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Journal articles on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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Hossain, Mohammad Munir, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee, and Vijay Kumar. "Critical Factors for Optimum Biodegradation of Bast Fiber’s Gums in Bacterial Retting." Fibers 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9080052.
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Bast fiber plants require a post-harvest process to yield useable natural cellulosic fibers, denoted as retting or degumming. It encompasses the degradation of the cell wall’s non-cellulosic gummy substances (NCGs), facilitating fibers separations, setting the fiber’s quality, and determining downstream usages. Due to the inconvenience of traditional retting practices, bacterial inoculum and enzyme applications for retting gained attention. Therefore, concurrent changes of agroclimatic and socioeconomic conditions, the conventional water retting confront multiple difficulties, bast industries become vulnerable, and bacterial agents mediated augmented bio-retting processes trying to adapt to sustainability. However, this process’s success demands a delicate balance among substrates and retting-related biotic and abiotic factors. These critical factors were coupled to degrade bast fibers NCGs in bacterial retting while holistically disregarded in basic research. In this study, a set of factors were defined that critically regulates the process and requires to be comprehended to achieve optimum retting without failure. This review presents the bacterial strain characteristics, enzyme potentials, specific bast plant cell wall’s structure, compositions, solvents, and interactions relating to the maximum NCGs removal. Among plants, associated factors pectin is the primary biding material that determines the process’s dynamics, while its degree of esterification has a proficient effect through bacterial enzymatic degradation. The accomplished bast plant cell wall’s structure, macerating solvents pH, and temperature greatly influence the bacterial retting process. This article also highlights the remediation process of water retting pollution in a biocompatible manner concerning the bast fiber industry’s endurance.
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Yu, Xiangyu, Yuyang Xia, Dong Liang, Wei Fu, and Chenghai Yin. "Effect of Warm-Water Retting Pretreatment on the Physical Properties of Banana Stem and Its Fibre." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238462.
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In this paper, warm-water flax retting was used as a pretreatment method for banana-fibre extraction. To determine the optimum conditions for flax retting, the physical properties of various parts of stems and fibres in the process of flax retting were analysed. By studying the tensile strength, elongation at break, diameter, moisture regain, and other characteristics of the fibres, the influences of bacteria and enzymes in the retting liquor on the fibre characteristics in different retting stages were determined. Through mechanical-property tests and microscopic observation of the stem skin, the change rules of the mechanical properties and degumming state of the stems were examined. The results showed that the fibre tensile strength of banana stems reached the maximum value of 45 ± 16 cN·tex−1 after 11 days of retting. As most resins had not been hydrolysed, fibre extraction was difficult. After 21–25 days of retting, the tensile strength of fibres was about 34 ± 10 cN·tex−1, elongation at break was about 1.71%, and moisture regain was about 13.56%. The fibre characteristics met the process requirements, and the tensile separation stress of the stem was small, about 0.034 MPa. This time point could be used as the optimum endpoint for retting flax in warm water, which could provide theoretical support and research basis for the recycling of banana straw. The functional groups of the extracted fibres were studied by FTIR, which confirmed the observed change rule of each component during degumming. The experimental results showed that a longer retting time corresponded with a lower content of fibre impurities, more thorough degumming, and less difficult extraction; however, strength and toughness decreased.
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Yinghua, Tian, Liu Xiaolan, Zheng Xiqun, and Wang Lu. "Production of efficient enzymes for flax retting by solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-04-2013-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optimum culture condition of flax-retting enzyme, and applying the enzyme liquors to retting. In addition to research the structure of flax stem in enzyme retting using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Design/methodology/approach – The influence of cultural parameters such as moisture level, temperature, incubation time and inoculum size were evaluated with respect to polygalacturonase and xylanase yield. The structure of flax stem was revealed by SEM. Findings – The flax was retted by dilute enzyme liquors (polygalacturonase/25 U/ml, xylanase/1 U/ml), and 24-h retting period was obtained. The SEM studies revealed the removal of a large amount of non-cellulosic gummy material of flax stem in enzyme retting. Originality/value – First, flax-retting enzyme containing higher-yield polygalacturonase, lower-yield xylanase and no cellulose was yielded by SSF. Second, the composition of enzyme could meet flax retting and no damage cellulosic fibre. Finally, only low-cost wheat bran, citrus peel powder and mineral salt were employed in substrate, which could reduce the overall cost of enzyme production and flax retting.
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Zhao, Dan, Hairui Ji, Renpeng Du, Qi Wang, Wenxiang Ping, and Jingping Ge. "Optimization of process conditions for microwave-assisted flax water retting by response surface methodology and evaluation of its fiber properties." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 5859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5859-5870.
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Microwave-assistance was used to increase the degumming efficiency in flax water retting. Different pre-soaking times, microwave times, and microwave power were investigated in this study. The relationships between degumming rate and process parameters were established via response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum process parameters were a pre-soaking time of 25.5 h, a microwave time of 18.5 min, and a microwave power setting of 570 W. Under these optimal conditions, the degumming rate was 83.85% ± 1.13%, which was 1.33 times higher than that of natural hot water retting (P < 0.05). Moreover, the tensile properties and color of the resulting fibers showed that they had tensile properties similar to those of the natural hot water retting fibers. However, the color values for the natural hot water retting fibers were higher than those of the fibers treated with microwave-assisted flax water retting.
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EASSON, D. L., and K. COOPER. "A study of the use of the trimesium salt of glyphosate to desiccate and ret flax and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and of its effects on the yield of straw, seed and fibre." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 1 (February 2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001629.
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A replicated field plot experiment was carried out in Northern Ireland in 1996 with flax, cv Ariane, and linseed, cv Flanders, each grown at seed rates of 500, 1000 and 1500 seeds/m2, in which a comparison was made between retting of the standing crop, following desiccation by the trimesium salt of glyphosate (Touchdown, Zeneca Ltd.), and water or dew retting of the pulled crop. Application at 4 litres/ha on 9 August, 33 days after the mid-point of flowering (MPF), achieved both desiccation and partial retting of the crop within 14 days. Over 16% clean long fibre was extracted by scutching the stand-retted flax straw, yielding 800 kg/ha fibre, while water retting achieved 20% extraction and 980 kg/ha yield and dew retting 8·5% and 420 kg/ha respectively. The dew retting was uneven, resulting in high losses during fibre extraction, while water retting for 7 days at 25 °C did not achieve complete retting resulting in a high content of woody fragments in the fibre. Fibre yields increased by almost 50% with the high v. low seed rate. Linseed was less well retted than flax and contained higher levels of impurity in the extracted long fibre which, after retting, yielded 120 to 310 kg/ha at extraction rates of 2·9% to 7·5%.In a second experiment in 1998 flax cvs. Viola and Evelyn were treated with the timesium salt of glyphosate at rates of 2, 4 or 6 litres/ha 10, 20, 30 or 40 days after MPF on 5 July. Viola desiccated satisfactorily at all spray dates with 4 and 6 litres/ha glyphosate. The 20-day treatment desiccated more slowly than the 30-day and the 2 litres/ha rate did not achieve complete desiccation, but the trimesium salt of glyphosate achieved better desiccation at this timing than that found in earlier studies with the original form of glyphosate. Evelyn desiccated more slowly and less evenly than Viola particularly at the 20-day and 40-day timings. Spraying at MPF+10 days interrupted early development of the seed and fibre significantly reducing yields. Due to slower desiccation the 20-day timing was no better than the 30-day, which was well retted by harvest 44 days after spraying, and gave the highest yield of clean long fibre. The spraying 40 days after MPF was considered too late in the season to be of practical use. It was concluded that retting of standing flax following desiccation with the trimesium salt of glyphosate was more effective than with the earlier formulation and that retting of the standing crop could achieve equivalent or better retting with similar fibre yields to traditional retting methods. The optimum spray timing was found to be about 30 days after MPF with 4 or 6 litres/ha, the lower rate being adequate for glyphosate responsive varieties such as Viola.
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Low, Jaime Yoke-Sum, Po-Yee Fong, Chee-Keng Teh, Ai-Ling Ong, Chin-Ming Lim, and David Ross Appleton. "Ethephon-Induced Abscission of Oil Palm Fruits at Optimal Bunch Ripeness and Retting Period to Improve Commercial Seed Production." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100380.
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Oil palm seed producers typically require 10 months of various processes from pollination to seed germination to produce commercial dura × pisifera hybrid seeds. Conventional forced fruit shedding from underripe fresh fruit bunches (FFB) usually causes seed damage and an extended retting period (incubation for natural fruit abscission from spikelets), eventually leading to bunch rot and disease infection. As a fruit ripening agent, ethephon has been explored to hasten fruit abscission in many fruit crops and oil palm. Nevertheless, the previous studies in oil palm only focused on fruit shedding from FFB to improve oil extraction rate in oil mills without considering the actual FFB ripeness and retting period, which are critical for oil palm seed production. In this study, the application of ethephon containing buffer (adjusted to pH 9.0) to underripe FFB at 145 days after pollination (DAP), 135 DAP and 125 DAP resulted in 50% more fruit abscission after a 72-h incubation. Considering the minimal seed loss upon FFB harvest (<1%) and 50% reduction in retting period, underripe FFB at around 145 DAP was found to be optimum for seed production using ethephon treatment. The treatment, however, made negligible improvement in fruit detachment for ripe FFB at 150 DAP and older. Importantly, seed germination and culling rate at nursery stages were not significantly affected by the ethephon treatment. Hence, ethephon application can improve commercial seed production practices for oil palm.
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Liu, Jun, Masao Ukita, Hiroshi Nakanishi, Tsuyoshi Imai, and Masayuki Fukagawa. "Estimation of optimum operating parameters of UASB reactor treating flax retting wastewater by kinectic model." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 521 (1995): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1995.521_249.
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Kumari, Bindu, Lalita Rani, Nisha Arya, Sachin Kumari, and Neeta Poonia. "The Analysis of Fibre Properties of Water Retted Sansevieria trifasciata with Sodium Hydroxide." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 21 (November 9, 2023): 1011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i214072.
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In the last decade, natural fibres have been in high demand because of their strength, high efficiency, and biodegradability easy availability for nature and improved textile properties than synthetic fibre. So, the increasing preference towards natural and green textile products rather than synthetic products has increased the attraction of tourists to the local as well as outside markets. Therefore, the present paper focused on the analysis of sodium hydroxide on the fibre properties of water-retted S. trifasciata (snake plant) fibres. The extraction of fibres from snake plant leaves was conducted by using water water-retted method. Three different time periods were selected i.e. 10, 15 and 20 days for water retting. After water retting, the selected fibres were treated with an alkali i.e. NaOH. The optimum conditions for alkali were chemical concentration, material to liquor, time durations, treatment temperature and pH for standardization of the process of alkali treatment. The effect of sodium hydroxide was analyzed on fibre properties such as fibre yield, fineness, bundle strength, and elongation at the break. As a result, a gradual fibre yield was to be increased to decrease after being treated with alkali (NaOH). The alkali-treated fibres fibre yield, fineness and bundle strength was recorded (0.84±0.02 g), (23.51±0.39 denier) and (47.97±0.13 g/tex). Elongation of the alkali-treated fibres was 5.02±0.007 per cent. The resulting fibre properties were found suitable for other textile products such as apparel, reinforcement material composite etc.
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Whalley, R., M. Ebrahimi, A. Abdul-Ameer, and S. El-Shalabi. "Optimum, machine tool axis traverse regulation." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 46, no. 14 (November 2006): 1835–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.11.011.
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Joshy, M. K., Lovely Mathew, and Rani Joseph. "Effect of Alkali treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Short Randomly Oriented Isora Fibre-Polyester Composites." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 24, no. 4 (November 2008): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060802400403.
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This paper reports the effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of the natural fibre “isora” as reinforcement in unsaturated polyester resin. Isora fibre is separated from the bark of Helicteres isora plant by retting process. Properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength have been studied as a function of duration of alkali treatment and concentration of alkali. Alkalization of the fibre improves the mechanical properties of the composite. Tensile and flexural properties of the composite were found to be maximum and impact strength minimum, for an alkali treatment time of 4 hours. The mechanical properties were found to be optimum for an alkali concentration of 1%. The effects of alkali treatment on the fibre properties were investigated by SEM and IR. SEM studies were carried out to investigate the fibre surface morphology, fibre pull-out and fibre-polyester interface bonding. SEM gave evidence for the changes occurred on the fibre surface during chemical treatment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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Reda, Ali. "A multiscale mechanical study of flax stems and fibres for the development of an in-the-field tool capable of predicting optimum retting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN055.
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L'agriculture 4.0 se développe actuellement rapidement en termes de recherche, de développement et d'applications commerciales. L'objectif de l'agriculture 4.0 est d'utiliser la technologie pour améliorer tous les domaines de l'agriculture. L'agriculture 4.0 est tellement vaste que si l'on veut y contribuer, il faut choisir un domaine spécifique. Le domaine choisi pour l'étude de ce doctorat est la production de fibres de lin. Les fibres de lin sont des fibres naturellement solides qui peuvent être extraites des tiges de lin. Les tiges de lin ont évolué pour avoir des fibres robustes d'un diamètre de l'ordre du micromètre qui courent le long de l'extérieur de la tige et sont maintenues en place dans le tissu externe de la tige. Une fois extraites et isolées, les fibres de lin ont de nombreuses applications, allant des textiles aux matériaux composites. Afin de faciliter l'extraction mécanique des fibres de lin de leurs tiges mères, les tiges subissent un processus connu sous le nom de « rouissage ». Le rouissage entraîne la décomposition du tissu externe (appelé lamelle moyenne) entre les fibres. Une forme courante de rouissage est connue sous le nom de « rouissage de rosée ». Dans le rouissage de la rosée, des processus naturels tels que les bactéries et les champignons produisent des enzymes qui décomposent la lamelle centrale et séparent progressivement les grappes de fibres et les fibres des grappes. La durée du rouissage dépend fortement des conditions météorologiques. Un rouissage insuffisant entraîne une extraction difficile des fibres dans l'usine, tandis qu'un rouissage excessif peut compromettre la qualité des fibres. On sait depuis longtemps qu'il existe un point de rouissage optimal - même les anciens le savaient. Certains agriculteurs artisans qualifiés sont capables de juger ce point par une combinaison de manipulation manuelle des tiges, d'observation des dommages causés aux tissus externes par cette manœuvre, et aussi d'observation de la couleur et de l'odeur des tiges au cours de ce test très habile, mais artisanal. Il est clair que l'artisan effectue des tests de laboratoire rudimentaires littéralement « sur le terrain ». Il semblerait donc logique d'essayer de quantifier ces tests et de voir si un outil fiable peut être mis au point pour aider l'artisan. Et c'est exactement ce que d'autres ont tenté de faire. L'introduction de la thèse donne des exemples de tentatives de fabrication d'outils de rouissage optimal dans les années 1980 et suivantes. Inspirés par ces premiers travaux, les travaux de cette thèse tentent une caractérisation mécanique multi-échelle complète des tiges et des fibres de lin pendant un cycle de rouissage (été 2022) et, de manière quelque peu ambitieuse, réalisée en temps réel - à notre connaissance pour la première fois. La caractérisation mécanique comprend des essais mécaniques macroscopiques (flexion, écrasement et torsion de la tige), ainsi que des essais mécaniques microscopiques inédits sur des fibres de lin individuelles à l'aide de nouvelles méthodes inspirées des MEMS. En outre, les propriétés mécaniques nanoscopiques de la paroi cellulaire primaire des fibres de lin en cours de rouissage ont été caractérisées à l'aide de l'AFM par nanoindentation. Au fur et à mesure que le travail expérimental, l'analyse via la modélisation analytique et l'interprétation descendent en échelle, de la macro au nano en passant par le micro, nous en apprenons un peu plus sur la manière dont le rouissage affecte les tiges, leurs propriétés et leurs fibres. En plus de l'apprentissage, un résultat très positif du doctorat est que l'on est capable de suggérer un mécanisme de dommage induit mécaniquement dans les tiges, qui pourrait être la base d'un outil. On peut cependant noter que la nature multiparamétrique incontrôlable du sujet, par exemple le temps, signifie que plusieurs études seraient nécessaires pour confirmer sans aucun doute les observations d'un seul cycle de rouissageAgriculture 4.0, also known under several aliases such as ‘digital agriculture', ‘smart farming', and ‘e-farming' is currently developing rapidly in terms of research, development, and commercial applications. As with Agriculture 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, the objective of Agriculture 4.0 is the use of technology to improve all areas of agriculture. In Agriculture 4.0 it is the application of microelectronics and microtechnologies. Unlike before, these technologies bring things such as the internet-of-things, big data, telecommunications, novel sensing, rapid feedback, data analysis, connectivity, artificial intelligence etc. In principle, all these areas should result in a massive modernization of farming in terms of organisation, yield, efficiency, and quality of produce. However, Agriculture 4.0 is so vast that if one is to contribute to it, even in a minor way, one has to choose a specific area to contribute. The area chosen for the study in this PhD was flax fibre production. Flax fibres are naturally strong fibres which can be extracted from flax stems. The flax stems have evolved to have robust micrometre-diameter fibres running the length of the outside of the stem, and held in place in the external tissue of the stem. Once extracted and isolated, flax fibres have numerous applications ranging from textiles to composite materials. In order to facilitate the mechanical extraction of flax fibres from their parent stems, the stems undergo a process known as ‘retting'. Retting leads to the breakdown of the external tissue between the fibres. A common form of retting is known as ‘dew retting'. In dew retting, natural processes such as bacteria and fungi result in enzymes which break down the middle lamella and gradually separate fibre bunches and fibres from bunches. The length of dew retting depends heavily on the weather. Too little retting results in difficult fibre extraction in the factory, too much retting can result in a compromise in fibre quality. It has long been known that there is an optimum retting point-even the ancients knew this. Certain skilled artisan farmers are able to judge this point via a combination of manual manipulation of the stems, observation of damage caused to the external tissue via this manoeuvre, and also observing the colour and the smell of the stems during this very skilled, but artisanal, testing. It is clear that the artisan is performing rudimentary laboratory tests quite literally ‘in-the-field'. It would seem logical therefore to try to quantify such tests and see if a reliable tool can be made to help the artisan. And indeed, this is exactly what others have attempted. The introduction of the PhD gives examples of attempts to make optimal-retting tools in the 1980s and after. Inspired by this early work, the work of this PhD attempts a full multiscale mechanical characterization of flax stems and fibres during a retting cycle (summer 2022) and, somewhat ambitiously, performed in real time-to our knowledge for the first time. The mechanical characterization involved macroscopic mechanical tests (bending, crushing, and twisting), as well as novel microscopic mechanical testing of single flax fibres using novel methods inspired by MEMS. In addition, the nanoscopic mechanical properties of the primary cell wall of retting flax fibres was characterised using nanoindentation AFM. As the experimental work, analysis via analytical modelling, and interpretation descends in scale from macro, through micro, to nano, we learn a little more of how the retting affects the stems, their properties, and their fibres. In addition to simply learning, a very positive outcome of the PhD is that one is able to suggest a mechanically-induced damage mechanism in stems which could be the basis for a tool. One can note however, that the uncontrollable multiparameter nature of the subject, e.g. the weather, means that several studies would be needed to confirm beyond doubt observations from a single retting cycle
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Cheng, Liao Miao, and 廖茂成. "Optimum Tool-Path Planning for Flank Milling of Freeform Surfaces." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80973302489830248938.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
87
In this thesis, the use of optimization algorithms to improve cutting efficiency in flank milling of freeform surfaces has been developed. The golden section method is applied to searching optimal tool paths. As a result, tool orientation with minimum surface profile error and without collision along the tool path can be determined. Finally, the tool path planning of an axial turbine blade is performed and verified by using this approach. It is shown that the finish machining time for the axial turbine blade can be greatly reduced through this approach. In other words, the techniques presented in this thesis can be used to improve 5-axis tool path generation in flank milling of freeform surfaces operations.
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Huang, Hao-Yang, and 黃浩洋. "Optimum tool profile of power skiving of internal spur gears." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28gz43.
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碩士國立中央大學
機械工程學系
107
This thesis aims to optimize the tooth profile error of the internal spur gear by power skiving with the planer created by gear grinding. Based on the principle of gears, the mathematical model of the tooth surface of the planer is established by the method of gear grinding. Then the mathematical model of the power skiving is derived, and the influence of the curve of different grinding wheels and the parameter compensation of the machine on the tooth profile error of the internal spur gear is discussed. The optimization part is divided into two parts. Firstly, the shape of the grinding wheel is changed to optimize the tooth profile error of the workpiece gear, and then the second optimization is performed based on the first optimization result. The second time optimization is mainly based on the power skiving workpiece compensation angle for optimization analysis. The optimization purpose is to improve the accuracy of the tooth profile error of the internal spur gear. After the optimization calculation, the optimal parameter setting can be obtained to determine the optimization. After the process, the author also writes the optimization program analysis, and performs the power skiving to create the tooth profile error analysis of the internal spur gear. The two sets of different tool and workpiece gear parameters are analyzed respectively, and finally two set of optimal grinding wheel profile curves and power skiving are obtained. The compensation angle parameters in the motion are compared and the correctness of the analysis results is verified.According to the accuracy standard of the gear and the variable factors in the derivation process,the optimal design of the tooth profile of the power skiving cutter is proposed based on the tooth profile error of the workpiece.
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Hung, Yung-An, and 洪永安. "Study of optimum tool change time in v-groove roller turning." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31705159525429913309.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
96
Brightness Enhancement Film (BEF) is one of the most important components in the Back Light Unit. The v-groove configuration of BEF is duplicated from the roller by roll-to-roll process. In order to enhance the luminance of the light source, the microstructure of the v-groove has to maintain two requirements which are form error for μm and mirror surface. The roller is cut by the ultra-precision diamond turning tool. To meet the current requirements of manufacturing larger size of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), the roller has to become longer and larger in size. Hence in consequence the cutting distance becomes much longer and accompany the problems of chipping and wear of cutting tools for the long time tooling, indeed, roller is no usable. Furthermore, the diamond tool doesn’t been discarded arbitrary because it is very expensive. At present there is no other way for most manufactures except by naked eyes to estimate whether it is the time to change the tool. Moreover estimating with human eyes cannot accurately decide the critical point of surface brightness and is also ineffectual for automatic manufacturing. Thus an optimum method to estimate the time to change tool is developed in this research by quantification of the brightness from work surface, setting an experimentally determined threshold value of 240, i.e., as the brightness value is under 240 the tool has to be changed. As far as the tool is changed the developed system would determine the diamond tool tip shrinkage for follow-up compensation by machine vision in order to match the position of the new tool tip after reinstallation with worn tool position before detachment. This process allows the roller to turn continuously and finish fabrication.
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Huang, Chi-Tsun, and 黃啟村. "The Optimum Design of Tool Path and Dimensional Accuracy for the Plastic Injection Mold." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70457600332779460095.
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碩士逢甲大學
材料與製造工程所
93
In cutting practice, the cutting time, work piece quality, cutting cost were the important parameters to upgrade the competition. How to obtain the optimum cutting time (path) and machining accuracy, in order to shorten the mold manufacturing time, is the same goal for industry. The objective of this research is to investigate how to decrease the CAM programming time and machining time, and to accomplish the demand of machining accuracy in the same time , when the cutting-use simulation software and actuality machining were applied to High Speed Machining of plastic injection mold manufacturing. There are four factors will be discussed in the following ：(1) During end mill or bull nose type end mill machining, under the condition of no retained material ,the setting of tool displacement. (2) The selection of optimum shape contours tolerance. (3) For the U shape contour core with core depth to tool diameter ratio >5, to investigate the effects of the tool type (end mill tool and ball type mill tool) and the cutting direction (top and side direction) on the cutting time and accuracy. (4) For the mobile body with appearance consideration, to investigate the effects of cutting conditions include cutting feed and cutting path etc., on the burr quantity, cutting time, total cutting cost at the parting plane area. The experimental results show that：(1) Under the condition of no retained material, the optimum tool displacement equal to 70% of the tool diameter. (2) According to the work piece contour tolerance value, under the satisfication of request for cutting accuracy and cutting time, the optimum value equal to 0.01mm. (3) For the U shape contour core with a core depth to tool diameter ratio >5, under the conditions of side cutting direction and end mill tool, the cutting accuracy is the best . (4) For the parting plane region, under the conditions of 0.05mm cutting feed, single direction(from inside to outside) tool path, the burr is smallest within acceptable range.
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Shen, Hung-Wen, and 沈鴻文. "Design of a Groove Cutting Tool and Its Optimum Manufacturing by Wire Electro DischargeMachining." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87475104920880400994.
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碩士國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
99
ABSTRACT This work deals with design, manufacturing and quality control of a groove cutting tool which has a cutting surface much wider than normal cutting tools. In the first part of the work, a metal cutting theory was used to yield the best cutting width. For an aluminum alloy (6061) work piece and a high-speed steel tool material, as power of lathe is 3.75 kW, the best cutting width was found to be 19 mm. The result of an experiment also shows that the tool with a chip-breaker design performs better than that without it. In the second part of the work, wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) was used to manufacture the tool. Taguchi method was used to plan the machine parameters. The target items were cutting speed and surface roughness respectively. Three controllable factors were peak current, wire speed and working voltage. The experiments were planned using 3 × 3 orthogonal arrays. Evaluation of factor response table, analysis of variance and experiments were performed. The result of the analysis shows that, for a tool thickness of 3.15 mm, the improvement of the cutting speed is 64.2%; while the improvement of the surface roughness is 7.83%. This improvement indicates, from an initial design changing to the best design, the improvement of the process on the target item. In addition, for the cutting speed, the signal to noises (S/N) ratio is 2.22%; for the surface roughness, the S/N ratio is 0.44%. An extra confirmation experiment was performed for the surface roughness. It shows that the S/N ratio is 3%. In summary, either at the maximum cutting speed or at the minimum surface roughness, the error between the predicted value and experimental value is less than 10%. This confirms that the analysis possesses a high accuracy.
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Yang, Yi-Lun, and 楊益綸. "An Investigation on the Optimum Parameters using a Barrel Cutting Tool in Machining Curve Surface by a Five-axis Machine Tool." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/znyv3k.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
機械工程系所
106
This study applied barrel milling cutters in machining curved surface of 6061-T6 aluminum and used the surface roughness as a quality characteristic. Taguchi method and a surface roughness prediction model were employed to identify the optimization parameters of barrel milling cutters. Production parameters selected in this study were cutting speed, feed per tooth, machining allowance, semiroughing stepover, and finishing stepover. Experiments were planned in combination with the L16 (45) orthogonal array. A surface roughness detector was used to measure the surface roughness. After the optimization parameter setting of surface roughness based on the-smaller-the-better (STB) quality characteristic was determined, verification experiments were conducted. In addition, the optimization production parameters of ball cutters under identical experimental conditions were determined and compared with the barrel milling cutters in terms of machining efficiency. The optimization parameters of the barrel milling cutters were 210 m/min for cutting speed, 0.09 mm for feed per tooth, 0.1 mm for machining allowance, 2.85 mm for semiroughing stepover, and 1.0 mm for finishing stepover, respectively. The resulting surface roughness Ra is 0.365 μm, marking 3.4% improvement compared with the most favorable surface roughness of 0.378 μm in the 16th experiment of the orthogonal array. Among the parameters, the cutting speed had the greatest influence on surface roughness. To remove an identical amount of materials with STB surface roughness, the barrel milling cutters and the ball cutters took 269 s and 524 s in machining, respectively. The machining efficiency of the barrel milling cutters was 50% higher than that of the ball cutters. The experimental results revealed that replacing ball cutters with barrel milling cutters can substantially reduce the machining time. The optimization parameters of barrel milling cutters determined in this study can serve as a reference for five-axis machining programmers in deciding relevant production parameters.
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Shih, Huai-Hsuan, and 施懷絢. "Study the Optimum High Speed Milling Parameters of Heat-Treated Tool Steels Using Taguchi Method." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02072472353127043900.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
機械與機電工程學系
98
Application of high speed cutting to cut heat-treated tool steels has been extensively accepted by the tool industries. However, the associated cutting parameters are still limited. This main goal of this paper was to study the optimum parameters of high speed cutting for heat-treated SKD61 steels. Taguchi method was used as a tool in this study and the experiment factors included turning speed, feed rate and cutting depth. Each factor selected three standards, respectively, and planned a L9 perpendicular table. The standards for each factor were given as 100m/min(8000rpm), 200m/min(16000rpm) and 300m/min(24000rpm); 0.01mm/tooth, 0.02mm/tooth and 0.03mm/tooth; and 0.05mm, 0.1mm and 0.15mm. The quality was picked “looks at small” S/N ratio. In addition, surface roughness, tool life, cutting summit to inspire with the cutting temperature were considered. After 9 tests, the surface roughness, cutting tool life, cutting summit were analyzed by using ANOVA variance analysis to find significant factors. Using Taguchi method computed the optimum parameter combination, figured out experiment's forecast data, and compared with experimental results whether those were close to calculated values. Then, couple experiments using Taguchi method were done to find out the best tendency for each factor. This could enable to locate the optimum conditions reaching machining quality. Results revealed that the combination of cutting speed with 300m/min(24000rpm), feed rate with 0.1mm/tooth, and cutting depth with 0.1mm could reach the best cutting quality in high speed cutting.
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FAN, RONG-TING, and 范榮庭. "Optimum computer-aided design and analysis of machine tool spindle using three-dimensional finite shaft element." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26916983139603506166.
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Hsu, Yuan-Ming, and 許芫銘. "Study on optimum for cutting parameter of hard turning die steel with ceramic tool by using Taguchi method." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dm7g59.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
機械工程系
95
The properties of Ceramic tools have high hardness and brittleness, but the poor of toughness. It easily caused Ceramic tools broken while cutting the hardness materials. There is closely connection between the fractures of tool and cutting parameters. Therefore, it is demand to find out the best way between fracture of tool and cutting parameters and to setting out the best conditions of Ceramic tools is necessary. The purpose of this study is using Taguchi method to research the best cutting conditions of Ceramic tools. Using ceramic tool on SKD11 die steel (HRc60) for hard cutting experiment at this study. Adopt standards from cutting tool supplier. The main control factors including: cutting speed, feed rate and depth of depth. We found the best cutting conditions of ceramic tool can be provided to related industries who would like chose ceramic tool to cutting hardness materials. The results of this studying can be offered for reference. The experiment in this article can be divided into two parts. First part of details: according to flank wear and surface roughness to acted as response values for quality parameters. It aims to find out the best combination for cutting parameters with both minimum flank wear and optimal surface roughness. The second part of details: according to tool life to acted as response values for quality parameters. It aims to find out the best combination of condition for cutting parameters with tool life. According to the results of Taguchi method after analyzed, we found the cutting speed is the main factor to effected flank wear and tool life. Besides, the workpiece of surface roughness would be influenced by feed rate.
Books on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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Arthurson, Kathy. Social Mix and the City. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104440.
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Concern about rising crime rates, high levels of unemployment and anti-social behaviour of youth gangs within particular urban neighbourhoods has reinvigorated public and community debate into just what makes a functional neighbourhood. The nub of the debate is whether concentrating disadvantaged people together doubly compounds their disadvantage and leads to 'problem neighbourhoods'. This debate has prompted interest by governments in Australia and internationally in 'social mix policies', to disperse the most disadvantaged members of neighbourhoods and create new communities with a blend of residents with a variety of income levels across different housing tenures (public and private rental, home ownership). What is less well acknowledged is that interest in social mix is by no means new, as the concept has informed new town planning policy in Australia, Britain and the US since the post Second World War years.
Social Mix and the City offers a critical appraisal of different ways that the concept of ‘social mix’ has been constructed historically in urban planning and housing policy, including linking to 'social inclusion'. It investigates why social mix policies re-emerge as a popular policy tool at certain times. It also challenges the contemporary consensus in housing and urban planning policies that social mix is an optimum planning tool – in particular notions about middle class role modelling to integrate problematic residents into more 'acceptable' social behaviours. Importantly, it identifies whether social mix matters or has any real effect from the viewpoint of those affected by the policies – residents where policies have been implemented.
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Gajewski, Zbigniew. Prognozowanie wystąpień faz fenologicznych pierwiosnki omączonej Primula farinosa L. (Primulaceae) – krytycznie zagrożonego gatunku - w odniesieniu do fenologii innych składników lokalnej flory i panujących warunków termicznych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-32-8.
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In Poland, the bird’s-eye primrose (P. farinosa) is a rare and critically endangered species. Currently, it occurs only in one location in the area of the Jaworki village in Radziejowa Range (of Beskid Sądecki mountains). This is the last of the nine previously existing locations, and the only one occurring in the mountains. To maintain the species, as well as the moutain fen on which it grows, a multiannual conservation program has been implemented, including, among other measures, conducting environmental monitoring and performing active protection procedures. In 2012–2014, studies were carried out, aiming to identify the phenology of P. farinosa in its natural location amid other elements of local flora, and to elaborate reasonably accurate forecast methods of its phenological phases, in relation to the performed procedures. One of the methods was based on comparing subsequent phenological phases of P. farinosa, mainly the dates of flowering and opening of the fruits, with the dates of flowering of other species that commonly occur in the vicinity. On the basis of temperature data from the IMGW meteorological station in Krościenko nad Dunajcem, available via the Internet, an attempt to forecast the phenophases of P. farinosa has also been made, based on the developed network of nearby meteorological stations. A degree-days method was used. Prior to that, a value of base temperature (Tb) characteristic for P. farinosa was assessed, as necessary for further calculations, and the values of SAT (Sum of Active Temperatures, using the formula for GDD values) have been determined for the dates of occurrence of subsequent phenological phases of P. farinosa. These parameters were calculated using temperature data recorded at the location. During the observations, it was established that the dates of flowering for P. farinosa were dependent on the air temperatures during spring. The flowering period of the population in Jaworki took place in the months of April through to June, and it did not exceed 7.5 weeks. P. farinosa is one of the earliest blooming species in that location. Other species, also flourishing during the blooming thereof, included Eriophorum angustifolium, Caltha laeta, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Oxalis acetosella, and Primula elatior. The full bloom of P. farinosa lasted for about 2 weeks, and it took place between the end of April and the end of the second decade of May. During its full bloom, in that same location, Cardamine pratensis, Geum rivale, and Valeriana simplicifolia also flourished. Trees and bushes from the rose (Rosaceae) family proved to be especially useful in the forecasting of P. farinosa flowering period. During the flowering of P. farinosa, in lower locations, species from the Prunus and Cerasus genera subsequently flourished, followed by the Malus, Sorbus, and Crataegus genera. The opening of P. farinosa fruits was observed in the last days of June or at the beginning of July. The date of commencement and duration of this phase is probably subject also to the degree of air humidity. Although in this period numerous species flourish such as Ononis arvensis, Valeriana sambucifolia, Cichorium intybus, Melilotus alba, Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota, Geranium pratense, and Agrimonia eupatoria, the forecasts based on those are not accurate. When forecasting this phase, as well as the majority of other phases, the SAT value calculation based on the degree-days method works well. The Tb base temperature (threshold temperature) for P. farinosa from Jaworki, determined for its calculation, is 0.75°C. However, for the calculation purposes, the rounded value of Tb = 1.0°C can also be used. When adopting the value of Tb = 0.75°C for calculations, the full bloom of P. farinosa falls within the period in which the SAT values remain between 310°C and 469°C, the optimum (culmination) of the full bloom occurs at about 408°C, and the beginning of capsules opening and release of P. farinosa seeds occur when the SAT values reach 1049°C. For Tb = 1.0°C the full bloom falls within the period in which the SAT values are between 295°C and 449°C, the optimum of full bloom occurs at 390°C, and the capsules begin opening at 1018°C. When using this method, the differences between the forecasted and the observed dates of P. farinose blooming were between –4 and +3 days, and the beginning of opening of its fruits, between –1 and 0 days. In case of no temperature data available from the given location, the forecasting can be also performed based on the data from the IMGW meteorological station in Krościenko. The accuracy of calculations is increased through the implementation of appropriate temperature data adjustments, resulting from the difference of location and height. The temperatures in Jaworki are 2°C lower compared to the station in Krościenko. The dates determined in this way are less accurate than those determined directly at the location, and they differ from the actual dates: in case of full bloom, the difference is in the range of –6 to +2 days, and in case of the beginning of capsules’ opening, it is –2 to –1 days. Probably, it is also possible to implement forecasting based on the data from new automated meteorological stations situated closer to the location, but this can be done only after the adjustment appropriate for every station has been determined and implemented. As demonstrated, the elaborated forecasting methods of P. farinosa phenological phases at the location in Jaworki (Beskid Sądecki) are sufficiently accurate and they may be used in the future as a tool supporting the implementation of measures related to active protection of the species.
Book chapters on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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Tóth, Zoltán, and Gabriella Kókai. "An Evolutionary Optimum Searching Tool." In Engineering of Intelligent Systems, 19–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45517-5_3.
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Kumar, Yogendra, and Harpreet Singh. "Optimum Design of Magnetic Field Assisted Finishing Tool: A Finite Element Study." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 245–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8025-3_24.
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Saulescu, N. N., G. Ittu, and P. Mustatea. "Dark Induced Senescence as a Tool in Breeding Wheat for Optimum Senescence Pattern." In Wheat in a Global Environment, 451–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3674-9_59.
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Peters, P. W. M., A. Lystrup, and S. I. Andersen. "A Novel Tool to Determine the Optimum Fabrication Parameters of Thermoplastic CFRP Laminates." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 119–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0787-4_14.
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Redonnet, J. M., G. Dessein, W. Rubio, and P. Lagarrigue. "Side Milling of Ruled Surfaces — Optimum Tool Radius Determination and Milling Cutter Positioning." In Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering ’98, 439–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9198-0_54.
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Kornau, Jasmin, and Henning Albers. "Modeling Waste Characteristics and WtE Plants as a Tool for Optimum Operation Conditions." In Waste to Energy, 83–105. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2306-4_4.
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Chand, Arun, H. Mannikandan, and A. B. Bhasi. "Selecting the Optimum Tool for Driving Performance Evaluation by Assessing the Ergonomic Methods—An Overview." In Applications of Computation in Mechanical Engineering, 227–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6032-1_18.
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Linh, Nguyen Hong, Tran Huu Danh, Bui Thanh Danh, Tran Minh Tam, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Trinh Kieu Tuan, Nguyen Manh Cuong, and Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga. "Calculating Optimum Input Factors for Maximum Material Removal Rate in Wire-EDM SKD11 Tool Steel." In Advances in Engineering Research and Application, 305–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22200-9_33.
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Kumar, Amrit, Mukul Kumar, and Kumar Padmanabh. "A Tool to Determine Strategic Location and Ranges of Nodes for Optimum Deployment of Wireless Sensor Network." In Distributed Computing and Internet Technology, 91–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11659-9_8.
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Kene, Amarjit P., Amitkumar A. Shinde, Pravin A. Dhawale, Ranjitsinha R. Gidde, Sandeep S. Wangikar, and Kuldip S. Pukale. "Prediction of Optimum Tool Life and Cutting Parameters by Comparative Study of Minimum Cost Criterion and Maximum Production Rate Criterion." In Techno-societal 2022, 475–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34644-6_49.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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Khashman, A., and K. Dimililer. "Comparison Criteria for Optimum Image Compression." In EUROCON 2005 - The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool". IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.2005.1630100.
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Jayasundara, J. W. K. K., and Rohan Munasinghe. "Software design tool for optimum Axial Flux BLDC motors." In 2009 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciinfs.2009.5429806.
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Sen, Mehmet, Jason Fiering, Gregory J. Kowalski, and Dale Larson. "Optimum sensor placement in microchannel reactors: design tool applications." In SPIE MOEMS-MEMS, edited by Holger Becker and Bonnie L. Gray. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.876463.
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Trabant, Peter K. "Single Fold 3D Seismic: Optimum Tool for Deepwater Geohazards." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/8307-ms.
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Khashman, Adnan, and Kamil Dimililer. "Neural Networks Arbitration for Optimum DCT Image Compression." In EUROCON 2007 - The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool". IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.2007.4400236.
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Teagle-Hernandez, Allen, Fumihiko Ide, Takehisa Matsuda, and Shota Ichikawa. "PDT Application: Systematic Decision Tool for Seeking Optimum NV Performance." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0820.
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AlRashidi, AlAnoud, Aminah AlAnsari, and Alan Radcliffe. "Shrouded Y-Tool Application for Optimum ESP System Run Life." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-20137-abstract.
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Bhaskoro, Petrus Tri, Astriyana Anuar, Amira A. Rasib, Lars Wollebaek, Farnaz Rezvany-Hesary, Henrik Lutro, Johan Henriksson, Mior Zaiga Sariman, Siti Rohaida M. Shafian, and Carlos Francisco Torres. "Online Flow Assurance Tool for Optimum Wax Management at Field." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210281-ms.
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Abstract Traditionally, a field’s wax management and operating philosophy have been developed by conducting a rigorous Flow Assurance (FA) study. Optimization at field level warrants the study to be updated from time to time to reflect the actual field performance. This accounts for overall field performance but does not incorporate variations due to operational changes. Rather, the operating philosophy is based on representative scenarios where conservative measures are often used to safeguard operations. With the increasing number of waxy crude oil pipelines within company that demands immediate attention, an online prediction/monitoring tool that quickly adapts to operational changes is one important enabler, not only to optimize operations and address the huge Operating Expenses (OPEX), but also to address remote/unmanned operation’s requirement especially for subsea operation. Unfortunately, to date, such a tool is not commercially available or deployed widely. To address this gap, this paper aims to present the Online Wax Smart Meter development concept and to showcase the performance of an online wax monitoring tool which enables fast and optimum wax management.
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Vaziri, A. H., and D. Asemani. "Optimum design of microwave oscillator using Hopfield Neural Network." In IEEE EUROCON 2011 - International Conference on Computer as a Tool. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurocon.2011.5929290.
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Amer, H. H., M. S. Moustafa, and R. M. Daoud. "Optimum Machine Performance in Fault-Tolerant Networked Control Systems." In EUROCON 2005 - The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool". IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.2005.1629932.
Full textReports on the topic "Tool for optimum retting"
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VanKuiken, J. C., M. J. Jusko, and M. E. Samsa. OPTUM : Optimum Portfolio Tool for Utility Maximization documentation and user's guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/943428.
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Wenren, Yonghu, Joon Lim, Luke Allen, Robert Haehnel, and Ian Dettwiler. Helicopter rotor blade planform optimization using parametric design and multi-objective genetic algorithm. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46261.
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In this paper, an automated framework is presented to perform helicopter rotor blade planform optimization. This framework contains three elements, Dakota, ParBlade, and RCAS. These elements are integrated into an environment control tool, Galaxy Simulation Builder, which is used to carry out the optimization. The main objective of this work is to conduct rotor performance design optimizations for forward flight and hover. The blade design variables manipulated by ParBlade are twist, sweep, and anhedral. The multi-objective genetic algorithm method is used in this study to search for the optimum blade design; the optimization objective is to minimize the rotor power required. Following design parameter substitution, ParBlade generates the modified blade shape and updates the rotor blade properties in the RCAS script before running RCAS. After the RCAS simulations are complete, the desired performance metrics (objectives and constraints) are extracted and returned to the Dakota optimizer. Demonstrative optimization case studies were conducted using a UH-60A main rotor as the base case. Rotor power in hover and forward flight, at advance ratio 𝜇𝜇 = 0.3, are used as objective functions. The results of this study show improvement in rotor power of 6.13% and 8.52% in hover and an advance ratio of 0.3, respectively. This configuration also yields greater reductions in rotor power for high advance ratios, e.g., 12.42% reduction at 𝜇𝜇 = 0.4.
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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.
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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.