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Academic literature on the topic 'Top bottom vers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Dupuy, Claire. "La course vers le milieu des régions. Compétition et politiques régionales d'éducation en France et en Allemagne." Canadian Journal of Political Science 45, no. 4 (December 2012): 881–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423912001072.

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Résumé. La régionalisation de l'action publique est l'une des évolutions les plus marquantes des États européens depuis les années 1970. Cette évolution présente une opportunité pour examiner, dans le contexte européen, les théories de la compétition interrégionale. C'est ce que cet article se propose de faire à partir de la comparaison de deux cas les plus différents : les politiques d'éducation en France, un État anciennement centralisé où les régions disposent de compétences relativement étroites, et en Allemagne, un État fédéral où les régions possèdent des compétences étendues. L'article montre que ni une course vers le bas, ni une course vers le haut ne s'enclenchent. C'est au contraire une course vers le milieu qui caractérise les relations compétitives entre les régions françaises et allemandes, respectivement, où les gouvernements régionaux tentent de montrer qu'ils font comme les autres afin d'éviter le blâme des électeurs et de l'État central.Abstract. The regionalization of public policy is one of the most remarkable transformations European states have undergone since the 1970s. Through an examination of this particular development, the article explores theories of interregional competition in two very different cases: education policy in France, a decentralized unitary state where regional governments are entrusted with limited policy competences in this field, and Germany, a federal state where regions have exclusive responsibility over secondary education. The paper shows that, in both cases, interregional competition lends itself neither to a race to the bottom nor a race to the top, but rather to a race to the middle. Regional governments aim, in fact, to demonstrate that they adopt similar policies to other regions so as to avoid being blamed by both the electorate and the central state.

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Penkova, Yana. "Semantics of Inception: A Corpus-Based Research of Inchoative Verbs in the History of the Russian Language." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (December 2022): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.6.5.

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The paper discusses the problem of semantic evolution of the language units. It focuses on the semantics and collocation of the inchoative verbs: nachatisja, pochatisja, zachatisja, nastati, nastupiti, vozniknuti, pojavitisja in the Middle Russian writing. The research is based on the historical modules of the Russian National Corpus, historical dictionaries and card indices of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11 th – 17 th centuries. The primary parameter for comparing inchoative verbs is the taxonomic class of a noun used as the main participant in the situation. The author argues that, in earlier period, the main inchoative verbs were verbs with the root -chn- and the verb nastati; their collocation was much wider than in contemporary Russian (they could collocate with almost any class of a noun). The high-code verb vozniknuti co-occurred with nouns that categorize such types of objects that can "rise", i.e., appear moving from bottom to top. On the contrary, the verb nastupiti co-occurred with nouns denoting entities and phenomena, which cover a large space and move horizontally. The verb pojavitisja collocated with the nouns of various phenomena, which can be perceived by senses. The verbs nastupiti, pojavitisja, vozniknuti are noted to have expanded their collocation gradually, taking over some meanings of the verbs nachatisja and nastati, which tended to narrow their collocation. Other verbs with the root -chn- ceased to be used.

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Urešová, Zdeňka, Eva Fučíková, and Eva Hajičová. "CzEngClass – Towards a Lexicon of Verb Synonyms with Valency Linked to Semantic Roles." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 68, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2017-0046.

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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce our ongoing project about synonymy in bilingual context. This project aims at exploring semantic ‘equivalence’ of verb senses of generally different verbal lexemes in a bilingual (Czech-English) setting. Specifically, it focuses on their valency behavior within such equivalence groups. We believe that using bilingual context (translation) as an important factor in the delimitation of classes of synonymous lexical units (verbs, in our case) may help to specify the verb senses, also with regard to the (semantic) roles relation to other verb senses and roles of their arguments more precisely than when using monolingual corpora. In our project, we work “bottom-up”, i.e., from an evidence as recorded in our corpora and not “top-down”, from a predefined set of semantic classes.

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Shagdurova, O. Yu, and E. V. Tyuntesheva. "Secondary meanings of the Verb chyk= ~ sykh= ‘to go out, to leave’ in Southern Siberian Turkic languages and Kipchak languages." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 40 (2020): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2020-1-85-99.

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The article describes the semantic structure of one of the most polysemantic motion verbs in Turkic languages, namely the verb čïq= ~ sïx= and the correlating Tuvan verb ün=. The secondary meanings of these verbs in South- ern Siberian Turkic languages (Altai, Khakas, Tuvan) are analyzed in comparison with Kipchak languages. The verb čïq= ~ sïx= has been actively developing its meaning since it was fixed in the ancient Turkic monuments. This verb was found to possess similar meanings in various Turkic languages. At the same time, čïq= ~ sïx= is combined with different words in these languages. Regional values or values specific to specific languages are also detected. The languages under consideration are divided according to the action values expressed by constructions with the verb čïq= and its analogs: the beginning in the Turkic languages of Siberia and the completion, exhaustion of action in non-Siberian languages. It may be a manifestation of Mongolian influence on the Siberian languages, since the semantics of initialization is characteristic of the Mongolian gar=, the semantic structure of which is almost similar to the Turkic čïq= and ün=. The secondary meanings of the verb considered reflect the representations of linguistic groups associated with such concepts as top / bottom, previous / subsequent (in time). The semantics of čïq= ~ sïx= and ün= reflects the spatial-temporal aspect of the Turkic world view. These verbs combine the meanings of various vectors of direction (horizontally and vertically), as well as motions taking place on various spatial-temporal intervals, including the opposite ones: the manifestation of an object / the beginning of an action (to appear / to begin; to begin, to start some activity); the action during some space-time interval (to overcome any space / to overcome any period; to happen, to occur); the disappearance of an object / the completion of an action (to disappear / to come to an end; to finish, to complete some activity).

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Lim, Zhe Xi, Sasidharan Sreenivasan, Yew Hoong Wong, Feng Zhao, and Kuan Yew Cheong. "Effects of Electrode Materials on Charge Conduction Mechanisms of Memory Device Based on Natural Aloe Vera." MRS Advances 1, no. 36 (2016): 2513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.522.

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ABSTRACTResistive switching behaviors in Aloe vera films are being explored for nonvolatile memory applications. A simple structure in which the Aloe vera films sandwiched in between a top and bottom electrode are used. The switching behaviors of the devices in which the Aloe vera film is dried at different temperatures and the roles of top electrode materials (Al and Ag) are investigated. Current density–voltage measurements reveal that filamentary conduction is the dominant conduction process inducing resistive switching characteristics in Aloe vera films. Device with Al-top electrode requires a forming voltage higher than devices with Ag-top electrode, due to the tendency of oxide formation of these materials. The resistive switching behaviors are highly reproducible, as demonstrated by the data retention performance over an interval of 104 s and endurance capability of over 100 cycles.

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Malzahn, Melanie. "The development of the Tocharian causative system – top-down or bottom-up?" Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0020.

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Abstract Tocharian possesses a highly complex verbal system and has played a major role in theories about the PIE verb in recent decades. While it is certainly true that Tocharian deserves the highest attention for theories about the protolanguage, not every trait of its verbal system has to be explained by direct top-down developments and not every trait can be directly transferred onto the proto-language. The paper discusses the Tocharian causative stems and argues that an inner-Tocharian development for the system of causatives is more likely than deriving the various stems from respective PIE stems directly.

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Akita, Kimi. "Register-Specific Morphophonological Constructions in Japanese." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3267.

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This paper argues that the idea of Construction Morpho(phono)logy (henceforth CM) in the sense of Booij (2010) works well in the analysis of many register-specific expressions in Japanese. Japanese is often (unofficially) said to be morpho-syntactically “less constructional” than languages like English. This kind of remark seems to stem in part from the apparent rarity of constructional template-based innovation like the one cited in (1a), in which the otherwise intransitive verb sneeze occurs in a transitive sentence frame with the help of the well-known “caused-motion construction” given in (1b). What seems to be its Japanese equivalent is clearly ungrammatical, as shown in (1c).1a. Fred sneezed the napkin off the table. (Goldberg 1995:156) 1b. The caused-motion construction in English (Goldberg 1995:152)syntax: [SUBJ [V OBJ OBL]] semantics: ‘X CAUSE Y to MOVE z’1c. *Hureddo-ga teeburu-kara napukin-o kusyami-si-ta.F-NOM table-from napkin-ACC sneeze-do-PST ‘Fred sneezed the napkin off the table.’In this study, however, it will be shown that the language has a rich constructional architecture at least at the word level.

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Lundquist, Björn. "Noun-verb conversion without a generative lexicon." Nordlyd 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.221.

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Fortescue, Michael. "A neural network approach to compositionality and co-compositionality." Words and their meaning: A deep delve from surface distribution intounderlying neural representation 5, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.5.2.03for.

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The issue of compositionality is applied to the modelling of the mental lexicon in terms of neural networks as described in Fortescue (2009). The approach is illustrated by applying it to the analysis of a semantically complex verb, conquer, illustrating the need to draw upon top-down (social, stylistic) as well as bottom-up (sensory) affordances in modelling such lexical items. Thereafter, a collocation that requires the mutual adjustment of the semantics of its individual components is analysed. Finally, adjectives of temperature crucially involving “limbic” affordances are treated. In all instances, the relevance of universal conceptual “primitives” to the processes of paraphrase and (co)composition will be seen to be highly restricted.

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Buchanan, John J., and Fay B. Horak. "Vestibular loss disrupts control of head and trunk on a sinusoidally moving platform." Journal of Vestibular Research 11, no. 6 (September 28, 2002): 371–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2002-11604.

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Twelve subjects, 6 bilateral vestibular-loss (3 well compensated and 3 poorly compensated) and 6 controls, attempted to maintain balance during anterior-posterior sinusoidal surface translation at 6 different frequencies. For frequencies ≤ 0.25 Hz well compensated and control subjects rode the platform by fixing the head and upper-trunk with respect to the support surface, and for frequencies ≥ 0.75 Hz, these subjects fixed their head/upper-trunk in space. Poorly compensated vestibular subjects showed large head and center of mass variability and were unable to balance at frequencies requiring a head fixed in space pattern. All vestibular subjects were less stable with vision than the controls. Without vision, vestibular subjects experienced more falls than the controls at all frequencies, with falls observed in 61% trials and 16% information is important in stabilizing head and upper-trunk motion in space. Visual and somatosensory information can compensate, in part, for vestibular-loss. The results are discussed in light of models that characterize postural control in a vestibular/visual top-down and somatosensory bottom-up manner.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Darroman, Mélanie. "Renaissance de l'habitat participatif en France : vers de nouvelles formes négociées de fabrication de la ville ? Deux études de cas dans l'agglomération bordelaise : le projet HNord (Bordeaux) et La Ruche (Bègles)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0485.

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Cette thèse interroge les effets combinés des enjeux d’un urbanisme durable et d’un impératif participatif grandissant des habitants – usagers – citoyens, dans le cadre de la fabrication métropolitaine contemporaine. Depuis le début des années 2000, des expériences alternatives d’habitat émergent en France sous l’impulsion de revendications sociales portées par la société civile. Le terme générique d’« habitat participatif », définit récemment par la loi pour l’Accès au Logement et à un Urbanisme Négocié (ALUR), publiée au Journal Officiel le 26 mars 2014, rassemble ainsi d’une même voix la variété de ces initiatives à l’œuvre, contribuant à pérenniser les dynamiques de structuration et de diffusion d’un mouvement de l’habitat participatif. Faisant référence aux expressions citoyennes contestataires des années 1970-1980, avec la critique d’un urbanisme moderne et des politiques publiques, les projets actuels marquent la renaissance des questionnements autour de la place de la maîtrise d’usage – incarnée par les habitants-usagers – dans la chaîne de production des logements et, plus largement, dans les processus décisionnels d’aménagement des territoires. Porteuse de pratiques participatives innovantes, la résurgence de l’habitat participatif révèle des logiques diverses d’engagements citoyens, militants ou professionnels, et des formes négociées de fabrication de l’habitat. Dès lors, s’opposent des dynamiques « bottom-up » – illustrées par des demandes et des initiatives habitantes, et des dynamiques « top-down » – portées par des instances politico-institutionnelles en plein renouvellement de leurs modes d’action et savoir-faire. Supportée par une trame multidimensionnelle de négociations, la thèse propose alors une analyse des interactions et des formes d’hybridation de cette production collective en cours à travers trois dimensions : la dimension valorielle, pour fixer le socle des transactions sociales ; la dimension organisationnelle et relationnelle, pour observer la micropolitique des groupes-projets ; la dimension processuelle, pour saisir les temporalités du projet et les moments clés de la négociation sur l’ensemble du processus. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur deux cas d’étude dans l’agglomération bordelaise, en pleine métropolisation : le cas de la coopérative d’habitants HNord, sur l’îlot Dupaty à Bordeaux ; et celui d’un projet d’habitat participatif multi-partenarial, La Ruche, sur la commune de Bègles au sein de l’Opération d’Intérêt National (OIN) Bordeaux-Euratlantique. Encadrée par un dispositif CIFRE avec l’Etablissement Public d’Aménagement Bordeaux-Euratlantique (EPA), la recherche repose sur une approche ethnographique, basée sur de nombreuses situations d’observation participante, des entretiens d’acteurs cibles et une analyse documentaire. Les enquêtes menées à différentes échelles offrent une vision macro, méso et microsociale des processus de production et de diffusion de l’habitat participatif. Les résultats de la thèse mettent alors en évidence les modalités de partenariats entre différentes sphères d’acteurs – les habitants, les institutions et les experts – dans la production de l’habitat participatif conduisant à un changement de paradigme sociétal et professionnel à travers le renouvellement des modes d’habiter, des savoirs et savoir-faire. Ainsi, nous proposons une réflexion sur les moyens et possibilités d’intégration de cette dynamique collective et citoyenne au sein des processus décisionnels d’aménagement urbain pour la fabrication métropolitaine et, de voir en quoi ce phénomène participatif et collaboratif peut-il constituer un outil de management territorial novateur préfigurant le futur de nos cités
This PhD thesis questions the combined effects of the challenges of sustainable urban development and a growing priority for inhabitants – users – citizens, to participate in contemporary metropolitan production. Since the early 2000s, there is in France an emergence of alternative housing experiences as a result of social demands. The generic term of « participative housing », recently defined by the bill for access to housing and urban renovation (ALUR), published in the Official Journal on March 26, 2014, gathers with one voice, the variety of these initiatives at work, contributing to ensure the dynamic structuring and dissemination of the participative housing movement. Referring to the civil protests of 1970-1980, criticizing modern urban planning and public policy, the current projects tackle once again of how to combine the inhabitants expertise with professional expertise in the production of housing, and more broadly in the decision-making processes of regional planning. Producing innovative participatory practices, the resurgence of participative housing reveals different logics of social commitments on the part of citizens, activists and professionals, and negotiated forms of housing production. As a consequence, the « bottom-up » dynamic, based on the demands and initiatives of the inhabitants, opposes the « top-down » dynamic, based on the initiative of politico-institutional bodies in full renewal of their modes of action and know-how. Supported by a multi-dimensional framework of negotiations, the thesis analyzes the interactions and forms of hybridization of this ongoing collective production through a three dimensional approach : the value related dimension, to set the base of social transactions ; the organizational and relational dimension to observe the micro-political groups-projects ; the procedural dimension to grasp the temporality of the project and the key moments of negotiation of the whole process. For this, we build on two case studies in the Bordeaux area, being subject to processes of metropolization : the case of the residents cooperative HNord in the Dupaty housing block in Bordeaux ; and the multi-partnered participative housing project, La Ruche, in the town of Bègles within the framework of the « Operation of National Interest » (OIN) Bordeaux-Euratlantique. Governed by a CIFRE program with the « Local Planning and Development authority » (EPA) Bordeaux-Euratlantique, the research is based on an ethnographic approach : participant observation, interviews with target stakeholders and a literature review. The investigations conducted at different scales offer a macro, meso and micro-social understanding of the process of participative housing production and dissemination. The results of the thesis highlight the partnership conditions between different groups of stakeholders – inhabitants, institutions and expertsn – in the production of participative housing leading to a societal and professional paradigm shift through a renewal of ways of living, knowledge and expertise. Thus, we propose a reflection on ways and possibilities how to integrate this collective and civic dynamics in the decision-making processes of urban planning for metropolitan production and to see how this participatory and collaborative phenomenon can serve as an innovative tool in territorial management for our future cities

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Quevreux, Pierre. "Conséquences des interactions entre voies vertes et brunes sur la stabilité des réseaux trophiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC142/document.

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Cette thèse a pour but de comprendre les implications des relations entre réseau trophique vert et réseau trophique brun sur la stabilité et le fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques. Les interactions entre ces deux réseaux, respectivement fondés sur la photosynthèse et la consommation de la matière organique morte, sont essentielles au fonctionnement des écosystèmes : l'un produit de la matière organique à partir de nutriments minéraux et l'autre recycle les nutriments contenus dans la matière organique morte. Cette question est abordée à l'aide de deux modèles théoriques et d'une étude expérimentale. Mon premier modèle montre que la boucle de rétroaction induite par le recyclage des nutriments dans un réseau trophique exclusivement vert a un effet stabilisant sur les dynamiques d'une chaîne trophique et un effet enrichissement à cause de la remise à disposition pour les producteurs primaires des nutriments excrétés par l'ensemble des organismes du réseau trophique. Cependant seul l'effet enrichissement, qui est déstabilisant, persiste dans un modèle de réseau trophique. Mon second modèle intègre le réseau brun de manière explicite et montre que ce réseau est davantage déstabilisé que le réseau vert lorsque la disponibilité en nutriments augmente. Cette effet est amplifié si la majeure partie de l'excrétion se fait sous forme de détritus qui déstabilisent le réseau brun par un effet d'enrichissement. Ce modèle montre également que la survie des consommateurs est améliorée lorsqu'ils peuvent consommer des proies provenant des deux réseaux. Mon expérience en mésocosmes aquatiques a permis d'étudier les effets en cascades entre réseaux vert et brun via une filtration de la lumière (manipulation directe du réseau vert), l'ajout de carbone organique dissous (manipulation directe du réseau brun) et l'ajout de poissons (manipulation de la structure du réseau trophique). Nous n'avons pas observé d'effets en cascade du réseau vert sur le réseau brun et inversement, notamment à cause d'un ajout probablement trop faible de carbone dissout. Les poissons ont eux eu un fort effet sur les deux réseaux avec des effets positifs sur le phytoplancton lorsque la lumière est réduite à cause de la diminution de la limitation par les nutriments grâce à l'excrétion des poissons, une augmentation de la concentration en carbone organique dissout et une modification du profil métabolique de la communauté bactérienne benthique. Un modèle annexe montre quant à lui que la plasticité du métabolisme chez les organismes, c'est-à-dire leur capacité à réduire ou à augmenter leur métabolisme en fonction de la disponibilité en ressources afin de maximiser leur bilan énergétique permet de stabiliser les dynamiques d'une chaine trophique en diminuant la variabilité temporelle des biomasses des espèces. Dans un réseau trophique, cette stabilisation se traduit par une augmentation de la persistance des espèces. Cette thèse a permis de mieux relier l'écologie des communautés à l'écologie fonctionnelle, améliorant ainsi notre compréhension des conséquences de grands processus écosystémiques comme le recyclage des nutriments sur la stabilité des réseaux trophiques et des effets de la structure de ces réseaux sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes
The aim of this thesis is to understand the implications of the relationships between green and brown food webs on the stability and functioning of food webs. The interactions between these two food webs, based respectively on photosynthesis and the consumption of dead organic matter, are essential for the functioning of ecosystems: one produces organic matter from mineral nutrients and the other one recycles the nutrients contained in dead organic matter. I address this by using two theoretical models and an experimental study. My first model shows that the feedback loop induced by nutrient cycling in an exclusively green food web has a stabilising effect on species dynamics in a food chain and an enrichment effect due to the excretion of nutrients that are available again for primary producers. However, only the enrichment effect, which is destabilising, persists in a food web model. My second model integrates a true brown food web and shows that this food web is more destabilised than the green food web when nutrient availability increases. This effect is amplified if most of nutrients are excreted as detritus that destabilises the brown food web through an enrichment effect. This model also shows that consumer survival is improved when they can consume prey from both green and brown food webs. My experiment in aquatic mesocosms enabled me to study the cascading effects between green and brown food webs thanks to light filtration (direct manipulation of the green food web), the addition of dissolved organic carbon (direct manipulation of the brown food web) and the addition of fish (manipulation of food web structure). We did not observe any cascading effects of the green food web on the brown food web and vice versa, probably because of a too low addition of dissolved carbon. The fish had a strong effect on both green and brown food webs with positive effects on phytoplankton when light is filtered because of the decreased nutrient limitation thanks to fish excretion, an increased concentration of dissolved organic carbon and a change in the metabolic profile of the benthic bacterial community. An additional model shows that the plasticity of metabolic rate, that is the ability of organisms to increase or decrease their metabolic rate depending on resource availability in order to optimise their energy budget, stabilises species dynamics in a food chain model by decreasing biomass time variability. Such a stabilising effect results in increase of species persistence in a complex food web model. This thesis is an additional step to better link community ecology to functional ecology, thus improving our understanding of the consequences on food web stability of major ecosystem processes such as the nutrient cycling and the effects of food web structure on ecosystem functioning

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(8300103), Shams R. Rahmani. "Digital Soil Mapping of the Purdue Agronomy Center for Research and Education." Thesis, 2020.

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This research work concentrate on developing digital soil maps to support field based plant phenotyping research. We have developed soil organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), natural soil drainage class, and tile drainage line maps using topographic indices and aerial imagery. Various prediction models (universal kriging, cubist, random forest, C5.0, artificial neural network, and multinomial logistic regression) were used to estimate the soil properties of interest.

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Books on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.

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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.

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H, Whitlock Charles, Suttles John T, and Langley Research Center, eds. Finite difference radiative transfer model calculations compared to measurements at the top and bottom of the atmosphere. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Reinert, Kenneth A. Electricity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499440.003.0010.

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This chapter considers electricity as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for refrigeration, light, communication, and air conditioning. It considers the widespread nature of electricity deprivation and the challenges that exist to address this deprivation. The chapter also considers the relationship of electricity with other basic goods (e.g., healthcare and food). The chapter examines the subsistence right to electricity and the very limited appearance of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines electricity provision paradigms (top-down and bottom-up approaches), renewable electricity generation (solar and wind), climate change, and electricity and growth.

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Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models without Underlying Boolean Microdynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0013.

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Chapter 12 showed how to circumvent two major stumbling blocks of the LGCA approach: statistical noise and exponential complexity of the collision rule. Yet, the ensuing LB still remains connected to low Reynolds flows, due to the low collisionality of the underlying LGCA rules. The high-viscosity barrier was broken just a few months later, when it was realized how to devise LB models top-down, i.e., based on the macroscopic hydrodynamic target, rather than bottom-up, from underlying microdynamics. Most importantly, besides breaking the low-Reynolds barrier, the top-down approach has proven very influential for many subsequent developments of the LB method to this day.

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Bugaeva, Anna. Polysynthesis in Ainu. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.48.

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Ainu is a typical polysynthetic language in that a single complex verb can express what takes a whole sentence in most other languages. A single verb form may include more than one heavy element: up to two applicative prefixes (out of three), two causative suffixes (out of five), two incorporated objects, one lexical prefix (out of two originating in nouns ‘head’ and ‘bottom’), one verbalizing suffix (originating in the verb ‘make’), as well as reciprocal, reflexive, and general object (=antipassive) prefixes and agreement affixes for the first/second person subject and object. The degree of combinability of voice markers and noun incorporation is spectacular. Nevertheless, it has been claimed that Ainu deviates from more typical polysynthetic languages in having less freedom of word order, interrogative phrases in situ, and unrestricted morphological causatives (Baker 1996). This chapter aims to distinguish what Ainu shares with other polysynthetic languages from what is unique.

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Boden, Margaret A. 4. Artificial neural networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.003.0004.

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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are made up of many interconnected units, each one capable of computing only one thing. ANNs have myriad applications, from playing the stock market and monitoring currency fluctuations to recognizing speech or faces. ANNs are parallel-processing virtual machines implemented on classical computers. They are intriguing partly because they are very different from the virtual machines of symbolic AI. Sequential instructions are replaced by massive parallelism, top-down control by bottom-up processing, and logic by probability. ‘Artificial neural networks’ considers the wider implications of ANNs and discusses parallel distributed processing (PDP), learning in neural networks, back-propagation, deep learning, and hybrid systems.

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Koenderink, Jan. Visual Illusions? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0008.

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The very definition of “illusion” is elusive. Various distinct ontologies are considered. The concept is tightly bound to the understanding of reality, awareness, “God’s eye,” objectivity, subjectivity, emphatic relations, and several others. Here the distinctions between “illusion,” “ambiguity, “delusion,” and “deception,” are clarified. The very notion of illusion is closely tied to conceptual approaches to mind. Especially the dichotomy between a top-down “controlled hallucination” and a bottom-up “inverse physics” approach accounts for much confusion in the literature. It is suggested that a thoroughly biological approach might be preferable. In such an approach, experimental psychobiology would be a special sub-branch—devoted to the genus homo—of ethology. Does this help to impose a formal structure, such as a partial order, on the zoo of illusions as we know them? Unfortunately, not really. At this moment in history, we are still far from such a reasoned inventory.

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Bickel, Balthasar, and Fernando Zúñiga. The ‘Word’ in Polysynthetic Languages. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.52.

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Polysynthesis presupposes the existence of ‘words’, a domain or unit of phonology and syntax that is extremely variable within and across languages: what behaves as a ‘word’ with respect to one phonological or syntactic rule or constraint may not behave as such with respect to other rules or constraints. Here we develop a system of variables that allows cataloguing all verb-based domains in a language in a bottom-up fashion and then determining any potential convergence of domains in an empirical way. We apply the system to case studies of Mapudungun and Chintang. These confirm earlier observations that polysynthetic languages do not operate with unified units of type ‘word’ in either phonology or syntax.

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Ott, Walter. Leges Sive Natura. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746775.003.0004.

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The way of laws is as much a defining feature of the modern period as the way of ideas. In one of its forms, it stands as an alternative to the moribund Aristotelian ontology. But the way of laws is hardly without its forks. Both before and after Descartes, there are philosophers using the concept of laws to carve out a very different position from his, one that is entirely disconnected from God or God’s will. This concept of law features in the work of Francis Bacon and comes to fruition in the work of Spinoza. Grasping it reshapes how we read the rest of their metaphysics and opens up a way of thinking about laws that is resolutely bottom-up.

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Wickham, Chris. Communes. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181141.003.0001.

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This book examines the rise of Italian city communes in the twelfth century. Focusing on the cities of Milan, Pisa, and Rome, it explores real social and political differences in the experiences of the early city communes. It also highlights the role played by the elite of these cities and towns in the development of one of the first nonmonarchical forms of government in medieval Europe, not realizing that they were creating something altogether new. The communes of twelfth-century Italy were characterized by institutional creativity and were founded on bottom-up collaboration. These were novelties, and their very contradictions make them interesting as well as difficult to explain. The book analyzes such contradictions. This chapter explains why the emergence of communes has such importance for Italian historiography and discusses the historiographical frame for how to study communes in more detail as it has emerged in the last generation.

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Book chapters on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Alcántara-Ayala, Irasema, and Ricardo J. Garnica-Peña. "Landslide Warning Systems in Low-And Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Future Challenges and Societal Impact." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 137–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_9.

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AbstractThere is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of warning systems to reduce landslide disaster risk and avoid the occurrence of disasters. Recent developments in landslide disasters around the world have heightened the need for the implementation of Landslide Early Warning Systems (LEWSs) particularly in low-and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and MICs), where levels of vulnerability and exposure are very high. However, no previous study has systematically evaluated the use of LEWSs in LICs and MICs. By means of a systematic review on the scientific literature this chapter explores the ways in which LEWSs have been implemented in LICs and MICs. This research seeks to address the spatial distribution of LEWSs in the world, specifically in LICs and MICs. Special attention is given to reviewing the development of LEWSs in terms of their inclusion in integrated disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies or as standalone initiatives, and the type of approaches followed, either as top-down or bottom-up. The chapter has three key components: (1) to prepare a search and inclusion criteria strategy for systematic literature review to collect a set of articles on LEWSs using the ISI Web of Science database; (2) to organize the literature review set to extract and analyse quantitative and qualitative data and information on LEWSs in LICs and MICs; and (3) to provide insights on a future LEWSs research agenda concerning critical issues and gaps in the literature and identifying main challenges with high societal impact. A noteworthy remark about this review is that only 12.4% of the total publications that met the specified criteria are from LICs and MICs. These papers address diverse dimensions of LEWSs in different degrees, but despite that, the actual use or implementation of LEWSs was addressed only by five papers. This suggests a potential disadvantage in the development and successful systematic implementation of LEWSs in these countries.

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De Romanis, Federico. "Introductory Notes." In The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus, 11–13. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842347.003.0002.

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The P.Vindob. G 40822 is a fragment of a papyrus 38 cm high and 27 cm wide, written on both sides. The blank space on the top and at the bottom shows that no line is missing on top or at the bottom of recto col. ii and verso col. iii. First edition by Harrauer/Sijpensteijn (1985). Afterwards, ...

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Ghazoul, Jaboury. "2. The dawn of ecology." In Ecology: A Very Short Introduction, 10–29. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198831013.003.0002.

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‘The dawn of ecology’ introduces the Greek writer Theophrastus and his discovery that plants flourish in places suited to their intrinsic attributes. The word ‘ecosystem’ was coined by 20th-century botanist Andrew Tansley, who argued that organisms and their environment should be considered together. Charles Elton created the ‘pyramid of numbers’, with producers at the bottom and primary consumers at the top. Georgy Gause discovered competition among species—if two organisms in competition for the same resource were put together, one would wipe the other out. Mathematical and scientific predictive models would become useful in unstable climate conditions, allowing specialists to identify potential tipping points.

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Ghazoul, Jaboury. "5. Simple complex questions." In Ecology: A Very Short Introduction, 73–93. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198831013.003.0005.

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‘Simple complex questions’ contrasts top-down and bottom-up approaches to ecological puzzles. For example, plants evade herbivores with physical defences that render them toxic or unpalatable, and the predators then evolve their own defences. How can a tropical forest support over 1,000 different tree species in a 50-hectare plot? When trees in the same forest differ in their response to environmental changes, can we still describe their environment as a niche? In species-rich systems, is there stability in complexity? Do we need so many species? Even when answering this question, we might benefit from a less human-centred approach. Earth’s biological richness has resonance beyond the dominant species.

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Ghazoul, Jaboury. "6. Applied ecology." In Ecology: A Very Short Introduction, 94–116. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198831013.003.0006.

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‘Applied ecology’ looks at the application of ecological theories in modelling renewable resources and population dynamics, particularly in relation to species we wish to control or preserve. The collapse of cod fisheries shows the consequences when the bottom of the food chain (changes in phytoplankton) impacts the top. Changes in climate and fire regimes in America’s forests suggests current models may no longer be sustainable in future. How do species mixes help alleviate pressure from pests or pathogens? Successes in the lab have failed in the field, or not taken into account alternative problems that arise from manipulating the ecosystem. Biological and pest control strategies require a holistic approach.

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Education and Earnings of the Bottom 99%." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0015.

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“We are the 99%!” was the rallying cry of the short-lived Occupy Wall Street movement. It reflected concern about the finding that the share of total income enjoyed by the top 1% of earners has increased since the 1970s, about a society seen as being divided between the very rich and the increasingly poor (at least in a relative sense), and about the wide, impassable gulf separating the two. The rise in income share of the top 1% can be explained to a large extent by the rise of superstars capable of earning vast sums in today’s globalized, digitized, networked, and financially integrated economy. That was not possible in the past. In addition, those in the English-speaking world seem to be better positioned than others to take advantage of this new environment.

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Auletta, Gennaro, and Ivan Colagé. "Consciousness and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis: From Bottom-Up to Top-Down Causation and Vice Versa." In Brains Top Down, 235–72. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814412469_0010.

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Fielding, Henry. "In which our travellers meet with a very extraordinary adventure." In Tom Jones. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536993.003.0108.

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Just as Jones and his friend came to the end of their dialogue in the preceding chapter, they arrived at the bottom of a very steep hill. Here Jones stopped short, and directing his eyes upwards, stood for a while silent. At length he...

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McElroy, Michael B. "Power from Wind : Opportunities And Challenges." In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0014.

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The key step in generating electricity from wind involves capturing and harvesting the kinetic energy of the wind (the energy presented by the directed motion of the air). The blades of a wind turbine are shaped such that the interaction with wind results in a difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the blades. It is this difference in pressure that causes the blades to rotate. And ultimately it is the rotation of the blades that results in the production of electricity. The physical principle behind the operation of a wind turbine is the same as that that allows a heavy aircraft to stay aloft. The wings of a plane are shaped so that the distance the air has to travel to traverse the underside of the wings is less than the distance it has to move to cross the top. As a result, the flow of air across the top is faster than the flow across the bottom. Bernoulli’s Principle states that the greater the speed of the flow, the lower the pressure and vice versa. The difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the wings is what allows the plane to stay aloft (the pressure below is higher, reflecting the lower wind speed). The net upward force exerted by the pressure difference across the wings compensates for the downward pull of gravity, providing the lift that offsets the weight of the plane. There is a fundamental limit to the extent to which the kinetic energy delivered by the wind can be deployed to turn the blades of the turbine. The absolute limit to the efficiency, derived first by the German physicist Albert Betz and named in his honor (the Betz limit) is 59.3%. With careful design, modern turbines have been able to achieve efficiencies ranging as high as 80% of the Betz limit. They are capable in this case of capturing and making use of as much as 48% of the kinetic energy intercepted by the blades of the turbine and to deploy this power to perform useful functions, most notably to generate electricity.

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Antúnez, E., Y. Haxhimusa, R. Marfil, W. G. Kropatsch, and A. Bandera. "Artificial Visual Attention Using Combinatorial Pyramids." In Robotic Vision, 437–55. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2672-0.ch022.

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Computer vision systems have to deal with thousands, sometimes millions of pixel values from each frame, and the computational complexity of many problems related to the interpretation of image data is very high. The task becomes especially difficult if a system has to operate in real-time. Within the Combinatorial Pyramid framework, the proposed computational model of attention integrates bottom-up and top-down factors for attention. Neurophysiologic studies have shown that, in humans, these two factors are the main responsible ones to drive attention. Bottom-up factors emanate from the scene and focus attention on regions whose features are sufficiently discriminative with respect to the features of their surroundings. On the other hand, top-down factors are derived from cognitive issues, such as knowledge about the current task. Specifically, the authors only consider in this model the knowledge of a given target to drive attention to specific regions of the image. With respect to previous approaches, their model takes into consideration not only geometrical properties and appearance information, but also internal topological layout. Once the focus of attention has been fixed to a region of the scene, the model evaluates if the focus is correctly located over the desired target. This recognition algorithm considers topological features provided by the pre-attentive stage. Thus, attention and recognition are tied together, sharing the same image descriptors.

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Conference papers on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Youssef, Mahmoud Mohammed Sidi, Clement Mallet, Nesrine Chehata, Arnaud Le Bris, and Adrien Gressin. "Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches for building detection in a single very high resolution satellite image." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947573.

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Abo Elazm, M. M., A. I. Shahata, A. F. Elsafty, and M. A. Teamah. "Numerical Investigation of a Three-Dimensional Laminar Mixed Convection Flows in Lid-Driven Cavity for Very Small Richardson Numbers." In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49575.

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Laminar mixed convection in a three-dimensional lid driven cavity is numerically investigated. The top lid of the cavity is moving rightwards with a constant speed at a cold temperature. The bottom wall is maintained at an isothermal hot temperature, while the other vertical walls of the cavity are assumed to be insulated. In this study the mass diffusion was not taken into account and the fluid used was air. The flow and heat transfer behavior is studied for various Richardson number ranging from 5 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−4 at a fixed Prandtl number of 0.71 through analyzing the local Nusselt number distribution at different sections inside the cavity. Lewis number Le is assumed to be unity and the buoyancy ratio parameter N is equal to zero. Computations were done using an in-house code based on a finite volume method. The results showed a good agreement with previous two dimensional studies, while the three dimensional study gives different results at different sections inside the cavity. It is observed that, the average Nusselt number “Av Nu” on top and bottom surfaces decreases for all sections inside the cavity with increasing Richardson number. A correlation was formulated for each section on both walls for “Av Nu” as a function of “Ri” with a maximum error of 7.3%.

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Yang, Ji Sook, Sung Hyeon Jung, and Hyung Koun Cho. "Precise Recognition of Synaptic Weight Modulation Under Ultra-low Light Illumination Using Bilayer Oxide Thin-film Transistors." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2022.jtu2a.3.

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We built photonic synapse thin-film transistor (TFT) devices consisting of a-IGZO bottom with low conductivity and a-IZO top with rapid carrier transport. This device showed a very low initial post-synaptic current by achieving a full depletion at a low negative VG and improved synaptic current amplitude for memory retention.

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Xie, Qiang, Yuxia Hu, Mark Cassidy, and Alireza Salehi. "Cone Penetration Test in Stiff Over Soft Clay in Centrifuge Test." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96698.

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Abstract This paper describes a numerical study on soil characterization of stiff over soft clays in centrifuge test using cone penetration test (CPT), especially when the top stiff layer is thin relative to the centrifuge cone size. An extensive parametric study was conducted using large deformation finite element (LDFE) analysis, with the cone penetrating continuously from the soil surface. The LDFE model has been validated against existing physical test data with very good agreement. Since the bottom soft clay was normally thick enough to fully mobilise the ultimate cone resistance, its undrained shear strength can be interpreted by the existing approach for cone deep penetration in a uniform clay layer. Thus, the challenge was to interpret the strength of the top stiff layer, where the layer thickness was not thick enough to fully mobilise its ultimate resistance. Both top layer thickness ratios (to the cone diameter) and layer strength ratios were considered in the parametric study. Based on the results from LDFE analyses, the interpretation formula of the undrained shear strength in the top stiff layer was proposed as a set of new bearing factors. The proposed cone bearing factor was a function of the ratio of the measured peak cone resistance in the top layer to the stable/ultimate cone resistance in the bottom layer and the ratio between the top layer thickness to the cone diameter. The formula can be used directly when the top layer thickness was known based on the sample preparation. However, the layer interface can be identified based on the study here, if the top layer thickness was not certain. A design flow chart was provided for interpretations of top clay layer strength and top layer thickness based on the cone resistance profile obtained from CPT test.

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Vasiliev, Alexander D. "Modeling of Thermal Hydraulics Aspects of Combined Top and Bottom Water Reflood Experiment PARAMETER-SF2 Using SOCRAT 2.1 Code." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69043.

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The PARAMETER-SF2 test conditions simulated a severe LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) nuclear power plant sequence in which the overheated up to 1700÷2300K core would be reflooded from the top and the bottom in occasion of ECCS (Emergency Core Cooling System) recovery. The test was successfully conducted at the NPO “LUTCH”, Podolsk, Russia, in April 3, 2007 and was the second of two experiments to be performed in the frame of ISTC 3194 Project. PARAMETER facility of NPO “LUTCH”, Podolsk, is designed for studies of the VVER fuel assemblies behavior under conditions simulating design basis, beyond design basis and severe accidents. After the maximum cladding temperature of 1750K was reached in the bundle during PARAMETER-SF2 test, the top flooding (flow rate 40g/s) was begun and later approximately in 30 s the bottom flooding (flow rate 100g/s) was initiated. Two-phase (water and steam) flow determined the fuel assembly cooling conditions. The thermal hydraulic and SFD (Severe Fuel Damage) best estimate numerical complex SOCRAT 2.1 was used for the calculation of PARAMETER-SF2 experiment. Thermal hydraulics in PARAMETER-SF2 experiment played very important role and its adequate modeling is important for the thermal analysis. The results obtained by the complex SOCRAT 2.1 were compared with experimental data concerning different aspects of thermal hydraulics behavior including convective and radiative heat transfer in the bundle and the CCFL (counter-current flooding limitation) phenomenon during the reflood. The temperature experimental data were found to be in a good agreement with calculated results. It is indicative of the adequacy of modeling the complicated thermo-hydraulic behavior in the PARAMETER-SF2 test.

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Madasamy, Chelliah, Omar Faruque, Tau Tyan, and Robert Thomas. "Static and Impact Behavior of Self-Pierced Rivet Connections in Aluminum." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25431.

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Abstract Self-pierced riveted (SPR) connections in aluminum coupons were tested to evaluate their static and impact performance for automotive vehicle applications. The variables studied included: top gage, bottom gage, rivet size, adhesive, pre-strain, rivet location, strain-rate, and temperature. The SPR connections were tested for coach peel, u-tension, and lap shear modes. A variable importance assessment as well as the estimated effect of the variables on peak force and energy absorption was determined. The failure modes observed during testing were consistent. From this study, it was found that the top gage, bottom gage, and temperature were very sensitive for coach peel, u-tension, and lap shear. Additionally, adhesive was found to be important for shear loading, strain-rate increased the peak force when adhesive was present and, rivet size had a significant effect on both u-tension and coach peel modes. The effect of pre-strain and rivet location was minimal, and therefore their effect in the design process can be considered minimal.

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Sen, Chiradeep, Joshua D. Summers, and Xiaoyang Mao. "A Physics-Based Formal Vocabulary of Energy Verbs for Function Modeling." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98502.

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Abstract Function modeling of complex systems relies on predefined vocabularies of functions and flows. These vocabularies are usually developed in a top-down approach, i.e., by starting with a survey of existing systems and identifying their functions empirically. These vocabularies, while highly useful in manual modeling due to their expressive power and coverage, can be unsuitable for computerized modeling and reasoning, esp. for physics-based reasoning. To this end, this paper presents a physics-based vocabulary of function verbs developed using the bottom-up approach, where the need for the verbs is identified through a survey of physics phenomena involving operations on various energy forms allowed in physics. This survey results in a minimal set of only six verbs and two logical nodes that are proposed here. Each term is formally defined as object-oriented classes derived from more foundational classes proposed in prior research. The paper shows many applications of these terms, for modeling both simpler devices and more complex engineered systems. Collectively, this new vocabulary provides sufficient coverage over modeling needs and ensures models that are logically consistent and physics-wise valid.

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Asar, Munevver E., and Jamal S. Yagoobi. "Drying of a Fully Saturated Porous Medium With Excess Water Layers - A Numerical Study." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68157.

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Abstract Drying of moist porous media can be very energy inefficient. For example, in the pulp and paper industry, paper drying consumes more than two-thirds of the total energy used in paper machine. Novel drying technologies can decrease the energy used for drying and lessen the manufacturing processes’ carbon footprint. Developing next generation drying technologies to dry moist porous media may require understanding of removing moisture from fully saturated porous material with excess water. During papermaking, dry paper is fully saturated with in a water mixture that contains additional “excess water” before reaching the pressing section of a paper machine. This paper provides a fundamental understanding of heat and mass transfer in fully saturated porous medium with excess water. For this purpose, a theoretical drying model is developed where the porous medium corresponds to paper and is assumed to be sandwiched between two excess-water layers (bottom and top). The thickness of each water layer is calculated, based on local temperature and total moisture content. The numerical model is transient and one-dimensional in space in thickness direction. This paper demonstrates the governing equations, boundary conditions, and results when the saturated porous medium with water layers is heated from one (bottom) side. Moisture and temperature profiles are estimated in the thickness direction of the porous medium as it dries. Results show that initial drying is rapid, due to the drying of the top water layer. Then, the moisture from the bottom water layer penetrates the porous medium, as the porous medium becomes slightly unsaturated due to evaporation at its top surface exposed to ambient air. When the bottom water layer is dried up, the porous media starts losing its moisture more significantly than in the previous stages, as expected.

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Passarella, Andrea, and Gianmario L. Arnulfi. "Combined Heat and Power Plants Based on Mirror Heat Exchange Brayton Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25377.

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As gas turbine exhaust gases leave the turbine at high temperature, heat recovery is often carried out in a combined heat-and-power system or in the steam section of a combined-cycle plant. An interesting alternative is a mirror cycle, which involves coupling together a direct Brayton top cycle and an inverted Brayton bottom cycle; this results in significantly higher power output and efficiency, though at the expense of added complexity. The research illustrated in the present paper was based on two in-house codes and aimed to analyze different plant configurations, one of which was a heat recovery (regenerative) top cycle with the heat exchanger hot side located between the top and bottom cycle turbo-expanders. The authors call this configuration a distorting mirror, as the hot side may not be at atmospheric pressure. A parametric analysis was carried out in order to optimize plant performance vs. pressure levels. Simulation showed that, at the design point, very good performance is obtained: efficiency close to 0.50 with plant cost (per megawatt) about half vs. combined-cycle plants. An off-design analysis showed that the mirror plant is a little more sensitive to changes in load than a simple Brayton, single-shaft GT.

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Katsui, Tokihiro, Yoshitomo Mogi, Tomoya Inoue, Chang-Kyu Rheem, and Miki Y. Matsuo. "Experimental Investigation of the Stick-Slip Phenomena of the Drill Pipe." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41877.

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The stick-slip is one of the critical problems for the scientific drilling, because it causes a crushing of the sampled layer. The present study investigates the characteristics of stick-slip phenomena of the drill pipe with the model experiments and numerical methods. The model experiments are carried out using a 1m length drill pipe model made with the Teflon. The angular velocity at the top and the bottom of the pipe are measured with the gyro sensor on some conditions of rotating speed at the pipe top and the weight on bit (load at the pipe bottom). The numerical simulations are also carried out to reproduce the stick-slip phenomena of the model experiments. The stick-slip is a kind of torsional vibration which is governed by the convection equation. By considering the boundary condition at the top and bottom of the pipe, we can obtain a neutral delayed differential equation (NDDE). The solutions of the NDDE is depend on not the initial value but the initial history of the solution, because NDDE contains a delayed function term. Therefore, it should be solved carefully to avoid the numerical error. The NDDE is solved with the 4th order Runge-Kutta scheme with very small time increment until the truncation error could be neglected. And also, we have found out that the effect of the initial history on the solution become to be very small after a certain period of time. The experimental results are compared with the numerical results under the same rotating condition. The experimental results of the stick-slip suggest that the period of the slip is mainly depend on the rotation speed at the pipe top and the magnitude of the slip is mainly depend on the weight on bit. Those characteristics of the stick-slip such as the period or the magnitude of slip are also obtained with the numerical calculations. However, in order to obtain an acceptable numerical results of NDDE, we have to adjust the frictional torque acting on the drill bit. Though, the frictional torque model was determined by reference to the measured torque at the top of the drill pipe model in the present study, it is desired to be improved. Therefore, the physical model of the frictional torque on the drill bit should be evaluated much carefully for the precise estimation of the stick slip in the future.

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Reports on the topic "Top bottom vers"

Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.

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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.

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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.

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Bustelo, Monserrat, Suzanne Duryea, Claudia Piras, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan, and Mariana Viollaz. The Gender Pay Gap in Brazil: It Starts with College Students' Choice of Major. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003011.

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We herein discuss how college major choice affects gender wage gaps by highlighting the role that STEM majors play in explaining the gender wage gap in a developing country. We focus on a Latin American country where a systematic analysis of the interaction between students choice of college major and the gender wage gap is currently lacking. We take advantage of a very unique dataset of college students from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil, to decompose the raw gender gap in hourly wages into one component that can be explained by differences in endowments between men and women as well as a second or residual component that reflects gender differences in the prices of market skills. We implement the commonly applied decomposition approach at the wage distributions mean and a decomposition procedure that considers variations across the wage distribution. Our results reveal that the majors that women and men select explain 50% of the gender wage gap at the mean, and STEM majors contribute to 30% of this difference. When examining different percentiles of the wage distribution, we find that the selection of a major is more important at the middle of the distribution than at the bottom or top.

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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."

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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.

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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.

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