Relevant bibliographies by topics / Top-down and bottom-up approaches

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Top-down and bottom-up approaches'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Wanke, Peter, and Eduardo Saliby. "Top-down or bottom-up forecasting?" Pesquisa Operacional 27, no. 3 (2007): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382007000300010.

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The operations literature continues on inconclusive as to the most appropriate sales forecasting approach (Top-Down or Bottom-up) for the determination of safety inventory levels. This paper presents the analytical results for the variance of the sales forecasting errors during the lead-time in both approaches. The forecasting method used was the Simple Exponential Smoothing and the results led to the identification of two supplementary impacts upon the forecasting error variance, and consequently, upon safety inventory levels: the Portfolio Effect and the Anchoring Effect. The first depends upon the correlation coefficient of demand between two individual items and the latter, depends upon the smoothing constant and upon the participation of the individual item in total sales. It is also analysed under which conditions these variables would favour one forecasting approach instead of the other.
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Klint Jensen, K. "Sustainability and Uncertainty: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (January 2007): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.853.

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Casazza, Chiara, and Stefano Pianigiani. "Bottom-Up and Top Down Approaches for Urban Agriculture." Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 49–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/civej.2016.3204.

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Wilson, Piers. "“Top-down” versus “Bottom-up” – Different approaches to security." Network Security 2003, no. 12 (December 2003): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(03)00012-6.

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Mogil, Jeffrey S., and Kenneth E. McCarson. "Identifying pain genes: Bottom-up and top-down approaches." Journal of Pain 1, no. 3 (September 2000): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jpai.2000.9821.

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McVittie, Fred. "Top-down and bottom-up approaches to actor training." Journal of Visual Art Practice 6, no. 2 (October 3, 2007): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jvap.6.2.155_1.

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Allen, Colin, Iva Smit, and Wendell Wallach. "Artificial Morality: Top-down, Bottom-up, and Hybrid Approaches." Ethics and Information Technology 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10676-006-0004-4.

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Kaiser, Md Shahidulla. "Are Bottom-Up Approaches in Development More Effective than Top-Down Approaches?" Journal of Asian Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jassr.v2i1.20.

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This article analyzes both the top-down and bottom-up approaches of development interventions in the Global South with reference to historical backgrounds and particular case studies. It is a fact that channeling Western financial aid by using the top-down approach has not been successful when compared to the results of poverty reduction programs in poor Southern countries over the past decades. As a result, bottom-up institutions like NGOs and bottom-up development programs like microfinance emerged in the late 80s and have become popular across developing countries. However, recently, the performance of NGOs has been questioned and it is perceived that they have lost their roots. Moreover, the bottom-up NGOs seem unable to flourish further without financial aids although bottom-up development approaches seem to be more effective than top-down development approaches as they ensure people’s participation and right to choose. Hence, this article argues that no single development approach is more effective than another. In the globalized world, there are no scopes to justify isolation from each other since countries in the Global South still approach South-South Cooperation and also receive financial aid from the Northern donors. Although there are some gross failures of past top-down development approaches, then, not all the bottom-up approaches are fully successful. This article maintains that to ensure cohesive development works, the global world needs both development approaches.
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Fuchs, D., and M. Fuchs. "Cooperation between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Theorem Provers." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 10 (March 1, 1999): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.573.

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Top-down and bottom-up theorem proving approaches each have specific advantages and disadvantages. Bottom-up provers profit from strong redundancy control but suffer from the lack of goal-orientation, whereas top-down provers are goal-oriented but often have weak calculi when their proof lengths are considered. In order to integrate both approaches, we try to achieve cooperation between a top-down and a bottom-up prover in two different ways: The first technique aims at supporting a bottom-up with a top-down prover. A top-down prover generates subgoal clauses, they are then processed by a bottom-up prover. The second technique deals with the use of bottom-up generated lemmas in a top-down prover. We apply our concept to the areas of model elimination and superposition. We discuss the ability of our techniques to shorten proofs as well as to reorder the search space in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in order to identify subgoal clauses and lemmas which are actually relevant for the proof task, we develop methods for a relevancy-based filtering. Experiments with the provers SETHEO and SPASS performed in the problem library TPTP reveal the high potential of our cooperation approaches.
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Chiacchio, Ferdinando, and Santo Motta. "Combining bottom–up and top–down approaches for knowledge discovery." Physics of Life Reviews 17 (July 2016): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2016.05.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Burke, Madeline Jane. "Top-down and bottom-up approaches to tissue engineering." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720837.

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Abdussalam, S. S. "Bottom-up and top-down approaches to low energy supersymmetry breaking." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595324.

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In this thesis we address the phenomenology of SUSY breaking from the superstring scale to the electroweak scale in order to produce a guide map for discovery at the LHC. From the top-down approach we study SUSY breaking at low-energies from a well defined superstring theory scenario and extract its phenomenological implications. From the bottom-up approach (independent of string theory), using Bayesian inference techniques, we make the first complete model-independent scan of the low energy phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM) parameter space. We perform the first statistically convergent pMSSM global fit to all current collider and DM data. We demonstrate the application of Bayesian model selection methodology to high energy SUSY breaking models with modest number of free parameters. We found that SUSY breaking from superstring theory should eventually help test its reality and that direct data is required in order to assign unambiguous preferences between different high energy SUSY breaking models. We predict that the Higgs boson mass lies between 117 GeV and 128 GeV at 95% confidence level. We believe this is a robust prediction that should be confirmed once SUSY is discovered at the LHC. Our pMSSM parameters fit provides an appropriate arena for the LHC studies of the MSSM which we wish to pursue further in future work.
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Sauquet, Alexandre. "Three contributions to the top-down and bottom-up approaches to global environmental problems." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10429.

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Pour résoudre les problèmes environnementaux mondiaux, la formation d'accords multilatéraux est une solution privilégiéee. Dans cette approche, des objectifs en matière de protection de l'environnement sont définis au cours d'un cycle de négociations internationales. Une fois ces objectifs définis, une étape cruciale est de recueillir l'engagement des pays au respect de cesobjectifs. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux déterminants importants de l'engagement des pays: l'influence des pairs, à travers le chapitre 3, et la tenue d'élections dans le pays, à travers le chapitre 4. Néanmoins, le relatif échec de cette approche descendante à résoudre les problèmes environnementaux globaux a poussé à s'intéresser au rôle de l'approche ascendante. En effet, alors qu'une approche descendante consiste à définir, lors de néegociations internationales, des objectifs qui vont s'imposer à chaque pays, une approche ascendante consiste à partir d'initiatives unilatérales pour aller vers des actions au niveau international.La protection de la biodiversité est un domaine où l'approche ascendante occupe une place prépondérante. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à une initiative innovante, l'ICMS-Ecologico. Nous présentons ce mécanisme de transfert fiscal mis en place au Brésil depuis le début des années 1990 dans le chapitre 5, et testons une condition de son efficience dans le chapitre 6. Un résumé des contributions analytiques et méthodologiques, ainsi qu'une discussion des possibles extensions de cette thèse, sont fournis au chapitre 7
The primary approach to dealing with global environmental problems is to conclude international environmental agreements. In this top-down approach, a crucial step is to obtain the participation of countries. This thesis attempts to examine two prominent drivers/obstacles to participation : countries' interactions, in Chapter 3, and national elections, in Chapter 4.Yet, the relative failure of the top-down approach to solve environmental challenges has pushed interest toward bottom-up approaches. While a top-down approach consists in defining targets during multilateral negotiations and in obtaining the agreement of countries to respect these targets, a bottom-up approach begins with a unilateral initiative and moves toward globalsolutions. An environmental issue for which the bottom-up approach plays a crucial role is biodiversity conservation. In Chapter 5, we present the ICMS-Ecologico, an innovative conservation instrument that has been considered to be an interesting tool for the implementation of commitments in international environmental agreements, and, in Chapter 6, we test one condition for its efficiency. We synthesize the analytical and methodological contributions of this thesis and discuss their potential extensions in Chapter 7
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Best, Lawrence L. (Lawrence Lee). "Institutions which promote social services integration : an analysis of top-down vs. bottom-up approaches." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54430.

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Adel, Enayatulla. "Democracy Promotion in Afghanistan : The top-down or bottom-up approaches of EU or US." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30455.

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Democracy promotion is a key objective in both US and EU foreign development policy. The study attempts to provide a better understanding of both actors democracy promotion in Afghanistan. The US and the EU are perceived to have different approaches regarding democracy promotion. Therefor the study examines if US used top-down and EU bottom-up approaches respective coercive and persuasive methods. Approaches used by actors are examined in the study regarding democracy promotion in the case of Afghanistan. It is a case study with qualitative text analysis and the theories used are top-down and bottom up channels of democracy, and persuasive and stick methods. The survey has looked at the both actors’ commitment in Afghanistan during period of 2001-2014. The result shows that the US and EU have more similarities than differences in the case of Afghanistan and actors have combined both top-down and bottom-approaches in promotion of democracy and focused on cooperation and partnership.
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Dalstein, Olivier. "Nanoporous thin films structured by top-down & bottom-up approaches : towards smartphone-compatible optical sensors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066739.

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La structuration multi-échelle (à l’échelle micro- et nanométrique) de matériaux fonctionnels est un thème de recherche particulièrement actif en raison du grand potentiel des dispositifs miniatures utilisables en microélectronique, en optique (contrôle solaire, photonique) en microfluidique (lab-on-a-chip) ou pour de la détection de molécules cibles. Plusieurs techniques de micronanofabrication sont utilisées pour réaliser ces dispositifs miniaturisés. D’une part, des techniques dites « Top-Down » qui sont utilisées pour créer des formes complexes à l’échelle micro- et nanométriques à partir de matériaux massifs. Cette approche repose sur des techniques de lithographie qui offrent une grande liberté sur l’architecture finale du dispositif. Cependant, ce large choix de formes et de structures se fait au prix d’un faible rendement de fabrication qui diminue considérablement le transfert vers la production à grande échelle. A l’inverse, la fabrication de matériaux multi-échelle peut être faite par l’assemblage d’éléments moléculaires (« building blocks »). Cette seconde approche, dite « Bottom-Up » a le mérite de pouvoir être employée sur de grande surfaces mais permet seulement d’obtenir des architectures simples. La combinaison de ces deux approches ouvre un large champ d’exploration et permettrait d’obtenir des structures complexes inédites inaccessibles autrement. Le but de cette thèse est de combiner les approches « Top-Down » et « Bottom-Up » pour obtenir des matériaux à architecture hiérarchique et qui possèdent à la fois des propriétés chimiques et optiques originales. Concrètement, le cœur de ce travail de doctorat a été le dépôt par voie liquide (« Chemical Liquid Deposition ») de couches minces nanoporeuses grâce à une technique de trempage-retrait (« Dip-Coating »). Ce dépôt est suivi d’une structuration induite par évaporation ou bien par lithographie. La nanoporosité de ces couches minces, qui peuvent êtres inorganique ou organique-inorganique (hybride), est induite par un phénomène d’auto-assemblage se déroulant pendant la phase de séchage du film. La structure multi-échelle résultante possède une organisation périodique à l’échelle micro- voire submicrométrique (structure photonique) mais également une nanoporosité (<100 nm) structurée; le dispositif photonique est utilisé pour détecter des vapeurs de Composés Organiques Volatiles (COV). Un accent sera mis sur la compatibilité de ces capteurs optiques avec les caméras de smartphone. Le but final est en effet de fabriquer des capteurs à bas coût, dont la réponse optique est directement lisible par un smartphone
Multi-scale structuration of functional materials at nano- and micro- levels is an active scientific field driven by the tremendous potential of miniaturized devices in microelectronics, optics (light harvesting, photonics), sensing (selective sensors) or microfluidics (lab-on-a-chip). Diverse micro-nanofabrication techniques are exploited for device fabrication. On one hand, Top-Down techniques are developed to fabricate complex micro- and nano- structures from bulk materials; this approach relies on lithography which offers a wide flexibility on the final object architecture but suffers from low-throughput that hinders its use for large-scale production. On the other hand, Bottom-Up techniques based on the assembly of molecular building blocks are suited for the large-scale fabrication of nanostructured materials but are limited to simple architectures. The fruitful combination of both approaches is thus a vast field of investigation with promising technological outcomes.The scope of this thesis is to combine Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches to obtain hierarchical architectures with original chemical characteristics and optical properties. In practical terms, the deposition by Chemical Liquid Deposition (dip-coating) of nanoporous inorganic or organic-inorganic (hybrid) films structured by self-assembly and the subsequent patterning by either lithographic or evaporation-driven patterning will be presented. The resulting multi-scale structures possess periodic micro- or submicro- organization and engineered nanopores (<100 nm) and are used as optical sensing devices for the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). In the pursuit of simplicity, the compatibility of these sensors with Smartphone technology is emphasized; the final goal is to fabricate low-cost sensors with pronounced chemical selectivity that produce an optical signal directly readable by Smartphone cameras
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Van, Zyl Hannes. "A pre-money valuation of a hi-tech start-up, utilising both top-down and bottom-up valuation approaches." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6435.

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Evans, Sarah Frances. "Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches to Elucidating Multiscale Periosteal Mechanobiology: Tissue Level and Cell Scale Studies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1331646902.

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Bishop, Wilsie. "Integrating IPE into an Academic Health Sciences Center: A Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approach." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/ijhse/vol3/iss2/2.

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Alloul, Adam. "Top-down and bottom-up excursions beyond the standard model : the example of left-right symmetries in supersymmetry." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062645.

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The field of high-energy physics has been living a very exciting period of its history with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN collecting data. Indeed, this enormous machine able to collide protons at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV promises to unveil the mystery around the physics at such energy scales. From the physicists side, the expectations are very strong as it isnowadays a certitude that the Standard Model of particle physics is incomplete and should, in fact, be interpreted as the effective theory of a more fundamental one. Unfortunately, the 7 and 8 TeV runs of the LHC did not provide any sign of new physics yet but there has been at least one major discovery in 2010, namely the discovery of a scalar particle with a mass of 125 GeV and whichproperties are very close to those of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Since then, many questions have come up as we now want to understand if it really is the Standard Model Higgs boson or if it exhibits any deviations. It is in this peculiar context that my research work was carried. In a first project, we, my supervisors, our collaborator and I, have wanted to explore thephenomenology associated with the neutralinos and charginos sector of the left-right symmetric supersymmetric model. Such an analysis can be motivated by several reasons such as the fact that the supersymmetric nature of these models provides a natural explanation for the infamous hierarchy problem, implies the unification of the gauge coupling constants at very high energy and provides a natural candidate for dark matter. In addition to these nice features, the left-right symmetry introduces a natural framework for explaining the smallness of neutrino masses but also helps in addressing several other unresolved issues in the Standard Model framework. Only focusing on the lightest charginos and neutralinos decaying into one or more light leptons, we have shown in our study that these models can be easily discovered in multi-leptonic final states as theylead to signatures very different from those induced by the Standard Model or its supersymmetric version.[...]
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Books on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: Bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Zheng, Xin. What happens in the first 200 ms of word reading: ERP studies on visual word recognition with top-down and bottom-up approaches. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2008.

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Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

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Marilyn, Taylor. Top down meets bottom up: Neighbourhood management. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000.

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Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06841-7.

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The administration of international organizations: Top down and bottom up. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002.

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Johnson, H. Thomas. Relevance regained: From top-down control to bottom-up empowerment. New York: Free Press, 1992.

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Soewignjo, Ignatius. Hubungan pusat dan daerah dilihat dari pendekatan "bottom-up & top-down". [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata, Republik Indonesia, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, 1992.

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Ironside, R. G. The Alberta forest products industry: Top-down initiatives--bottom-up problems. [Thunder Bay, Ont.]: Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies, 1990.

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Winsor, John. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Worsley, Tom E., and Russell C. E. Harris. "General Modelling Approaches: Top-down or Bottom-up?" In National Transport Models, 57–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04853-5_5.

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Zhou, Lina, and Simon Lutterbie. "Deception Across Cultures: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches." In Intelligence and Security Informatics, 465–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11427995_44.

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Giesecke, Kay. "Portfolio Credit Risk: Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Approaches." In Frontiers in Quantitative Finance, 251–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118266915.ch10.

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Shapiro, Jeremy F. "Bottom-Up Vs. Top-Down Approaches to Supply Chain Modeling." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 737–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4949-9_23.

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Espey, Jessica. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to the SDG Monitoring Challenge." In Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals in North American Cities, 87–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59173-1_7.

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Sanghi, Ajay K., and Anthony L. Joseph. "A Prudent CO2 Reduction Policy: Melding Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches." In Social Costs of Energy, 248–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85120-9_17.

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Savarimuthu, Bastin Tony Roy, Lam-Son Lê, and Aditya Ghose. "From Green Norms to Policies – Combining Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches." In PRIMA 2012: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, 168–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32729-2_12.

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Tiwari, Reena, Jessica Winters, and Neeti Trivedi. "Balancing Participatory Design Approaches in Slum Upgradation: When Top-Down Meets Bottom-Up!" In Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 127–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7307-7_7.

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Delcambre, Lois, Vijay Khatri, Yair Wand, Barbara Williams, Carson Woo, and Mark Zozulia. "Eliciting Data Semantics Via Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches: Challenges and Opportunities." In Conceptual Modeling - ER 2006, 548–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11901181_41.

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Zapata-Rivera, Diego, and Burcu Arslan. "Enhancing Personalization by Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Learner Modeling." In Adaptive Instructional Systems. Adaptation Strategies and Methods, 234–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77873-6_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Wong, Tak Sing, Branden Brough, Karen L. Christman, Christopher M. Kolodziej, Adam Huang, Robert Lam, Jeffrey G. Forbes, Kuan Wang, Heather D. Maynard, and Chih-Ming Ho. "Manufacture of nanoscale structures through integrated top-down and bottom-up approaches." In 7th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2007.4601154.

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Kren, Tomas, Josef Moudrik, and Roman Neruda. "Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches for automated discovery of typed programs." In 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssci.2017.8285209.

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Alessio, L. "Top-down and bottom-up approaches in Tokyo’s recent urban re-development projects." In The 10th EAAE/ARCC International Conference. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315226255-130.

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HILVERT, DONALD. "TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES FOR ELUCIDATING THE ORIGINS OF ENZYME EFFICIENCY." In 24th International Solvay Conference on Chemistry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813237179_0038.

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CASTALDO, ANNA, GIROLAMO DI FRANCIA, ETTORE MASSERA, LUIGI QUERCIA, GIUSEPPE FAMELI, and PAOLA DELLI VENERI. "PRESSURE SENSITIVE PAINTS: TOP-DOWN VERSUS BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES FOR NANOSILICON POWDER FABRICATION." In Proceedings of the 10th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812833532_0087.

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Smith, Robert J., Jonathan M. Marchant, Iain A. Steele, and Marco C. Lam. "A bottom-up and top-down approach to cloud detection." In Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VII, edited by Alison B. Peck, Chris R. Benn, and Robert L. Seaman. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2312734.

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Bernardi, Marco, Anna Sgarlata, Nunzio Motta, Massimo Fanfoni, Dario Del Moro, and Adalberto Balzarotti. "Ordering of Ge quantum dots on silicon surfaces via bottom-up and top-down approaches." In 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconn.2008.4639268.

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Rao, V. Ramgopal, Tejas R. Naik, and Rajul S. Patkar. "Bottom-up meets top down: An integrated approach for nano-scale devices." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2015.7285158.

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Nadira, Ramon, Nelson Bacalao, and Carlos Dortolina. "Measuring the Performance of Distribution Utilities A Top-Down/Bottom-Up Approach." In 2006 IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdcla.2006.311380.

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Gao, Liang. "Medical Ultrasound Image Segmentation Using a Hybrid Top-Down/Bottom-Up Approach." In 2010 Chinese Conference on Pattern Recognition (CCPR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccpr.2010.5659309.

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Reports on the topic "Top-down and bottom-up approaches"

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Nicholls, David, Frank Barnes, Felicia Acrea, Chinling Chen, Lara Y. Buluç, and Michele M. Parker. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods—a comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-906.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261514.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238235.

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Ploos van Amstel, Dirk, Kuijer Lenneke, and Remko van der Lugt. Psychological Ownership Affordances as Routes to Influence Product Lifetime: Integrating top-down & bottom-up insights. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10243.

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Swartzentruber, Brian Shoemaker. "Bottom-up" meets "top-down" : self-assembly to direct manipulation of nanostructures on length scales from atoms to microns. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984156.

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Richardson, Ruth. Improved Understanding of Microbial Iron and Sulfate Reduction Through a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Functional Proteomics Assays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1239632.

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Suntharasaj, Pattharaporn. Bridging the Missing Link between "Top-down" and "Bottom-up": A Strategic Policy Model for International Collaboration in Science and Technology. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1077.

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Heath, Garvin A. Reconciling Basin-Scale Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methane Emission Measurements for Onshore Oil and Gas Development: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-14-572. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1412102.

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Bustelo, Monserrat, Suzanne Duryea, Claudia Piras, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan, and Mariana Viollaz. The Gender Pay Gap in Brazil: It Starts with College Students' Choice of Major. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003011.

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We herein discuss how college major choice affects gender wage gaps by highlighting the role that STEM majors play in explaining the gender wage gap in a developing country. We focus on a Latin American country where a systematic analysis of the interaction between students choice of college major and the gender wage gap is currently lacking. We take advantage of a very unique dataset of college students from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil, to decompose the raw gender gap in hourly wages into one component that can be explained by differences in endowments between men and women as well as a second or residual component that reflects gender differences in the prices of market skills. We implement the commonly applied decomposition approach at the wage distributions mean and a decomposition procedure that considers variations across the wage distribution. Our results reveal that the majors that women and men select explain 50% of the gender wage gap at the mean, and STEM majors contribute to 30% of this difference. When examining different percentiles of the wage distribution, we find that the selection of a major is more important at the middle of the distribution than at the bottom or top.
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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand, and Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.

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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.
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