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Journal articles on the topic 'Tontut'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Onda, Takeshi, Kamichika Hayashi, Akira Katakura, and Masayuki Takano. "Fissured tongue: Tongue with numerous deep grooves." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 13, no. 2 (September 22, 2022): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101342z01to2022cr.

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2

Onda, Takeshi, Kamichika Hayashi, Akira Katakura, and Masayuki Takano. "Fissured tongue: Tongue with numerous deep grooves." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 13, no. 2 (September 22, 2022): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101342z01to2022ci.

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3

Onda, Takeshi, Kamichika Hayashi, Akira Katakura, and Masayuki Takano. "Geographic tongue: A tongue that changes appearance." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 13, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101344z01to2022ci.

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4

Jonáš, Jakub. "Drowning." Česko-slovenská pediatrie 77, Suppl.1 (June 16, 2022): S35—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55095/cspediatrie2022/028.

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5

Pipka, Michael, and Pavel Mencl. "Neck-tongue syndrome." Neurologie pro praxi 23, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/neu.2020.083.

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6

Madiyarov, Inamjan Batirbaevich. "National Appearances In Tongue Twisters." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 08 (August 18, 2020): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue08-24.

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7

Hussein, Aamer. "Mother tongue, father tongue." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47, no. 2 (May 2011): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2011.557198.

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8

Kancler, Tjaša. "Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix." Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v10i1-2.273.

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Although language allows boundless freedom, we are at the same time confined within a linguistic structure that first demands that we are assigned a sex and a gender and consequently restricts us to two existing categories; that is, to the categories of male or female. Gender in language therefore forces every individual to mark in its speech to which gender category it belongs. If we are neither women nor men, then how can we understand our existence through language? What is the relation between the binary system of gender (man/woman) and language? How is the relationship between body, language, subjectivity and politics articulated nowadays? In addition, how can we be constituted as political subjects in spite of our non-defining identity? This article considers the questions of deconstruction of the binary man/woman system in relation to the further, possible and common struggle against global capitalism, coloniality and heteropatriarchy. Author(s): Tjaša Kancler Title (English): Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013) Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje Page Range: 14-19 Page Count: 6 Citation (English): Tjaša Kancler, “Tongue Untied, Tongue with Tongue. Mining the Binary Matrix,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 14-19.

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9

Harding, Edith. "Mother Tongue and Other Tongue." English Today 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400002248.

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10

Tyagi, Krishan Kumar, Manoj Kumar Upadhyay, Dilpreet Singh Grewa, Khushboo Singh, Debiprasad Ghatak, and Vikas Sharma. "Various discrepancies during development of tongue." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.1.25.

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11

Özaslan, Metin. "Barwnikowe brodawki grzybowate języka." Dermatology Review 108, no. 6 (2021): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/dr.2021.114609.

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12

Jonáš, Jakub. "Drowning - basic procedures and ways of prevention." Pediatrie pro praxi 24, no. 3 (June 15, 2023): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/ped.2023.046.

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13

Mendez-Fernandez, Miguel A. "TONGUE." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 106, no. 4 (September 2000): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200009040-00063.

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14

Koller, Ján. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 82, no. 4 (October 1988): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198810000-00065.

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15

Kasik, P., Y. P. Mirejovsk, and Jan Koller. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (February 1989): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00068.

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16

Patterson, G. T., and Carl H. Manstein. "Tongue." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83, no. 2 (February 1989): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198902000-00069.

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17

Cassany, Daniel. "Huellas de la escritura materna en el español escrito como L2." Zona Próxima, no. 15 (May 19, 2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/zp.15.295.61.

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Siguiendo los Nuevos Estudios de Literacidad2 y utilizando técnicas etnográficas (observación, entrevistas), criticamos varios aspectos de la concepción cognitiva de la “lectura en idioma extranjero” y proponemos una alternativa más sociocultural, que incorpora las particularidades reseñadas, que ofrece una visión más realista y completa y que pone el acento en el alfabetismo crítico. A partir de entrevistas a hablantes competentes del español como L2, que fueron alfabetizados en una lengua materna tipológicamente muy diferente y con un sistema de escritura distinto, exploramos el efecto que tienen las prácticas literarias escolares, en varias culturas, en el aprendizaje del español como segunda lengua.

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18

Vijay Singh, Harsh, and Sarfaraz Shaikh. "Base of Tongue Schwannoma: A Case Report." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2024): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24613221411.

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19

Fleming, P. S., and T. R. Flood. "Bifid tongue — a complication of tongue piercing." British Dental Journal 198, no. 5 (March 2005): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4812117.

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20

KANETOH, Kimiko, Koichi NAKAGAWA, and Toshio HAMADA. "Tongue cancer. A case of tongue cancer." Skin Cancer 11, no. 2 (1996): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5227/skincancer.11.230.

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21

Järvinen, Jaana, Jopi J. W. Mikkonen, and Arja M. Kullaa. "Fissured tongue: A sign of tongue edema?" Medical Hypotheses 82, no. 6 (June 2014): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.010.

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22

Jiang, Tao, Zhou Lu, Xiaojuan Hu, Lingzhi Zeng, Xuxiang Ma, Jingbin Huang, Ji Cui, et al. "Deep Learning Multi-label Tongue Image Analysis and Its Application in a Population Undergoing Routine Medical Checkup." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3384209.

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Background. Research on intelligent tongue diagnosis is a main direction in the modernization of tongue diagnosis technology. Identification of tongue shape and texture features is a difficult task for tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This study aimed to explore the application of deep learning techniques in tongue image analyses. Methods. A total of 8676 tongue images were annotated by clinical experts, into seven categories, including the fissured tongue, tooth-marked tongue, stasis tongue, spotted tongue, greasy coating, peeled coating, and rotten coating. Based on the labeled tongue images, the deep learning model faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) was utilized to classify tongue images. Four performance indices, i.e., accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score, were selected to evaluate the model. Also, we applied it to analyze tongue image features of 3601 medical checkup participants in order to explore gender and age factors and the correlations among tongue features in diseases through complex networks. Results. The average accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-score of our model achieved 90.67%, 91.25%, 99.28%, and 95.00%, respectively. Over the tongue images from the medical checkup population, the model Faster R-CNN detected 41.49% fissured tongue images, 37.16% tooth-marked tongue images, 29.66% greasy coating images, 18.66% spotted tongue images, 9.97% stasis tongue images, 3.97% peeled coating images, and 1.22% rotten coating images. There were significant differences in the incidence of the fissured tongue, tooth-marked tongue, spotted tongue, and greasy coating among age and gender. Complex networks revealed that fissured tongue and tooth-marked were closely related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and a greasy coating tongue was associated with hypertension and overweight. Conclusion. The model Faster R-CNN shows good performance in the tongue image classification. And we have preliminarily revealed the relationship between tongue features and gender, age, and metabolic diseases in a medical checkup population.

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23

Rusdiana, Elly, Sianiwati Goenharto, and Rere Gathi Asdika. "VARIATION OF FIXED TONGUE CRIB FOR CORRECTING TONGUE THRUSTING HABIT." Journal Of Vocational Health Studies 1, no. 3 (March 30, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.v1.i3.2018.136-133.

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Background: Tongue thrusting is a behavior pattern in which the tongue protrudes through the anterior incisors and pushes the anterior teeth at rest position, during speech or swallowing. This bad habit causes malocclusion, but removable or fixed tongue crib appliance can be used to eliminate it. Purpose: To know various kinds of fixed tongue crib that can be used to overcome tongue thrust habit. Review: Habit is a repeated behavior pattern in the normal development stage. Tongue thrust makes oral muscle imbalance which eventually resulted in malocclusions such as incisor protruded and open bite. Several efforts can be done to overcome this habit including speech therapy, myofunctional therapy, tongue exercise and tongue crib orthodontic appliance usage. Tongue crib is used to returns the tongue to the normal position. Various forms of tongue crib are almost the same in the way they are made by soldering the crib to the maxillary first molar band. Conclusion: Tongue thrust habit can be corrected with fixed or removable tongue crib appliances such as hybrid habit correcting appliance, tongue crib with cold cured acrylic tongue shield, fixed palatal crib with transpalatal arch, fixed tongue loops, tongue fence, and upper hay rake.

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24

Choi, Ha-Na, Young-Sik Cho, and Jung-Wan Koo. "The Effect of Mechanical Tongue Cleaning on Oral Malodor and Tongue Coating." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010108.

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Background: Mechanical tongue cleaning is an important oral hygiene procedure; it is known that a significant cause of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), a major component of bad breath, is due to the bacteria coating the tongue. This study was conducted to identify the effect of mechanical tongue cleaning on reducing bad breath and tongue coating. Methods: Various mechanical tongue-cleaning methods were studied, including removing tongue coating using a toothbrush, removing tongue coating using a tongue scraper, and removing tongue coating using a toothbrush and a tongue scraper together. The results were as follows. Results: First, the organic bad breath measurement value after cleaning the tongue significantly decreased in the group using only the toothbrush, the group using only the tongue scraper, and the group using both the toothbrush and the tongue scraper. However, there was no difference between the groups. Second, after cleaning the tongue, the measured values of the tongue coating in the values of WTCI (Winkel’s tongue coating index) and Qray view were significantly reduced in all three groups, and there was no difference between the groups. Third, the gas measurement value in the oral cavity using a machine significantly decreased only the H2S value of the group using the tongue scraper immediately after the mechanical tongue cleaning. Conclusions: From these results, it can be confirmed that mechanical tongue cleaning is effective at reducing bad breath and tongue coating. However, in this study, there was no difference in the reduction effect according to the tools (groups) used for mechanical tongue cleaning. It can therefore be seen that wiping accurately from the rear of the tongue to the front is more effective at reducing bad breath and tongue coating.

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25

Naikwadi, Dr Avinash. "Arterio Venous Malformation of Tongue – A Case Report." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 04 (April 27, 2017): 20692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.155.

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26

Menon, Shalini S., and Kailesh Pujary. "Lingual Paraneurofibroma – A Tongue Based Approach for Resection." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 12 (June 1, 2012): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/dec2013/149.

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27

Singh, Rekha, Siddhant P. Agarwal, Onkar Nath Sinha, and Sushil Gaur. "A Case Report-InjPolidocanol in Haemangioma of Tongue." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 4, no. 7 (July 2016): 2433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/sjams.2016.4.7.27.

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28

Solodiuk, Nataliia, Anastasiia Kuzmenko, and Iryna Kashyrina. "Teaching English to Pre-Schoolers Using Tongue Twisters." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 2, no. 2 (333) (2020): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-2(333)-2-80-91.

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29

Islomova, Feruza. "CHOICE OF EDUCATIONAL METHODS IN TEACHING MOTHER TONGUE." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 06 (June 1, 2022): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-03-26.

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30

Azatovna, Kojalepesova Periyzat. "VOCABULARY NEEDS IN PRIMARY GRADE MOTHER TONGUE CLASSES." International Journal of Pedagogics 4, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijp/volume04issue03-19.

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Since the emergence of educational lexicography, lexicographers have been interested in its distinguishing feature as a separate lexicographic genre, its classification features. This question was first addressed by S.G. Barkhudarov and L.A. Novikov in 1971, "What should be the educational vocabulary?".

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31

Hidaka, Rena, Junichi Furuya, Akira Nishiyama, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Michiyo Aoyagi, Chiaki Matsubara, Yu Yoshizumi, et al. "Structural Equation Modeling of Tongue Function and Tongue Hygiene in Acute Stroke Patients." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094567.

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In acute stroke patients, it is important to maintain tongue hygiene and tongue function for prognosis management. However, the direct relationship between these factors is unclear, since these are often assessed by multiple observables. In this study, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, a tool to analyze the relationship between concepts that cannot be measured directly, to analyze the relationship between tongue hygiene and tongue function. The subjects were 73 patients with acute stroke admitted to a university hospital who underwent dental intervention. Age, sex, nutritional intake method, clinical severity classification of dysphagia, number of current teeth, number of functional teeth, oral health, tongue movement, tongue coating, number of microorganisms on the tongue surface, tongue surface moisture level, and tongue pressure were measured at the first visit. SEM analysis showed that the relationship between tongue function and tongue hygiene was 0.05 between tongue function and swallowing function was 0.90, and that between tongue hygiene and swallowing function was 0.09. We found no statistical relationship between tongue function and tongue hygiene in acute stroke patients. However, it was reconfirmed that tongue function is strongly related to feeding and swallowing functions.

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32

Aittiwarapoj, Anchisa, Rachai Juengsomjit, Nakarin Kitkumthorn, and Puangwan Lapthanasupkul. "Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinoma at the Tongue: Clinicopathological Analysis in a Thai Population." European Journal of Dentistry 13, no. 03 (July 2019): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698368.

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Abstract Objective Tongue is regarded as one of the common sites of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinicopathological profile of OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) at the tongue. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological characteristics of 208 Thai patients diagnosed with SCC and OPMDs at the tongue in the period from 1996 to 2015. Chi-squared test was used to compare differences between patient’s clinical and histopathological features. Results Seventy-eight tongue SCC and 130 tongue OPMD cases were present over the study period. Slight male predominance was found for tongue SCC, while a slight female predominance was present for tongue OPMDs. Both tongue SCC and tongue OPMDs were mostly diagnosed in the old age patients (>40 years old). The majority of tongue SCC and OPMDs occurred at the tip and lateral of the tongue. The most common histologic grading of tongue SCC was well differentiated and no poor differentiation was found in this study. More than a half of tongue OPMDs showed epithelial dysplasia. Both tongue SCC and OPMDs demonstrated no significant correlation between clinical feature and histopathologic diagnosis. Conclusions Tongue SCC and OPMDs were particularly found in the elderly population and frequently developed at the tip and lateral of the tongue. Most of tongue OPMDs, particularly all of tongue erythroplakia, exhibited epithelial dysplasia. For dental practitioners, awareness in the early detection and diagnosis of these tongue lesions should be raised.

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33

Montuelle, Stéphane J., Rachel A. Olson, Hannah Curtis, and Susan H. Williams. "Unilateral lingual nerve transection alters jaw-tongue coordination during mastication in pigs." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00398.2019.

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During chewing, movements and deformations of the tongue are coordinated with jaw movements to manage and manipulate the bolus and avoid injury. Individuals with injuries to the lingual nerve report both tongue injuries due to biting and difficulties in chewing, primarily because of impaired bolus management, suggesting that jaw-tongue coordination relies on intact lingual afferents. Here, we investigate how unilateral lingual nerve (LN) transection affects jaw-tongue coordination in an animal model (pig, Sus scrofa). Temporal coordination between jaw pitch (opening-closing) and 1) anteroposterior tongue position (i.e., protraction-retraction), 2) anteroposterior tongue length, and 3) mediolateral tongue width was compared between pre- and post-LN transection using cross-correlation analyses. Overall, following LN transection, the lag between jaw pitch and the majority of tongue kinematics decreased significantly, demonstrating that sensory loss from the tongue alters jaw-tongue coordination. In addition, decrease in jaw-tongue lag suggests that, following LN transection, tongue movements and deformations occur earlier in the gape cycle than when the lingual sensory afferents are intact. If the velocity of tongue movements and deformations remains constant, earlier occurrence can reflect less pronounced movements, possibly to avoid injuries. The results of this study demonstrate that lingual afferents participate in chewing by assisting with coordinating the timing of jaw and tongue movements. The observed changes may affect bolus management performance and/or may represent protective strategies because of altered somatosensory awareness of the tongue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chewing requires coordination between tongue and jaw movements. We compared the coordination of tongue movements and deformation relative to jaw opening-closing movements pre- and post-lingual nerve transection during chewing in pigs. These experiments reveal that the timing of jaw-tongue coordination is altered following unilateral disruption of sensory information from the tongue. Therefore, maintenance of jaw-tongue coordination requires bilateral sensory information from the tongue.

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S, Franjić. "In Shortly about Cancer of the Tongue." Journal of Health Care and Research 1, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2020/hcr.6152.

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Cancer of the tongue is a type of oral cancer that occurs in the front two-thirds of the tongue. If cancer occurs at the back of the tongue, then it is a type of head or neck cancer. These cancers are extremely rare and occur in a small number of cases. Cancer in the front of the tongue also does not occur as often, but it is the most common type of oral cancer. Cancer of the tongue mainly occurs in squamous cells – thin, flat cells that are found on the surface of all soft tissues, and therefore the tongue. Cancer of the tongue is a disease that affects the front of the tongue, while cancer in the back of the tongue is called oropharyngeal cancer. Symptoms that indicate tongue cancer are pain in the jaw or throat, pain during swallowing, feeling that there is something in the throat, stiff tongue or jaw, problem with chewing and swallowing food, white or red stamps in the mouth or tongue, ulcer on non-healing tongue, pimples in the mouth, bleeding tongue and growths on the tongue.

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35

Hu, Jie, Shuwen Han, Yan Chen, and Zhaoning Ji. "Variations of Tongue Coating Microbiota in Patients with Gastric Cancer." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/173729.

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The physical status of humans can be estimated by observing the appearance of the tongue coating, known as tongue diagnosis. The goals of this study were to reveal the relationship between tongue coating appearance and the oral microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and to open a novel research direction supporting tongue diagnosis. We used a tongue manifestation acquisition instrument to analyse the thickness of the tongue coating of patients with gastric cancer and that of healthy controls, and high-throughput sequencing was used to describe the microbial community of the tongue coating by sequencing the V2–V4 region of the 16S rDNA. The tongue coatings of 74 patients with gastric cancer were significantly thicker than those of 72 healthy controls (343.11 ± 198.22 versus 98.42 ± 48.25,P<0.001); 51.35% of the patients were assessed as having thick tongue coatings, whereas all healthy controls were assessed as having thin tongue coatings. Thick tongue coatings presented lower microbial community diversity than thin tongue coatings. The tongue coating bacterial community is associated with the appearance of the tongue coating. The tongue coating may be a potential source for diagnosing gastric cancer, but its sensitivity needs to be further improved.

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36

Asmawati, Asmawati. "Department of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 10, no. 3 (October 30, 2011): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v10i3.275.

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Oral infections can be caused by the many microorganisms that occupy the oral cavity. Tongue is one of thevulnerable areas of the oral cavity occupied by microorganisms, in which colonized bacteria may cause disease.Mechanical tongue cleansing using tongue scraper can reduce anaerobic bacteria on dorsal of the tongue. Theobjective of this study was to observe the difference of anaerobic bacteria amount on dorsal of the tongue before andafter mechanical tongue cleansing using tongue scraper. This was laboratory experimental study with sampleconsists of 25 students selected by random sampling method. The results showed that the amount of bacteria isdecreased approximately 28% after tongue cleansing using tongue scraper. Based on the statistical analysis with tteston α=0.05, there is a difference on the amount of anaerobic bacteria on dorsal of the tongue before and aftermechanical tongue cleansing using tongue scraper.

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37

YANG, ZHAOHUI, and NAIMIN LI. "DETECTION OF TONGUE CRACK BASED ON DISTANT GRADIENT AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE." International Journal of Image and Graphics 10, no. 02 (April 2010): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467810003779.

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Tongue crack is an important pathological feature in traditional Chinese tongue diagnosis. However, in computerized tongue diagnosis, tongue cracks are not commonly used because the tongue crack features are hard to be accurately extracted. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for tongue crack extraction. First, for the purpose of enhancement of the tongue crack regions, we get line response image using tongue image gray-level and color information as well as the pixel distant gradient. Then tongue crack regions are extracted from line response image by methods such as hysteresis thresholding algorithm and so on. A database of 286 tongue images is established and used in our test, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed tongue crack detection method.

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38

Konsulov, Sp. "Tongue Cancer." International Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology 13, no. 2 (July 29, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/orl.v13i2.6811.

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39

Hathway, R. W. "COVID tongue." British Dental Journal 230, no. 3 (February 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-2666-z.

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40

Öztürk, Murat, and Isa An. "Geographic tongue." Mucosa 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33204/mucosa.477848.

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41

Abe, Gislaine Cristina, Paulo Eduardo Ramos, Sissy Veloso Fontes, Márcia Pradella Hallinan, and Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira. "Tongue inspection." Revista Neurociências 22, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2014.v22.8093.

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Background. Tongue inspection (TI) is important for diagnosis and prognosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Tongue evaluation models vary among countries; however, no systematic protocol is in place. Objective. To propose a systematic protocol for TI to be used in neurology. Method. 1) A review of the books in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, and of papers in English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French retrieved from the databases Pubmed, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library using the following descriptors: tongue, diagnosis, prognosis, traditional Chinese medicine; 2) Selection of the major tongue characteristics; search for a tongue examination protocol, and search for descriptions of features related to prognostic assessment. Results. In total, 26 articles were selected; however, none of them provided information pertaining to the object of the present study, or the information was inaccurate and vague. The same occurred with the Western medicine books, as none of them outlined a protocol. A TCM-based TI protocol was prepared, comprising four levels of severity and complexity. Conclusion: A systematic TI protocol was created for use in integrative medicine (Western and Chinese medicine), eliminating the divergent points and simplifying the items to be assessed during tongue inspection.

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42

Viswanath, Vishalakshi, Seema Nair, Nisarg Chavan, and Raghunandan Torsekar. "Caviar tongue." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 77, no. 1 (2011): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.75002.

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43

Monga, Seema, Junaid Nasim Malik, and Arun Parkash Sharma. "Schwannoma Tongue." Journal of Case Reports 3, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17659/01.2013.0052.

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Agarwal, Ritesh, Ashutosh N. Aggarwal, and Dheeraj Gupta. "Cobbled tongue." Medical Journal of Australia 183, no. 3 (August 2005): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06962.x.

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Sharma, Shikha, and Amit Bhardwaj. "COVID tongue." Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 26, no. 5 (2022): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_437_21.

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Burge, Eric, and Siddharth Kogilwaimath. "Hairy tongue." Canadian Medical Association Journal 193, no. 16 (April 18, 2021): E561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201559.

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Rajeev, Vini, SulphiAbdul Basheer, Mutassim Elnager, AKaneesh Karthik, and ASenthilnathan Radhakrishnan. "Cerebriform Tongue." Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2021): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_628_20.

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Prasanth, Venkata Joga, and Anup Singh. "Geographic tongue." Canadian Medical Association Journal 193, no. 36 (September 12, 2021): E1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.202855.

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Gómez, Carlos Andrés. "Native Tongue." Yale Review 108, no. 1 (2020): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2020.0107.

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Maddox, Marjorie. "Mother Tongue." College English 57, no. 4 (April 1995): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/378244.

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