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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonotopic map'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Ozaki, Isamu, and Isao Hashimoto. "Human Tonotopic Maps and their Rapid Task-Related Changes Studied by Magnetic Source Imaging." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 34, no. 2 (May 2007): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100005965.

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A brief review of previous studies is presented on tonotopic organization of primary auditory cortex (AI) in humans. Based on the place theory for pitch perception, in which place information from the cochlea is used to derive pitch, a well-organized layout of tonotopic map is likely in human AI. The conventional view of tonotopy in human AI is a layout inwhich the medial-to-lateral portion of Heschl's gyrus represents high-to-low frequency tones. However, we have shown that the equivalent current dipole (BCD) in auditory evoked magnetic fields in the rising phase of N100m response dynamically moves along the long axis of Heschl's gyrus. Based on analyses of the current sources for high-pitched and low-pitched tones in the right and left hemispheres, we propose an alternative tonotopic map in human AI. In the right AI, isofrequency bands for each tone frequency are parallell to the first transverse sulcus; on the other hand, the layout for tonotopy in the left AI seems poorly organized. The validity of single dipole modelling in the calculation of a moving source and the discrepancy as to tonotopic maps in the results between auditory evoked fields or intracerebral recordings and neuroimaging studies also are discussed. The difference in the layout of isofrequency bands between the right and left auditory cortices may reflect distinct functional roles in auditory information processing such as pitch versus phonetic analysis.

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2

Pienkowski, Martin, and Jos J. Eggermont. "Cortical tonotopic map plasticity and behavior." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 10 (November 2011): 2117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.002.

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3

Jones, Sherri M., and Timothy A. Jones. "The tonotopic map in the embryonic chicken cochlea." Hearing Research 82, no. 2 (February 1995): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(94)00173-n.

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4

Slee, Sean J., Matthew H. Higgs, Adrienne L. Fairhall, and William J. Spain. "Tonotopic Tuning in a Sound Localization Circuit." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 5 (May 2010): 2857–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00678.2009.

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Nucleus laminaris (NL) neurons encode interaural time difference (ITD), the cue used to localize low-frequency sounds. A physiologically based model of NL input suggests that ITD information is contained in narrow frequency bands around harmonics of the sound frequency. This suggested a theory, which predicts that, for each tone frequency, there is an optimal time course for synaptic inputs to NL that will elicit the largest modulation of NL firing rate as a function of ITD. The theory also suggested that neurons in different tonotopic regions of NL require specialized tuning to take advantage of the input gradient. Tonotopic tuning in NL was investigated in brain slices by separating the nucleus into three regions based on its anatomical tonotopic map. Patch-clamp recordings in each region were used to measure both the synaptic and the intrinsic electrical properties. The data revealed a tonotopic gradient of synaptic time course that closely matched the theoretical predictions. We also found postsynaptic band-pass filtering. Analysis of the combined synaptic and postsynaptic filters revealed a frequency-dependent gradient of gain for the transformation of tone amplitude to NL firing rate modulation. Models constructed from the experimental data for each tonotopic region demonstrate that the tonotopic tuning measured in NL can improve ITD encoding across sound frequencies.

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5

Zeng, Huan-huan, Jun-feng Huang, Ming Chen, Yun-qing Wen, Zhi-ming Shen, and Mu-ming Poo. "Local homogeneity of tonotopic organization in the primary auditory cortex of marmosets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 8 (February 4, 2019): 3239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816653116.

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Marmoset has emerged as a useful nonhuman primate species for studying brain structure and function. Previous studies on the mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) showed that neurons with preferential frequency-tuning responses are mixed within local cortical regions, despite a large-scale tonotopic organization. Here we found that frequency-tuning properties of marmoset A1 neurons are highly uniform within local cortical regions. We first defined the tonotopic map of A1 using intrinsic optical imaging and then used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of large neuronal populations to examine the tonotopic preference at the single-cell level. We found that tuning preferences of layer 2/3 neurons were highly homogeneous over hundreds of micrometers in both horizontal and vertical directions. Thus, marmoset A1 neurons are distributed in a tonotopic manner at both macro- and microscopic levels. Such organization is likely to be important for the organization of auditory circuits in the primate brain.

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6

Yan, Jun, and Günter Ehret. "Corticofugal reorganization of the midbrain tonotopic map in mice." Neuroreport 12, no. 15 (October 2001): 3313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200110290-00033.

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7

Scharinger, Mathias, William J. Idsardi, and Samantha Poe. "A Comprehensive Three-dimensional Cortical Map of Vowel Space." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 3972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00056.

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Mammalian cortex is known to contain various kinds of spatial encoding schemes for sensory information including retinotopic, somatosensory, and tonotopic maps. Tonotopic maps are especially interesting for human speech sound processing because they encode linguistically salient acoustic properties. In this study, we mapped the entire vowel space of a language (Turkish) onto cortical locations by using the magnetic N1 (M100), an auditory-evoked component that peaks approximately 100 msec after auditory stimulus onset. We found that dipole locations could be structured into two distinct maps, one for vowels produced with the tongue positioned toward the front of the mouth (front vowels) and one for vowels produced in the back of the mouth (back vowels). Furthermore, we found spatial gradients in lateral–medial, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior dimensions that encoded the phonetic, categorical distinctions between all the vowels of Turkish. Statistical model comparisons of the dipole locations suggest that the spatial encoding scheme is not entirely based on acoustic bottom–up information but crucially involves featural–phonetic top–down modulation. Thus, multiple areas of excitation along the unidimensional basilar membrane are mapped into higher dimensional representations in auditory cortex.

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8

Harrison, Robert V. "Age-related tonotopic map plasticity in the central auditory pathways." Scandinavian Audiology 30, no. 2 (January 2001): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/010503901750166529.

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9

Manley, Geoffrey A., Christine Köppl, and Michael Sneary. "Reversed tonotopic map of the basilar papilla in Gekko gecko." Hearing Research 131, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(99)00021-0.

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10

Kalish, Brian T., Tania R. Barkat, Erin E. Diel, Elizabeth J. Zhang, Michael E. Greenberg, and Takao K. Hensch. "Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of mouse auditory cortex reveals critical period triggers and brakes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 21 (May 13, 2020): 11744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920433117.

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Auditory experience drives neural circuit refinement during windows of heightened brain plasticity, but little is known about the genetic regulation of this developmental process. The primary auditory cortex (A1) of mice exhibits a critical period for thalamocortical connectivity between postnatal days P12 and P15, during which tone exposure alters the tonotopic topography of A1. We hypothesized that a coordinated, multicellular transcriptional program governs this window for patterning of the auditory cortex. To generate a robust multicellular map of gene expression, we performed droplet-based, single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of A1 across three developmental time points (P10, P15, and P20) spanning the tonotopic critical period. We also tone-reared mice (7 kHz pips) during the 3-d critical period and collected A1 at P15 and P20. We identified and profiled both neuronal (glutamatergic and GABAergic) and nonneuronal (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial) cell types. By comparing normal- and tone-reared mice, we found hundreds of genes across cell types showing altered expression as a result of sensory manipulation during the critical period. Functional voltage-sensitive dye imaging confirmed GABA circuit function determines critical period onset, while Nogo receptor signaling is required for its closure. We further uncovered previously unknown effects of developmental tone exposure on trajectories of gene expression in interneurons, as well as candidate genes that might execute tonotopic plasticity. Our single-nucleus transcriptomic resource of developing auditory cortex is thus a powerful discovery platform with which to identify mediators of tonotopic plasticity.

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11

Eggermont, J. J. "Cortical tonotopic map reorganization and its implications for treatment of tinnitus." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 126, sup556 (January 2006): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03655230600895259.

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12

Kim, Gunsoo, and Karl Kandler. "Elimination and strengthening of glycinergic/GABAergic connections during tonotopic map formation." Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (February 10, 2003): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1015.

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13

Pienkowski, Martin, and Jos J. Eggermont. "Sound frequency representation in primary auditory cortex is level tolerant for moderately loud, complex sounds." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 2 (August 2011): 1016–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00291.2011.

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The distribution of neuronal characteristic frequencies over the area of primary auditory cortex (AI) roughly reflects the tonotopic organization of the cochlea. However, because the area of AI activated by any given sound frequency increases erratically with sound level, it has generally been proposed that frequency is represented in AI not with a rate-place code but with some more complex, distributed code. Here, on the basis of both spike and local field potential (LFP) recordings in the anesthetized cat, we show that the tonotopic representation in AI is much more level tolerant when mapped with spectrotemporally dense tone pip ensembles rather than with individually presented tone pips. That is, we show that the tuning properties of individual unit and LFP responses are less variable with sound level under dense compared with sparse stimulation, and that the spatial frequency resolution achieved by the AI neural population at moderate stimulus levels (65 dB SPL) is better with densely than with sparsely presented sounds. This implies that nonlinear processing in the central auditory system can compensate (in part) for the level-dependent coding of sound frequency in the cochlea, and suggests that there may be a functional role for the cortical tonotopic map in the representation of complex sounds.

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14

D’Alessandro, Lisa M., and Robert V. Harrison. "Changes to Neural Activation Patterns (c-fos Labeling) in Chinchilla Auditory Midbrain following Neonatal Exposure to an Enhanced Sound Environment." Neural Plasticity 2018 (July 5, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7160362.

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Sensory brain regions show neuroplastic changes following deficits or experimental augmentation of peripheral input during a neonatal period. We have previously shown reorganization of cortical tonotopic maps after neonatal cochlear lesions or exposure to an enhanced acoustic environment. Such experiments probe the cortex and show reorganization, but it is unclear if such changes are intrinsically cortical or reflect projections from modified subcortical regions. Here, we ask whether an enhanced neonatal acoustic environment can induce midbrain (inferior colliculus (IC)) changes. Neonatal chinchillas were chronically exposed to a 70 dB SPL narrowband (2 ± 0.25 kHz) sound stimulus for 4 weeks. In line with previous studies, we hypothesized that such exposure would induce widening of the 2 kHz tonotopic map region in IC. To probe c-fos expression in IC (central nucleus), sound-exposed and nonexposed animals were stimulated with a 2 kHz stimulus for 90 minutes. In sound-exposed subjects, we find no change in the width of the 2 kHz tonotopic region; thus, our hypothesis is not supported. However, we observed a significant increase in the number of c-fos-labeled neurons over a broad region of best frequencies. These data suggest that neonatal sound exposure can modify midbrain regions and thus change the way neurons in IC respond to sound stimulation.

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15

Espinoza-Varas, Blas, Hammad Akram, Titus Oleyadun, and Hyunsook Jang. "Tonotopic map reorganization and spectral weights in high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 3062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942922.

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16

Masri, Samer, Li S. Zhang, Hao Luo, Edward Pace, Jinsheng Zhang, and Shaowen Bao. "Blast Exposure Disrupts the Tonotopic Frequency Map in the Primary Auditory Cortex." Neuroscience 379 (May 2018): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.041.

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17

Liu, Qing, and Robin L. Davis. "Regional Specification of Threshold Sensitivity and Response Time in CBA/CaJ Mouse Spiral Ganglion Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (October 2007): 2215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00284.2007.

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Previous studies of spiral ganglion neuron electrophysiology have shown that specific parameters differ according to cochlear location, with apical neurons being distinctly different from basal neurons. To align these features more precisely along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea, we developed a novel spiral ganglion culture system in which positional information is retained. Patch-clamp recordings made from neurons of known gangliotopic location revealed two basic firing pattern distributions. Membrane characteristics related to spike timing, such as accommodation, latency and onset tau, were distinctly heterogeneous, yet when averaged, they were distributed in a graded manner along the length of the cochlea. Action potential threshold levels also displayed a wide range, the averages of which were distributed nonmonotonically such that neurons with the greatest sensitivity were localized to the mid-regions of the ganglion. These studies shed new light on the complexity and sophistication of the intrinsic firing features of spiral ganglion neurons. Because timing-related elements are organized in an overall tonotopic manner, it is hypothesized that they contribute to aspects of frequency-dependent acoustic processing. On the other hand, the different distribution of threshold levels, with the greatest sensitivity in the middle region of the tonotopic map, suggests that this neuronal parameter is regulated differently and thus may contribute a distinct realm of auditory sensory processing.

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18

Pienkowski, Martin, and Robert V. Harrison. "Tone Frequency Maps and Receptive Fields in the Developing Chinchilla Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 1 (January 2005): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00569.2004.

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Single-unit responses to tone pip stimuli were isolated from numerous microelectrode penetrations of auditory cortex (under ketamine anesthesia) in the developing chinchilla ( laniger), a precocious mammal. Results are reported at postnatal day 3 (P3), P15, and P30, and from adult animals. Hearing sensitivity and spike firing rates were mature in the youngest group. The topographic representation of sound frequency (tonotopic map) in primary and secondary auditory cortex was also well ordered and sharply tuned by P3. The spectral-temporal complexity of cortical receptive fields, on the other hand, increased progressively (past P30) to adulthood. The (purported) refinement of initially diffuse tonotopic projections to cortex thus seems to occur in utero in the chinchilla, where external (and maternal) sounds are considerably attenuated and might not contribute to the mechanism(s) involved. This compares well with recent studies of vision, suggesting that the refinement of the retinotopic map does not require external light, but rather waves of (correlated) spontaneous activity on the retina. In contrast, it is most probable that selectivity for more complex sound features, such as frequency stacks and glides, develops under the influence of the postnatal acoustic environment and that inadequate sound stimulation in early development (e.g., due to chronic middle ear disease) impairs the formation of the requisite intracortical (and/or subcortical) circuitry.

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19

Imig, T. J., and A. Morel. "Tonotopic organization in ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body in the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.1.309.

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Responses of single units and clusters of units to tone burst stimulation were recorded at 100-micron intervals along vertical electrode penetrations through the medial geniculate bodies of eight barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Marking lesions were placed at two or three locations along most penetrations to aid in histological reconstruction of electrode tracks. Best frequencies and suprathreshold-response latencies were studied at each location along a penetration. The ventral nucleus is physiologically characterized as a region containing narrowly tuned, short-latency (less than or equal to 40 ms) responses and an orderly tonotopic organization. Best frequencies were plotted as a function of depth along single electrode penetrations, and the sequences from different locations in the ventral nucleus were compared. Two-dimensional best-frequency maps were obtained at different rostrocaudal levels. Each map was constructed from best frequencies encountered along several electrode penetrations in the same transverse plane in one brain. We divided the ventral nucleus into seven different rostrocaudal levels, each characterized by a different pattern of tonotopy. Caudolaterally, isofrequency contours parallel the ventrolateral border of the medial geniculate body. At middle levels, low- and mid-frequency contours course ventromedially from the dorsal border of the ventral nucleus toward its medial border, then turn sharply and continue ventrolaterally. Higher-frequency contours parallel this course, but consist of discontinuous dorsal and ventral segments. Rostrally, isofrequency contours are vertically oriented. A model of the three-dimensional tonotopic organization of the ventral nucleus is described that is consistent with the two-dimensional best-frequency maps obtained at different rostrocaudal levels and with locations of ventral nucleus neurons labeled by horseradish peroxidase injections into low-, mid-, and high-frequency representations in auditory cortex. The model includes a planar component and a concentric component. Within the planar component, low frequencies are represented laterally and high frequencies are represented rostromedially. Within the concentric component, low frequencies are represented in a central column that extends mediolaterally through a hole in the mid-frequency representation. The mid-frequency representation in turn is partially surrounded by the high-frequency representation. There is a continuous representation of a "single" frequency in both the planar and concentric components of the model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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20

Yu, X., D. H. Sanes, O. Aristizabal, Y. Z. Wadghiri, and D. H. Turnbull. "Large-scale reorganization of the tonotopic map in mouse auditory midbrain revealed by MRI." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 29 (July 9, 2007): 12193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700960104.

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21

Clause, Amanda, Gunsoo Kim, Mandy Sonntag, Catherine J. C. Weisz, Douglas E. Vetter, Rudolf Rűbsamen, and Karl Kandler. "The Precise Temporal Pattern of Prehearing Spontaneous Activity Is Necessary for Tonotopic Map Refinement." Neuron 82, no. 4 (May 2014): 822–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.001.

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22

Sanes, Dan H., Michael Merickel, and Edwin W. Rubel. "Evidence for an alteration of the tonotopic map in the gerbil cochlea during development." Journal of Comparative Neurology 279, no. 3 (January 15, 1989): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902790308.

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23

MAZZA, M. B., M. DE PINHO, and A. C. Roque. "Biologically Plausible Models of Topographic Map Formation in the Somatosensory and Auditory Cortices." International Journal of Neural Systems 09, no. 03 (June 1999): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065799000277.

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Computational models of the somatosensory and auditory systems have been constructed with the neurosimulator GENESIS. The somatosensory model consists of a cortical layer with 1024 pyramidal cells and 512 basket cells connected to a hand surface with 512 tactile receptors. The auditory model consists of a cortical layer with 2256 pyramidal cells and 1128 basket cells connected to a cochlea with 47 receptors. The models reproduce processes related to the formation and maintenance of somatotopic and tonotopic maps and exhibit several features observed in experiments with animals such as variability in the shapes and sizes of areas of cortical representation and, in the case of somatotopy, cortical magnification values in agreement with experimental findings and linear decay of receptive field overlap as a function of cortical distance between recording Bites in normal conditions.

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24

Koops, Elouise A., Remco J. Renken, Cris P. Lanting, and Pim van Dijk. "Cortical Tonotopic Map Changes in Humans Are Larger in Hearing Loss Than in Additional Tinnitus." Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 16 (March 19, 2020): 3178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2083-19.2020.

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25

Sato, Takashi, Katsumi Doi, Hiroshi Hibino, and Takeshi Kubo. "Analysis of gene expression profiles along the tonotopic map of mouse cochlea by cDNA microarrays." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 129, sup562 (January 2009): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016480902926464.

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26

Pantelias, Anastasia A., Pablo Monsivais, and Edwin W. Rubel. "Tonotopic map of potassium currents in chick auditory hair cells using an intact basilar papilla." Hearing Research 156, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00269-6.

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27

Ammari, Habib, and Bryn Davies. "A fully coupled subwavelength resonance approach to filtering auditory signals." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2228 (August 2019): 20190049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0049.

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The aim of this paper is to understand the behaviour of a large number of coupled subwavelength resonators. We use layer potential techniques in combination with numerical computations to study an acoustic pressure wave scattered by a graded array of subwavelength resonators. Using this approach, the spatial frequency separation properties of such an array can be understood. Our set-up is inspired by the graded structure of cochlear hair cells on the surface of the basilar membrane. We compute the resonant modes of the system and explore the model's ability to decompose incoming signals. We propose a mathematical explanation for phenomena identified with the cochlea's ‘travelling wave’ behaviour and tonotopic frequency map.

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28

Karmakar, Kajari, Yuichi Narita, Jonathan Fadok, Sebastien Ducret, Alberto Loche, Taro Kitazawa, Christel Genoud, et al. "Hox2 Genes Are Required for Tonotopic Map Precision and Sound Discrimination in the Mouse Auditory Brainstem." Cell Reports 18, no. 1 (January 2017): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.021.

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29

Yang, Sungchil, Wendy Su, and Shaowen Bao. "Long-term, but not transient, threshold shifts alter the morphology and increase the excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00371.2012.

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Partial hearing loss often results in enlarged representations of the remaining hearing frequency range in primary auditory cortex (AI). Recent studies have implicated certain types of synaptic plasticity in AI map reorganization in response to transient and long-term hearing loss. How changes in neuronal excitability and morphology contribute to cortical map reorganization is less clear. In the present study, we exposed adult rats to a 4-kHz tone at 123 dB, which resulted in increased thresholds over their entire hearing range. The threshold shift gradually recovered in the lower-frequency, but not the higher-frequency, range. As reported previously, two distinct zones were observed 10 days after the noise exposure, an enlarged lower-characteristic frequency (CF) zone displaying normal threshold and enhanced cortical responses and a higher-CF zone showing higher threshold and a disorganized tonotopic map. Membrane excitability of layer II/III pyramidal neurons increased only in the higher-CF, but not the lower-CF, zone. In addition, dendritic morphology and spine density of the pyramidal neurons were altered in the higher-CF zone only. These results indicate that membrane excitability and neuronal morphology are altered by long-term, but not transient, threshold shift. They also suggest that these changes may contribute to tinnitus but are unlikely to be involved in map expansion in the lower-CF zone.

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30

Hisashi Komiya, Jos J. Eggermont. "Spontaneous Firing Activity of Cortical Neurons in Adult Cats with Reorganized Tonotopic Map Following Pure-tone Trauma." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 120, no. 6 (January 2000): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000164800750000298.

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31

Noda, Takahiro, and Hirokazu Takahashi. "Anesthetic effects of isoflurane on the tonotopic map and neuronal population activity in the rat auditory cortex." European Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 6 (July 23, 2015): 2298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13007.

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32

Wake, Naoki, Tomoyo Isoguchi Shiramatsu, and Hirokazu Takahashi. "Tone frequency representation beyond the tonotopic map: Cross-correlation between ongoing activity in the rat auditory cortex." Neuroscience 409 (June 2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.026.

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33

Brünner, Hans Sperup, and Rune Rasmussen. "Does Size Really Matter? The Role of Tonotopic Map Area Dynamics for Sound Learning in Mouse Auditory Cortex." eneuro 4, no. 1 (January 2017): ENEURO.0002–17.2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0002-17.2017.

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34

Thomas, Maryse E., Conor P. Lane, Yohann M. J. Chaudron, J. Miguel Cisneros-Franco, and Étienne de Villers-Sidani. "Modifying the Adult Rat Tonotopic Map with Sound Exposure Produces Frequency Discrimination Deficits That Are Recovered with Training." Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 11 (February 5, 2020): 2259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1445-19.2019.

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35

Chen, Lin, Patricia G. Trautwein, Marlene Shero, and Richard J. Salvi. "Tuning, spontaneous activity and tonotopic map in chicken cochlear ganglion neurons following sound-induced hair cell loss and regeneration." Hearing Research 98, no. 1-2 (September 1996): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(96)00086-x.

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36

Takasu, Kengo, and Takashi Tateno. "In vivo transcranial flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging of tonotopic map reorganization in the mouse auditory cortex with impaired auditory periphery." Hearing Research 377 (June 2019): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2019.03.019.

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37

Scholl, Benjamin, Jagruti J. Pattadkal, Ashlee Rowe, and Nicholas J. Priebe. "Functional characterization and spatial clustering of visual cortical neurons in the predatory grasshopper mouse Onychomys arenicola." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00779.2016.

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Mammalian neocortical circuits are functionally organized such that the selectivity of individual neurons systematically shifts across the cortical surface, forming a continuous map. Maps of the sensory space exist in cortex, such as retinotopic maps in the visual system or tonotopic maps in the auditory system, but other functional response properties also may be similarly organized. For example, many carnivores and primates possess a map for orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1), whereas mice, rabbits, and the gray squirrel lack orientation maps. In this report we show that a carnivorous rodent with predatory behaviors, the grasshopper mouse ( Onychomys arenicola), lacks a canonical columnar organization of orientation preference in V1; however, neighboring neurons within 50 μm exhibit related tuning preference. Using a combination of two-photon microscopy and extracellular electrophysiology, we demonstrate that the functional organization of visual cortical neurons in the grasshopper mouse is largely the same as in the C57/BL6 laboratory mouse. We also find similarity in the selectivity for stimulus orientation, direction, and spatial frequency. Our results suggest that the properties of V1 neurons across rodent species are largely conserved. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carnivores and primates possess a map for orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1), whereas rodents and lagomorphs lack this organization. We examine, for the first time, V1 of a wild carnivorous rodent with predatory behaviors, the grasshopper mouse ( Onychomys arenicola). We demonstrate the cellular organization of V1 in the grasshopper mouse is largely the same as the C57/BL6 laboratory mouse, suggesting that V1 neuron properties across rodent species are largely conserved.

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38

Kaltenbach, James A., Judith M. Czaja, and Christopher R. Kaplan. "Changes in the tonotopic map of the dorsal cochlear nucleus following induction of cochlear lesions by exposure to intense sound." Hearing Research 59, no. 2 (May 1992): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5955(92)90118-7.

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Huber, Elizabeth, Fang Jiang, and Ione Fine. "Responses in area hMT+ reflect tuning for both auditory frequency and motion after blindness early in life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (April 29, 2019): 10081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815376116.

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Previous studies report that human middle temporal complex (hMT+) is sensitive to auditory motion in early-blind individuals. Here, we show that hMT+ also develops selectivity for auditory frequency after early blindness, and that this selectivity is maintained after sight recovery in adulthood. Frequency selectivity was assessed using both moving band-pass and stationary pure-tone stimuli. As expected, within primary auditory cortex, both moving and stationary stimuli successfully elicited frequency-selective responses, organized in a tonotopic map, for all subjects. In early-blind and sight-recovery subjects, we saw evidence for frequency selectivity within hMT+ for the auditory stimulus that contained motion. We did not find frequency-tuned responses within hMT+ when using the stationary stimulus in either early-blind or sight-recovery subjects. We saw no evidence for auditory frequency selectivity in hMT+ in sighted subjects using either stimulus. Thus, after early blindness, hMT+ can exhibit selectivity for auditory frequency. Remarkably, this auditory frequency tuning persists in two adult sight-recovery subjects, showing that, in these subjects, auditory frequency-tuned responses can coexist with visually driven responses in hMT+.

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Noreña, Arnaud J., Masahiko Tomita, and Jos J. Eggermont. "Neural Changes in Cat Auditory Cortex After a Transient Pure-Tone Trauma." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 4 (October 2003): 2387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00139.2003.

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Here we present the changes in cortical activity occurring within a few hours after a 1-h exposure to a 120-dB SPL pure tone (5 or 6 kHz). The changes in primary auditory cortex of 16 ketamine-anesthetized cats were assessed by recording, with two 8-microelectrode arrays, from the same multiunit clusters before and after the trauma. The exposure resulted in a peripheral threshold increase that stabilized after a few hours to on average 40 dB in the frequency range of 6–32 kHz, as measured by the auditory brain stem response. The trauma induced a shift in characteristic frequency toward lower frequencies, an emergence of new responses, a broadening of the tuning curve, and an increase in the maximum of driven discharges. In addition, the onset response after the trauma was of shorter duration than before the trauma. The results suggest the involvement of both a decrease and an increase in inhibition. They are discussed in terms of changes in central inhibition and its implications for tonotopic map plasticity.

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Meleca, Robert J., James A. Kaltenbach, and Pamela R. Falzarano. "Changes in the tonotopic map of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in hamsters with hair cell loss and radial nerve bundle degeneration." Brain Research 750, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01354-6.

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Snyder, Russell L., and Donal G. Sinex. "Immediate Changes in Tuning of Inferior Colliculus Neurons Following Acute Lesions of Cat Spiral Ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 434–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00937.2000.

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In previous studies, we demonstrated that acute lesions the spiral ganglion (SG), the cells of origin of the auditory nerve (AN), change the frequency organization of the inferior colliculus central nucleus (ICC) and primary auditory cortex (AI). In those studies, we used a map/re-map approach and recorded the tonotopic organization of neurons before and after restricted SG lesions. In the present study, response areas (RAs) of ICC multi-neuronal clusters were recorded to contralateral and ipsilateral tones after inserting and fixing-in-place tungsten microelectrodes. RAs were recorded from most electrodes before, immediately (within 33–78 min) after, and long(several hours) after restricted mechanical lesions of the ganglion. Each SG lesion produced a “notch” in the tone-evoked compound action potential (CAP) audiogram corresponding to a narrow range of lesion frequencies with elevated thresholds. Responses of contralateral IC neurons, which responded to these lesion frequencies, underwent an elevation in threshold to the lesion frequencies with either no change in sensitivity to other frequencies or with dramatic decreases in threshold to lesion-edge frequencies. These changes in sensitivity produced shifts in characteristic frequency (CF) that could be more than an octave. Thresholds at these new CFs matched the prelesion thresholds of neurons tuned to the lesion-edge frequencies. Responses evoked by ipsilateral tones delivered to the intact ear often underwent complementary changes, i.e., decreased thresholds to lesion frequency tones with little or no change in sensitivity to other frequencies. These results indicate that responses of IC neurons are produced by convergence of auditory information across a wide range of AN fibers and that the acute “plastic” changes reported in our previous studies occur within 1 h of an SG lesion.

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Cohen, Y. E., and E. I. Knudsen. "Representation of frequency in the primary auditory field of the barn owl forebrain." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 3682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3682.

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1. The primary auditory field (PAF) constitutes the first telencephalic stage of auditory information processing in the classical auditory pathway. In this study we investigated the frequency representation in the PAF of the barn owl, a species with a broad frequency range of hearing and a highly advanced auditory system. 2. Single- and multiunit sites were recorded extracellularly in ketamine-anesthetized owls. The frequency response properties of PAF sites were assessed with the use of digitally synthesized dichotic stimuli. PAF sites (n = 442) either were unresponsive to tonal stimulation (but responsive to noise stimuli), were tuned for frequency, or had multipeaked frequency response profiles. Tuned sites responded best to frequencies between 0.2 and 8.8 kHz, a range that encompasses nearly the entire hearing range of the barn owl. Most sites responding best to frequencies < 4 kHz had relatively broad frequency tuning, whereas sites responding best to higher frequencies had either broad or narrow frequency tuning. Sites with multipeaked frequency response profiles typically had two response peaks. The first peak was usually between 1 and 3 kHz and the second was usually between 5 and 8 kHz; there was no systematic relationship between the two peak frequencies. 3. In dorsoventral electrode penetrations that contained sites with tuned and/or multipeaked response profiles, a “common frequency” was identified that elicited a maximal response from all of the sites in the penetration. 4. The PAF contains a single tonotopic field. Units tuned to low frequencies are located caudomedially, whereas units tuned to high frequencies are located rostrolaterally. Compared with the frequency representation along the basilar papilla and in other auditory structures, the PAF overrepresents low frequencies (< 4 kHz) that are important for barn owl vocalizations. Conversely, high frequencies (> or = 4 kHz), which are necessary for precise sound localization, are underrepresented relative to these more peripheral auditory structures. 5. There was considerable interindividual variability both in the relative magnification of different frequency ranges and in the orientation of the tonotopic map in the brain. 6. These results suggest that the barn owl PAF, like the mammalian primary auditory cortex, is a general processor of auditory information that is involved in the analysis of both the meaning (such as species-specific vocalizations) and the location of auditory stimuli. In addition, the high degree of interindividual variability in the representation of frequency information suggests that the barn owl PAF, like the mammalian auditory cortex, is subject to modification by sensory experience.

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Hirao, Kenzo, Kei Eto, Yoshihisa Nakahata, Hitoshi Ishibashi, Taku Nagai, and Junichi Nabekura. "Noradrenergic refinement of glutamatergic neuronal circuits in the lateral superior olivary nucleus before hearing onset." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 1974–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00813.2014.

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Neuronal circuit plasticity during development is fundamental for precise network formation. Pioneering studies of the developmental visual cortex indicated that noradrenaline (NA) is crucial for ocular dominance plasticity during the critical period in the visual cortex. Recent research demonstrated tonotopic map formation by NA during the critical period in the auditory system, indicating that NA also contributes to synaptic plasticity in this system. The lateral superior olive (LSO) in the auditory system receives glutamatergic input from the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and undergoes circuit remodeling during postnatal development. LSO is innervated by noradrenergic afferents and is therefore a suitable model to study the function of NA in refinement of neuronal circuits. Chemical lesions of the noradrenergic system and chronic inhibition of α2-adrenoceptors in vivo during postnatal development in mice disrupted functional elimination and strengthening of VCN-LSO afferents. This was potentially mediated by activation of presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors and inhibition of glutamate release because NA presynaptically suppressed excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) through α2-adrenoceptors during the first two postnatal weeks in an in vitro study. Furthermore, NA and α2-adrenoceptor agonist induced long-term suppression of EPSCs and decreased glutamate release. These results suggest that NA has a critical role in synaptic refinement of the VCN-LSO glutamatergic pathway through failure of synaptic transmission. Because of the ubiquitous distribution of NA afferents and the extensive expression of α2-adrenoceptors throughout the immature brain, this phenomenon might be widespread in the developing central nervous system.

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Hancock, Kenneth E., and Herbert F. Voigt. "Intracellularly Labeled Fusiform Cells in Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus of the Gerbil. II. Comparison of Physiology and Anatomy." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 2520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.5.2520.

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Fusiform cells represent the major class of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) projection neuron. Although much is understood about their physiology and anatomy, there remain unexplored issues with important functional implications. These include interspecies differences in DCN physiology and the nature of the cell-to-cell variations in fusiform cell physiology. To address these issues, a quantitative examination was made of the physiology and anatomy of 17 fusiform cells from a companion study. The results suggest that the basal dendrites of gerbil fusiform cells may be electrotonically more compact than those of the cat. This relative decrease in the filtering of excitatory inputs might account for the lower incidence of type IV units in that species. These data also suggest that the gerbil DCN lacks the high-frequency specialization described in the cat, because the tonotopic arrangement of the gerbil fusiform cells quantitatively matches the place-frequency map for the gerbil cochlea. Certain physiological properties have anatomical correlates. First, the basal dendrites of low spontaneous rate cells are directed away from the soma only in the caudal direction, while the high spontaneous rate cells have basal dendrites extending rostrally and caudally. Second, input resistance was dominated by the surface area of the apical dendrite. Third, the discharge pattern was correlated with apical dendrite orientation. Finally, there was a spatial gradient of sensitivity to broadband noise organized at least partially within an isofrequency axis. Such trends indicate that neighboring fusiform cells are endowed with different signal processing capabilities.

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Vavakou, Anna, Jan Scherberich, Manuela Nowotny, and Marcel van der Heijden. "Tuned vibration modes in a miniature hearing organ: Insights from the bushcricket." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (September 22, 2021): e2105234118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105234118.

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Bushcrickets (katydids) rely on only 20 to 120 sensory units located in their forelegs to sense sound. Situated in tiny hearing organs less than 1 mm long (40× shorter than the human cochlea), they cover a wide frequency range from 1 kHz up to ultrasounds, in tonotopic order. The underlying mechanisms of this miniaturized frequency-place map are unknown. Sensory dendrites in the hearing organ (crista acustica [CA]) are hypothesized to stretch, thereby driving mechanostransduction and frequency tuning. However, this has not been experimentally confirmed. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) vibrometry, we measured the relative motion of structures within and adjacent to the CA of the bushcricket Mecopoda elongata. We found different modes of nanovibration in the CA that have not been previously described. The two tympana and the adjacent septum of the foreleg that enclose the CA were recorded simultaneously, revealing an antiphasic lever motion strikingly reminiscent of vertebrate middle ears. Over the entire length of the CA, we were able to separate and compare vibrations of the top (cap cells) and base (dorsal wall) of the sensory tissue. The tuning of these two structures, only 15 to 60 μm (micrometer) apart, differed systematically in sharpness and best frequency, revealing a tuned periodic deformation of the CA. The relative motion of the two structures, a potential drive of transduction, demonstrated sharper tuning than either of them. The micromechanical complexity indicates that the bushcricket ear invokes multiple degrees of freedom to achieve frequency separation with a limited number of sensory cells.

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Gao, Simon S., Rosalie Wang, Patrick D. Raphael, Yalda Moayedi, Andrew K. Groves, Jian Zuo, Brian E. Applegate, and John S. Oghalai. "Vibration of the organ of Corti within the cochlear apex in mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00306.2014.

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The tonotopic map of the mammalian cochlea is commonly thought to be determined by the passive mechanical properties of the basilar membrane. The other tissues and cells that make up the organ of Corti also have passive mechanical properties; however, their roles are less well understood. In addition, active forces produced by outer hair cells (OHCs) enhance the vibration of the basilar membrane, termed cochlear amplification. Here, we studied how these biomechanical components interact using optical coherence tomography, which permits vibratory measurements within tissue. We measured not only classical basilar membrane tuning curves, but also vibratory responses from the rest of the organ of Corti within the mouse cochlear apex in vivo. As expected, basilar membrane tuning was sharp in live mice and broad in dead mice. Interestingly, the vibratory response of the region lateral to the OHCs, the “lateral compartment,” demonstrated frequency-dependent phase differences relative to the basilar membrane. This was sharply tuned in both live and dead mice. We then measured basilar membrane and lateral compartment vibration in transgenic mice with targeted alterations in cochlear mechanics. Prestin499/499, Prestin−/−, and TectaC1509G/C1509G mice demonstrated no cochlear amplification but maintained the lateral compartment phase difference. In contrast, SfswapTg/Tg mice maintained cochlear amplification but did not demonstrate the lateral compartment phase difference. These data indicate that the organ of Corti has complex micromechanical vibratory characteristics, with passive, yet sharply tuned, vibratory characteristics associated with the supporting cells. These characteristics may tune OHC force generation to produce the sharp frequency selectivity of mammalian hearing.

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Seshagiri, Chandran V., and Bertrand Delgutte. "Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the Auditory Midbrain for Pure-Tone Stimulation: A Tetrode Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (October 2007): 2058–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01317.2006.

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The complex anatomical structure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC), the principal auditory nucleus in the midbrain, may provide the basis for functional organization of auditory information. To investigate this organization, we used tetrodes to record from neighboring neurons in the ICC of anesthetized cats and studied the similarity and difference among the responses of these neurons to pure-tone stimuli using widely used physiological characterizations. Consistent with the tonotopic arrangement of neurons in the ICC and reports of a threshold map, we found a high degree of correlation in the best frequencies (BFs) of neighboring neurons, which were mostly <3 kHz in our sample, and the pure-tone thresholds among neighboring neurons. However, width of frequency tuning, shapes of the frequency response areas, and temporal discharge patterns showed little or no correlation among neighboring neurons. Because the BF and threshold are measured at levels near the threshold and the characteristic frequency (CF), neighboring neurons may receive similar primary inputs tuned to their CF; however, at higher levels, additional inputs from other frequency channels may be recruited, introducing greater variability in the responses. There was also no correlation among neighboring neurons' sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITD) measured with binaural beats. However, the characteristic phases (CPs) of neighboring neurons revealed a significant correlation. Because the CP is related to the neural mechanisms generating the ITD sensitivity, this result is consistent with segregation of inputs to the ICC from the lateral and medial superior olives.

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Tan, Xiaodong, Maryline Beurg, Carole Hackney, Shanthini Mahendrasingam, and Robert Fettiplace. "Electrical tuning and transduction in short hair cells of the chicken auditory papilla." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 2007–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01028.2012.

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The avian auditory papilla contains two classes of sensory receptor, tall hair cells (THCs) and short hair cells (SHCs), the latter analogous to mammalian outer hair cells with large efferent but sparse afferent innervation. Little is known about the tuning, transduction, or electrical properties of SHCs. To address this problem, we made patch-clamp recordings from hair cells in an isolated chicken basilar papilla preparation at 33°C. We found that SHCs are electrically tuned by a Ca2+-activated K+ current, their resonant frequency varying along the papilla in tandem with that of the THCs, which also exhibit electrical tuning. The tonotopic map for THCs was similar to maps previously described from auditory nerve fiber measurements. SHCs also possess an A-type K+ current, but electrical tuning was observed only at resting potentials positive to −45 mV, where the A current is inactivated. We predict that the resting potential in vivo is approximately −40 mV, depolarized by a standing inward current through mechanotransducer (MT) channels having a resting open probability of ∼0.26. The resting open probability stems from a low endolymphatic Ca2+ concentration (0.24 mM) and a high intracellular mobile Ca2+ buffer concentration, estimated from perforated-patch recordings as equivalent to 0.5 mM BAPTA. The high buffer concentration was confirmed by quantifying parvalbumin-3 and calbindin D-28K with calibrated postembedding immunogold labeling, demonstrating >1 mM calcium-binding sites. Both proteins displayed an apex-to-base gradient matching that in the MT current amplitude, which increased exponentially along the papilla. Stereociliary bundles also labeled heavily with antibodies against the Ca2+ pump isoform PMCA2a.

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De Ridder, Dirk, Gert De Mulder, Vincent Walsh, Neil Muggleton, Stefan Sunaert, and Aage Møller. "Magnetic and electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex for intractable tinnitus." Journal of Neurosurgery 100, no. 3 (March 2004): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.100.3.0560.

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✓ Tinnitus is a distressing symptom that affects up to 15% of the population for whom no satisfactory treatment exists. The authors present a novel surgical approach for the treatment of intractable tinnitus, based on cortical stimulation of the auditory cortex. Tinnitus can be considered an auditory phantom phenomenon similar to deafferentation pain, which is observed in the somatosensory system. Tinnitus is accompanied by a change in the tonotopic map of the auditory cortex. Furthermore, there is a highly positive association between the subjective intensity of the tinnitus and the amount of shift in tinnitus frequency in the auditory cortex, that is, the amount of cortical reorganization. This cortical reorganization can be demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method of activating or deactivating focal areas of the human brain. Linked to a navigation system that is guided by fMR images of the auditory system, TMS can suppress areas of cortical plasticity. If it is successful in suppressing a patient's tinnitus, this focal and temporary effect can be perpetualized by implanting a cortical electrode. A neuronavigation-based auditory fMR imaging-guided TMS session was performed in a patient who suffered from tinnitus due to a cochlear nerve lesion. Complete suppression of the tinnitus was obtained. At a later time an extradural electrode was implanted with the guidance of auditory fMR imaging navigation. Postoperatively, the patient's tinnitus disappeared and remains absent 10 months later. Focal extradural electrical stimulation of the primary auditory cortex at the area of cortical plasticity is capable of suppressing contralateral tinnitus completely. Transcranial magnetic stimulation may be an ideal method for noninvasive studies of surgical candidates in whom stimulating electrodes might be implanted for tinnitus suppression.

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