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Journal articles on the topic 'Tonometry'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Marshall, Andrea P., and Sandra H. West. "Gastric Tonometry and Enteral Nutrition: a Possible Conflict in Critical Care Nursing Practice." American Journal of Critical Care 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2003.12.4.349.

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• Background Gastric tonometry is used to assess gastrointestinal mucosal perfusion in critically ill patients. However, enteral feeding is withheld during monitoring with gastric tonometry because enteral feeding is thought to influence tonometric measurements.• Objectives To examine the effect of enteral feeding on the tonometric measurement of gastric mucosal carbon dioxide.• Methods Gastric tonometers were placed in 20 critically ill patients, and the Pco2 of the gastric mucosa was measured in both the full and the empty stomach during a 48-hour period.• Results The Pco2 measured by the tonometer increased after enteral feeding, and a significant difference in the Pco2 of the full versus the empty stomach was evident at 24 and 48 hours. Pco2 at 4, 24, and 48 hours differed significantly in the full stomach and in the empty stomach. However, the data did not reveal a significant difference in either the full stomach or the empty stomach between Pco2 at 24 hours and Pco2 at 48 hours.• Conclusion After 24 hours of feeding, the initial increase in Pco2 observed at 4 hours was not evident, suggesting stabilization of the intragastric environment. However, a higher Pco2 was evident in the empty stomach, indicating that the presence of the feeding solution may reduce the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the tonometer balloon. Consequently, measurements of intragastric Pco2 obtained after 24 hours of feeding may be reliable if the stomach is emptied by aspiration via the tonometer immediately before measurement.
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2

Cacho, Isabel, Juan Sanchez-Naves, Laura Batres, Jesús Pintor, and Gonzalo Carracedo. "Comparison of Intraocular Pressure before and after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Refractive Surgery Measured with Perkins Tonometry, Noncontact Tonometry, and Transpalpebral Tonometry." Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/683895.

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Purpose. To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), measured by Diaton, Perkins, and noncontact air pulse tonometers.Methods. Fifty-seven patients with a mean age of 34.88 were scheduled for myopia LASIK treatment. Spherical equivalent refraction (SER), corneal curvature (K), and central corneal thickness (CCT) and superior corneal thickness (SCT) were obtained before and after LASIK surgery. IOP values before and after surgery were measured using Diaton, Perkins, and noncontact air pulse tonometers.Results. The IOP values before and after LASIK surgery using Perkins tonometer and air tonometers were statistically significant (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found (p>0.05) for IOP values measured with Diaton tonometer. CCT decreases significantly after surgery (p<0.05) but no statistical differences were found in SCT (p=0.08). Correlations between pre- and postsurgery were found for all tonometers used, withp=0.001andr=0.434for the air pulse tonometer,p=0.008andr=0.355for Perkins, andp<0.001andr=0.637for Diaton.Conclusion. Transpalpebral tonometry may be useful for measuring postsurgery IOP after myopic LASIK ablation because this technique is not influenced by the treatment.
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R. B., Bharathi, Gopalakrishna Prabhu, Ramesh S. Ve, Rakshath Poojary, and S. Meenatchi Sundaram. "Investigation of deformation of the cornea during tonometry using FEM." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp5631-5641.

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A three dimensional finite element model of the human eye is developed to evaluate the force which will be applied over the surface of cornea during tonometry and gonioscopy tests. The standard tonometers and gonioscopy experiences deformation from 0.5mm to 3mm of the cornea is adopted during both point contact and boundary contact on the surface of the cornea. The results demonstrate the maximum force experienced by the tonometer with point contact at the center of the cornea for the maximum possible deformation of the cornea during tonometry. The study also analyzes for the force experienced by the tonometer or goniolens with boundary layer contact for the defined deformation of the cornea along the direction from cornea towards the retina.
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Andrade, Silvia Franco, Rodrigo de Jesus Palozzi, Rodrigo Duarte Rolim, José Ricardo Cecílio Junqueira, Heloisa Ferreira do Valle, Marcelo Kurak da Silva, Marcelo Augusto Maia, and Rodrigo Augusto Zampiere. "Intraocular pressure measurements with the Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® applanation tonometers in horses and cattle." Ciência Rural 43, no. 5 (April 2, 2013): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013005000030.

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The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy between two applanation tonometers, Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®, in horses and cattle. The eyes of 20 horses and 20 cattle conscious and healthy were evaluated for the in vivo study and both eyes of 5 horses and 5 cattle were used as controls for the postmortem study. In conscious animals, the tonometry was performed with auriculopalpebral nerve block and then topical anesthesia for both tonometers and 1% fluorescein eye drops only for the Perkins tonometer. Readings of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the postmortem study were taken using manometry and tonometry by Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®. The correlation coefficient (r²) between manometry and applanation tonometers Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins®, in horses, were 0.845 and 0.989, respectively, and in cattle, were 0.772 and 0.988, respectively. The mean IOP values in conscious horses with Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® were 20.1±3.9mmHg and 20.9±3.2mmHg, respectively, and in conscious cattle, these values were 17.2±2.4mmHg and 17.9±1.4mmHg, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the Tono-Pen XL® and Perkins® tonometers in horses and cattle. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOPs obtained with both tonometers in conscious animals; however, there was a difference between the minimum values, which were on average 2-3 mmHg lower with the Tono-Pen XL® tonometer than with the Perkins® tonometer, which justifies a table of normal values differentiated for each tonometer.
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5

Dorofeev, D. A., A. A. Antonov, D. Yu Vasilenko, A. V. Gorobets, K. A. Efimova, E. V. Kanafin, E. V. Karlova, et al. "A method for measuring intraocular pressure using artificial intelligence technology and fixed-force applanation tonometry." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 15, no. 2 (Прил) (June 16, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2022-15-2-supplement-49-56.

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Purpose. To estimate the accuracy of IOP measurement using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and applanation tonometry with fixed strength. Material and methods. 290 patients (576 eyes) underwent applanation tonometry according to Maklakov with tonometer weights of 5, 10, and 15 g using a modified elastotonometry technique followed by an analysis of impression quality and diameter measurements by three independent ophthalmologist experts. The prints were then fed into a neural network to check the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. Results. The comparison of the diameters of the Maklakov tonometer prints determined by AI based on the neural network with the measurements data provided by three experts showed that neural network underestimates the measurement results by an average of 0.27 (-3.81; 4.35) mm Hg. At the same time, the intraclass correlation coefficient for all prints was 98.3%. The accuracy of diameter measurements of prints by neural network differs for tonometers of different weights, e.g. for a 5 g tonometer the difference was 0.06 (-3.38; 3.49) mm Hg, for 10 g and 15 g tonometers was 0.14 (-3.8; 3.51) and 0.95 (-3.84; 5.74) mm Hg, respectively. Conclusion. High accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements by the neural network, was shown to surpass the reproducibility of human-implemented measurements.
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6

Cvenkel, Barbara, Makedonka Atanasovska Velkovska, and Vesna Dimovska Jordanova. "Self-measurement with Icare HOME tonometer, patients’ feasibility and acceptability." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118823124.

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Purpose: To evaluate and compare the accuracy of self-measurement of intraocular pressure using Icare Home rebound tonometer with Goldmann applanation tonometer and assess acceptability of self-tonometry in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Methods: In the study, 117 subjects were trained to use Icare Home for self-measurement. Icare Home tonometer readings were compared with Goldmann applanation tonometer, including one eye per patient. Agreement between the two methods of measurement was evaluated by Bland and Altmann analysis. Questionnaire was used to evaluate patients’ perception of self-tonometry. Results: One hundred and three out of 117 patients (88%) were able to measure their own intraocular pressure and 96 (82%) fulfilled the requirements for certification. The mean (SD) difference Goldmann applanation tonometer minus Icare Home was 1.2 (2.4) mmHg (95% limits of agreement, –3.4 to 5.9 mmHg). The magnitude of bias between the two methods depended on central corneal thickness, with greater bias at central corneal thickness <500 µm. In 65 out of 96 subjects (67.7%), Icare Home results were within 2 mmHg of the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Seventy-three out of 93 (78.5%) felt that self-tonometry was easy to use and 75 patients (80.6%) responded that they would use the device at home. Conclusion: Icare Home tonometry tends to slightly underestimate intraocular pressure compared to Goldmann applanation tonometer. Most patients were able to perform self-tonometry and found it acceptable for home use. Measurements using rebound self-tonometry could improve the quality of intraocular pressure data and optimize treatment regimen.
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7

Maheshwari, Rajat, Nikhil S. Choudhari, and Manav Deep Singh. "Tonometry and Care of Tonometers." Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice 6, no. 3 (2012): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1119.

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8

Tugeeva, Elina E., and Vladimir V. Brzheskiy. "Features of measurement of intraocular pressure in children." Ophthalmology journal 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov9323-31.

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This review discusses the results of various studies conducted in recent years on the comparison of modern methods of measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in children: pneumotonometry, Maklakov applanation tonometry, and tonometry using Perkins tonometer, Goldmann tonometer, Icare tonometer, Ocular Response Analyzer, TonoPen handheld tonometer, transpalpebral tonometer TIOP01, or a dynamic contour Pascal tonometer. This study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of measurement of IOP in children, including the evaluation of patients with fibrous lens capsules that might affect the measurement of IOP and an analysis of the characteristics of evaluation of IOP in children with congenital glaucoma.
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9

Kolkman, J. J., A. B. J. Groeneveld, F. G. van der Berg, J. A. Rauwerda, and S. G. M. Meuwissen. "Increased gastric Pco 2 during exercise is indicative of gastric ischaemia: a tonometric study." Gut 44, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.2.163.

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BackgroundDiagnosis of gastric ischaemia is difficult and angiography is an invasive procedure. Angiographic findings may not correlate with clinical importance.AimsTo investigate whether tonometric measurement of intragastric Pco2during exercise can be used to detect clinically important gastric ischaemia.MethodsFourteen patients with unexplained abdominal pain or weight loss were studied. Splanchnic angiography served as the gold standard. Three patients were studied again after a revascularisation procedure. Gastric Pco2 was measured from a nasogastric tonometer, with 10 minute dwell times, and after acid suppression. Gastric and capillary Pco2 were measured before, during, and after submaximal exercise of 10 minutes duration.ResultsSeven patients had normal angiograms; seven had more than 50% stenosis in the coeliac (n=7) or superior mesenteric artery (n=4). Normal subjects showed no changes in tonometry. In patients with stenoses, the median intragastric Pco2(Pico2) at rest was 5.2 kPa (range 4.8–11.2) and rose to 6.4 kPa (range 5.7–15.7) at peak exercise; the median intragastric blood Pco2 gradient increased from 0.0 kPa (range −0.8 to 5.9) to 1.7 kPa (range 0.9 to 10.3; p<0.01). Only two subjects had abnormal tonometry at rest; all had supernormal values at peak exercise. The Pco2 gradient correlated with clinical and gastroscopic severity; in patients reexamined after revascularisation (n=3), exercise tonometry returned to normal.ConclusionGastric tonometry during exercise is a promising non-invasive tool for diagnosing and grading gastrointestinal ischaemia and evaluating the results of revascularisation surgery for symptomatic gastric ischaemia.
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10

Ertel, Monica K., Jennifer L. Patnaik, and Malik Y. Kahook. "Comparison of intraocular pressure readings with Perkins, Tonopen, iCare 200, and iCare Home to manometry in cadaveric eyes." International Journal of Ophthalmology 15, no. 12 (December 18, 2022): 2022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2022.12.19.

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AIM: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) readings obtained with Perkins tonometry, iCare Home, iCare 200, and Tonopen to IOP readings obtained with the manometer of a perfusion system to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of each method of tonometry at set pressures. METHODS: The IOP of human cadaveric eyes (n=2) was measured using a manometer inserted into the eye through the optic nerve. IOP measurements were obtained using a Perkins tonometer, iCare Home, iCare 200, and Tonopen. These measurements were compared to set point IOP measurements of a manometer to determine accuracy and reproducibility of each device. RESULTS: Mean IOP readings obtained with the Perkins tonometer compared to manometer readings demonstrated a difference of -1.0±5.0 mm Hg (P=0.45), indicating a lower reading on average than manometery although not significant. Mean IOP difference between iCare 200 and manometer was 5.3±2.2 mm Hg (P<0.0001). Mean difference in IOP between iCare Home and manometer was 3.5±2.4 mm Hg (P=0.0004). Mean IOP difference compared to manometer was 4.6±4.0 mm Hg for the Tonopen (P<0.0001). IOP measurements obtained with the Perkins tonometer demonstrated a standard deviation of 5.0 mm Hg while the Tonopen measurements demonstrated a 4.0 mm Hg standard deviation. In comparison, iCare 200 and iCare Home demonstrated 2.2 and 2.4 mm Hg standard deviation, respectively. CONCLUSION: Applanation tonometry produces more accurate IOP readings than rebound tonometry or Tonopen, however it demonstrates greater variability than the other forms of tonometry. Rebound tonometry is more reproducible but tends to over-estimate IOP.
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11

Ricci, Claudia Lizandra, Rogério Giuffrida, Glaucia Prada Kanashiro, Hilidia Stephania Rufino Belezzi, Carolina De Carvalho Bacarin, Michele Paulo Tenório, Bruna Toledo Duran Foglia, and Silvia Franco Andrade. "Ex vivo and in vivo study of Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in the measurement of intraocular pressure in cats." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3647.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. Ten healthy eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized cats were studiedin vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 78 healthy eyes, 7 eyes with glaucoma and 20 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The correlation coefficient (r²) between the manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer was 0.993 and the linear regression equation was y = 0.0915x + 0.0878 in the ex-vivo study. In the in vivo study, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) in manometry were 15.6 ± 1.1(14.0 – 17.5) and in tonometry were 15.5 ± 1.2(13.5 – 17.2), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between manometry and tonometry. In ambulatory study, using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.0 ± 1.5 (11.8 – 18.3) for the healthy eyes, 38.4 ± 8.1(29.6 – 53.7) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.4 ± 2.0(5.3 – 12.2) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation and accuracy between the IOP values with the manometry and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatorystudy the IOP values obtained with the tonometer were compatible for animals with healthy eyes and with clinical signs of glaucoma and uveitis. We conclude that the Kowa HA-2 tonometer can be used in the measurement of IOP in cats, since it is a practical and accurate method in this species.
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Ing, Edsel, Angela Zhang, Evan Michaelov, and Wendy Wang. "Comparison of Dynamic Contour Tonometry and Non-contact Tonometry in Older Patients Presenting with Headache or Vision Loss." Open Ophthalmology Journal 12, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101812010104.

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Background: Dynamic Contour Tonometry (DCT) is touted to be the most accurate tonometer for Intraocular Pressure (IOP) measurement. Non-Contact “air puff” Tonometry (NCT) may be the most commonly used tonometer for screening of IOP. Elevated IOP is important to exclude in patients presenting with headache or vision loss. Objective: To determine the agreement between DCT and NCT. Methods: The IOP of adult patients 50 years of age or older presenting with headache or vision loss for possible temporal artery biopsy were prospectively recorded. NCT and DCT measurements were obtained within thirty minutes. The right eye IOP measurements were compared with paired t-test, and Bland- Altman plot analysis. The left eye IOP measurements were subsequently analyzed for confirmation of results. Results: There were 106 subjects with complete right eye data, and 104 subjects with complete left eye data. The average age was 72 years, and 70% were female. The NCT IOP was on average 3.9 mm Hg lower in the right eye, and 3.5 mm Hg lower in the left eye compared with DCT. (p<.001) In the right eye the Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95% agreement interval between the two tonometers was -2.5 to 10.4 mmHg and in the left eye -3.0 to 9.9 mmHg. Conclusion: The IOP from NCT and DCT should not be used interchangeably because their level of disagreement includes clinically important discrepancies of up to 10 mm Hg.
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Andrade, Silvia Franco, Alexandre Lima de Andrade, Glaucia Prada Kanashiro, Danielle Alves Silva, Rafael Cabral Barbero, Jacqueline Marcussi Pereira Kuhn, and Andressa Caroline da Silva. "Ex vivo and in vivo study of Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in the measurement of intraocular pressure in dogs." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p797.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. Twenty eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized dogs were studied in vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 168 healthy eyes, 74 eyes with glaucoma and 60 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The ex vivo study showed an excellent correlation coefficient (r2= 0.993) between the aneroid manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the in vivo study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the IOP values by manometry and tonometry, showing the excellent accuracy of the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatory study using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.1±1.8 (12.0 – 20.0) for the healthy eyes, 25.2±4.0 (20.0 – 38.0) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.1±2.3 (5.0 – 13.7) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and those from the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatory study, the IOP values measured by the tonometer were compatible for healthy eyes and for eyes with glaucoma or uveitis. We conclude that Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer is accurate and practical for IOP measurement in dogs.
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Clark, CH, and G. Gutierrez. "Gastric intramucosal pH: a noninvasive method for the indirect measurement of tissue oxygenation." American Journal of Critical Care 1, no. 2 (September 1, 1992): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1992.1.2.53.

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BACKGROUND: Monitoring the adequacy of tissue oxygenation is an important goal in the care of the critically ill patient. Global alterations in tissue oxygenation are inferred from changes in systemic oxygen transport (defined as the product of cardiac output and arterial oxygen content) and total oxygen consumption. These parameters, however, cannot measure the level of oxygenation of specific tissue beds, in particular those that are first affected by hypoxia, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys. DISCUSSION: Gastrointestinal tonometry is a new method for measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the gastrointestinal mucosa. This information can be used in conjunction with the arterial blood bicarbonate to calculate the pH of the mucosa. Mucosal acidosis correlates well with the onset of anaerobic metabolism in response to hypoxia or sepsis. This review discusses the basic principles of tonometry, the results of experimental and clinical studies, and the practical aspects related to the implementation and use of tonometers in patients in the critical care unit. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal tonometry is a relatively noninvasive device that appears capable of measuring metabolic changes produced by hypoxia. Because of the sensitive nature of the gastrointestinal mucosa, these changes often occur well in advance of other, more common, indices of hypoxia. The use of the tonometer may become a routine procedure in the overall monitoring of critically ill patients.
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Karlova, E. V., A. V. Zolotarev, E. S. Milyudin, and A. E. Pershakova. "Transpalpebral tonometry after penetrating keratoplasty." Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology 20, no. 4 (2020): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-175-179.

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Aim: to assess the efficacy and safety of EASYTON transpalpebral intraocular pressure (IOP) tonometer in the early postoperative period after penetrating keratoplasty (PK).Patients and Methods: 43 patients after unilateral PK were enrolled. IOP measurements with palpation and EASYTON transpalpebral IOP tonometer in the operated eye were performed daily for 7 days. In addition, IOP measurements with palpation, EASYTON, and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) in the fellow (non-operated) eye were performed.Results: Bland-Altman plots demonstrated a rather high degree of the similarity of IOP measurements with palpation, GAT, and EASYTON in the non-operated eyes. Therefore, IOP measurement by palpation is a rather informative technique and can be used to compare the accuracy of EASYTON in the operated eyes of the same patients. During the second step, a high degree of the similarity of IOP measurements with palpation and EASYTON was demonstrated in the operated eyes after PK. Mean IOP spread (as demonstrated by three consecutive IOP measurements with EASYTON) was 1.32 mm Hg thus showing a high degree of repeatability. The lack of the negative effects of IOP measurements with EASYTON supports its safety.Conclusion: EASYTON transpalpebral IOP tonometer prevents the subjectivity of IOP measurements after PK and makes tonometry available to the general public. The lack of the contact with the cornea, a rather high accuracy, a high repeatability, and the lack of negative effects allow for using this device after PK.Keywords: transpalpebral IOP tonometer, intraocular pressure, penetrating keratoplasty, instrumental tonometry, EASYTON, non-contact tonometry.For citation: Karlova E.V., Zolotarev A.V., Milyudin E.S., Pershakova A.E. Transpalpebral tonometry after penetrating keratoplasty. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(4):175–179. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-175-179.
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Molero-Senosiaín, Mercedes, Laura Morales-Fernández, Federico Saenz-Francés, Julian García-Feijoo, and Jose María Martínez-de-la-Casa. "Analysis of reproducibility, evaluation, and preference of the new iC100 rebound tonometer versus iCare PRO and Perkins portable applanation tonometry." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119878017.

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Objectives: To analyze the reproducibility of the new iC100 rebound tonometer, to compare its results with the applanation tonometry and iCare PRO and to evaluate the preference between them. Materials and methods: For the study of reproducibility, 15 eyes of 15 healthy Caucasian subjects were included. Three measurements were taken each day in three separate sessions. For the comparative study, 150 eyes of 150 Caucasian subjects were included (75 normal subjects and 75 patients with glaucoma). Three consecutive measurements were collected with each tonometer, randomizing the order of use. The discomfort caused by each tonometer was evaluated using the visual analogue scale. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between sessions. In the comparison between tonometers, the measurements with iC100 were statistically lower than those of Perkins (−1.35 ± 0.417, p = 0.004) and that iCare PRO (−1.41 ± 0.417, p = 0.002). The difference between PRO and Perkins was not statistically significant ( p = 0.990). The mean time of measurement (in seconds) with iC100 was significantly lower than with Perkins (6.74 ± 1.46 vs 15.53 ± 2.01, p < 0.001) and that PRO (6.74 ± 1.46 vs 11.53 ± 1.85, p < 0.001). Visual analogue scale score with iC100 was lower than Perkins (1.33 ± 0.99 vs 1.73 ± 1.10, p < 0.05). In total, 61.7% preferred iC100 against Perkins. Conclusion: The reproducibility of this instrument has been proven good. iC100 underestimates intraocular pressure compared to applanation tonometry at normal values and tends to overestimate it in high intraocular pressure values. Most of the subjects preferred iC100 tonometer.
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Rajak, S. N., J. Paul, V. Sharma, and S. Vickers. "Contamination of disposable tonometer prisms during tonometry." Eye 20, no. 3 (April 15, 2005): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701866.

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18

Creteur, Jacques, Daniel De Backer, and Jean-Louis Vincent. "Monitoring Gastric Mucosal Carbon Dioxide Pressure Using Gas Tonometry." Anesthesiology 87, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199709000-00008.

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Background Saline gastric tonometry of carbon dioxide has been proposed as a means to assess the adequacy of splanchnic perfusion. However, this technique has several disadvantages, including the long time interval needed for gases to reach equilibrium in saline milieu. Thus the authors evaluated a system that uses a gas-filled instead of a saline-filled gastric balloon. Methods In vitro, we simultaneously placed two tonometry catheters in an equilibration water bath maintained at a predetermined and constant pressure of carbon dioxide (P(CO2)). The first catheter's balloon was filled with air and the second with saline. The performance of gas tonometry was tested by comparing the P(CO2) measurements of the bath obtained via gas tonometry (PgCO2) to the P(CO2) measurements of direct bath samples (PbathCO2). These results were also compared with the P(CO2) measurements obtained simultaneously by saline tonometry (PsCO2). The response time of gas versus saline tonometry was also studied. In vivo, the performance of gas tonometry was tested comparing the measurements of gastric intramucosal P(CO2) obtained by gas tonometry (PgCO2) at different equilibration times with those obtained by saline tonometry (PsCO2) using an equilibration time of 30 min. Two nasogastric tonometry catheters were placed simultaneously in seven stable patients in the intensive care unit. The first balloon was filled with air and the second with saline. Results In vitro, there was a close correlation between PgCO2 and PbathCO2, for each level of PbathCO2, and for each different gas equilibration time. For an equilibration time of 10 min at a PbathCO2 level of approximately 40 mmHg, the bias of the gas device defined as the mean of the differences between PbathCO2 and PgCO2 and its precision defined as the standard deviation of the bias, were -0.3 mmHg and 0.7 mmHg, respectively. Using the same definitions, the bias and precision of saline tonometry were 11.2 mmHg and 1.4 mmHg, respectively. If the equilibration time-dependent correction factor provided by the catheter manufacturer for saline tonometry was applied, the bias and precision were -6.9 mmHg and 2.9 mmHg, respectively. In vivo, using an equilibration time of 10 min for gas and 30 min for saline tonometry, there was a close correlation between the two techniques (r2 = 0.986). A Bland and Altman analysis revealed a bias (+/- 2 SD) of 0.1 +/- 6.8 mmHg. The correlation between the two methods was not improved if we prolonged the equilibration time of the gas tonometer. Conclusions Gas tonometry is comparable to saline tonometry for measuring gastric intramucosal P(CO2). Because gas tonometry is easier to automate, it may offer advantages over saline tonometry.
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Rödter, Tara Helena, Stephanie Knippschild, Christine Baulig, and Frank Krummenauer. "Meta-analysis of the concordance of Icare® PRO–based rebound and Goldmann applanation tonometry in glaucoma patients." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119866067.

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Background: The Icare® PRO rebound tonometer is being promoted as a patient-friendly device for glaucoma detection and monitoring, allowing rapid and accurate intraocular pressure measurement avoiding anaesthesia. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the concordance of Icare® PRO and Goldmann applanation tonometry in glaucoma patients. Methods: The German and English literature research was carried out using PubMed and Cochrane Library between January 2010 and March 2018. Method comparison trials in a paired sample study design were identified. Search criteria were ‘Icare PRO’, ‘Rebound’, ‘Goldmann’ and ‘Applanation’. Adult patients with glaucoma of any aetiology were included. The intraindividual intraocular pressure deviation between Icare® PRO and Goldmann applanation tonometry (mm Hg) served as primary endpoint, parameterized by the reported mean differences. For each study, an asymptotic 95% confidence interval was derived. The overall intraocular pressure meta-difference (Icare® PRO-Goldmann applanation tonometry) and 95% confidence interval were estimated using the random effect model. Result: Of 147 publications, 6 studies (672 eyes) were included after reviewing. Four studies showed an intraocular pressure underestimation by the Icare® PRO, two an overestimation. The meta-difference (Icare® PRO-Goldmann applanation tonometry = −0.14 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval: (−0.43 mm Hg; 0.15 mm Hg)) indicated a non-significant, clinically irrelevant mean deviation (p = 0.335). The devices showed good agreement, but there was a strong heterogeneity between the studies (I² = 77%): two studies presented a significant difference (Icare® PRO-Goldmann applanation tonometry), however, with deviations in opposite directions. Conclusion: Although the manufacturer advertises the Icare® PRO as a ‘tonometer with superior accuracy’, the present review could neither confirm nor deny considerable agreement between Goldmann applanation tonometry and Icare® PRO in glaucomatous patients.
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Lagerlöf, Olof. "Airpuff tonometry versus applanation tonometry." Acta Ophthalmologica 68, no. 2 (May 27, 2009): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01909.x.

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Nayak, Anush, S. Ve Ramesh, Neetha I. R. Kuzhuppilly, Vijaya H. Pai, and Aditya Chaitanya. "Performance of home-based self-tonometry (iCare HOME (TA022)) for measuring intraocular pressure among healthy and glaucoma patients." F1000Research 12 (February 2, 2023): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123104.1.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare iCare HOME (TA022) with Goldmann applanation tonometer and to evaluate the self-tonometry measurements among the Indian population. Methods: Eligible patients underwent iCare HOME training through guided demonstration (verbal, pictorial, video) and practised self-tonometry measures using iCare HOME. Certification for independent iCare HOME measure was provided if first iCare HOME intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement fell within ± 5 mmHg of Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) measurement which was measured by the trained clinician (principal investigator). Certified participants underwent simulated home self-tonometry measurements using iCare HOME, and agreement with GAT IOP measurements was assessed. Results: Seven of 83 participants (8.43%) failed to complete the study due to difficulty in performing the task, leading to non-certification. Patients who could use the iCare HOME had a mean age of 53 ± 15.55years (53% males; 46% females). Only one in 12 subjects did not qualify to use iCare HOME. The overall mean difference between iCare HOME and GAT was 0.83 mmHg (95%, 3.92 and -2.25). At various pressure ranges, 7-16 mmHg, 17-23 mmHg and >23 mmHg, the mean difference between iCare HOME and GAT was 1.22 mmHg (95%, 4.32 and -1.86), 0.77 mmHg (95%,3.69 and -2.19), -0.11 mmHg (95%, 2.52 and -2.74) respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient of the iCare HOME device was 0.997(95% CI,0.995-0.998). Conclusions: Patients were able to perform self- tonometry using iCare HOME with good reliability and safety. iCare HOME can be used to address the issue of difficulty in acquiring frequent and diurnal IOP measurements by patients doing self-tonometry from home.
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Pagoulatos, Dionysios D., Zoi G. Kapsala, Olga E. Makri, Ilias G. Georgalas, and Constantinos D. Georgakopoulos. "Comparison of intraocular pressure using Goldmann applanation tonometry versus non-contact tonometry in eyes with high-viscosity silicone oil." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119833556.

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Background: To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and air tonometer (non-contact tonometry [NT]) in vitrectomized eyes with high-viscosity silicone oil tamponade, as well as in normal eyes. Patients and Methods: In this prospective comparative study, 32 eyes with silicone oil tamponade of high viscosity (5700 CS) and 32 normal fellow eyes were included. IOP was measured by GAT and air tonometer 30 ± 12 days after vitrectomy, while measurements of central corneal thickness (CCT) were also obtained. Results: In eyes with silicone oil, IOP was 20.09 ± 4.91 mmHg and 16.75 ± 3.86 mmHg using contact tonometer and air tonometer, respectively ( p < 0.0001). In normal eyes, IOP was 16.41 ± 2.15 mmHg and 16.31 ± 2.49 mmHg using the same tonometry techniques and this difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.598). In addition, no significant correlation was detected between IOP measurements using both techniques and age, gender, CCT, and type of lens. Conclusions: It seems that GAT overestimates IOP in eyes with high-viscosity silicone oil compared with NT, while both IOP measurement techniques in normal eyes provide similar values. Further assessment of available IOP measurement methods could possibly establish the most accurate technique for IOP estimation in vitrectomized eyes with silicone oil tamponade.
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Koskenoja, M. "TONOMETRY." Acta Ophthalmologica 39, no. 3 (May 27, 2009): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1961.tb00867.x.

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Ottar, W. "Tonometry." Insight - the Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses 23, no. 1 (March 1998): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1060-135x(98)90004-5.

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Taylor, David E., and Guillermo Gutierrez. "TONOMETRY." Critical Care Clinics 12, no. 4 (October 1996): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70289-x.

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Kiuchi, Yoshiaki, Makoto Kaneko, Hideki Mochizuki, Joji Takenaka, Kenji Yamada, and Junko Tanaka. "Corneal displacement during tonometry with a noncontact tonometer." Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 56, no. 3 (March 27, 2012): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-012-0131-x.

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Zeimer, R. C., J. T. Wilensky, D. K. Gieser, D. B. Welch, M. T. Mori, and D. Kahanic. "Application of a Self-Tonometer to Home Tonometry." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130059020.

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Pineda Zapata, Uriel Fernando, and Juan Fernando Daza-Fernández. "Design and validation of a prototype to calibrate the pressure variable in tonometry." DYNA 88, no. 218 (September 6, 2021): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v88n218.91715.

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This paper corresponds to the results of an experimental research that to led to the design of a useful prototype for quality control of measurements in the field of tonometry to diagnose and check glaucoma. All tonometry techniques are based on Goldmann ́s tonometers (GT) and the Imbert-Fick principle. Taking into account the principles and techniques of industrial metrology, the prototype could be used as a standard to calibrate the pressure readings of this class of tonometers. The developed protoype eliminates the indirect measurement that is required with current standards and facilitates a greater control of the sources of error in the measurement. The model is based on the integration of a sensor to a hydraulic model to measure pressures from 0 to 80 mmHg range, whose precision was validated through R&R studies. The precision of the prototype was validated according to the Rigel UNI-SIM standard and was complemented by calibrating 15 tonometers.
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Rózsavölgyi, Zoltán, Domokos Boda, Andrea Hajnal, Krisztina Boda, and Attila Somfay. "A Newly Developed Sublingual Tonometric Method for the Evaluation of Tissue Perfusion and Its ValidationIn Vitroand in Healthy PersonsIn Vivoand the Results of the Measurements in COPD Patients." Critical Care Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/534130.

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Introduction. Since its first publication in the medical literature, an extremely large number of references have demonstrated that the tonometric measurement of tissue perfusion is a reliable indicator of the actual condition of critically ill patients. Later a new method was developed by the introduction of sublingual tonometry for the determination of tissue perfusion. In comparison with gastric tonometry, the new method was simpler and could even be used in awake patients. Unfortunately, at present, because of severe failures of manufacturing, the device is withdrawn from commerce.Materials and Methods. In this study, we present a new method using a newly developed tool for the PslCO2measurement in sublingual tonometry as well as the data for its validationin vitroandin vivoand the results of 25 volunteers and 54 COPD patients belonging to different GOLD groups at their hospitalization due to the acute exacerbation of the disease but already in a stable condition at the time of the examination.Results and Conclusion. The results of the performed examinations showed that the method is suitable for monitoring the actual condition of the patients by mucosal perfusion tonometry in the sublingual region.
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Hsu, S.-Y., M.-M. Sheu, A.-H. Hsu, K.-Y. Wu, J.-I. Yeh, J.-N. Tien, and R.-K. Tsai. "Comparisons of intraocular pressure measurements: Goldmann applanation tonometry, noncontact tonometry, Tono-Pen tonometry, and dynamic contour tonometry." Eye 23, no. 7 (May 1, 2009): 1582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2009.77.

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García-Feijoo, Julian. "Tonometry and Intraocular Pressure – Where are we Now?" European Ophthalmic Review 10, no. 01 (2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eor.2016.10.01.22.

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Goldmann applanation tonometry has been the gold standard for measuring intraocular pressure for many years. However, it has some limitations, including the effects of several ocular variables such as axial length, curvature, rigidity and corneal thickness on the measurements. These limitations have prompted the development of new tonometers.
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Jo, Gwanghyun, Tae-Heon Yang, Jeong-Hoi Koo, Min-Ho Jun, and Young-Min Kim. "A Transfer Function Model Development for Reconstructing Radial Pulse Pressure Waveforms Using Non-Invasively Measured Pulses by a Robotic Tonometry System." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206837.

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The primary goal of this study is to develop a mathematical model that can establish a transfer function relationship between the “external” pulse pressures measured by a tonometer and the “internal” pulse pressure in the artery. The purpose of the model is to accurately estimate and rebuild the internal pulse pressure waveforms using arterial tonometry measurements. To develop and validate a model without human subjects and operators for consistency, this study employs a radial pulse generation system, a robotic tonometry system, and a write model with an artificial skin and vessel. A transfer function model is developed using the results of the pulse testing and the mechanical characterization testing of the skin and vessel. To evaluate the model, the pulse waveforms are first reconstructed for various reference pulses using the model with tonometry data. They are then compared with pulse waveforms acquired by internal measurement (by the built-in pressure sensor in the vessel) the external measurement (the on-skin measurement by the robotic tonometry system). The results show that the model-produced pulse waveforms coinciding well with the internal pulse waveforms with small relative errors, indicating the effectiveness of the model in reproducing the actual pulse pressures inside the vessel.
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Dumitrescu, Otilia-Maria, Sinziana Istrate, Mioara-Laura Macovei, and Alina Gabriela Gheorghe. "Intraocular Pressure Measurement after Penetrating Keratoplasty." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020234.

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Assessing the intraocular pressure is a difficult but crucial task in the follow-up of patients that have undergone penetrating keratoplasty. Early recognition of elevated intraocular pressure and/or glaucoma and establishment of the appropriate treatment is essential to ensure the best possible visual outcome for patients dealing with this feared complication. Although Goldmann applanation tonometry is still the gold standard for measuring the intraocular pressure, its limitations in postkeratoplasty eyes, due to postoperative modified corneal morphology, have led to the search for more suitable alternatives. This review is the result of a comprehensive literature search in the MEDLINE database that aims to present glaucoma in the context of perforating keratoplasty, the corneal properties with impact on ocular pressure measurement, and the results achieved with the most important tonometers that have been studied in this pathology. Goldmann applanation tonometry remains the reference for intraocular pressure assessment even in corneas after penetrating keratoplasty. However, some promising alternatives have emerged, the most important of which are the Pascal dynamic contour tonometry, the Tono-Pen XL, the ocular response analyzer, and the iCare. All have advantages and disadvantages but have proved to be appropriate alternatives, especially in cases in which Goldmann applanation tonometry cannot be used.
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Prabhakar, SK, BS Mahesh, and M. Shanthamallappa. "A comparative study of intraocular pressure measurement by three tonometers in normal subjects." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 2 (September 25, 2013): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8729.

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Introduction: Contact Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is gold standard for measuring intraocular pressure; however its routine use is limited by its non-portability and the need for a Slit Lamp Microscope. The Portable Perkins tonometer is also considered gold standard because it is based on the same principles as the GAT. The iCare is a newly introduced, portable, non-contact tonometer (NCT) that measures intraocular pressure (IOP) using a thin metallic probe. Objective: To evaluate reliability and accuracy of IOP measurements using iCare and Keeler Pulsair tonometers against Perkins tonometer. Subjects and methods: A comparative, randomized, prospective clinical study conducted on 166 eyes of 83 (n=83) subjects in the age group 14 to 71 years. The pressures were first recorded by iCare and Pulsair and then by Perkins. The SPSS 11.00 version was used for analysis. Results: Mean pressures and standard deviation (+/-SD) for iCare, Pulsair and Perkins were 14.62(+/- 2.47), 14.53(+/-3.36) and 13.06(+/-2.69) and the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) was 0.27, 0.36 and 0.30 respectively. There was a good correlation between iCare and Perkins with statistically significant difference (r=0.610, p <0.05). Regression analysis was performed. Using the Bland-Altman analysis 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) for iCare and Pulsair were determined as -6.1 to 2.9 and -4.5 to 7.5 respectively. Conclusion: Although both tonometers overestimated the Perkins values, Pulsair showed a better agreement with Perkins tonometer than iCare tonometer. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(10): 201-206 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8729
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Özcura, Fatih, Nilgün Yıldırım, Emre Tambova, and Afsun Şahin. "Evaluation of Goldmann applanation tonometry, rebound tonometry and dynamic contour tonometry in keratoconus." Journal of Optometry 10, no. 2 (April 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2016.04.005.

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De Bernardo, Maddalena, and Nicola Rosa. "Evaluation of Goldmann applanation tonometry, rebound tonometry and dynamic contour tonometry in keratoconus." Journal of Optometry 11, no. 2 (April 2018): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2017.10.001.

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Demirci, Goktug, Sevil Karaman Erdur, Cafer Tanriverdi, Gokhan Gulkilik, and Mustafa Ozsutçu. "Comparison of rebound tonometry and non-contact airpuff tonometry to Goldmann applanation tonometry." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 11 (January 2019): 251584141983573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841419835731.

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Maldonado, Miguel J., Antonio Rodríguez-Galietero, Juan Cano-Parra, José L. Menezo, and Manuel Díaz-LLopis. "Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Using Sterile Disposable Silicone Tonometer Shields." Ophthalmology 103, no. 5 (May 1996): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30610-6.

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Lee, Kook, Ji Young Lee, Jung Il Moon, and Myoung Hee Park. "Comparison of Icare Rebound Tonometer with Goldmann Applanation Tonometry." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 54, no. 2 (2013): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2013.54.2.296.

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Ferguson, A. "Gastric tonometry: evaluating tissue oxygenation." Critical Care Nurse 16, no. 6 (December 30, 1996): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1996.16.6.48.

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Critically ill patients require vigilant monitoring of tissue oxygenation, particularly oxygenation of the gut mucosa, because of the mucosa's fragile blood supply. With the advent of gastric tonometry, splanchnic tissue oxygenation can be measured in a minimally invasive and cost-effective manner. Requiring only a gastric tonometer (approximately $70) and facilities to measure arterial blood gases, this method allows early detection of covert compensated shock by determining pHi. Thus, early intervention and correction of deficits in tissue oxygenation are possible and may improve patients' outcome.
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Wrześniewska, K., D. Winiarczyk, and J. Madany. "THE ADVANTAGES OF USING THE TONO-PEN VET TONOMETER IN THE MEASUREMENT OF IOP IN VETERINARY PRACTICE." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 2(66) (September 13, 2016): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6649.

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Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate and to validate the accuracy of the Tono-Pen Vet applanation tonometer in the measurement of IOP in dogs and to observe the advantages and disadvantages of using the Tono-Pen Vet tonometer in clinical practice.Animals Both eyes of 41 conscious and healthy dogs were evaluated.Procedure Readings of IOP were taken using tonometry (measured with a Tono-Pen Vet applanation tonometer). The IOP measurement with Tono-Pen Vet tonometer in conscious dogs was accomplished by instillation of 0,5% Alcaine eye drops.Results The mean IOP readings with the Tono-Pen Vet were 18,5 ± 3,7 mmHg (range 11,5 – 24,5 mmHg).The correlation coefficient (r²) between both eyes was 0,26826 in dogs.Conclusion Mean values measured by Tono-Pen Vet where in the correct range for dogs, but we conclude in comparison with the data of other studies, that values measured with a Tono-Pen Vet could be 5-6 mmHg higher than measured by another tonometers, like Perkins or TonoVet.The advantages of using the Tono-Pen Vet tonometer include the ease of taking the IOP measurement reading, ease of visualization of measurement readings, ease of disinfecting and long-term battery life. The disadvantages include frequent calibration, reduced accuracy and underestimation of true IOP compared to manometry and cost of the Tono-Pen Vet is higher, than for example Schiotz Tonometer or Perkins.
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Wu, Yue, Ian Luttrell, Shu Feng, Philip P. Chen, Ted Spaide, Aaron Y. Lee, and Joanne C. Wen. "Development and validation of a machine learning, smartphone-based tonometer." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 10 (December 23, 2019): 1394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315446.

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Background/AimsTo compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using a prototype smartphone tonometer with other tonometers used in clinical practice.MethodsPatients from an academic glaucoma practice were recruited. The smartphone tonometer uses fixed force applanation and in conjunction with a machine-learning computer algorithm is able to calculate the IOP. IOP was also measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in all subjects. A subset of patients were also measured using ICare, pneumotonometry (upright and supine positions) and Tono-Pen (upright and supine positions) and the results were compared.Results92 eyes of 81 subjects were successfully measured. The mean difference (in mm Hg) for IOP measurements of the smartphone tonometer versus other devices was +0.24 mm Hg for GAT, −1.39 mm Hg for ICare, −3.71 mm Hg for pneumotonometry and −1.30 mm Hg for Tono-Pen. The 95% limits of agreement for the smartphone tonometer versus other devices was −4.35 to 4.83 mm Hg for GAT, −6.48 to 3.70 mm Hg for ICare, −7.66 to −0.15 mm Hg for pneumotonometry and −5.72 to 3.12 mm Hg for Tono-Pen. Overall, the smartphone tonometer results correlated best with GAT (R2=0.67, p<0.001). Of the 92 videos, 90 (97.8%) were within ±5 mm Hg of GAT and 58 (63.0%) were within ±2 mm Hg of GAT.ConclusionsPreliminary IOP measurements using a prototype smartphone-based tonometer was grossly equivalent to the reference standard.
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Walley, Keith R., Byron P. Friesen, Michael F. Humer, and P. Terry Phang. "Small bowel tonometry is more accurate than gastric tonometry in detecting gut ischemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1770.

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Gastric tonometer[Formula: see text] measurement may help identify gut ischemia in critically ill patients but is frequently associated with large measurement errors. We tested the hypothesis that small bowel tonometer [Formula: see text]measurement yields more accurate information. In 10 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs subject to progressive hemorrhage, we measured gut oxygen delivery and consumption. We also measured tonometer [Formula: see text] minus arterial[Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) and calculated the corresponding intracellular pH from tonometers placed in the stomach and jejunum. We found that the correlation coefficient ( r 2) for biphasic gut oxygen delivery-[Formula: see text]relationships was 0.29 ± 0.52 for the gastric tonometer vs. 0.76 ± 0.25 for the small bowel tonometer ( P < 0.05). In addition, the critical gastric tonometer [Formula: see text]was excessively high and variable (62.9 ± 39.6) compared with the critical small bowel tonometer[Formula: see text] (17.0 ± 15.0, P < 0.01). Small bowel tonometer[Formula: see text] was closely correlated with superior mesenteric vein [Formula: see text]( r 2 = 0.81, P < 0.001), whereas gastric tonometer [Formula: see text] was not ( r 2 = −0.13, P = not significant). We conclude that measurement of gastric tonometer[Formula: see text] yields excessively noisy and inaccurate data on the onset of gut anaerobic metabolism in hemorrhagic shock. Small bowel tonometer [Formula: see text] is less noisy and, as a result, is superior in detecting gut hypoperfusion and the onset of anaerobic metabolism.
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London, G., R. Schmieder, and C. Calvo. "APPLANATION TONOMETRY." Journal of Hypertension 22, Suppl. 2 (June 2004): S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200406002-00402.

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London, G., R. Schmieder, and C. Calvo. "APPLANATION TONOMETRY." Journal of Hypertension 22, Suppl. 2 (June 2004): S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200406002-00954.

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Palizas, Fernando, and Arnaldo Dubin. "Gastric Tonometry." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 3, no. 6 (November 1996): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045413-199611000-00005.

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Brown, Steven D., and Guillermo Gutierrez. "Tonometry revisited." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 10, no. 2 (April 1997): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199704000-00005.

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von Freyberg, Axel, Michael Sorg, Martina Fuhrmann, Christine F. Kreiner, Jens Pfannkuche, Thomas Klink, Dina Hensler, Franz Grehn, and Gert Goch. "Acoustic Tonometry." Journal of Glaucoma 18, no. 4 (April 2009): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0b013e3181845661.

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Ruffolo, Daria C. "Gastric Tonometry:." Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 21, no. 3 (November 1998): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002727-199821030-00004.

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Mythen, M. G. "Gastrointestinal tonometry." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 13, no. 2 (March 1996): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-199603000-00039.

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