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Journal articles on the topic 'Tongan economy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Jayaraman, T. K., Chee-Keong Choong, and Ronald Kumar. "CASE STUDY: Role of remittances in Tongan economy." MIGRATION LETTERS 7, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v7i2.195.

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Inward remittances have been a great support to Pacific Island Countries, including Tonga. Aside from being a major source of foreign exchange earnings, they supplement domestic savings and real resources. This paper examines the role of remittances in the economic growth of Tonga’s during a 28 year period (1981-2007).

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2

Van der Grijp, Paul. "Early economic encounters in the Pacific or, proto-globalization in Tonga." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 2-3 (2010): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003620.

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This article aims to demonstrate the degree and nature of local autonomy in long term processes of globalization in Tonga. Tonga is exceptional in that it has never been officially colonized and in the continuity of its political (paramount chiefly) system. Also, but this is less exceptional, it has never had a pure modernistic, capitalist economy. Globalization is a specific, contemporary configuration in the relationship between capital and the nation-state or, in the words of William Greider (1997), it is like ‘a runaway horse without a rider’. Global capital is characterized by strategies of predatory mobility. However, the global and the national are not necessarily exclusive but are interacting and overlapping. Social scientists work with the nation-state as a container which would represent a unit in time and space, a ‘unified spatiotemporality’ according to the sociologist Saskia Sassen (2000). She adds that much history failed to confirm the latter hypothesis. The author may add from his part that anthropologists, although alike ‘social scientists’, rather work with the notions of culture and society which, in the case of more recent Tongan history, overlap with that of the nation-state. Although the notion of globalization is a rather recent invention with an exclusive contemporary application, we may discern the roots of its practice already in the early trading contacts between Europeans and Tongans.

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3

Crawford, Christopher G. "Tongan land management: Putting the brakes on the global economy." Journal of Pacific History 36, no. 1 (June 2001): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223340120049460.

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4

‘Esau, Raelyn Lolohea. "Tongan Immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400403.

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This study sought to shed light on the experiences of Tongan immigrants in New Zealand. Three major areas were explored: the migration decision-making process, socio-economic changes in the host country, and transnational networks with Tonga. With respect to migration decision-making, the nuclear family plays an important role as the final decision-making unit. Family-related reasons, jobs, and study were the typical reasons for migration to New Zealand. Regarding socio-economic changes, the immigrants' income tends to increase as their duration of stay in New Zealand lengthens. Most of them work at blue-collar jobs. Many immigrants who were unmarried at the time of migration married after moving to New Zealand, mostly to other Tongans. The church serves as a critical support system for the immigrants. Tongans tend to prefer permanent residency visas over New Zealand citizenship. Remittances continue to play an important role in immigrants' links to Tonga, as do communication with family members and visits to Tonga. Despite these continuing links with their home country, most of the immigrants do not wish to return to Tonga permanently.

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5

Storey, Donovan, and Warwick E. Murray. "Dilemmas of development in Oceania: the political economy of the Tongan agro‐export sector." Geographical Journal 167, no. 4 (December 2001): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00027.

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6

KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 161, no. 2 (2009): 350–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003712.

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Peter Borschberg (ed.), Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka area and adjacent regions (16th to 18th century) (Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied) Katharine L. Wiegele, Investing in miracles; El Shaddai and the transformation of popular Catholicism in the Philippines (Greg Bankoff) Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia; Peoples and histories (Peter Boomgaard) Clive Moore, New Guinea; Crossing boundaries and history (Harold Brookfield) Nathan Porath, When the bird flies; Shamanic therapy and the maintenance of worldly boundaries among an indigenous people of Riau (Sumatra) (Cynthia Chou and Martin Platt) Paul van der Grijp, Identity and development; Tongan culture, agriculture, and the perenniality of the gift (H.J.M. Claessen) Tim Bunnell, Malaysia, modernity and the multimedia super corridor; A critical geography of intelligent landscapes (Ben Derudder) L. Fontijne, Guardians of the land in Kelimado; Louis Fontijne’s study of a colonial district in eastern Indonesia (Maribeth Erb) Karl-Heinz Golzio, Geschichte Kambodschas; Das Land der Khmer von Angkor bis zur Gegenwart (Volker Grabowsky) Emmanuel Poisson, Mandarins et subalternes au nord du Viêt Nam; Une bureaucracie à l’épreuve (1820-1918) (Martin Grossheim) Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Volume 10, 1737-1743 (Gerrit Knaap) Aris Ananta and Evi Nurvidya Arifin (eds), International migration in Southeast Asia (Santo Koesoebjono) Vladimir Braginsky, The comparative study of traditional Asian literatures; From reflective traditionalism to neo-traditionalism (G.L. Koster) Fiona Kerlogue (ed.), Performing objects; Museums, material culture and performance in Southeast Asia (Jennifer Lindsay) Th.C. van der Meij, Puspakrema; A Javanese romance from Lombok (Julian Millie) Robyn Maxwell, Sari to sarong; Five hundred years of Indian and Indonesian textile exchange -- Jasleen Dhamija, Woven magic; The affinity between Indian and Indonesian textiles (Sandra Niessen) David Bourchier and Vedi R. Hadiz (eds), Indonesian politics and society; A reader (Seije Slager) Howard Dick, Vincent J.H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie (eds), The emergence of a national economy; An economic history of Indonesia, 1800-2000 (Heather Sutherland) Roderich Ptak, China, the Portuguese and the Nanyang; Oceans and routes, regions and trade (c. 1000-1600) (Heather Sutherland) Stephen C. Headley, Durga’s Mosque; Cosmology, conversion and community in Central Javanese Islam (Robert Wessing)

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van der Veeken, Suzanne, Emma Calgaro, Louise Munk Klint, Alexandra Law, Min Jiang, Terry de Lacy, and Dale Dominey-Howes. "Tourism destinations’ vulnerability to climate change: Nature-based tourism in Vava’u, the Kingdom of Tonga." Tourism and Hospitality Research 16, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358415611068.

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Tourism plays an important role in economic and human development in the Pacific. These benefits are at risk from the impacts of climate change, threatening the sustainability of the Pacific tourism sector. We assess the vulnerability and resilience of nature-based tourism in Vava’u, Tonga, using the Destination Sustainability Framework of Calgaro (2014) modified for a climate change focus. Our empirical assessment indicates that the following factors increase vulnerability levels in Vava’u: strong seasonality, dependency on air access, remoteness, limited connectivity of Vava’u from national decision makers and limited human and financial resources. Resilience levels in Vava’u are heightened by a high awareness of climate change, the resilient nature of Tongans and strong family and social networks. In conclusion, we recommend a set of adaptation strategies to further improve resilience levels, namely improving climate change education, increasing product and market diversification, strengthening institutional capacities and mainstreaming adaptation in national policies.

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8

International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 95, no. 67 (1995): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837391.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 40 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837407.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 02 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837421.002.

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11

Whiteside, Andra, Cécile Dupouy, Awnesh Singh, Robert Frouin, Christophe Menkes, and Jerome Lefèvre. "Automatic Detection of Optical Signatures within and around Floating Tonga-Fiji Pumice Rafts Using MODIS, VIIRS, and OLCI Satellite Sensors." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030501.

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An underwater volcanic eruption off the Vava’u island group in Tonga on 7 August 2019 resulted in the creation of floating pumice on the ocean’s surface extending over an area of 150 km2. The pumice’s far-reaching effects from its origin in the Tonga region to Fiji and the methods of automatic detection using satellite imagery are described, making it possible to track the westward drift of the pumice raft over 43 days. Level 2 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI), and Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) imagery of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, quasi-surface (i.e., Rayleigh-corrected) reflectance, and remote sensing reflectance were used to distinguish consolidated and fragmented rafts as well as discolored and mesotrophic waters. The rafts were detected by a 1 to 3.5 °C enhancement in the MODIS-derived “sea surface temperature” due to the emissivity difference of the raft material. Large plumes of discolored waters, characterized by higher satellite reflectance/backscattering of particles in the blue than surrounding waters (and corresponding to either submersed pumice or associated white minerals), were associated with the rafts. The discolored waters had relatively lower chlorophyll-a concentration, but this was artificial, resulting from the higher blue/red reflectance ratio caused by the reflective pumice particles. Mesotrophic waters were scarce in the region of the pumice rafts, presumably due to the absence of phytoplanktonic response to a silicium-rich pumice environment in these tropical oligotrophic environments. As beach accumulations around Pacific islands surrounded by coral shoals are a recurrent phenomenon that finds its origin far east in the ocean along the Tongan trench, monitoring the events from space, as demonstrated for the 7 August 2019 eruption, might help mitigate their potential economic impacts.

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12

Kulufeinga ‘Anisi Bloomfield, Jayasekhar Somasekharan, Tevita Lautaha,, and ‘Ilaisaane ‘OliviaTu’ itupou Maile Tahafitu Fa’ase’e. "Traversing the topsy-turvy terrains: The coconut sector in Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Plantation Crops 45, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2017.v45.i2.3303.

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<p>Coconuts are inextricably linked to the culture, tradition and economy of Tonga from time immemorial. Although coconut sector<br />enjoyed a predominant position in the national economy until the late 1980s, thereafter the sector has experienced a downfall. The<br />1990s and 2000s witnessed a stagnant coconut economy in Tonga and in the recent times, the role played by the sector has become<br />insignificant. The comparative position of Tonga with respect to the major Pacific islands, in terms of production, trade and<br />competitiveness is not advantageous to the country. The contribution of coconut sector in the national economy and export<br />earnings has been dwindling in recent years. It was also seen that the export diversification in products and markets are absent.<br />There are only a few exporters operating in the sector, therefore the benefit of perfect competition and economy of scale is not<br />realized. In contrast, the coconut sector in Tonga still has the potential to provide year round income to the farmers. Therefore, the<br />sector needs an adequate impetus in all the nodes from production to the exports, with plausible options and strategies to make it<br />sustainable.</p>

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13

Milne, Simon. "The Economic Impact of Tourism in Tonga." Pacific Viewpoint 31, no. 1 (May 1990): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apv.311002.

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14

Austin, James A., Frederick W. Taylor, and Clinton D. Cagle. "Seismic stratigraphy of the central Tonga Ridge." Marine and Petroleum Geology 6, no. 1 (February 1989): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(89)90077-9.

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15

Naidu, Suwastika, and Anand Chand. "A comparative analysis of best human resource management practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga." Personnel Review 43, no. 5 (July 29, 2014): 798–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-02-2013-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to comparatively analyse the best human resource management (HRM) practices in the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga. Design/methodology/approach – This study examined best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga by using self-administered questionnaires. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 73 hotels in Samoa and 66 hotels in Tonga. Out of the 73 self-administered questionnaires that were distributed in Samoa, 58 usable questionnaires were returned resulting in a response rate of 79 per cent. In the case of Tonga, out of the 66 self-administered questionnaires were distributed, 51 usable questionnaires were returned resulting in a response rate of 77 per cent. Findings – The findings of this study show that there are 28 best HRM practices in Samoa and 15 best HRM practices in Tonga. This study also found that best HRM practices differ based on differences in internal and external environmental factors present in different geographical areas. The findings of this paper support the assumptions of the Contextual Paradigm of HRM and strategic human resource management. Research limitations/implications – This study is based on a single sector of Samoa and Tonga. A single sector study limits the generalisations that can be made across different sectors in Samoa and Tonga. Practical implications – Human resource managers should incorporate cultural, political, legal, economic and social factors in HRM practices. Originality/value – None of the existing studies have examined best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga. This study is a pioneering study that comparatively analyses the best HRM practices used by the hotel sector of Samoa and Tonga.

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Anggraeni, Dwi, Teuku Kemal Fasya, and Abdullah Akhyar Nasution. "GENTRIFIKASI DAN PERGOLAKAN LAHAN DI KELURAHAN TANJUNG TONGAH KECAMATAN SIANTAR MARTOBA KOTA PEMATANGSIANTAR." Aceh Anthropological Journal 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aaj.v3i2.2778.

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This article has the theme of land conversion or gentrification that occurred in Tanjung Tongah Village, Martoba District, Pematangsiantar City. In depth, this study will observe and analyze the background of the gentrification process at the research location. This research uses qualitative social methods that are descriptive in nature with observation techniques, in-depth interviews, documentation study and literature study. The results showed that there are several factors behind the occurrence of gentrification in Tanjung Tongah Village, including unclear land ownership status by the community, factors of urban development and urbanization as well as factors of economic turmoil experienced by land owners. Abstrak: Artikel ini bertema alih fungsi lahan atau gentrifikasi yang terjadi di kelurahan Tanjung Tongah, Kecamatan Martoba, Kota Pematangsiantar. Secara mendalam penelitian ini akan mengamati dan menganalisis latarbelakang terjadinya proses gentrifikasi di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sosial kualitatif yang bersifat deskriftif dengan teknik observasi, wawancara mendalam, studi dokumentasi dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa hal yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya gentrifikasi di Kelurahan Tanjung Tongah, di antaranya status kepemilikan lahan yang tidak jelas oleh masyarakat, faktor pembangunan kota dan urbanisasi serta faktor gejolak ekonomi yang dialami oleh masyarakat pemilik lahan.

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17

Brown, Richard P. C., and John Conneil. "The Global Flea Market: Migration, Remittances and the Informal Economy in Tonga." Development and Change 24, no. 4 (October 1993): 611–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00499.x.

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18

Orams, Mark B. "Humpback Whales in Tonga: An Economic Resource for Tourism." Coastal Management 30, no. 4 (October 2002): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/089207502900264.

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Pangkey, Henneke, and Hariyani Sambali. "Tondano watershed and Plastic Waste Elimination Activities." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 10, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.10.3.2019.25414.

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The role of Tondano watershed is very important for the people of North Sulawesi. It can be said as the heart of the economy for the people who live suround it. One of them is the existence of aquaculture business activities in the form of fixed cage. It was found that Tondano watershed has shown an alarming decline in function. There are several causes, one of which is the increasing volume of plastic waste. The house wife group is important in its role in maintaining the sustainability of Tondano watershed. This group is believed to be one of the leaders for removing plastic waste in Tondano watershed.Keyword: Tondano watershed, plastic waste, housewife group, sustainability ABSTRAKWilayah DAS Tondano sangat penting peranannya bagi masyarakat Sulawesi Utara. Dapat dikatakan sebagai jantungnya perekonomian bagi masyarakat yang hidup di sekitarnya. Salah satu di antaranya adalah adanya kegiatan usaha akuakultur dalam bentuk karamba jaring tancap. Ditemukan fungsi DAS Tondano telah menunjukkan adanya penurunan yang mengkuatirkan. Ada beberapa penyebab, salah satunya adalah meningkatnya volume limbah plastik. Kelompok ibu RT penting dalam perannya menjaga keberlanjutan DAS Tondano. Kelompok ini dipercaya dapat menjadi salah satu ujung tombak untuk mengentas limbah plastik di DAS Tondano.Keyword: DAS Tondano, limbah plastik, kelompok ibu RT, keberlanjutan

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20

Mashingaidze, Terence M. "Beyond the Kariba Dam Induced Displacements: The Zimbabwean Tonga’s Struggles for Restitution, 1990s–2000s." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 20, no. 3 (2013): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02003003.

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The colonial Southern Rhodesian government displaced the minority Tonga people from the ecologically rich Zambezi River plains due to the construction of the World Bank funded hydroelectric power generating Kariba Dam in the late 1950s. The dislocated communities were resettled in the adjoining uplands of Binga District where they did not access the electricity and waters of the Kariba Dam as well as the wild animal resources in the safaris and national game parks abutting their new villages. This state regulated decoupling from the local natural resource asset base generated a politicised sense of entitlement to those resources spearheaded by a generational cohort of educated Tonga activists that emerged in the 1990s. Besides everyday realities of socio-economic marginalisation, these activists also drew inspiration from the prevailing global discourses of indigeneity and anti-dam politics to form organisations such as Binga Development Association, Binga Catholic Commission for Peace and Justice, and Basilwizi Trust that coordinated local assertions for increased access to resources in the uplands and around the Kariba waterscape. Through these emerging networks of solidarity, I argue, the Tonga activists constructed and deployed persuasive claims for the exigency of rehabilitating their embattled people’s deprived post-relocation livelihoods. These Tonga articulations and actions reveal how marginalised ethno-class categories within countries align their claims for increased access to local resources and general socio-economic empowerment to national and international activism and discourses.

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Orams, Mark. "Economic Activity Derived from Whale-Based Tourism in Vava'u, Tonga." Coastal Management 41, no. 6 (November 2, 2013): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2013.841346.

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22

Kumar, Ajal, Sione Lui Tausinga, Kaushal Kishore, Krishnam Nair, and Dinesh Rao. "Technical and economic prospect of wind energy at Lapaha, Tonga." Resources and Environmental Economics 2, no. 1 (2020): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ree.2020.01.005.

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CHAKRABORTY, RABINDRA NATH. "Sharing rules and the commons: evidence from Ha'apai, Tonga." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001597.

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This paper argues that sharing rules have served to reduce the inefficiency caused by common pool externalities in many developing societies. To this end, a two-sector model of renewable resource use is employed where sharing rules are interpreted as implicit resource taxes. The model is applied to the island economy of Lofanga in the Kingdom of Tonga. The model generates a growth pattern which is consistent with the observed time paths of population and the resource stock. Cyclical fluctuations are weak even in the absence of resource taxation because the intrinsic growth rate of the resource is high.

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Sumual, Herry, Felly Warouw, and Marlon Kamagi. "Design of water hyacinth utilization as renewable electricity energy source in Tondano Lake." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713004.

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Energy security includes three aspects, namely the availability of energy sources, affordability of energy supply, and the continuation of new renewable energy development. This study aims to contribute in overcoming energy problems while solving environmental problems by utilizing water hyacinth in Lake Tondano, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Through the approach of environmental science, developed scenario of water hyacinth utilization design to become energy source of biomass power plant (PLB). This scenario is the initial concept of the creation of water hyacinth as an alternative renewable energy. In order to ensure the sustainability of this scenario, a technological, technical, environmental and social assessment of technology diffusion was developed. The results show PLB design scenarios to be a new business that is profitable for the community in encouraging local economic development and becoming a solution to the problem of water hyacinth. Utilization of water hyacinth as an alternative energy in addition to improving the economy of society also increases the economic activities of a region. This design scenario provides insight into steps to develop new findings such as small-scale PLB designs in rural areas of the developing world. Finally PLB design scenarios can be a transfer of knowledge to local communities, empowering them to utilize biomass resources as a stimulus for economic prosperity in the region.

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Bessant, Leonard Leslie, and Kenneth P. Vickery. "Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890-1939." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 3 (1987): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219731.

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Chipungu, Samuel, and Kenneth P. Vickery. "Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890-1939." African Economic History, no. 15 (1986): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601551.

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James, Kerry E. "Disentangling the ‘grass roots’ in Tonga: ‘traditional enterprise’ and autonomy in the moral and market economy." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 43, no. 3 (December 2002): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8373.00177.

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Weeks,, Charles J. "The United States Occupation of Tonga, 1942-1945: The Social and Economic Impact." Pacific Historical Review 56, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3638665.

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KRONEN, M. "Fishing for fortunes?A socio-economic assessment of Tonga's artisanal fisheries." Fisheries Research 70, no. 1 (November 2004): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(04)00161-4.

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Cass, Philip. "A common conception of justice underlies Pacific churches’ message on climate change." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 2 (October 22, 2020): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i2.1139.

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This article presents an overview of the role mainstream churches can play in mitigating the climate change crisis in the Pacific and their role in facilitating climate induced migration. It builds on earlier work by the author (Cass, 2018; 2020) with a focus on Fiji, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. Both Catholic and Protestant churches share a concern for the future of the planet based on the principles of economic, social and climate justice, which complement moral and ecumenical imperatives. The article examines what message the churches convey through the media and the theology that underlines them.

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Jayaraman, T. K., Chee-Keong Choong, and Ronald Ravinesh Kumar. "Financial Sector Development and Remittances in Pacific Island Economies: How Do They Help the World’s Two Most Recipient-Dependent Countries?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 10, no. 3-4 (2011): 386–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914911x610376.

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Abstract In the context of the current recession in industrialized countries and the resultant dim prospects for exports from small Pacific island countries, mobilization of foreign exchange earnings assumes considerable importance. The dependency of Samoa and Tonga on inward remittances is well known, as the two Polynesian island countries in recent years have been among the first top ten remittance recipient countries of the world. This paper examines the long-run nexus between economic growth and inward remittances during a three-decade period (1981-2008). The paper also discusses some important policy implications arising out of the study’s findings.

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Thorie, Alono, Ananya Mukhopadhyay, Priyanka Mazumdar, and Tithi Banerjee. "Characteristics of a Tonian reef rimmed shelf before the onset of Cryogenian: Insights from Neoproterozoic Kunihar Formation, Simla Group, Lesser Himalaya." Marine and Petroleum Geology 117 (July 2020): 104393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104393.

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Robot, Jeine Leyliana, Caroline Betsi Diana Pakasi, and Noortje Marselianie Benu. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB TERJADINYA KEPEMILIKAN TANAH ABSENTEE DI KECAMATAN TONDANO SELATAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 16, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.16.3.2020.31136.

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The research aims to analyze the factors causing the absentee / guntai ownership of agricultural land and to analyze the decision making by the Land Office of Minahasa District in terms of absentee / guntai ownership of agricultural land in Tondano District, Minahasa Regency. The research location is located in Tondano Selatan Sub-district, Minahasa Regency, and Land Office of Minahasa Regency. The research period lasted for five months, namely, January to June 2020. The data used consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained through in-depth interviews (In-depth Interview). Secondary data were obtained from available data from other sources such as documents related to the discussion, literature, and documentation that were in accordance with the research objectives. The samples in this study were chosen deliberately. The sample of this research includes 2 kinds of samples, namely, the key sample and the main sample. This study used a qualitative data analysis method. The results showed that the determinant factors causing absentee land ownership are: knowledge factors, awareness factors, cultural factors, law enforcement factors, and economic value factors. Meanwhile, decision-making in enforcing the rules regarding the absentee prohibition of land ownership in Tondano Selatan District, Minahasa Regency has not been implemented optimally.*eprm*

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Lingkubi, Oktavianus, and Jay A. Leitch. "ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CONSERVATION DEMONSTRATION PLOTS IN TONDANO WATERSHED, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA." Canadian Water Resources Journal 21, no. 4 (January 1996): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2104403.

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Larcom, Shaun. "Linking precolonial institutions with ethnic fractionalisation: what are we measuring?" Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2019): 811–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137419000213.

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AbstractThis paper highlights a link between measures for precolonial institutions and ethnic fractionalisation in postcolonial countries. A conceptual explanation is provided for why countries that were more politically centralised in precolonial times should be less ethnically fractionalised in current times. This result is confirmed for a sample of postcolonial countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. This is followed by a comparative case study in the South Pacific countries of Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Samoa. It is hoped that these results will lead to further empirical work focused at delving deeper into the link between these two measures to better understand what they are actually measuring, and why both are so closely related to economic development.

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Johnston, William, Sophie E. Gordon, Max Wingfield, Tu’ikolongahau Halafihi, Damian Hine, and Paul C. Southgate. "Economic feasibility of small-scale mabé pearl production in Tonga using the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin." Aquaculture Reports 17 (July 2020): 100347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100347.

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Colson, Elizabeth. "The Father as Witch." Africa 70, no. 3 (August 2000): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.333.

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AbstractIn the 1990s the feared witch among Tonga-speakers of Gwembe Valley, Zambia, is often the father, whose adult children accuse him of using witchcraft to gain power over the child's life force to use in his enterprises. Suspicions of the father arise from changing family dynamics associated with restricted economic opportunities and a changing agricultural system involving cash cropping where family labour is of vital importance. Witchcraft fears, as elsewhere in Zambia, have become more salient as worsening economic conditions have led to general malaise and the loosening of restraints on public accusation. Feeling victimised and vulnerable in a world where transport minimises distance has led to witches being endowed with the power to operate without regard to distance. Nevertheless witchfinding deflects hostility from national political figures to elders in the neighbourhood, especially fathers, who are continuous sources of immediate frustration and are also vulnerable to local action.

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Monga, Monica, Munyaradzi A. Dzvimbo, and Tinashe M. Mashizha. "The Dynamics of Gender: A Grassroots Perspective on Economic Resilience and Empowerment of the Tonga People in Kariba." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.565.

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This paper examines the dynamics of gender-differentiated effects of economic resilience on rural livelihoods and infrastructure improvements of the Tonga people who predominantly resides in North Western Zimbabwe. The paper interrogates men and women’s empowerment as well as their roles of transforming their lives through engaging in various economic activities and infrastructural development in Mola, Nyaminyami District, Zimbabwe. This study uses a qualitative research approach which is backed by both primary and secondary data collection methods which are underpinned by mixed methods approach involving observation, focus group discussions with community members and in-depth interviews with community leaders and key stakeholders. The study proffers that while economic resilience affects both men and women, it disproportionately affects the amount of work women have to do which has a profound bearing on their ability to innovate and transform their obsolete infrastructure at their disposal. Hence, the study recommends ways to foreground gender mainstreaming in order to address emerging gender related challenges emanating from stereotyping and prejudice, stakeholder engagement and partnerships in revamping existing infrastructure.

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WANG, Zecheng, Hua JIANG, Tongshan WANG, Weihua LU, Zhidong GU, Anna XU, Yu YANG, and Zhaohui XU. "Paleo-geomorphology formed during Tongwan tectonization in Sichuan Basin and its significance for hydrocarbon accumulation." Petroleum Exploration and Development 41, no. 3 (June 2014): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(14)60038-0.

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McCracken, John. "Fishing and the Colonial Economy: the Case of Malawi." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030115.

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Despite the evident importance of fishing in Malawi, its role in the territorial colonial economy has been largely ignored. This paper focuses on the evolution of fishing and fish-trading at the south end of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), emphasising the interaction between ecological change and changes in market opportunity. During the late nineteenth century, fishing played an important role in the economy of the Mang'anja people alongside agricultural production. Communual tasks such as the setting of nets or building of canoes were conducted by male members of an mbumba or matrilineage group who traded fish with the agriculturally productive highland regions nearby in exchange for maize and beans. Little changed initially with the estalishment of colonial rule, though some labour previously employed in fishing may have been diverted into cotton-growing which the Government encouraged in the Upper Shire Valley. The establishment of military camps during the First World War, combined with the sudden drying up of Lake Chilwa, the major source of fish in the Shire Highlands, created the opportunity for enterprising fishermen to start a regular trade in dried fish to Blantyre and Zomba from about 1917. This was stimulated in the 1920s by the steady rise of water levels on the Shire River which brought cotton production virtually to a halt making fishing an attractive alternative.The advent in the 1930s of non-African commercial fishermen who used lorries to transport fresh fish to Blantyre and dried fish to Salisbury did not prevent a further expansion of African fishing and fish-trading, many of the traders using bicycles to extend their sales into the southern Malawian hinterland. Officials tended to side with African fishermen when their interests clashed with those of incomers, notably the Greek Yiannakis brothers. But they had little success in introducing new techniques to improve productivity and fell back in the 1950s On the prohibition of exports to the Rhodesias, a policy aimed at ensuring a regular supply of fish to workers on European estates within Malawi.By the 1950s, European companies were recorded as being responsible for over half the fish caught in Malawi. African fishing had been affected by the emergence of a small group of capitalist entrepreneurs, most of them former labour migrants, who had invested their savings in imported nets and boats and employed labour on a regular basis. Mang'anja fishermen now faced competition from Tonga migrants using new technical and organisational methods. In contrast to under-development sterotypes, the indigenous industry continued to expand, with migrant workers playing an important role in the development of fishing.

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Price, Neil, and Neil Thomas. "Continuity and change in the Gwembe Tonga family and their relevance to demography's nucleation thesis." Africa 69, no. 4 (October 1999): 510–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160873.

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AbstractRecent criticisms of demographic theory and methodology have pointed, inter alia, to the need to take on board advances in cognate disciplines. This case study of the Gwembe Valley Tonga of Zambia highlights the important methodological contribution that social anthropology can make to the sub-discipline of family demography. It provides evidence of the empirical invalidity of the ‘family nucleation’ paradigm, which holds that a shift towards conjugal marriage and nuclear household residence patterns is an inevitable consequence of globalisation, and a precursor of the social and economic changes necessary for the fertility transition. According to nucleation theory, evidence of increased conjugality will be reflected in the reduced symbolic importance of the lineage and ancestors; greater marriage stability; the demise of polygyny and widow inheritance; reduction in the size and significance of bridewealth payments; increasing age of first marriage for women, and decreasing age differentials between spouses. The case study therefore focuses on recent changes in the matrilineal kinship system, notably the emergence of localised lineages, and the extent to which these changes reflect family nucleation (largely but not exclusively in terms of increased conjugality). By analysing household structure and marital residence patterns, including the role played by the husband/father in family affairs, nuptiality (notably bridewealth, divorce and polygyny), inheritance and the role of ancestors, the case study demonstrates that changes in the family and kinship structure in response to local social and economic transformation can be equated not with nuclearisation but with the emergence of a modified form of family and kinship, quite distinct in structure and meaning from the nuclear family.

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Jayaraman, Tiru K., Lin Sea Lau, and Cheong Fatt Ng. "Role of Financial Sector Development as a Contingent Factor in the Remittances and Growth Nexus: A Panel Study of Pacific Island Countries." Remittances Review 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v3i1.426.

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Except for emergencies and for technical assistance for raising skills and institution building, foreign aid to Pacific island countries (PICs) for budgetary support has been phased out since the late 1990s. Because of the small sized domestic markets, foreign direct investment (FDI) is small and is confined to development of tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, inward remittances received from the rising number of islanders migrating overseas for work are increasing, far exceeding aid and FDI. However, influence of remittances on economic growth depends on financial sector development (FSD) for mobilizing the savings from the remittance receipts for domestic investment. This paper assesses the role of FSD in the nexus between remittances and economic growth through a panel study of five major PICs, namely Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The study findings show that the ongoing efforts for strengthening FSD have to be stepped up by focusing on financial inclusion through spread of branchless banking and promotion of information and communication technology.

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Vaughan, Megan. "Successful Peasants on the Tonga Plateau - Black and White in Southern Zambia: The Tonga Plateau Economy and British Imperialism, 1890–1939. By Kenneth P. Vickery. New York, Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. 248 29.95." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (July 1988): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023896.

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Sitko, Nicholas J. "Fractured Governance and Local Frictions: The Exclusionary Nature of a Clandestine Land Market in Southern Zambia." Africa 80, no. 1 (February 2010): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001259.

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This article explores the ways in which efforts to expand private land tenure, coupled with the continued centrality of customary land administration in Zambia, produce a fractured system of land governance in which localized markets for land emerge but are forced to operate in a clandestine manner. Using ethnographic and archival data sources, I argue that despite the historical and contemporary relationship between land rights and economic ‘development’, the clandestine nature of land markets in rural Zambia tends to (re)produce many of the social ills that ‘development’ seeks to resolve. Using a case study of a clandestine market for land in a Tonga-speaking region of southern Zambia, this article shows how these markets undermine women's rights to land, while allowing for the consolidation of wealth and power in the hands of a few.

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Bryceson, Kim P., and Anne Ross. "Agrifood Chains as Complex Systems and the Role of Informality in Their Sustainability in Small Scale Societies." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 6535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166535.

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Agrifood chains are complex systems; they encompass biological, economic, social, health and political variables at different scales (e.g., on-farm, local, regional, national and global). Consequently, what enables a food system to achieve ‘sustainability’ is also complex. This is particularly the case in small-scale societies in developing nations which are socially constituted. In this paper we posit that a habitus of informality underpins food systems’ sustainability in these societies. We argue that conventional applications of approaches like the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) and Circles of Sustainability (CoS) frameworks fail to assist understanding of sustainability in informal socio-economic systems because they either place too much emphasis on economic growth (TBL) or underplay the strength of socio–cultural obligations and responsibilities (CoS). This is seen in international aid programs that encourage economic growth in the agrifood sector, which is challenging for villages in such societies. We review data from two Pacific Island countries—Tonga and Solomon Islands—to demonstrate the need for a more holistic way to think about sustainability in informal agrifood systems in small-scale developing nations. We demonstrate the value of employing a Hybrid Value Chain Framework for collecting information necessary to understanding how sustainability is constituted in the food systems of small-scale societies.

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Croll, Elisabeth J. "Chinese Women and Rural Development: Sixty Years of Change in Lu Village, Yunnan. By Laurel Bossen. [Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2002. 391 pp. Hard cover $80.00, ISBN 0-7425-1107-3; paperback $29.95, ISBN 0-7425-1108-1.]." China Quarterly 173 (March 2003): 214–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443903240122.

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This study constitutes a major contribution to our understanding of women, gender and rural development within and beyond China. Examining 60 years of economic, political and social change in one village in Yunnan province, this book has both depth and breadth. Research in Lu village, also the site of Fei Xiao-tong's very fine field study conducted in the 1940s and reported in Earthbound China, enables the author to examine how larger concepts and abstractions such as Chinese culture, communist planning and market-driven reforms shape and are shaped by gender definitions and relations in everyday practice.

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Huish, Ryan D., Tevita Faka'osi, Heimuli Likiafu, Joseva Mateboto, and Katherine H. Huish. "Distribution, population structure, and management of a rare sandalwood (Santalum yasi, Santalaceae) in Fiji and Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14902.

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The aromatic heartwood of Santalum yasi has been harvested extensively in Fiji and Tonga over the past two centuries for international trade in the medicinal, perfume, and incense industry and other cultural purposes. Field surveys and a review of historic and modern documents reveal a sparse and scattered distribution and indicate that the natural distribution of S. yasi has fluctuated over time, even declining to local extinction in the wild in some areas, while S. album has been introduced and naturalisation of S. yasi × S. album hybrids is evident. Population data collected along transects in three in situ S. yasi populations show discontinuous size-class structures, indicating regenerative stress. The population densities at study sites ranged from 19 to 63 adult trees (≥5 cm dbh) per hectare and less than two heartwood-bearing trees (≥15 cm dbh) per hectare. Though S. yasi trees may attain up to 40 cm dbh, no trees greater than 23 cm dbh were found in any of the studied populations. Low density and small size of adult trees and human-induced bole damage are suggestive of frequent, premature, and defensive harvesting patterns and indicate the need for ongoing adaptive comanagement in recognition of underlying economic and sociocultural pressures.

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Jamlean, Yosef Gerard, Nego E. Bataragoa, and Jhon L. Tombokan. "Catch And Length-Weight Relationship Of Freshwater Lobster, Cherax Quadricarinatus Von Martens, 1868 In Tondano Lake, Kakas District, Minahasa, North Sulawesi." JURNAL ILMIAH PLATAX 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jip.6.1.2018.18903.

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C. quadricarinatus (red claw) has important economic value either for consumption or as ornamental crustacean, has been cultivated, and introduced to many waterways outside its natural habitat. In Tondano lake, C. quadricarinatus has developed and become fishing target using traps and spearguns. The purpose of this survey is to describe the freshwater lobster catching using traps, and to know the length-weight relationships, growth pattern and condition factor. The study was expected to use as information on the presence of C. quadricarinatus Tondano Lake. Catches were red claw, C. quadricrinatus, marble sleeper Oxyeleotris marmorata, Mud gudgeon Ophieleotris aporos, Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and African sharptooth catfish Clarias Gariepinus. Length-weight relationship of C. quadricarinatus was W = -1.8005 + 4.2765 log L for males, W = -1.2978 + 3.6524 log L for females, respectively, and W = -1.5631 + 3.9848 log b for combined sexes. They had positive allometric (A +) growth. Condition factor ranged from 0.60-1.43 with an average of 1.071 ± 0.17 for males and 0.46-1.36 with an average of 1.027 ± 0.18 for females, 0.59-1.642 withan average of 1.22± 0.21.Keywords: fishing, length-weight, growth pattern, fishing gear, Kakas district, MinahasaAbstrakC. quadricarinatus (red claws) mempuyai nilai ekonomis penting baik komsumsi maupun sebagai krustasea hias dan telah banyak di budidaya serta di introduksi ke banyak perairan di luar habitat aslinya. Di Danau Tondano, C. quadricarinatus telah berkembang biak dan menjadi target penangkapan nelayan mengunakan alat tangkap bubu dan alat tangkap tura sejenis tombak sambil menyelam. Tujuan penelitinan ini ialah untuk mendeskripsikan penangkapan lobster air tawar C. quadricarinatus menggunakan alat tangkap bubu, hubungan panjang berat, pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi. Hasil penilitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai informasi keberadaan lobster air tawar C. quadricarinatus di Danau Tondano. Hasil tangkapan yang didapat adalah lobster air tawar, ikan Betutu, ikan Payangka, ika Mujair dan ikan Lele Dumbo. Hasil hubungan panjang berat lobster air tawar di dapat jantan : W=-1,8005+4,2765 log L, betina : W=-1,2978+3,6524 log L dan gabungan ( jantan & betina) : W=-1,5631+3,9848 log L. Pola pertumbuhan ketiganya ialah allometrik positif (A+) dan faktor kondisi jantan berkisar 0,60-1,43 dengan rata-rata1,071±0,17, betina berkisar 0,46-1,36 dengan rata-rata 1,027±0,18, dan gabungan (jantan dan betina) berkisar 0,59-1,642 dengan rata-rata1,22±0,21.Kata Kunci : Penangkapan, Hubungan panjang berat, Pola pertumbuhan, Kecamatan Kakas

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Pangemanan, Stevy P., E. Endoh, J. O. Rawis, and Z. Warouw. "Pemeliharaan Itik Sistem Gembala Sebagai Upaya Peternak Itik Petelur Dalam Memanfaatkan Sumber Daya Alam Di Pesisir Danau Tondano Kabupaten Minahasa." Jurnal MIPA 8, no. 3 (October 26, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.3.2019.26163.

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Ternak itik sudah lama dikembangkan di kabupaten Minahasa khususnya didaerah pinggiran danau Tondano yang memiliki luas 4.620 ha dan daerah persawahan kabupaten Minahasa yang cukup luas yaitu 13.002 ha. Daerah ini memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang sesuai dengan perkembangan ternak itik sebagai sumber pakan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manfaat ekonomi dan manfaat lainnya dari system gembala yang dilakukan peternak. Penelitian menggunakan metode survery dan hasil dianalisis secara deskriptif tentang jumlah curahan tenaga kerja system gembala (JKSP) yang selanjutnya dikonversi sebagai biaya pakan alam ternak itik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 64% peternak itik sistim gembala melakukan pindah lokasi daerah gembala kurang dari kurang dari 4 kali dalam setahun dan 36% melakukan lebih dari 4 kali dalam setahun. Sistim gembala memberikan nilai ekonomi sebesar Rp.28.000 per hari utuk nilai pakan yang didapat di alamDuck farming has long been developed in the minahasa distric, especially in the outskirt of tondano lake that has an area of 4.620 ha and paddy fields with an area of 13.002 ha. This area has potential natural resources for ducks as a natural feed resources. This research aims to determine the economic benefit dan other benefit of the duck rerar system. Research using survey methods and result are analyzed descriptively about the allocation labour (JKSP) of the duck rerar system which is further converted as the cost of feed ducks. The result showed that 64% of the farmers shepherd system did relocated less than 4 times a year and 36% did more than four times a year. Duck rerar system provides economic value or Rp. 28.000 per day of the feed gained in nature

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Chernyak, Oleksandr, and Yevgen Chernyak. "Modern trends of the international labor force migration." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196509001.

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The modern trends of the international labor force migration and the main migration corridors are analyzed in the paper. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in 2017, the global stock of international migrants (including refugees) was an estimated 258 million. Inequality between supply and demand on the labor market is a main problem of modern international migration processes. It is possible to make a conclusion about the global increase of amounts of labor migration all over the world, in all the countries and regions. The main trends of remittance flows are also studied. The amount of remittances in 2018 was $689 billions. And $518 billions were sent to the developing countries. In relative terms, remittances in nine countries accounted for over a fifth of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018; in the case of Tonga, remittances represented 36 % of the country’s GDP. As a conclusion, it should be said that the amount of remittances is an important macro economical figure. Its inflow can ensure the increase of foreign currency’s supply in the country.

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