Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tongan economy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Tongan economy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tongan economy"

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Jayaraman, T. K., Chee-Keong Choong, and Ronald Kumar. "CASE STUDY: Role of remittances in Tongan economy." MIGRATION LETTERS 7, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v7i2.195.

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Inward remittances have been a great support to Pacific Island Countries, including Tonga. Aside from being a major source of foreign exchange earnings, they supplement domestic savings and real resources. This paper examines the role of remittances in the economic growth of Tonga’s during a 28 year period (1981-2007).
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Van der Grijp, Paul. "Early economic encounters in the Pacific or, proto-globalization in Tonga." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 2-3 (2010): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003620.

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This article aims to demonstrate the degree and nature of local autonomy in long term processes of globalization in Tonga. Tonga is exceptional in that it has never been officially colonized and in the continuity of its political (paramount chiefly) system. Also, but this is less exceptional, it has never had a pure modernistic, capitalist economy. Globalization is a specific, contemporary configuration in the relationship between capital and the nation-state or, in the words of William Greider (1997), it is like ‘a runaway horse without a rider’. Global capital is characterized by strategies of predatory mobility. However, the global and the national are not necessarily exclusive but are interacting and overlapping. Social scientists work with the nation-state as a container which would represent a unit in time and space, a ‘unified spatiotemporality’ according to the sociologist Saskia Sassen (2000). She adds that much history failed to confirm the latter hypothesis. The author may add from his part that anthropologists, although alike ‘social scientists’, rather work with the notions of culture and society which, in the case of more recent Tongan history, overlap with that of the nation-state. Although the notion of globalization is a rather recent invention with an exclusive contemporary application, we may discern the roots of its practice already in the early trading contacts between Europeans and Tongans.
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Crawford, Christopher G. "Tongan land management: Putting the brakes on the global economy." Journal of Pacific History 36, no. 1 (June 2001): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223340120049460.

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‘Esau, Raelyn Lolohea. "Tongan Immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400403.

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This study sought to shed light on the experiences of Tongan immigrants in New Zealand. Three major areas were explored: the migration decision-making process, socio-economic changes in the host country, and transnational networks with Tonga. With respect to migration decision-making, the nuclear family plays an important role as the final decision-making unit. Family-related reasons, jobs, and study were the typical reasons for migration to New Zealand. Regarding socio-economic changes, the immigrants' income tends to increase as their duration of stay in New Zealand lengthens. Most of them work at blue-collar jobs. Many immigrants who were unmarried at the time of migration married after moving to New Zealand, mostly to other Tongans. The church serves as a critical support system for the immigrants. Tongans tend to prefer permanent residency visas over New Zealand citizenship. Remittances continue to play an important role in immigrants' links to Tonga, as do communication with family members and visits to Tonga. Despite these continuing links with their home country, most of the immigrants do not wish to return to Tonga permanently.
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Storey, Donovan, and Warwick E. Murray. "Dilemmas of development in Oceania: the political economy of the Tongan agro‐export sector." Geographical Journal 167, no. 4 (December 2001): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00027.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 161, no. 2 (2009): 350–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003712.

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Peter Borschberg (ed.), Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka area and adjacent regions (16th to 18th century) (Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied) Katharine L. Wiegele, Investing in miracles; El Shaddai and the transformation of popular Catholicism in the Philippines (Greg Bankoff) Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia; Peoples and histories (Peter Boomgaard) Clive Moore, New Guinea; Crossing boundaries and history (Harold Brookfield) Nathan Porath, When the bird flies; Shamanic therapy and the maintenance of worldly boundaries among an indigenous people of Riau (Sumatra) (Cynthia Chou and Martin Platt) Paul van der Grijp, Identity and development; Tongan culture, agriculture, and the perenniality of the gift (H.J.M. Claessen) Tim Bunnell, Malaysia, modernity and the multimedia super corridor; A critical geography of intelligent landscapes (Ben Derudder) L. Fontijne, Guardians of the land in Kelimado; Louis Fontijne’s study of a colonial district in eastern Indonesia (Maribeth Erb) Karl-Heinz Golzio, Geschichte Kambodschas; Das Land der Khmer von Angkor bis zur Gegenwart (Volker Grabowsky) Emmanuel Poisson, Mandarins et subalternes au nord du Viêt Nam; Une bureaucracie à l’épreuve (1820-1918) (Martin Grossheim) Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Volume 10, 1737-1743 (Gerrit Knaap) Aris Ananta and Evi Nurvidya Arifin (eds), International migration in Southeast Asia (Santo Koesoebjono) Vladimir Braginsky, The comparative study of traditional Asian literatures; From reflective traditionalism to neo-traditionalism (G.L. Koster) Fiona Kerlogue (ed.), Performing objects; Museums, material culture and performance in Southeast Asia (Jennifer Lindsay) Th.C. van der Meij, Puspakrema; A Javanese romance from Lombok (Julian Millie) Robyn Maxwell, Sari to sarong; Five hundred years of Indian and Indonesian textile exchange -- Jasleen Dhamija, Woven magic; The affinity between Indian and Indonesian textiles (Sandra Niessen) David Bourchier and Vedi R. Hadiz (eds), Indonesian politics and society; A reader (Seije Slager) Howard Dick, Vincent J.H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie (eds), The emergence of a national economy; An economic history of Indonesia, 1800-2000 (Heather Sutherland) Roderich Ptak, China, the Portuguese and the Nanyang; Oceans and routes, regions and trade (c. 1000-1600) (Heather Sutherland) Stephen C. Headley, Durga’s Mosque; Cosmology, conversion and community in Central Javanese Islam (Robert Wessing)
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van der Veeken, Suzanne, Emma Calgaro, Louise Munk Klint, Alexandra Law, Min Jiang, Terry de Lacy, and Dale Dominey-Howes. "Tourism destinations’ vulnerability to climate change: Nature-based tourism in Vava’u, the Kingdom of Tonga." Tourism and Hospitality Research 16, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358415611068.

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Tourism plays an important role in economic and human development in the Pacific. These benefits are at risk from the impacts of climate change, threatening the sustainability of the Pacific tourism sector. We assess the vulnerability and resilience of nature-based tourism in Vava’u, Tonga, using the Destination Sustainability Framework of Calgaro (2014) modified for a climate change focus. Our empirical assessment indicates that the following factors increase vulnerability levels in Vava’u: strong seasonality, dependency on air access, remoteness, limited connectivity of Vava’u from national decision makers and limited human and financial resources. Resilience levels in Vava’u are heightened by a high awareness of climate change, the resilient nature of Tongans and strong family and social networks. In conclusion, we recommend a set of adaptation strategies to further improve resilience levels, namely improving climate change education, increasing product and market diversification, strengthening institutional capacities and mainstreaming adaptation in national policies.
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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 95, no. 67 (1995): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837391.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 97, no. 40 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837407.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Tonga: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 01, no. 02 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451837421.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tongan economy"

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Kavapalu, Siaosi Duwai Rakai. "The Impact of Health on Economic Growth: The Case of Tonga from 1970-2011." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Economics and Finance Dept, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9564.

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The vast impact of globalization has resulted in more liberalization, economic integration, and increasing international trade among countries. These changes are leading to higher economic growth and consequent impacts on the health conditions of the country. Health can be regarded as an addition to economic growth models. There has been a widespread development in the health economics discipline. However, the research on the impact of health on economic growth has been concentrated mostly in developed and developing economies, but there has been marked neglect of small open economies. This study aims to focus on the Island Kingdom of Tonga - a small open economy and a country that falls within the upper middle income category (World Bank, 2012). The study seeks to verify empirically the impact of health on the economic performance of the country. The analysis is based on time series data, the econometric techniques of single, autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and the multiple equations framework, vector error correction method (VECM). The study found that there have been substantial impacts of health indicators (life expectancy, infant mortality and fertility rate) on the Tongan economy. A positive effect in terms of life ex-pectancy on economic growth led to an improvement of economic activity through additional years of longevity of the working age population. The dynamic, innovative technique also indi-cated a uni-directional causality between economic growth and life expectancy variable. The long run causality however, runs mainly from life expectancy to economic growth rather than in the opposite direction. A negative impact was found in the second health indicator (infant mortality) with uni-directional causality running from higher economic growth that may reduce the infant mortality rate. Finally, the fertility rate found a negative impact on economic growth in the long run with no Granger causality among the variables. Amongst those frameworks, the ARDL and VECM suggest that in such a small developing coun-try the quantitative impacts are also a novel and important approach in Tonga and may result in a significant impact on the economy for the next decade. The policy implication is that maintaining good health through higher life expectancy is associated with a positive impact on economic growth and this can also channel to other innovations, technological contributions to the country at large.
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Kautoke-Holani, Alisi Wenonalita. "Agricultural export growth and economic development for Tonga : the quest for efficiency : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Policy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/899.

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Neo-liberalism has become the dominant approach to economic development since the 1980s. Based on the economic principle of “efficiency”, the Washington Consensus and its supporters have avidly promoted the neoliberal orthodoxy as the ideal blueprint for the economic development of all countries in every region. However, as this thesis has discovered, the efficiency of public policy is weighed not by its conformity to an ideology but on how effective it responds to the economic and social problems of the population in question. In recent years Tonga has endured severe economic shocks which have pushed its low growth economy to the brink of economic crisis. In response to this crisis, the Government has chosen greater economic liberalisation and private sector – led growth to lead the economy to recovery. The Washington Consensus and its international supporters claim that this is the best policy response for Tonga due to the belief that greater liberalisation leads to greater efficiency. This thesis however believes that at the current dire state of the economy, it is not enough for Tongan public policy to just conform to international views on efficient economic development but to ensure that its economic development policies address the economic and social needs of the general Tongan population. With this in mind, this thesis investigated the role of agriculture in economic development. It identified that for an agriculture-based country such as Tonga, at low levels of growth, agricultural development is fundamental to long term economic growth. This research also revealed that agricultural growth is maximised through trade hence suggesting increased focus on agricultural export development. Based on these findings, this research project set out to verify the efficiency of Government agricultural policies by identifying the views of agricultural exporters and comparing these with Government approaches to agricultural export development in Tonga.
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Silva, Pilar Cozendey. "Relação da morfo-histologia da língua com o forrageio em cinco espécies de lagarto." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1089.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Os répteis Squamata possuem um sistema sensorial sofisticado, adaptado ao ambiente em que vivem e as atividades desempenhadas em seu forrageio. A língua de lagartos é estrutura componente do sistema sensorial fundamental para o forrageio. Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou investigar a estrutura morfo-histológica da língua de cinco espécies de lagartos brasileiros (Ameiva ameiva, Hemidactylus mabouia, Aspronema dorsivittatum, Ophiodes striatus e Tropidurus torquatus) e sua relação com os tipos de forrageio. Foram analisados o formato e comprimento de língua e confeccionadas lâminas histológicas coradas com HE e PAS, de exemplares das cinco espécies. As espécies estudadas apresentaram revestimento de epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, com variações topográficas na espessura da camada córnea. Ameiva ameiva apresentou a língua mais especializada e restrita ao forrageio ativo, enquanto Hemidactylus mabouia e Tropidurus torquatus apresentaram língua com estrutura menos favorável ao “tongue-flicking” e, portanto, mais próximo de forrageio de emboscada. As espécies Ophiodes striatus e Aspronema dorsivittatum apresentaram resultados característicos tanto de forrageio ativo quanto de emboscada, demonstrando uma provável plasticidade entre estes extremos. Esta flutuação entre tipos de forrageio já foi observada dentro do antigo gênero Mabuya a partir de estudos prévios que indicam que fatores como disponibilidade de alimento e alterações de habitat são capazes de alterar a dinâmica de forrageio de algumas espécies. No presente estudo foi possível relacionar aspectos como tipos de papilas, formato de língua, arranjo muscular, camada de queratina, presença de botões gustativos, entre outros, com a provável dinâmica de forrageio das cinco espécies estudadas. O arranjo muscular encontrado nos forrageadores ativos foi considerado mais compacto e direcionado ao “tongue-flicking”, enquanto o dos forrageadores de emboscada o arranjo muscular se mostra menos restrito. A análise das características externas e microscópicas da língua trouxeram grandes contribuições para o entendimento de como cada espécie, por exemplo, otimiza a sua percepção do ambiente, como percebe o tempo e seu gasto energético. Além disso, contribui com maiores informações a cerca da morfologia e ecologia de espécies ocorrentes no Brasil.
The Squamata reptiles have a sophisticated sensory system, frequently adapted to the environment in which they live and the activities performed in their foraging. The tongue lizards is a fundamental structure of the sensory system for foraging. Thus, this study sought investigate the morphological and histological tongue structure of five species of Brazilian lizards (Ameiva ameiva, Hemidactylus maboiua, Aspronema dorsivittatum, Ophiodes striatus e Tropidurus torquatus) and its relationship with ambush and active foraging. For that, were analyzed the shape and elongation and made histological slides of language specimens of the five species and colored by HE and PAS. The tongue of all species showed stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, with the keratin layer varying in thickness and position in the tongue. Ameiva ameiva showed the most specialized tongue and restricted to wile foraging, while H. mabouia and T. torquatus presented tongue with less favorable to “tongue-flicking” and therefore closest to ambush foraging structure. The O. striatus and A. dorsivittatum specie showed characteristics of both foraging types, showing a probable plasticity between the extremes of wile and ambush foraging. This fluctuation between types of foraging has been observed within the old genus Mabuya from previous studies that indicate that factors such as food availability and habitat changes are able to alter the dynamics of some species foraging. In the present study it was possible to relate aspects such as types of papillae, tongue shape, muscular arrangement, keratin layer, among others, with the possible dynamics of foraging the five species. The muscle arrangement found in active foragers was considered more compact and focused for the “tongue-flicking”, while the ambush foragers muscle arrangement shown less restricted. And stand out from other factors such as the presence of taste buds. The analysis of external and microscopic characteristics of the tongue provided great contributions to the understanding of how the lizard optimizes its environment perception, as realize the time and its energy expenditure. Also contributes with more information about the morphology and ecology of species occurring in Brazil.
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Chan, Hing-kwong, and 陳慶光. "A study of the impact of the opening of APM on Yue Man Square." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500917X.

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Koken, Fernanda Sobreira Cossate Van de. "Nanotecnologia no agronegócio: um estudo econômico do uso da língua eletrônica na cafeicultura." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2006. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6012.

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Following the Schumpeterian theoretical approach this work is founded in the conception that the world economic history is a history of technological revolutions. These revolutions are impel by the development of new products and new process of production and distribution that incessantly revolutionize the economic system from inside . In this context it is agued that the contemporary society lives the emergency of a new technological paradigm characterized for the convergence of innovations in the areas of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technologies and cognition (the NBIC´s paradigm). This dissertation ransoms concepts and ideas of evolutionary economics about the innovative processes; describe and ransoms historically the nanotechnologies development; focuses an specific nanotechnological innovation: the cyber tongue and finally discuss it s function in coffees quality improvement program in Brazil.
Seguindo a tradição técnica schumpeteriana o presente trabalho fundamenta-se na concepção que a história da economia mundial é uma história de revoluções tecnológicas. Revoluções impulsionadas pelo desenvolvimento de novos produtos e novos processos de produção e distribuição, que incessantemente revolucionam o sistema econômico a partir de dentro . Nesse contexto argumenta-se que a sociedade contemporânea vivencia a emergência de um novo paradigma tecnológico caracterizado pela convergência das inovações nas áreas de nanotecnologia, biotecnologia, tecnologias de informação e cognição (Paradigmas das NBICs).
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Wong, Pui-yan, and 黃珮欣. "Impacts of a regional shopping centre on community development: a case study on the opening of "apm"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45009491.

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Wang, Jing, and Hongpeng Fu. "Seeking the Breakthrough of the Internationalization of Yu-tong Bus Company." Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för industriell ekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5435.

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Nowadays, China bus industry has stepped into a relative fast development stage. Domestic manufacturers have turned their attention to the international market. Yu-tong Bus Company, as one of the first-class and representative manufacturers in the industry, has made indubitable achievements in the international market, especially in middle and low-end market. However, for the process of internationalization, Yu-tong still needs to confront some barriers and obstacles. Particularly, for high-end market, more gaps exist which lead to the limitation of its competitive forces. In the thesis, we made the SWOT analysis about the export condition of Yu-tong according to the materials and data that we collected, combining with the relevant theories, conducting various analysis and investigations, we considered “Reverse FDI”(Reverse Foreign Direct Investment) as more appropriate and effective way for the internationalization, and revolving around the theory, we mainly concentrated on the extending of high-end market, tabled some proposals about seeking the breakthrough in the internationalization of Yu-tong Bus Company.

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VENUTA, MARIA LUISA. "La città da energivora a nodo attivo delle reti di produzione e di scambio energetico." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/85.

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Il concetto di rete dell'informazione può diventare uno schema logico con cui descrivere l'evoluzione delle politiche sulle energie rinnovabili e sulla sostenibilità? La ricerca è stata svolta analizzando l'architettura delle due reti (internet e reti energetiche) e l'evoluzione del bene prodotto e distribuito nella rete energetica, l'energia, esplicitando l'accessibilità da parte della distribuzione mondiale delle risorse petrolifere tradizionali e delle risorse rinnovabili. La struttura metodologica del progetto di ricerca si basa due tipi di analisi teorica: 1) l'analisi della nascita delle società in rete attraverso le teorie di Manuel Castells (concetto di spazio di flussi) e di Saskia Sassen e l'evoluzione delle città (cap.2 e cap.5) 2) le analisi dei flussi dei materiali e delle energie avendo come riferimento metodologico l'approccio ecologico ideato dai ricercatori dell'istituto per il Clima, l'Ambiente e l'Energia di Wuppertal, Germania (cap.3 e cap.4) La contraddizione tra città innovative e città che sono ai livelli di enormi discariche o di baraccopoli è esposta nel cap.6 attraverso casi studio e progetto dei Programmi Europei. Nell'ultimo capitolo (cap.7) si riassumono le ipotesi di partenza e i risultati della ricerca e si espongono le questioni aperte.
Can internet logic scheme be used as a basis to describe public policies evolution on renewable energies production and sharing in urban areas all over the world? The research project analyses the two networks (internet and energetic grids) architectures in actual and future urban areas. This analysis is connected with present and future forecasts energy productions from traditional fuels and from renewable sources. Theoretical analysis is conducted following a double conceptual pathway: - societal networks (Manuel Castells theory) and urban areas evolution (Saskia Sassen and Mike Davis) in order to picture the evolution of cities and towns in modern economies and in developing countries (Chapters 2 and 5); - Material and Energy Flow Analysis (approach by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy) applied to renewable energy (Chapters 3 and 4) In Chapter 6 case studies are exposed on the deep cleavage between two different worlds: innovative, rich towns on a side and the landfills cities, slums on the other side. In the last part hypothesis and thesis are put together and open questions are explained (Chapter 7).
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Ritucci, Raffaella. "Bambine e ragazzi bilingui nelle classi multietniche di Torino." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19485.

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Das Schulregister des Kultusministeriums MIUR verzeichnet, dass mehr als jede/r zehnte aller Schüler/innen in Italien keine italienische Staatsbürgerschaft hat, obwohl sie mehrheitlich dort geboren wurden. Zahlreiche Erhebungen weisen für sie im Vergleich zu den italienischen Mitschülern/innen geringere Italienischkenntnisse und weniger schulischen Erfolg auf. Innerhalb dieser explorativen Feldforschung haben Einzelinterviews mit 121 Schülern/innen (5.-8. Klasse) in Turiner Schulen und mit 26 Eltern, sowie die Auswertung von 141 an 27 Italienisch- und Herkunftsprachlehrer/innen verteilten Fragebögen ergeben, dass viele Schüler/innen "zweisprachige Natives" sind, da sie mit Italienisch und einer anderen Sprache aufwachsen. Dieser Polyglottismus, den die Interviewten sehr positiv bewerteten, findet jedoch in der Schulpraxis keine Entsprechung: Gezielte Förderung im Italienischen und der Unterricht der Familiensprache sind meist Wunschdenken. In der Kohorte haben die Schüler/innen mit den besten Italienischkenntnissen einen italophonen Elternteil bzw. kamen im Vorschulalter nach Italien und besuchten dort den Kindergarten. Dagegen sind, wie auch bei den INVALSI-Tests, die in Italien geborenen und die dann die Krippe besuchten, leicht benachteiligt. Was die Familiensprache angeht, verbessert ihr Erlernen die Kompetenzen darin, ohne dem Italienischen zu schaden: Im Gegenteil. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die wichtige Rolle der "anderen" Sprache für einen gelungen Spracherwerb. Das MIUR sollte also sein Schulregister mit Sprachdaten ergänzen, um die Curricula im Sinn der EU-Vorgaben umzuschreiben und den sprachlich heterogenen Klassen gezielte Ressourcen und definierte Vorgehensweisen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Mit geringeren Mitteln, im Vergleich zu den jetzigen Kosten für Herunterstufung, Klassenwiederholung und Schulabbruch würde man Schulerfolg, Chancengerechtigkeit und Mehrsprachigkeit fördern, mit positiven Folgen für den Einzelnen sowie für die Volkswirtschaft.
The Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR) student register records that today in Italy more than one out of ten students is not an Italian citizen, although the majority of them were born there. Several statistical surveys indicate that "foreign" students, when compared to native students, show a poorer performance in Italian and in academic achievement. This exploratory fieldwork carried out in schools in Turin (5th to 8th grade) analyzed data obtained through semi-structured interviews with 121 students and 26 parents as well as 141 questionnaires filled in by 27 teachers of Italian and family language. It showed that many students are "bilingual natives", as they grow up acquiring both Italian and another language; however, despite the fact that the interviewees rate polyglottism positively, schools don't usually offer targeted support in either language. Within the cohort the broadest range of competences in Italian are found first among those with an Italian-speaking parent, then among those who arrived in Italy at pre-school age attending kindergarten there; this latter group shows higher competences than those born in Italy attending nursery there, as also in the INVALSI tests. As far as family language is concerned, data illustrate that its teaching increases its competences without affecting those in Italian: quite the opposite in fact. These results confirm the remarkable role played by the "other" language in successful language education. MIUR is therefore called upon to include also linguistic data in its student register, so as to redefine its curricula according to EU Guidelines, and to identify specific procedures and resources for multilingual classes. This new policy would reduce the current cost of placing students in a lower grade, grade retention and drop-outs, and would promote school success, equal opportunities and multilingualism, with positive consequences both for the individuals and for the national economy.
L'anagrafe studenti del MIUR registra come oggi in Italia più di uno studente su dieci non è cittadino italiano, pur essendo la maggioranza di loro nata in questo paese. Numerose indagini statistiche mostrano come gli allievi "stranieri" presentino, rispetto a quelli italiani, ridotte competenze in italiano e minore successo scolastico. Questa ricerca esplorativa svolta in alcune scuole di Torino (V elementare-III media) ha analizzato dati ottenuti tramite interviste semi-strutturate a 121 studenti e 26 genitori e 141 questionari compilati da 27 insegnanti di italiano e di lingua di famiglia. Da essa è emerso che molti studenti sono "nativi bilingui", poiché crescono usando l'italiano e un'altra lingua. Questo poliglottismo, valutato dagli intervistati assai positivamente, non si rispecchia però nella prassi scolastica: un supporto mirato in italiano e l'insegnamento della lingua di famiglia sono di regola una chimera. All'interno del campione le più ampie competenze in italiano si trovano fra chi ha un genitore italofono e chi è arrivato in Italia in età prescolare frequentandovi la scuola materna; come constatato anche nei test INVALSI, chi è nato in Italia e vi ha frequentato l'asilo nido è leggermente svantaggiato. Rispetto alla lingua di famiglia risulta che il suo studio porta a migliori competenze in essa, senza nuocere all'italiano: anzi. Emerge quindi il ruolo significativo della lingua "altra" per un'educazione linguistica efficace. L'invito al MIUR è quindi di integrare la propria anagrafe con dati linguistici, così da ridefinire i propri curricula secondo le Linee Guida Comunitarie, individuando procedure e risorse specifiche per le classi multilingui. Con un investimento ridotto, paragonato con il costo attuale dato da retrocessioni, ripetenze e abbandono scolastico, si riuscirebbe a sostenere il successo scolastico, le pari opportunità e il plurilinguismo, con conseguenze positive per i singoli e per l'economia nazionale.
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Bloomfield, Simaima Sesilia Siunini Kalo Afu Tonga. "Challenges of small-scale commercial fisheries in Tonga." Dissertação, 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/106990.

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Books on the topic "Tongan economy"

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Fairbairn, Teʼo. The Tongan Economy: Enhancing efficiency and growth. [s.l: s.n., 1996.

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Lilieta, Takau, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme., International Waters Project, Global Environment Facility, and Strategic Action Programme for the International Waters of the Pacific Small Island Developing States., eds. Economic costs of waste in Tonga. Apia, Samoa: SPREP, 2006.

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mirae rŭl wihan sŏnt'aek, Tongban sŏngjang. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si: 21-segi Puksŭ, 2013.

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K, Tanham George. The Kingdom of Tonga. Santa Monica, CA (P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica 90406-2138): Rand Corp., 1988.

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Calkin, Jenny. Tonga tourism directions 2000. [Tonga]: Calkin & Associates, 1997.

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Campbell, I. C. Island kingdom: Tonga ancient & modern. Christchurch, N.Z: Canterbury University Press, 1992.

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Ofa, Luseane. Tonga: Gender impact study on economic reform, 2003. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.

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Evans, Mike. Persistence of the gift: Tongan tradition in transnational context. Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001.

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Island kingdom: Tonga ancient and modern. 2nd ed. Christchurch, NZ: Canterbury University Press, 2001.

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Campbell, I. C. Island kingdom: Tonga ancient and modern. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tongan economy"

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Sasges, Gerard. "The Political Economy of Alcohol." In Imperial Intoxication. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824866884.003.0008.

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When A.R. Fontaine arrived in Tonkin in 1886, he was quick to see the potential of applying new technologies to a traditional industry, and to grasp the importance of state protection for the success of his fledgling enterprise. From modest origins, he built a business empire that included everything from distilleries to coal mines to bicycle factories. Fontaine’s was one of the colonial conglomerates that played a central role in the economy’s “Indochinese moment,” introducing new technologies and familiarizing Indochinese with new ways of working, consuming and being. However, the downturn that began in Indochina in 1928 exposed the weakness of many of these enterprise groups. When A.R. Fontaine was forced to step down as President of the SFDIC in 1932, it signified the start of a new era of economic development directed not from Hanoi or Saigon, but rather from Paris.
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Pan, Julia, and Fang Yaomei. "A Chinese University in Transition from the Planned Economy to the Market Economy: Tongji University." In Higher Education in the Post-Communist World, 237–68. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429440090-7.

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Firpo, Christina Elizabeth. "Introduction." In Black Market Business, 1–19. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752650.003.0008.

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This chapter introduces the black market sex industry in late colonial Vietnam. It argues that the interwar black market sex industry thrived in spaces of tension, which were created by the confluence of economic, demographic, and cultural changes sweeping late colonial Tonkin. Tension developed in sites of legal inconsistency, cultural changes, economic disparity, rural–urban division, and demographic shifts, brought about by colonial policies. An investigation of this black market shows how a particular population of impoverished women — a group regrettably understudied by historians — experienced the tensions. Marginalized by the colonial economy and swayed by new cultural trends, these women came to participate in black market sex work by choice, by force, or, more often, by some combination of the two.
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"China A Chinese University in Transition from the Planned Economy to the Market Economy: Tongji University." In Higher Education in the Post-Communist World, 261–92. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315051260-16.

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Müller, Leos, and Jari Ojala. "Consular Services of the Nordic Countries during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Did They Really Work?" In Resources and Infrastructures in the Maritime Economy, 1500-2000, 23–42. Liverpool University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007329.003.0003.

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Undoubtedly the Lordships has been informed of the miss usage of strangers in this place, as several Swedes have experienced in being obliged to pay 14 & 16 Rixdollars courtage to person[s], no ways qualified, nor in capacity to give them satisfaction, by reason in first place he understands no language but his mother tongue; in the next place, an entire stranger to trade or commerce pay even to honesty....
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Firpo, Christina Elizabeth. "The Geography of Vice." In Black Market Business, 20–58. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752650.003.0001.

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This chapter is a spatial analysis of Tonkin's black market sex industry. It investigates how the area's physical, administrative, economic, and political geography shaped the ways that unregistered sex was sold in Tonkin. Some of the areas discussed here include the Red River Delta, Hanoi, Hanoi's suburbs, Hai Phong City, the military bases, the border towns, and the coast of Tonkin. The chapter discusses how the geographic and political landscape of Tonkin enabled traffickers and clandestine sex workers to evade colonial police. It talks about how colonial land policies, the tax system, and the government's neglect of the suburbs further impoverished peasants, leading women to seek alternative income through sex work.
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Sasges, Gerard. "The Limits of Sovereignty." In Imperial Intoxication. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824866884.003.0005.

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Rather than serve as the foundation for the territorially sovereign state, the alcohol regime undermined and then redrew many of Indochina’s administrative boundaries. The most obvious example is the alcohol Régie of Tonkin and Northern Annam, which reconfigured one of Indochina’s basic administrative boundaries, that of its five consitutent “countries” (pays). More remarkable is the way much of Indochina remained outside the reach of the alcohol economies. In broad expanses of Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Cambodia and Laos, interactions of geography, history, and people limited the penetration both of the SFDIC’s alcohol and of state systems of control. The result was three distinct political-industrial economies: one a reconfigured Tonkin, another a reconfigured Cochinchina, and a third “near beyond” subject to very different and more flexible regimes of economic exploitation and State control. These regimes generated very different experiences of colonial rule, economic development, and state-building, with important implications for the post-colonial states to come.
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Higa, Natsuko. "Economic, Religious, and Social Practice of Giving: A Microanalysis of Donating in the Kingdom of Tonga." In The Economics of Religion: Anthropological Approaches, 241–63. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0190-1281(2011)0000031013.

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Grenier, Gilles, and Serge Nadeau. "English as the Lingua franca and the Economic Value of Other Languages: The Case of the Language of Work in the Montreal Labor Market." In The Economics of Language Policy. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034708.003.0009.

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An important feature of Canada is that it has two official languages, English and French, and that one of them, English, is also the international lingua franca. This situation may have particular policy implications. Within Canada, the Montreal metropolitan area presents an interesting case in point: it has a majority of native French speakers, an important minority of native English speakers, and many immigrants from various linguistic backgrounds who try to make their way into the labor market. Using confidential micro-data from the 2006 Canadian Census, this chapter investigates the determinants and the economic values of the use of different languages at work in Montreal. Workers are divided into three groups: French, English and Other mother tongues, and indices are defined for the use of French, English, and Other languages at work. It is found that the use of English at work by non-English native speakers is positively related to the education level of the workers, while there is no such relationship for the use of French by native English speakers. The returns to using at work a language that is different from one’s mother tongue are analyzed with ordinary least squares and instrumental variables regressions. For the English mother tongue group, using French at work has little or no reward, while using English at work pays a lot for the French mother tongue group. For the Other mother tongues group, there is a high payoff to using an official language at work, especially English. This situation is not due to the inferior economic status of the native French speakers; it is due to the fact that English is the international lingua franca. The policy implications of the above results are discussed.
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Rottenberg, Elizabeth. "Is There Such a Thing as a Psychical Accident?" In For the Love of Psychoanalysis, 35–46. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284115.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses the question of psychical determinism in the work of Sigmund Freud. As Freud tells us in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life and The Introductory Lectures, nothing in the mind is arbitrary or undetermined. As Freud demonstrates again and again in hundreds of examples of parapraxes (slips of the tongue, slips of the pen, misreadings, mishearings, bungled actions, etc.), the accident (Unfall) is no accident for the analyst who is able to recognize and interpret an unconscious purpose behind an apparently random event. So how does chance (Zufall, Zufälligkeit) operate in an economy of psychical determinism? How are we to think chance together with analysis’s hermeneutic drive—that is to say, together with its compulsion to make the accident unhappen?
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Conference papers on the topic "Tongan economy"

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Srividhya, E., and A. Muthukumaravel. "Diagnosis Of Diabetes By Tongue Analysis." In 2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccike47802.2019.9004394.

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Zou, Yimeng. "Development and Utilization of Tongyu New Year Picture Cultural Industry." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.141.

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E, Srividhya, and Muthukumaravel A. "Feature Extraction of Tongue Diseases Diagnosis Using SVM Classifier." In 2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccike47802.2019.9004326.

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Xu, Wu. "On Tong and Huo in the Practice of Health Qigong." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.324.

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Uzoma, Chima, Emeka A. Nwachukwu, and Celestine N. Nwele. "MOTHER TONGUE USAGE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A DESIDERATUM FOR ACTUALIZING EDUCATION FOR ALL IN EBONYI STATE; SOUTH EAST NIGERIA." In EAI International Conference on Technology, R&D, Education and Economy for Africa. EAI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-3-2018.2275656.

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Ma, Lan. "The Influence and Suggestions of Mother Tongue on English Translation." In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science (IEMSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemss-17.2017.252.

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Tian, PinJing. "Teaching mode of College English General Education in the mother tongue culture." In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science (IEMSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemss-17.2017.28.

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Meng, Qinglan. "Study on the Construction of Mother Tongue Cultural Identity in Intercultural Communication." In 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200316.128.

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XU, ZONGMIN, and HONGYAN SHANG. "Research on the Factors Influencing the Employment of Graduates of Tongren Preschool Normal College." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.191217.018.

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Chen, Xiaoxuan, Mingyang Yang, Kangyao Deng, and Yunlong Bai. "Numerical Analysis of a Centrifugal Fan for a Road Sweeper." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69103.

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Road sweeper is the widely-employed machine to clear up garbage and dust on streets. Its performance has profound influence on the reduction of fuel consumption and hence CO2 emission. The key component of a road sweeper is a centrifugal fan which produces suction force for clearing. Therefore, the performance of this device has direct impact on fuel economy of the machine. This paper targets at the performance analysis of a centrifugal fan in a commercial road sweeper. Firstly, the performance and flow field of the centrifugal fan are analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The breakdown of the flow loss in the fan shows that the volute and the impeller are major components contributing to flow loss in the fan. The flow at the inlet of the impeller is highly distorted due the interaction among the asymmetrical inlet duct, the leakage and the volute tongue. Because of the interaction, flow passages near the tongue are the ones with the highest flow loss. Moreover, the flow velocity entering the volute is considerably high which thus results in high flow loss in the volute. Finally, based on the flow field analysis, an inlet duct with round shape is designed preliminarily and simulated together with the centrifugal fan. The results show that the efficiency can be improved by more than 4% compared with the original configuration due to the alleviation of the interaction.
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