently, the “top-down” approach (nuclear renal scan followed by cystogram for abnormal scans only) has gained increasing attention. The relative cost and radiation doses of these are unknown Methods. The authors used a decision model to evaluate these imaging approaches. Cost and effective radiation dose estimates, including sensitivity analyses, were based on one-time imaging only. Results. Comparing hypothetical cohorts of 100 000 children, the top-down imaging approach cost $82.9 million versus $59.2 million for the bottom-up approach. Per-capita effective radiation dose was 0.72 mSv for top-down compared with 0.06 mSv for bottom-up. Conclusions. Routine use of nuclear renal scans in children following initial urinary tract infection diagnosis would result in increased imaging costs and radiation doses as compared to initial cystogram and ultrasound. Further data are required to clarify the long-term clinical implications of this increase.

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Rigo-Bonnin, Raül, Pedro Alía, and Francesca Canalias. "Measurement uncertainty and metrological traceability of whole blood cyclosporin A mass concentration results obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0120.

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Abstract Background: Traceable and accurate results of cyclosporine A (CsA) mass concentrations in whole blood are required to ensure the monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients. Metrological traceability and measurement uncertainty can allow ensuring reliability and comparability of these results over time and space. In this study, we provide a practical and detailed example of how the traceability and uncertainty of mass concentration of CsA results, obtained using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) procedure, can be described and estimated. Methods: Traceability was described mainly according to ISO 17511 and information obtained from certificates facilitated with the manufacturer’s calibrators. Uncertainty estimation was performed using the bottom-up and top-down approaches. For the bottom-up approach, the most relevant sources of uncertainty were identified and later used to estimate the standard, combined and expanded uncertainties. For the top-down approach, expanded uncertainty was estimated directly using intralab quality control data mainly. Results: Mass concentration of CsA results was traceable to the manufacturer’s product calibrators used to calibrate the UHPLC-MS/MS procedure. The expanded uncertainties estimated by the bottom-up and top-down approaches were 7.4% and 7.2%, respectively. Conclusions: After performing the bottom-up and top-down approaches, we observed that their results were quite similar. This fact would confirm that the top-down approach could be sufficient for estimating uncertainty of CsA mass concentrations in whole blood results in clinical laboratories. Finally, we hope that this study can help and motivate clinical laboratories to describe metrological traceability and to perform measurement uncertainty studies based on the simpler top-down approach.

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