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Books on the topic 'Tool forming'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Lau, Hok-Chan. An expert system for trimming and forming tool set layout for integrated circuits (IC). [s.l: The Author], 1992.

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2

Adaskin, Anatoliy. Improving the efficiency of tools made of high-speed steels and hard alloys. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1248244.

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The monograph is devoted to improving the efficiency of forming tools made from the most used tool materials: high-speed steels and hard alloys. For tools made of high-speed steels, a comparative assessment of the standards of industrially developed countries and the Russian Federation was carried out. The characteristic of operational and technological properties is given. High-speed steels and technologies are recommended to increase the efficiency of the tool. Recommendations on the types of tools are given. The properties of hard alloys and the areas of their rational application are analyzed. The structural materials of prefabricated and soldered tools are considered. Recommendations on the choice of hard alloys are given, directions for the creation of new compositions of hard alloys to increase the efficiency of the tool in the processing of hard-to-process heat-resistant steels and alloys are shown. It is intended for engineering, technical and scientific workers of the metallurgical and manufacturing industries. It can be used in the preparation of masters, postgraduates of technological universities.
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3

Rituals & icebreakers: Practical tools for forming community. Liguori, MO: Liguori, 1999.

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4

Vollertsen, Frank. Micro Metal Forming. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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5

Chesto, Kathleen O. Rituals and icebreakers: Practical tools for forming community. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1995.

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6

Klocke, Fritz. Manufacturing Processes 4: Forming. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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7

Nielsen, C. V. Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Manufacturing Processes: Applications in Metal Forming and Resistance Welding. London: Springer London, 2013.

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8

International Symposium on Electrochemical Machining Technology (9th 2013 Fraunhofer Institut Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik). International Symposium on ElectroChemical Machining Technology INSECT 2013: Proceedings, November 12-13, 2013, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU Chemnitz. Edited by Schubert Andreas 1960- and Hackert-Oschätzchen Matthias 1979-. Chemnitz, Germany: Technische Universität Chemnitz, Professorship Micromanufacturing Technnology, 2013.

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9

Terehin, Valeriy, and Viktor Chernyshov. Efficiency and effectiveness of the penitentiary system: assessment and planning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079434.

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The issues of setting goals, planning and forming a system of indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of the penal system are considered. The criteria for determining the goals-tasks that are adequate to the public goals of the system are justified. Quantitative indicators corresponding to the criteria were developed, based on the contribution of the criminal justice System to reducing the socio-economic losses of society from recidivism. The contribution of the system is determined by changes in the criminal potential of convicted persons during the period of serving a sentence under a court sentence. Criminal potentials are estimated by predictive values of the aggregate of three groups of characteristics of the criminal potential of convicts, determined by the stages of the cycle of recidivism. The practical results of the use of sound methods and developed tools are based on the use of a significant amount of empirical data on the institutions of the criminal justice system and its systematic expert and statistical analysis. The monograph is a generalization and development of the works carried out by the authors during 2012-2017 in the process of preparing masters of Management for the penal system. It is intended for managers and specialists of the bodies and institutions of the Criminal Justice System, researchers, teachers of higher educational institutions who train specialists for law enforcement agencies.
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10

Blazynski, Tadeusz Z. Metal Forming: Tool Profiles and Flow. Palgrave, 2014.

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11

Kazeminezhad, Mohsen, ed. Metal Forming - Process, Tools, Design. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2850.

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12

Tschätsch, Heinz. Metal Forming Practise: Processes - Machines - Tools. Springer, 2007.

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13

Tschätsch, Heinz, and A. Koth. Metal Forming Practise: Processes - Machines - Tools. Springer, 2010.

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14

(Translator), A. Koth, ed. Metal Forming Practise: Processes - Machines - Tools. Springer, 2006.

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15

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Metal Forming Machine Tools, Die-Casting Machines, Rebuilt Metal Forming Machine Tools, and Remanufactured Metal Forming Machine Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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16

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Metal Forming Machine Tools, Die-Casting Machines, Rebuilt Metal Forming Machine Tools, and Remanufactured Metal Forming Machine Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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17

Vollertsen, Frank. Micro Metal Forming. Springer, 2015.

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18

Vollertsen, Frank. Micro Metal Forming. Springer, 2013.

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19

Klocke, Fritz. Manufacturing Processes 4: Forming. Springer, 2015.

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20

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Rebuilt Metal Forming Machine Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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21

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Remanufactured Metal Forming Machine Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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22

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Remanufactured Metal Forming Machine Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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23

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Rebuilt Metal Forming Machine Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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24

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Manufacturing Punching, Sheering, Bending, Forming, Pressing, Forging and Die-Casting Machines and Other Metal Forming Machine Tools Excluding Hand Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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25

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Manufacturing Punching, Sheering, Bending, Forming, Pressing, Forging and Die-Casting Machines and Other Metal Forming Machine Tools Excluding Hand Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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26

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Metal Forming Machine Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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27

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Metal Forming Machine Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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28

Application of rapid prototyping and wire arc spray to the fabrication of injection mold tools: (MSFC Center Director's Discretionary Fund final report, project No. 99-05). Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 2000.

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29

Peplow, Simon. Race and riots in Thatcher's Britain. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526125286.001.0001.

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In 1980–1, anti-police collective violence spread across England. This was the earliest confrontation between the state and members of the British public during Thatcher’s divisive government. This powerful and original book locates these disturbances within a longer struggle against racism and disadvantage faced by black Britons, which had seen a growth in more militant forms of resistance since World War II. In this first full-length historical study of 1980–1, three case studies – of Bristol, Brixton, and Manchester – emphasise the importance of local factors and the wider situation, concluding that these events should be viewed as ‘collective bargaining by riot’ – as a tool attempting increased political inclusion for marginalised black Britons. Focussing on the political activities of black Britons themselves, it explores the actions of community organisations in the aftermath of disorders to highlight dichotomous valuations of state mechanisms. A key focus is public inquiries, which were contrastingly viewed by black Britons as either a governmental diversionary tactic, or a method of legitimising their inclusion with the British constitutional system. Through study of a wide range of newly-available archives, interviews, understudied local sources, and records of grassroots black political organisations, this work expands understandings of protest movements and community activism in modern democracies while highlighting the often-problematic reliance upon ‘official’ sources when forming historical narratives. Of interest to researchers of race, ethnicity, and migration history, as well as modern British political and social history more generally, its interdisciplinary nature will also appeal to wider fields, including sociology, political sciences, and criminology.
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30

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Manufacturing Accessories and Attachments for Metal Cutting and Metal Forming Machine Tools. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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31

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Manufacturing Accessories and Attachments for Metal Cutting and Metal Forming Machine Tools. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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32

Zhang, W., C. V. Nielsen, and L. M. Alves. Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Manufacturing Processes: Applications in Metal Forming and Resistance Welding. Springer, 2012.

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33

Modeling of Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Manufacturing Processes: Applications in Metal Forming and Resistance Welding. Springer, 2012.

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34

Roye, Susmita. Mothering India. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190126254.001.0001.

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Mothering India concentrates on early Indian women’s fiction, not only evaluating their contribution to the rise of Indian Writing in English (IWE), but also exploring how they reassessed and challenged stereotypes about Indian womanhood, thereby partaking in the larger debate about social reform legislations relating to women’s rights in British India. Early women’s writings are of immense archival significance by virtue of the time period they were conceived in. In wielding their pens, these trend-setting women writers (such as Krupa Satthianadhan, Shevantibai Nikambe, Cornelia Sorabji, Nalini Turkhud, among others) stepped into the literary landscape as ‘speaking subjects,’ refusing to remain confined into the passivity of ‘spoken-of objects.’ In focusing on the literary contribution of pioneering Indian women writers, this book also endeavours to explore their contribution to the formation of the image of their nation and womanhood. Some of the complex questions this book tackles are: Particularly when India was forming a vague idea of her nationhood and was getting increasingly portrayed in terms of femaleness (via the figure of an enchained ‘Mother India’), what role did women and their literary endeavours play in shaping both their nation and their femininity/feminism? How and how far did these pioneering authors use fiction as a tool of protest against and as resistance to the Raj and/or native patriarchy, and also to express their gender-based solidarity? How do they view and review the stereotypes about their fellow women, and thereby ‘mother’ India by redefining her image? Without studying women’s perspective in the movement for women’s rights (as expressed in their literature) and their role in ‘mothering India’, our knowledge and understanding of those issues are far from holistic. A detailed study of these largely understudied, sadly forgotten and/or deliberately overlooked ‘mothers’ of IWE is long overdue and this book aims to redress that critical oversight.
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35

I, Liu T., Stephenson D. A, Wang B. P, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Production Engineering Division., and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Winter Meeting, eds. Computer-aided design and manufacture of cutting and forming tools: Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, San Francisco, California, December 10-15, 1989. New York, N.Y: The Society, 1989.

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36

Stewart-Kroeker, Sarah. Moral Formation in Christ, the Beautiful Beloved. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804994.003.0004.

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Christ’s healing of humanity consists, crucially, in forming human beings for loving relationship with himself and others. In this respect, Christ also takes the role of the beautiful beloved. Believers become pilgrims by falling in love with the beautiful Christ by the initiative of the Holy Spirit, who cleanses their eyes to see him as beautiful and enkindles desire in their hearts. By desiring and loving the beautiful Christ, the believer is conformed to him and learns to walk his path. Desiring the beautiful Christ forms a believing community shaped aesthetically and morally for a particular way of life: pilgrimage to the heavenly homeland. Formation is both earthly and eschatological, for so too is the journey and the activity of the pilgrim.
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37

Safar, Jiri G. Prion Paradigm of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases Caused by Protein Misfolding. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0005.

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Data accumulated from different laboratories argue that a growing number of proteins causing neurodegeneration share certain characteristics with prions. Prion-like particles were produced from synthetic amyloid beta (Aβ‎) peptides of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), from recombinant α‎-synuclein linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), and from recombinant tau associated with frontotemporal dementias (FTD). Evidence from human prions reveals that variable disease phenotypes, rates of propagation, and targeting of different brain structures are determined by distinct conformers (strains) of pathogenic prion protein. Recent progress in the development of advanced biophysical tools identified the structural characteristics of Aβ‎ in the brain cortex of phenotypically diverse AD patients and thus allowed an investigation of the prion paradigm of AD. The findings of distinctly structured strains of human brain Aβ‎, forming a unique spectrum of oligomeric particles in the cortex of rapidly progressive cases, implicates these structures in variable rates of propagation in the brain.
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38

Krauter, Cheryl. Psychosocial Care of Cancer Survivors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190636364.001.0001.

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Psychosocial Care of Cancer Survivors: A Clinician’s Guide and Workbook for Providing Wholehearted Care is a clinical resource written for healthcare practitioners with the goal of helping them enhance communication with both patients and colleagues. It addresses questions of how to bring a humanistic approach and quality attention to the growing needs of patients in the post-treatment phase of a cancer diagnosis. As a workbook, it is both a guide and an applicable resource for daily clinical practice. It provides a needed structure for clinicians to help them reconnect with the meaningful aspects of their work. Part I focuses on skillful means for providing humanistic, person-centered care. Part II offers clinicians pragmatic structures and methods they can start using with patients right away and provides a humanistic clinical framework that benefits them both personally and professionally: clinical skills vital to forming healing clinical relationships (e.g., the four C’s of communication: communication, curiosity, concern, conversation; communication tools to enhance effective collaboration, such as personal and professional boundaries, the essentials of a healing relationship, stages of the clinical interview, collegial collaboration; exercises designed for personal reflection and the implementation of the clinical skills and communication tools mentioned; and useful practices and solutions to increase the efficacy of and satisfaction with their work.
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39

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Dies with Two or More Thread-Forming Edges Integral with the Body for Machine Tools and Metalworking Machinery Excluding Metalworking Dies. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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40

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Dies with Two or More Thread-Forming Edges Integral with the Body for Machine Tools and Metalworking Machinery Excluding Metalworking Dies. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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41

Jackendoff, Ray. Representations and Rules in Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0007.

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In both traditional grammar and cognitive science, the standard view of language distinguishes sharply between words (lexicon) and rules (grammar). Here I undermine this distinction, presenting a continuum of phenomena that lie between undisputed words like cat and undisputed “rules” such as the pattern for transitive verb phrases. Mainstream linguistics makes a further distinction between productive rules “in the grammar,” such as the regular English past tense, and partially productive rules “in the lexicon,” such as forming a noun like construction by affixing –tion to a verb. I show that this distinction too has been misconceived: productive rules have all the properties of partially productive rules, but have in addition “gone viral.” These phenomena argue that rules of grammar are declarative schemas for licensing well-formed sentences, rather than either procedures for assembling sentences, as in mainstream generative grammar, or simple association and analogy, as in connectionist and exemplar-based approaches.
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42

Engineers, Society of Manufacturing, and Machine Monitoring Sensors Clinic (1989 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Machine Monitoring Sensors Clinic, March 7-9, 1989, Detroit, Michigan ; Automated clean room processes, March 21-22, 1989, Kissimmee, Florida ; Cold forming technology, April 5-6, 1989, Dearborn, Michigan ; Finishing Automotive Plastics Clinic, May 10-11, 1989, Novi, Michigan. Dearborn, Mich. (1 SME Dr., Dearborn): Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1989.

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43

Tasar, Eren. The Brezhnev Era and its Aftermath, 1965–1989. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652104.003.0007.

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After Nikita Khrushchev’s ouster in 1964, Soviet officials dealing with religion assessed the moderate line toward religion that had dominated the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the hard line that had animated Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaign. They determined that both had been too extreme and opted to reconcile the two lines. In the 1970s and 1980s the restriction of religion thus became more omnipresent but less potent. A notable example concerned anti-religious propaganda, which was more widespread but less virulent than in the past. In this situation, SADUM struggled unsuccessfully to restore the power it had enjoyed during the 1940s and 1950s while quietly forming ties with “unregistered” Islamic scholars who enjoyed greater breathing room under Late Socialism. An important new development during the final Soviet decades was the appearance in the Valley of illegal study circles (hujras) questioning aspects of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam practiced in Central Asia. The scholars leading these circles were rapidly labeled as Wahhabis by their detractors in the state and among the ‘ulama.
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44

Cheng, Christine. Extralegal Groups in Post-Conflict Liberia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.001.0001.

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In the aftermath of the Liberian civil war, groups of ex-combatants took control of natural resource enclaves. With some of them threatening a return to war, these groups were widely viewed as the most significant threats to Liberia’s hard-won peace. Building on fieldwork and socio-historical analysis, this study shows how extralegal groups emerge as a product of livelihood strategies and the political economy of war. It analyzes the trajectory of extralegal groups in three sectors of the Liberian economy: rubber, diamonds, and timber. The findings offer a counterpoint to the prevailing narrative, arguing that extralegal groups have a dual nature and should be viewed as accidental statebuilders driven to provide basic governance goods in order to create a stable commercial environment. These groups do not seek to rule; they provide governance because they need to trade—not as an end in itself. This leads to the book’s broader argument: it is trade, rather than war, that drives contemporary statebuilding. In areas where the state is weak and political authority is contested, where the rule of law is corrupt and government distrust runs deep, extralegal groups can provide order and dispute resolution, forming the basic kernel of the state. Extralegal groups also perform a series of hidden governance functions that establish public norms of compliance and cooperation with local populations. This sheds new light on how we understand violent nonstate actors, allowing us to view them as part of an evolutionary process of state-making, rather than simply as national security threats.
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45

Pipkin, Amanda C. Dissenting Daughters. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857279.001.0001.

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This book reveals that devout women made vital contributions to the spread and practice of the Reformed faith in the Dutch Republic in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The six women at the heart of this study—Cornelia Teellinck, Susanna Teellinck, Anna Maria van Schurman, Sara Nevius, Cornelia Leydekker, and Henrica van Hoolwerff—were influential members of networks known for supporting a religious revival known as the Further Reformation. These women earned the support and appreciation of their religious leaders, friends, and relatives by seizing the tools offered by domestic religious study and worship, and forming alliances with prominent ministers including Willem Teellinck, Gijsbertus Voetius, Wilhelmus à Brakel, and Melchior Leydekker as well as with other well-connected, well-educated women. They deployed their talents to bolster the Dutch Reformed Church from 1572, the first year its members could publicly organize, to the death of this book’s last surviving subject Cornelia Leydekker in 1725. In return for their adoption of religious teachings that constricted them in many ways, they gained the authority to minister to their family members, their female friends, and a broader audience of men and women during domestic worship as well as through their written works. These “dissenting daughters” vehemently defended their faith—against Spanish and French Catholics, as well as their neighbors, politicians, and ministers within the Dutch Republic whom they judged to be lax and overly tolerant of sinful behavior, finding ways to flourish among the strictest orthodox believers within the Dutch Reformed Church.
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46

Lee, Sangjoon. Cinema and the Cultural Cold War. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752315.001.0001.

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This book explores the ways in which postwar Asian cinema was shaped by transnational collaborations and competitions between newly independent and colonial states at the height of Cold War politics. The book adopts a simultaneously global and regional approach when analyzing the region's film cultures and industries. New economic conditions in the Asian region and shared postwar experiences among the early cinema entrepreneurs were influenced by Cold War politics, US cultural diplomacy, and intensified cultural flows during the 1950s and 1960s. The book reconstructs Asian film history in light of the international relationships forged, broken, and re-established as the influence of the non-aligned movement grew across the Cold War. The book elucidates how motion picture executives, creative personnel, policy makers, and intellectuals in East and Southeast Asia aspired to industrialize their Hollywood-inspired system in order to expand the market and raise the competitiveness of their cultural products. They did this by forming the Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Asia, co-hosting the Asian Film Festival, and co-producing films. The book demonstrates that the emergence of the first intensive postwar film producers' network in Asia was, in large part, the offspring of Cold War cultural politics and the product of American hegemony. Film festivals that took place in cities as diverse as Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Kuala Lumpur were annual showcases of cinematic talent as well as opportunities for the Central Intelligence Agency to establish and maintain cultural, political, and institutional linkages between the United States and Asia during the Cold War. This book reanimates this almost-forgotten history of cinema and the film industry in Asia.
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47

Broadbent, Alex. Philosophy of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612139.001.0001.

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Philosophy of Medicine seeks to answer two questions: (1) what is medicine? and (2) what should we think of it? The first question is motivated by the observation that medicine has existed and continues to exist in many different forms in different times and places. There is no activity or belief that is common to all medical traditions in all times and places. What, if anything, makes us count these activities as varieties of the same thing—namely, medicine? The book distinguishes the goal and business of medicine, arguing that the goal is cure, while the business of medicine cannot be, because medical traditions have been too hit-and-miss at achieving cure. The core medical competence is identified as engaging with the project of understanding the nature and causes of disease. A model of health is also required to say what medicine is, since health is part of its subject matter, and a novel theory of health as a secondary property is offered. In the second part of the book, the proper epistemic attitude to medicine is considered. Contrary to much contemporary work, the book argues against positions setting very rigid constraints on what counts as admissible evidence in forming beliefs either about whole traditions or about specific interventions. Thus both Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Nihilism are rejected. Instead a view called Medical Cosmopolitanism is developed from Appiah’s corresponding work in ethics. The view is applied to alternative and non-Mainstream traditions, as well as to the project of decolonizing medicine.
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48

Bardon, Adrian. The Truth About Denial. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062262.001.0001.

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It is a striking—yet all too familiar—fact about human beings that our belief-forming processes can be so distorted by fears, desires, and prejudices that an otherwise sensible person may sincerely uphold false claims about the world in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. When we describe someone as being “in denial,” we mean that he or she is personally, emotionally threatened by some situation—and consequently has failed to assess the situation properly according to the evidence. People in denial engage in motivated reasoning about their situation: They (sincerely) argue and interpret evidence in light of a preestablished conclusion. One significant type of reason-distorting emotional threat is a threat to one’s ideological worldview. When group interests, creeds, or dogmas are threatened by unwelcome factual information, biased thinking becomes ideological denialism. (One critical example of such denialism is the widespread denial of settled climate science.) Denial can stand in the way of individual well-being, and ideological denialism can stand in the way of good public policy. This book is a wide-ranging examination of denial and denialism. It offers a readable overview of the social psychology of denial, and examines the role of ideological denialism in conflicts over public policy, politics, and culture. Chapters focus on our philosophical and scientific understanding of denial, denial of scientific consensus, denialism in political economy, and denialism in religious belief. An afterword examines proposals for improving science communication in light of findings about motivated reasoning and denial.
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49

Trieloff, Mario. Noble Gases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.30.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Although the second most abundant element in the cosmos is helium, noble gases are also called rare gases. The reason is that they are not abundant on terrestrial planets like our Earth, which is characterized by orders of magnitude depletion of—particularly light—noble gases when compared to the cosmic element abundance pattern. Indeed, such geochemical depletion and enrichment processes make noble gases so versatile concerning planetary formation and evolution: When our solar system formed, the first small grains started to adsorb small amounts of noble gases from the protosolar nebula, resulting in depletion of light He and Ne when compared to heavy noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe: the so-called planetary type abundance pattern. Subsequent flash heating of the first small mm to cm-sized objects (chondrules and calcium, aluminum rich inclusions) resulted in further depletion, as well as heating—and occasionally differentiation—on small planetesimals, which were precursors of larger planets and which we still find in the asteroid belt today from where we get rocky fragments in form of meteorites. In most primitive meteorites, we even can find tiny rare grains that are older than our solar system and condensed billions of years ago in circumstellar atmospheres of, for example, red giant stars. These grains are characterized by nucleosynthetic anomalies and particularly identified by noble gases, for example, so-called s-process xenon.While planetesimals acquired a depleted noble gas component strongly fractionated in favor of heavy noble gases, the sun and also gas giants like Jupiter attracted a much larger amount of gas from the protosolar nebula by gravitational capture. This resulted in a cosmic or “solar type” abundance pattern, containing the full complement of light noble gases. Contrary to Jupiter or the sun, terrestrial planets accreted from planetesimals with only minor contributions from the protosolar nebula, which explains their high degree of depletion and basically “planetary” elemental abundance pattern. Indeed this depletion enables another tool to be applied in noble gas geo- and cosmochemistry: ingrowth of radiogenic nuclides. Due to heavy depletion of primordial nuclides like 36Ar and 130Xe, radiogenic ingrowth of 40Ar by 40K decay, 129Xe by 129I decay, or fission Xe from 238U or 244Pu decay are precisely measurable, and allow insight in the chronology of fractionation of lithophile parent nuclides and atmophile noble gas daughters, mainly caused by mantle degassing and formation of the atmosphere.Already the dominance of 40Ar in the terrestrial atmosphere allowed C. F v. Weizsäcker to conclude that most of the terrestrial atmosphere originated by degassing of the solid Earth, which is an ongoing process today at mid ocean ridges, where primordial helium leaves the lithosphere for the first time. Mantle degassing was much more massive in the past; in fact, most of the terrestrial atmosphere formed during the first 100 million years of Earth´s history, and was completed at about the same time when the terrestrial core formed and accretion was terminated by a giant impact that also formed our moon. However, before that time, somehow also tiny amounts of solar noble gases managed to find their way into the mantle, presumably by solar wind irradiation of small planetesimals or dust accreting to Earth. While the moon-forming impact likely dissipated the primordial atmosphere, today´s atmosphere originated by mantle degassing and a late veneer with asteroidal and possibly cometary contributions. As other atmophile elements behave similar to noble gases, they also trace the origin of major volatiles on Earth, for example, water, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon.
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50

Harlow, Luke E. Social Reform in America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0019.

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Any discussion of nineteenth-century religious Dissent must look carefully at gender. Although distinct from one another in important respects, Nonconformist congregations were patterned on the household as the first unit of God-given society, a model which fostered questions about the relationship between male and female. Ideas of gender coalesced with theology and praxis to shape expectations central to the cultural ethos of Nonconformity. Existing historiographical interpretations of gender and religion that use the separate spheres model have argued that evangelical piety was identified with women who were carefully separated from the world, while men needed to be reclaimed for religion. Despite their virtues, these interpretations suppose that evangelicalism was a hegemonic movement about which it is possible to generalize. Yet the unique history and structures of Nonconformity ensured a high degree of particularity. Gender styles were subtly interpreted and negotiated in Dissenting culture over and against the perceived practices and norms of the mainstream, creating what one Methodist called a ‘whole sub-society’ differentiated from worldly patterns in the culture at large. Dissenting men, for instance, deliberately sought to effect coherence between public and private arenas and took inspiration from the published lives of ‘businessmen “saints”’. Feminine piety in Dissent likewise rested on integration, not separation, with women credited with forming godly communities. The insistence on inherent spiritual equality was important to Dissenters and was imaged most clearly in marriage, which transcended the public/private divide and supplied a model for domestic and foreign mission. Missionary work also allowed for the valorization and mobilization of distinctive feminine and masculine types, such as the single woman missionary who bore ‘spiritual offspring’ and the manly adventurer. Over the century, religious revivals in Dissent might shift these patterns somewhat: female roles were notably renegotiated in the Salvation Army, while Holiness revivals stimulated demands for female preaching and women’s religious writing, making bestsellers of writers such as Hannah Whitall Smith. Thus Dissent was characterized throughout the Anglophone world by an emphasis on spiritual equality combined with a sharpened perception of sexual difference, albeit one which was subject to dynamic reformulation throughout the century.
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