Relevant bibliographies by topics / Top-down

Academic literature on the topic 'Top-down'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Top-down"

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Craver, Carl F., and William Bechtel. "Top-down Causation Without Top-down Causes." Biology & Philosophy 22, no. 4 (May 27, 2006): 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-006-9028-8.

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Uzych, Leo. "Top-Down Savings." Hastings Center Report 26, no. 5 (September 1996): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528460.

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Cunningham, Aimee. "Top-down Lowdown." Science News 169, no. 21 (May 27, 2006): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4019146.

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Killingray, David. "Top-down History?" Journal of Victorian Culture 9, no. 2 (January 2004): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jvc.2004.9.2.250.

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Rentoul, Robert. "Top-Down Freud." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2, no. 3 (January 1988): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.2.3.211.

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Narayanan, V. Lakshmi, and S. G. Williamson. "Top-down Calculus." Mathematical Gazette 73, no. 466 (December 1989): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3619333.

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Gross, Mark D., and Christie Veitch. "Beyond top down." Tecnologias, Sociedade e Conhecimento 1, no. 1 (November 27, 2013): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/tsc.v1i1.14444.

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Cubelets is a modular robotic building set that embodies a parallel distributed computing model. Unlike central-brain, top down command-and-control models that conventional robotics construction kits employ, a parallel distributed computing model accounts for emergent phenomena in the world. We compare the top down and parallel distributed models in the familiar task of constructing a maze-following robot. As we consider how these different robotics models contribute to maze following we also examine what role the parallel distributed model has in influencing students’ success, both at introductory robotics and at developing critical thinking skills.
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Goldman, Jason G. "Top-down Control." Scientific American 311, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0814-27.

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Kanthak, Kristin. "Top-Down Divergence." Journal of Theoretical Politics 14, no. 3 (July 2002): 301–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095169280201400302.

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Decker, Rick, and Stuart Hirshfield. "Top-down teaching." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 25, no. 1 (March 1993): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/169073.169495.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Top-down"

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Krimmel, Mirko. "Top Down Design eines Schubkurbelgetriebes." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-141781.

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Der von der Firma ibb durch Herrn Mirko Krimmel geplante Vortrag im Rahmen der Saxsim 2014, umfasst die Vorgehensweise zur Entwicklung einer Getriebebaureihe als Top-Down Design. Dabei werden die Bauteilauslegungen und Festigkeitsberechnungen mit Mathcad nach der FKM-Richtlinie 2012 vorgestellt, sowie die Möglichkeit gezeigt, Mathcad als übergreifendes Steuerelement für das Skelettmodell nutzen zu können. Weitere Punkte des Vortrags behandeln die Auslegung und Simulation des Gehäuses und der Gesamtbaugruppe mit Creo Simulate 2.0. Anhand der Überprüfung des Verdrehwinkels an der Abtriebsseite infolge von elastischer Verformung der einzelnen Bauteile, zeigen die Stärken des Programms. Eine parallel zur Entwicklung laufende Simulation mit MDX bestätigte die in Mathcad errechneten Werte und lieferte so gleichzeitig eine Verifizierung der 3D-Daten. Referierende Person ist Herr Mirko Krimmel (interne Konstruktion in Petersberg).
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Benhammouda, B. "Rank-revealing top-down ULV factorizations." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 1998. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-199801313.

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Rank-revealing ULV and URV factorizations are useful tools to determine the rank and to compute bases for null-spaces of a matrix. However, in the practical ULV (resp. URV ) factorization each left (resp. right) null vector is recomputed from its corresponding right (resp. left) null vector via triangular solves. Triangular solves are required at initial factorization, refinement and updating. As a result, algorithms based on these factorizations may be expensive, especially on parallel computers where triangular solves are expensive. In this paper we propose an alternative approach. Our new rank-revealing ULV factorization, which we call ¨top-down¨ ULV factorization ( TDULV -factorization) is based on right null vectors of lower triangular matrices and therefore no triangular solves are required. Right null vectors are easy to estimate accurately using condition estimators such as incremental condition estimator (ICE). The TDULV factorization is shown to be equivalent to the URV factorization with the advantage of circumventing triangular solves.
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Anderson, Giles Mark. "Top-down modulation of visual attention." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1270/.

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This body of work examines the effects of pre-cues on visual search for targets defined by a colour-orientation conjunction. Cueing the identity of targets enhanced the efficiency of search, with stronger effects from cueing the colour of the target compared to cueing its orientation, even though the targets were balanced for search efficiency within both orientation and colour dimensions. The colour advantage remained when the response to the target was task-irrelevant and occurred whether information was presented as visual cues or verbal cues. There was, however, evidence of automatic priming from the physical nature of cue stimuli playing a substantial role in guiding search, particular when based on the cue’s colour. Eye movement data from uncued trials indicated fixations were initially directed to a subset of items with the same colour. Cues were assumed to direct fixations within this colour-grouped array. Colour cueing effects reinforced the parsing of stimuli grouped by colour, while orientation cues enhanced local orientation disparities within the colour groups. The findings suggest that the advantage for colour cueing may be due to a combination of more efficient early segmentation of search items into colour groups and stronger grouping arising within these groups.
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Siegel, Markus. "Top-down Verarbeitung und neuronale Synchronisation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15225.

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Wahrnehmung ist kein vollständig durch sensorische Reize determinierter bottom-up Prozeß, sondern wird stark beeinflußt durch von diesen Reizen unabhängige top-down Prozesse wie etwa Aufmerksamkeit oder Erwartungen. Welche neuronalen Mechanismen liegen der Integration von bottom-up und top-down gerichteter Verarbeitung sensorischer Information zu Grunde? Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde diese Frage an Hand von Simulationen eines neuronales Netzwerks zweier vereinfachter kortikaler Areale untersucht. Dieses Netzwerk berücksichtigt hierbei jüngste zellphysiologische Befunde über die stark asymmetrischen funktionellen Eigenschaften kortikaler Neurone. Das simulierte Netzwerk repliziert zentrale neurophysiologische Befunde: 1) Top-down Signale erhöhen die Feuerraten der Neurone sowohl in einem hierarchisch hohen als auch tiefen kortikalen Areal. 2) Durch selektive top-down Signale wird die Verarbeitung simultaner Reize zu Gunsten eines faszilitierten Reizes moduliert. 3) Durch die reziproke Netzwerkarchitektur kommt es zu einem bidirektionalen Informationsfluß zwischen Arealen. Diese kooperative Verarbeitung bedingt gemeinsam mit einer nichtlinearen somato-dendritischen Interaktion neuronale Salvenentladungen, die ein hohes Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis aufweisen. Das simulierte Netzwerk demonstriert, welche zentrale Rolle die komplexen nichtlinearen Eigenschaften kortikaler Neurone bei der Integration bottom-up und top-down gerichteter Verarbeitung sensorischer Information spielen. Im Mittelpunkt der im zweiten Abschnitt vorgestellten experimentellen Studie steht die hochfrequente Synchronisation neuronaler Aktivität. Das große neurowissenschaftliche Interesse an der zeitlichen Struktur neuronaler Aktivität liegt insbesondere in der kontrovers diskutierten Hypothese eines „Synchronisationscodes“ begründet, gemäß welcher Information nicht nur durch die Feuerraten kortikaler Neurone, sondern auch durch die Synchronisation der Aktionspotentiale einer Neuronenpopulation codiert wird. Finden sich solche Synchronisationsphänomene in wachen, sich unter möglichst natürlichen Bedingungen verhaltenden Tieren wieder? Sind diese Synchronisationen selektiv für Eigenschaften des Reizes? Gelingt es, an Hand eines objektiven Kriteriums ein funktionelles Frequenzband neuronaler Synchronisation zu definieren? Diese Fragestellungen wurden mittels chronischer extrazellulärer Ableitungen im primären visuellen Kortex wacher, sich verhaltender Katzen untersucht: 1) Visuelle Stimulation induziert einen breitbandigen hochfrequenten Anstieg neuronaler Synchronisation. 2) Diese Synchronisation ist selektiv für die Orientierung visueller Reize. 3) Durch Analyse dieser Stimulusselektivität kann ein funktionelles Band neuronaler Synchronisation von etwa 45 Hz bis 120 Hz definiert werden. Diese Untersuchungen an wachen, sich unter vergleichsweise natürlichen Bedingungen verhaltenden Tieren demonstrieren eine überraschend breite Frequenzverteilung neuronaler Synchronisation, die im hochfrequenten Bereich weit über die üblicherweise untersuchten Frequenzbänder hinausreicht. Diese Befunde sprechen gegen die Hypothese hochfrequenter kortikaler Synchronisation als einem schmalbandigen statischen Phänomen.
Sensory perception is not purely a bottom-up process determined only by sensory stimuli, but is strongly dependent on top-down factors such as attention or expectations.Which neuronal mechanisms underlie the integration of bottom-up and top-down directed processing of sensory information? In the first part of this study this question was addressed by numerical simulations of a neural network model of two simplified cortical areas. The simulated network takes into account recent findings concerning the pronounced functional asymmetry of cortical neurons.The network replicates several important neurophysiological findings: 1) Top-down signals enhance firing rates in hierarchically high and low cortical areas. 2) The processing of two competing stimuli is biased towards one stimulus by selective top-down signals. 3) The reciprocal network architecture results in a bidirectional flow of information. Together with the implemented non-linear somato-dendritic interaction this leads to neuronal bursting behaviour with a high signal to noise ratio. The simulated network demonstrates the critical role of the complex non-linear properties of cortical neurons for the integration of bottom-up and top-down directed sensory processing. The central question of the second part of this study is the functional role of high-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity. The strong interest in the temporal dynamics of neuronal activity is particularly due to the hypothesis of a “synchronization-code” according to which information is not solely encoded by firing rates but also by the synchronization of neuronal ensembles. Is such synchronization observed in awake animals behaving under natural conditions? Are these synchronizations stimulus selective? Is it possible to define a functional frequency band of synchronization based on an objective criterion? These questions were addressed by chronic extracellular recordings of neuronal activity in primary visual cortex of awake behaving cats: 1) Visual stimulation induces neuronal synchronization in a broad and high frequency range. 2) This synchronization is selective for the orientation of a visual stimulus. 3) By analyzing the stimulus selectivity of synchronization a functional band of neuronal synchronization can be defined from about 45 to 120 Hz. These results from animals behaving under natural conditions show a surprisingly broad spectral distribution of synchronization that extends well beyond typically investigated frequency ranges. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis of cortical high-frequency synchronizations as a spectrally sharp and static phenomenon.
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Comandini, Alessio. "Kubernetes su GCP: Un approccio top down." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Nella tesi viene analizzata l'architettura a microservizi e nello specifico la piattaforma kubernetes e le sue topologie di installazione. Successivamente verrà presentata la piattaforma google cloud platform per valutare i servizi che questa offre per il dispiegamento di cluster kubernetes e di applicazioni sopra questo cluster. Finita la fase di analisi si procederà a mettere in opera un cluster kubernetes e successivamente questo verrà testato attraverso il dispiegamento di una piccola applicazione.
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Ruff, Christian Carl. "Top-down signals in visual selective attention." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444575/.

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This thesis describes experimental work on the brain mechanisms underlying human visual selective attention, with a focus on top-down activity changes in visual cortex. Using a combination of methods, the experiments addressed related questions concerning the functional significance and putative origins of such activity modulations due to selective attention. More specifically, the experiment described in Chapter 2 shows with TMS-elicited phosphenes that anticipatory selective attention can change excitability of visual cortex in a spatially-specific manner, even when thalamic gating of afferent input is ruled out. The behavioural and fMRI experiments described in Chapter 3 indicate that top-down influences of selective attention are not limited to enhancements of visual target processing, but may also involve anticipatory processes that minimize the impact of visual distractor stimuli. Chapters 4-6 then address questions about potential origins of such top-down activity modulations in visual cortex, using concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics. These experiments show that TMS applied to the right human frontal eye field can causally influence visual cortex activity in a spatially-specific manner (Chapter 4), which has direct functional consequences for visual perception (Chapter 5), and is reliably different from that caused by TMS to the right intra-parietal sulcus (Chapter 6). The data presented in this thesis indicate that visual selective attention may involve top-down signals that bias visual processing towards behaviourally relevant stimuli, at the expense of distracting information present in the scene. Moreover, the experiments provide causal evidence in the human brain that distinct top-down signals can originate in anatomical feedback loops from frontal or parietal areas, and that such regions may have different functional influences on visual processing. These findings provide neural confirmation for some theoretical proposals in the literature on visual selective attention, and they introduce and corroborate new methods that might be of considerable utility for addressing such mechanisms directly.
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Giacaglia, Giuliano Pezzolo. "Integrating bottom-up and top-down information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91813.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-70).
In this thesis I present a framework for integrating bottom-up and top-down computer vision algorithms. I developed this framework, which I call the Map-Dictionary Pixel framework, because my intuition is that there is a need for tools that make it easier to build computer vision systems that mimic the way human visual systems process information. In particular, we humans humans create models of objects around us, and we use these models, top-down, to interpret, analyze and discern objects in the information that comes bottom-up from the visual world. After introducing my Map-Dictionary Pixel framework, I demonstrate how it empowers computer vision algorithms. I implement two different systems that extract the pixels of the image that correspond to a human. Even though each system uses different sets of algorithms, both use Map-Dictionary Pixel framework as the connecting pipeline. The two implementations demonstrate the utility of the Map-Dictionary Pixel framework and provide an example of how it can be used.
by Giuliano Pezzolo Giacaglia.
M. Eng.
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Limongi, Tirado Roberto. "Linguistic top-down modulation of causal perception /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456283951&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mages, Mark. "Top-Down-Funktionsentwicklung eines Einbiege- und Kreuzenassistenten /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/992593336/04.

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Mohamed, Abdelhack. "Top-down Modulation in Human Visual Cortex." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242434.

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Books on the topic "Top-down"

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Brains top down: Is top-down causation challenging neuroscience? New Jersey: World Scientific, 2013.

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Cronin, Mary J. Top Down Innovation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03901-5.

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Oppenheimer, Priscilla. Top-down network design. 3rd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2011.

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McGowan, Kristina. Modern top-down knitting. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 2010.

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Top-down network design. Indianapolis, Ind: Macmillan Technical Pub., 1999.

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Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

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Top-down network design. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2004.

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Voosholz, Jan, and Markus Gabriel, eds. Top-Down Causation and Emergence. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71899-2.

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Koster, C. H. A. Top-down programming with Elan. Chichester [West Sussex]: Ellis Horwood, 1987.

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Lewin, Ted. Top to bottom down under. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Top-down"

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Weik, Martin H. "top-down." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1797. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19749.

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De Vos, Alexis, Stijn De Baerdemacker, and Yvan Van Rentergem. "Top-Down." In Synthesis of Quantum Circuits vs. Synthesis of Classical Reversible Circuits, 81–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79895-5_5.

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Wünsch, Andreas. "Top-Down-Modellierung." In NX 11 für Fortgeschrittene ‒ kurz und bündig, 3–23. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18617-3_2.

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Schmitt, Gerhard N. "Methode: Top-Down." In Architectura et Machina, 42–43. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-83972-5_12.

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Bächtold, Peter. "Top-Down Strategy." In The Space-Economic Transformation of the City, 47–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5252-8_3.

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Lane, Nicole M., Zachery R. Gregorich, and Ying Ge. "Top-Down Proteomics." In Manual of Cardiovascular Proteomics, 187–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31828-8_8.

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Wünsch, Andreas. "Top-Down-Modellierung." In NX 10 für Fortgeschrittene - kurz und bündig, 3–23. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09189-7_2.

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Khanna, Vinod Kumar. "Top-Down Nanofabrication." In NanoScience and Technology, 381–96. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3625-2_23.

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Weik, Martin H. "top-down designing." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1797. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19750.

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Weik, Martin H. "top-down programming." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1797. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19751.

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Conference papers on the topic "Top-down"

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Decker, Rick, and Stuart Hirshfield. "Top-down teaching." In the twenty-fourth SIGCSE technical symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/169070.169495.

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Williams, G. J. J., M. Mansfield, D. G. MacDonald, and M. D. Bush. "Top-Down Reservoir Modelling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89974-ms.

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Dine, Michael. "Supersymmetry from the Top Down." In Proceedings of the 2010 Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814350525_0008.

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Méndez, Gonzalo Gabriel, Uta Hinrichs, and Miguel A. Nacenta. "Bottom-up vs. Top-down." In CHI '17: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025942.

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Sohrabi, Mohammad Karim, and Vahid Ghods. "Top-down vertical itemset mining." In Sixth International Conference on Graphic and Image Processing (ICGIP 2014), edited by Yulin Wang, Xudong Jiang, and David Zhang. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2179150.

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Gu, Yan, Julian Shun, Yihan Sun, and Guy E. Blelloch. "A Top-Down Parallel Semisort." In SPAA '15: 27th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2755573.2755597.

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DeHaan, David, and Frank Wm Tompa. "Optimal top-down join enumeration." In the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1247480.1247567.

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Gomez, Yorgi, Yasaman Khazaeni, Shahab D. Mohaghegh, and Razi Gaskari. "Top Down Intelligent Reservoir Modeling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/124204-ms.

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Albarghouthi, Aws, Rahul Kumar, Aditya V. Nori, and Sriram K. Rajamani. "Parallelizing top-down interprocedural analyses." In the 33rd ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2254064.2254091.

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Brahimi, Samiha, Mohamed-Khireddine Kholladi, and Amina Hamerelain. "TOP-SKY: Top-down algorithm for computing the skycube." In 2013 11th International Symposium on Programming and Systems (ISPS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isps.2013.6581483.

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Reports on the topic "Top-down"

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Seager, Samuel C. Bomber Requirements: From the Top-Down. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397231.

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Allen, William, and Han Shen. Assessing China's Top-Down Securities Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16713.

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Scriven, Annie. Top-Down Nationalism in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/geogmaster.15.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261514.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238235.

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Hall, William J. Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Top-Down Processing,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298838.

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Pellinen, Terhi, Geoff Rowe, and Kalapi Biswas. Evaluation of Surface (Top Down) Longitudinal Wheel Path Cracking. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313216.

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Haire, M. J., and J. C. Schryver. Spallation Neutron Source Availability Top-Down Apportionment Using Characteristic Factors and Expert Opinion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14313.

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Taylor, Margaret, K. Fujita, Jinjjing Zhang, Mustapha Harb, James Tamerius, Michelle Jones, Michelle Jones, and Sarah Price. Explaining jurisdictional compliance with California’s top-down streamlined solar permitting law (AB 2188). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1572850.

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Arif, Sirojuddin, Rezanti Putri Pramana, Niken Rarasati, and Destina Wahyu Winarti. Nurturing Learning Culture among Teachers: Demand-Driven Teacher Professional Development and the Development of Teacher Learning Culture in Jakarta, Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/117.

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Abstract:
Despite the growing attention to the importance of learning culture among teachers in enhancing teaching quality, we lack systematic knowledge about how to build such a culture. Can demand-driven teacher professional development (TPD) enhance learning culture among teachers? To answer the question, we assess the implementation of the TPD reform in Jakarta, Indonesia. The province has a prolonged history of a top-down TPD system. The top-down system, where teachers can only participate in training based on assignment, has detached TPD activities from school ecosystems. Principals and teachers have no autonomy to initiate TPD activities based on the need to improve learning outcomes in their schools. This study observes changes in individual teachers related to TPD activities triggered by the reform. However, the magnitude of the changes varies depending on teachers’ skills, motivation, and leadership style. The study suggests that shifting a TPD system from top-down to bottom-up requires differentiated assistance catered to the school leaders’ and teachers’ capabilities.
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