Books: 'Top-down and bottom-up approaches'

1

Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: Bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches. New York: Routledge, 2012.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Zheng, Xin. What happens in the first 200 ms of word reading: ERP studies on visual word recognition with top-down and bottom-up approaches. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2008.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Marilyn, Taylor. Top down meets bottom up: Neighbourhood management. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06841-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

The administration of international organizations: Top down and bottom up. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Johnson, H. Thomas. Relevance regained: From top-down control to bottom-up empowerment. New York: Free Press, 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Soewignjo, Ignatius. Hubungan pusat dan daerah dilihat dari pendekatan "bottom-up & top-down". [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata, Republik Indonesia, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ironside, R. G. The Alberta forest products industry: Top-down initiatives--bottom-up problems. [Thunder Bay, Ont.]: Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies, 1990.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Winsor, John. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

1959-, Winsor John, ed. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Hunt, Martina. 'Top-down' - 'bottom-up'?: A study of women's participation in NGOs in Kyrgyzstan. Oxford: INTRAC, 2001.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Reid, Valerie. From top down to bottom up: A New Zealand guide to financial jargon. Christchurch [N.Z.]: Shoal Bay Press, 1996.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Lemanski, Jens. Summa und System: Historie und Systematik vollendeter bottom-up- und top-down-Theorien. Münster: Mentis, 2013.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Muysken, Pieter. Chapter 5 Linguistic areas, bottom-up or top-down?: The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2014.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Bek, David Lawrence. Post-Apartheid development in South Africa: "top-down" meets "bottom-up" in the Western Cape. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

S, Kikula I., and Research on Poverty Alleviation (Tanzania), eds. When bottom-up meets top-down: The limits of local participation in local government planning in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2005.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Pino, Ed. Remaking our schools: From the bottom up, not the top down : what has gone wrong and new ways to fix it. Menomonie, WI: IGS Pub., 1993.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Yayan. Analisis desain dan efektivitas kebijakan energi alternatif berbasis energi terbarukan di Indonesia dengan pendekatan model top-down bottom-up: Penelitian PPM produktif Universitas Padjadjaran : laporan akhir. Bandung: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 2012.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Nicholls, David L. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods: A comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods. 2015.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

James, C. H. U. A comparison of a local authority, top down approach, to the planningof a park, with a bottom up community based strategy. 1992.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models without Underlying Boolean Microdynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0013.

Full text

Abstract:

Chapter 12 showed how to circumvent two major stumbling blocks of the LGCA approach: statistical noise and exponential complexity of the collision rule. Yet, the ensuing LB still remains connected to low Reynolds flows, due to the low collisionality of the underlying LGCA rules. The high-viscosity barrier was broken just a few months later, when it was realized how to devise LB models top-down, i.e., based on the macroscopic hydrodynamic target, rather than bottom-up, from underlying microdynamics. Most importantly, besides breaking the low-Reynolds barrier, the top-down approach has proven very influential for many subsequent developments of the LB method to this day.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Bueno, Otávio, and Steven French. Representing Physical Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815044.003.0005.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter extends the case study on quantum mechanics to include not only the ‘top-down’ application of group theory to quantum physics but also the ‘bottom-up’ construction of models of the phenomena, with the example of London’s explanation of the superfluid behaviour of liquid helium in terms of Bose–Einstein statistics. We claim that in moving from top to bottom, from the mathematics to what is observed in the laboratory, the models involved and the relations between them can again be accommodated by the partial structures approach, coupled with an appreciation of the heuristic moves involved in scientific work. Furthermore, as in the previous examples, this case fits with our inferential account of the application of mathematics, whereby immersion of the phenomena into the relevant mathematics allows for the drawing down of structure and the derivation of certain results that can then be interpreted at the phenomenological level.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Sahay, Sundeep, T. Sundararaman, and Jørn Braa. The Challenge of Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758778.003.0004.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter explores how the Expanded PHI approach can inform the diagnosis of the fragmentation problem, and solutions to address it. Fragmentation is undoubtedly a ‘wicked’ problem, since trying to address it in one place may throw up new and unexpected issues in others. Integration is positioned as a modern solution, such as the architecture of open health information exchange to address the fragmentation problem, and significant efforts and money are being put in by ministries, donors, software vendors, and others in this area. Various global declarations have emphasized integration as a primary effort in health sector reforms in LMICs. Approaches have also often emphasized ‘big bang solutions’ that have typically not given adequate time for the solutions to take root. The Expanded PHI approach argues for incremental and bottom-up approaches informed by broader top-down visions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Lippmann, Morton, and Richard B. Schlesinger. Risk Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.003.0010.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter describes the means that have been and can be used as management tools to limit chemical emissions and exposures to humans and other receptors that result in adverse effects. They include top-down mandates specified in enforceable exposure and/or emission standards (regulatory controls), bottom-up approaches involving control of access or requirements for the use of personal protective equipment (administrative controls), and various technologies that limit the use of chemicals (e.g., materials substitution) and/or capture and treat chemical wastes before their emissions to environmental media (engineering controls).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Reinert, Kenneth A. Electricity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499440.003.0010.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter considers electricity as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for refrigeration, light, communication, and air conditioning. It considers the widespread nature of electricity deprivation and the challenges that exist to address this deprivation. The chapter also considers the relationship of electricity with other basic goods (e.g., healthcare and food). The chapter examines the subsistence right to electricity and the very limited appearance of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines electricity provision paradigms (top-down and bottom-up approaches), renewable electricity generation (solar and wind), climate change, and electricity and growth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Henham, Ralph. Sentencing Policy as a Force for Social Cohesion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718895.003.0003.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter sets out the case for adopting a normative approach to conceptualizing the social reality of sentencing. It argues that policy-makers need to comprehend how sentencing is implicated in realizing state values and take greater account of the social forces that diminish the moral credibility of state sponsored punishment. The chapter reflects on the problems of relating social values to legal processes such as sentencing and argues that crude notions of ‘top down’ or ‘bottom up’ approaches to policy-making should be replaced by a process of contextualized policy-making. Finally, the chapter stresses the need for sentencing policy to reflect those moral attachments that bind citizens together in a relational or communitarian sense. It concludes by exploring these assertions in the light of the sentencing approach taken by the courts following the English riots of 2011.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Koenderink, Jan. Visual Illusions? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0008.

Full text

Abstract:

The very definition of “illusion” is elusive. Various distinct ontologies are considered. The concept is tightly bound to the understanding of reality, awareness, “God’s eye,” objectivity, subjectivity, emphatic relations, and several others. Here the distinctions between “illusion,” “ambiguity, “delusion,” and “deception,” are clarified. The very notion of illusion is closely tied to conceptual approaches to mind. Especially the dichotomy between a top-down “controlled hallucination” and a bottom-up “inverse physics” approach accounts for much confusion in the literature. It is suggested that a thoroughly biological approach might be preferable. In such an approach, experimental psychobiology would be a special sub-branch—devoted to the genus homo—of ethology. Does this help to impose a formal structure, such as a partial order, on the zoo of illusions as we know them? Unfortunately, not really. At this moment in history, we are still far from such a reasoned inventory.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Koch, Charles G., and Brian Hooks. Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-Down World. Macmillan Audio, 2020.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Berntson, Gary G., Peter J. Gianaros, and Manos Tsakiris. Interoception and the autonomic nervous system: Bottom-up meets top-down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0001.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the efferent role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in homeostasis has long been recognized, afferent aspects of the ANS—especially interoception—are increasingly recognized to be equally important. Interoception is fundamental to the regulation of internal physiology, particularly as it is coordinated with contextually determined and adaptive behavioral processes. A cardinal but often underappreciated feature of interoception is its role in myriad cognitive and affective processes that are integrated in health and disease. This chapter introduces the concept of interoception and outlines its historical origins and applications in multiple domains of psychology and psychobiology. It provides an overview of its peripheral and central neural substrates, and it outlines how this construct is best conceptualized within a multi-system and multi-level regulatory framework.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-Down World. St. Martin's Press, 2020.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Koch, Charles G., and Brian Hooks. Believe in People: Bottom-Up Solutions for a Top-down World. St. Martin's Press, 2020.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Internet und Partizipation: Bottom-up oder Top-down? Politische Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten im Internet. Springer VS, 2014.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Writing successful grant proposals from the top down and the bottom up. Sage, 2014.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Brönmark, Christer, and Lars-Anders Hansson. Food Web Interactions in Freshwater Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0005.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter on food web interactions connects the organisms and their interactions with the abiotic frame and provides a helicopter perspective on the function of freshwater ecosystems. Initially, the theoretical basis for an ecosystem approach is outlined, including food web theory, the bottom-up and top-down concepts and how these have evolved in concert with empirical advances. Specifically, the concepts of cascading trophic interactions and alternative stable states are discussed both from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint, as well as in both benthic and pelagic habitats. This chapter links all components, from microbes to vertebrates, to temporal and spatial changes in abiotic features leading to successional patterns in populations and communities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Lee, Sukjae. Berkeley on Continuous Creation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0007.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper argues that Berkeley restricts his endorsement of the continuous creation thesis to the domain of physical bodies. Such a restricted application of the thesis reveals the distinctive nature of Berkeley’s occasionalism, an occasionalism ‘contained’. In contrast to the ‘top-down’ approach of Malebranche, where foundational theological principles dictate the nature of divine and creaturely causality, resulting in a type of global occasionalism, in the case of Berkeley, the approach is better characterized as one that is ‘bottom up’, an occasionalism that finds its place after the basic setup of the metaphysical makeup of the world is in place. Consistent with this reading is the suggestion that Berkeley’s occasionalism thus restricted is motivated by the explanatory advantages of occasionalism rather than the theological claim that conservation is continuous creation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Davis, Elizabeth, Robert J. Sternberg, April C. Mason, Jeffrey S. Vitter, and Smith Robert V. Academic Leadership in Higher Education: From the Top down and the Bottom Up. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Hanley, Torrance C., and Kimberley J. La Pierre. Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Interactions Across Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Academic Leadership in Higher Education: From the Top down and the Bottom Up. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Hanley, Torrance C., and Kimberly J. La Pierre. Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top-down Interactions Across Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Khan, Qaiser, Jean-Paul Faguet, and Alemayehu Ambel. Blending Top-Down Federalism with Bottom-Up Engagement to Reduce Inequality in Ethiopia. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/29139.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Rodriguez Garcia, Magaly. Ideas and Practices of Prostitution Around the World. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.6.

Full text

Abstract:

This essay provides a global overview of prostitution from the early modern period to the present. Although the distinction between “premodern” and “modern” prostitution is not necessarily sharp, the profound political, military, and socioeconomic changes from roughly 1600 onward had an important impact on the sale of sex. Worldwide, the practice of prostitution and societal reactions to it were influenced by processes of colonization, industrialization, urbanization, the rise of nation-states, military modernization, nationalism, and war, as well as revolutions in politics, agriculture, transport, and communication. A long historical and broad geographical perspective reveals the continuities and discontinuities in the way commercial sex was practiced, perceived, and policed. This essay paper approaches prostitution from a double (top-down and bottom-up) perspective that integrates criminology and labor theory, presenting the views of authorities, anti-vice campaigners, and society at large while situating prostitution as an integral part of labor history.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Hack, Thomas F., Kinta Beaver, and Penelope Schofield. Audio-recording cancer consultations for patients and their families—putting evidence into practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0010.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter aims to briefly review the empirical literature on the value of consultation audio-recordings for patients and families; conduct a theory-driven examination of the factors that limit practice uptake of this intervention; and provide practical suggestions for how these factors might best be addressed to enhance clinical uptake of consultation audio-recording use. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) Framework is used to examine the impact of scientific evidence, context-specific factors, and facilitation principles, as these pertain to the uptake of consultation audio-recording in practice. Important considerations in efforts to implement a consultation audio-recording service are provided, including leadership, perceived value and benefit, resource costs, technological practicalities, litigation concerns, and staff training and support. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation are recommended to enhance the likelihood of successful uptake into practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Cseres, Katalin J. Rule of Law Values in the Decentralized Public Enforcement of EU Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0011.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter evaluates the functioning of the decentralized public enforcement of EU competition law. The analysis focuses on the effectiveness of the decentralized enforcement, which relies on Rule of Law principles. It has been argued that Rule of Law principles are a prerequisite for effective competition law enforcement. Aside from that, assessing the effectiveness of the decentralized enforcement framework also takes account of the problems of multilevel governance which have emerged as a result of the decentralization of enforcement powers and the creation of parallel competences for the Commission and national actors which made it essential to guarantee uniform and consistent application of the EU competition rules. Centrifugal pulls from the Member States towards their national legal systems and centripetal pushes from the Commission create uniformity and consistency in this multilevel system. Analysing these bottom-up and top-down approaches allows us to analyse decentralized enforcement as a specific governance model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Westheimer, Gerald. The Shifted-Chessboard Pattern as Paradigm of the Exegesis of Geometrical-Optical Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0036.

Full text

Abstract:

The shifted chessboard or café wall illusion yields to analysis at the two poles of the practice of vision science: bottom-up, pursuing its course from the visual stimulus into the front end of the visual apparatus, and top-down, figuring how the rules governing perception might lead to it. Following the first approach, examination of the effects of light spread in the eye and of nonlinearity and center-surround antagonism in the retina has made some inroads and provided partial explanations; with respect to the second, principles of perspective and of continuity and smoothness of contours can be evoked, and arguments about perception as Bayesian inference can be joined. Insights from these two directions are helping neurophysiologists in their struggle to identify a neural substrate of the phenomenon Münsterberg described in 1897.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Proulx, Michael J. The Strategic Control of Attention in Visual Search- Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K., 2007.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement: Managerverhalten und funktionsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit als Innovationstreiber. Springer Gabler, 2014.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

James, Harrison. 10 Towards Integrated Management of the Oceans at the International Level. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707325.003.0010.

Full text

Abstract:

The world’s oceans constitute a single, interconnected planetary system, and their effective protection, therefore, demands an integrated approach. Yet, the decentralized nature of the international legal order means that the challenges for coordination are immense. Chapter 10 explains the difficulties of developing a coherent and comprehensive legal framework for the protection of the marine environment, with a particular focus on the challenges of promoting multipurpose marine protected areas in light of the proliferation of sectoral regulatory regimes. The chapter then assesses the possible mechanisms for promoting coordination between relevant treaties. Both top-down global coordination of environmental protection and bottom-up cooperation are considered. The prospects for this issue to be addressed through the ongoing negotiations on a new legally binding instrument for the conservation of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction are also taken into account.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Domhoff, G. William. The Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673420.003.0007.

Full text

Abstract:

This chapter provides the most detailed critical analysis yet developed of the neurophysiological theory of dreaming called activation-synthesis theory, a bottom-up theory that rejects a top-down neurocognitive approach because rigorous studies of dream content allegedly cannot be carried out, especially on the basis of dream reports collected in the sleep lab. This theory suggests that dreams may be “cognitive trash.” The chapter draws on detailed neurophysiological evidence little known outside of neurophysiology, and hardly at all among dream researchers, to show that all of the empirical claims put forth by activation-synthesis theorists in 1977 had been shown to be wrong by the mid-1980s, with further evidence for this refutation appearing in the 2000s due to methodological and technical advances. Similarly, the studies of dream content by activation-synthesis theorists have major flaws and are contradicted by most of the findings presented in earlier chapters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Silke, Tönshoff, and Weida Andreas 1965-, eds. Where top-down, where bottom-up?: Selected issues for regional strategies in the European Union. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

Find full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic 'Top-down and bottom-up approaches'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles