Academic literature on the topic 'Tonga Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tonga Social conditions"
1
Langridge, Fiona, Malakai 'Ofanoa, Toakase Fakakovikaetau, Teuila Percival, Laura Wilkinson-Meyers, and Cameron Grant. "Developing a child health survey for a Pacific Island nation. Integrating the Delphi method with Pacific methodologies." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2020.638.
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Introduction: There is minimal information available that describes the health of children of primary school age (5-12 years) living in the Pacific. Current tools that exist for measurement of health have not been developed with Pacific paradigms in mind. Our objective was to describe the development of a culturally and contextually appropriate health survey to enable measurement of the health status of 5-12 year olds living in a Pacific Island Nation. Methods: Integrating a Delphi method with Pacific methodologies, two rounds of online questionnaires involving 33 panel members reviewed what to include in a health survey for primary school-aged children living in Tonga. The panel consisted of paediatric clinicians and academics, teachers and parents from Tonga, New Zealand, USA, and the UK. Results: Panel consensus was met on a range of domains to be included in the survey including: general demographics (80%), environment (80%), resilience and risk (88%), household economics (80%), psychological functioning (92%), social functioning (92%), physical functioning (88%), cognitive functioning (92%) and individual health conditions (84%). Particular importance was placed on including questions that described exposure of children to violence and abuse (93%). Conclusions: Based upon the consensus of a diverse expert panel, the domains that are necessary for the measurement of health in primary school-aged children living in Tonga were identified. The Delphi method proved a valid and useful technique to assist with the development of such a health survey and enabled the incorporation of a Pacific lens – a Tongan understanding of measuring children’s health.
2
Palavi, Linda, and Vili Nosa. "Fefine Tonga moe ifi tapaka: A qualitative study to explore Tongan female tobacco smoking & cessation in the Auckland region." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 8 (December 30, 2021): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.147.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Tongan female smokers’ smoking experiences have manifested within a realm of socioeconomic and cultural conditions in New Zealand with cessation service engagement relatively low. Due to the projected tobacco burden attributed to Pacific women, pertinent research proves vital to bettering understandings of smoking and cessation within this group. This study explored the knowledge and experiences of smoking and smoking cessation services among Tongan women aged 16 years and over, living in the Auckland region.
Methods
This qualitative research design utilised the Kakala model to ensure processes were culturally appropriate and meaningful. Data was collected through eight face-to-face semi-structured interviews transcribed by the researcher and employed the toli, teu and luva process from the Kakala model to form relevant themes.
Findings
The findings suggest smoking among Tongan females is a social vector that marks independence and maintains friendships, despite known adverse health effects and stigma. It is characterised as stress relief that has habituated into day-to-day routine for most. Their aspirations to live longer for their family is a strong motivator but quitting remains difficult and should be done autonomously by the individual.
Tongan female smokers stated smoking cessation services as ineffective and need to be adapted and consulted by and within the community. Stop smoking services should encourage autonomy among Tonga women in order to improve utilisation and engagement. Service delivery for Tongan female smokers needs to be on-going and long-term support reoriented within the community for more Tongan women to become completely smokefree.
Conclusions
Tongan female smoking in New Zealand is comprised of experiences surrounding friendships, family and culture. This study concludes that although smoking harms are widely known, cessation service delivery can be transformed by utilizing existing Tongan cultural roles such as that of the mehikitanga (paternal aunt) to encourage non-smoking among extended female generations.
3
Sanders, Michael, Natasha Houghton, Ofa Dewes, Judith McCool, and Peter Thorne. "Estimated prevalence of hearing loss and provision of hearing services in Pacific Island nations." Journal of Primary Health Care 7, no. 1 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15005.
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INTRODUCTION: Hearing impairment (HI) affects an estimated 538 million people worldwide, with 80% of these living in developing countries. Untreated HI in childhood may lead to developmental delay and in adults results in social isolation, inability to find or maintain employment, and dependency. Early intervention and support programmes can significantly reduce the negative effects of HI. AIM: To estimate HI prevalence and identify available hearing services in some Pacific countries — Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga. METHODS: Data were collected through literature review and correspondence with service providers. Prevalence estimates were based on census data and previously published regional estimates. RESULTS: Estimates indicate 20–23% of the population may have at least a mild HI, with up to 11% having a moderate impairment or worse. Estimated incidence of chronic otitis media in Pacific Island nations is 3–5 times greater than other Australasian countries in children under 10 years old. Permanent HI from otitis media is substantially more likely in children and adults in Pacific Island nations. Several organisations and individuals provide some limited hearing services in a few Pacific Island nations, but the majority of people with HI are largely underserved. DISCUSSION: Although accurate information on HI prevalence is lacking, prevalence estimates of HI and ear disease suggest they are significant health conditions in Pacific Island nations. There is relatively little support for people with HI or ear disease in the Pacific region. An investment in initiatives to both identify and support people with hearing loss in the Pacific is necessary. KEYWORDS: Health services; hearing loss; otitis media; Pacific Islands
4
Song, Jie, Andrea Bender, and Sieghard Beller. "Conditional Promises and Threats in Germany, China, and Tonga: Cognition and Emotion." Journal of Cognition and Culture 9, no. 1-2 (2009): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853709x414674.
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AbstractConditional promises and threats are speech acts that aim at changing another person's behavior according to one's own goals. They combine several components on different levels: goals and incentives/penalties on the motivational level, formulations on the linguistic level, obligations on the deontic level, action sequences on the behavioral level, and affective responses on the emotional level. In a cross-cultural study – comparing Germany, China, and the Kingdom of Tonga – we examined the extent to which the cognitive understanding of conditional promises and threats on the various levels is shared across cultures. The results support conceptual universality, but also show that the different components are specifically affected by cultural conventions and values that shape communication styles, moral rules, and attribution tendencies.
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SARWINAH, SARWINAH. "RELEVANSI NILAI SASTRA PADA LIRIK LAGU RIDWAN SAU DENGAN KONDISI SOSIAL BUDAYA MASYARAKAT KOTA MAKASSAR (SUATU PENDEKATAN STRUKTURAL GENETIK)." KONFIKS : JURNAL BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/jk.v1i1.164.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jawaban atas fokus permasalahan yang telah dirumuskan yakni mendeskripsikan nilai sastra hideonik, nilai artistik, nilai kultural, nilai etis,moral, dan agama, serta nilai praktis yang terdapat pada lirik lagu Ridwan Sau, kondisi sosial budaya kota Makassar, ditinjau dari makna lagu Ridwan Saud dan relevansi nilai sastra pada lirik lagu Ridwan Sau dengan kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini sebagai penelitian kualitatif, dengan pendekatan struktural genetik yang mempergunakan strategi berpikir fenomenologis yang lentur dan terbuka dari pencipta lagu daerah Makassar. Adapun lirik-lirik lagu yang digunakan sebagai objek penelitian ini adalah Julei Rikau, Tea Tonja, Burakne Tonja, Panngukrangi, Sarengku, Kakde Kapang Na Suruga, Harangmi, Larokong Tojengma Kapang, Naloko Nakku, I Kattemi Antu, Tea Lapanra Pinruang, dan Kere Tekneku. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik kaji dokumen. Analisis data dilakukan sejak awal peneliti mengumpulkan data, lalu mereduksi data kemudian menyajikan data, dan melakukan penelitian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Selanjutnya diadakan teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data. Hasil penelitian ini mendeskripsikan relevansi nilai sastra pada lirik lagu Ridwan Sau dengan kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat Kota Makassar. Yaitu antara nilai hideonik, nilai artistik, nilai cultural, nilai etis, dan nilai praktis dengan kondisi sosial budaya kota Makassar yang antara lain masih menganut ketat budaya Tau, budaya Sirik, budaya Pacce, budaya Panngalik, budaya Panngadakkang, dan budaya Agama (Batara). Budaya-budaya tersebut masih dianut sampai sekarang dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan dalam keseharian masyarakat Kota Makassar yang semuanya tercantum dan tergambar dalam lagu-lagu ciptaan Ridwan Sau. Kata Kunci: nilai sastra, lirik lagu Ridwan Sau, sosial budaya Makassar AbstractThis research aims to find answers to focus the issues that have been formulated to describe the value hideonik literary, artistic value, cultural values, ethical values, morals, and religion, as well as practical value contained in the lyrics of the song Ridwan Sau, socio-cultural city of Makassar, reviewed of the meaning of the song Ridwan Saud and the value relevance literature Ridwan Sau lyrics with social and cultural conditions of Makassar. This research was qualitative research with the genetic structural approach that used the phenomenology strategy openly from the outhor of Makassar song. The lyrics was used by the researcher was Julei Rikau, Tea Tonja, Burakne Tonja, Panngukrangi, Sarengku, Kakde Kapang Nasuruga, Harangmi, Larokong Tojengma Kapang, Naloko Nakku, I Kattemi Antu, Tea Lapanra Pinruang, and Kere Tekneku. The technique in collected, then taking reduction and presenting the data, and concluding. The next technique was validation. The research findings described The Relevance of Literature Value Toward the Lyrics of Ridwan Sau song with the condition of Social Culture of Makassar. It was the hedonic value, art value, cultural value, ethic value, and practical value with the social culture condition of Makassar community that submitted the Tau culture, Sirik culture, Pacce culture, Panngalik culture, Panngadakkang culture, and Religious (Batara) culture. Those culture still submit until now and became a habit in daily life of Makassar Community that quoted in Ridwan Sau song. Key words: literature value, Lyrics of Ridwan Sau Song, Makassar Social Culture
6
Fusco, Carla. "Female Factory Workers in Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna’s Quest." Gender Studies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/genst-2017-0002.
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Abstract Female workers represent a fundamental component of the workforce to the extent that it is true that the Industrial Revolution owes them a huge debt. However, despite the unfair exploitation of many women in factories in which conditions resembled manslaughter, they have been often neglected and reduced to liminal characters by Victorian novelists. An interesting exception in the early Victorian period is represented by the writer Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna, whose fiction works as a medium of social criticism. Her semi-fictional The Wrongs of Woman is a reform novel which sheds a controversial light on female working conditions. On the one hand she indeed deplores the inhuman treatment of female labourers, but on the other hand she also argues that female employment provokes a consequent increase in male unemployment! My paper aims to investigate the role of Tonna’s text and her attempt to alleviate working-class suffering.
7
Ikhsani, Hanifah, Ervayenri, and Azwin. "Family Medicinal Plant Cultivation (TOGA) in the New Normal of the Covid-19 Pandemic." Dinamisia : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 1553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/dinamisia.v5i6.7821.
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The existence of Covid-19 quickly resulted in many losses, so the government implemented a new normal. This policy encourages all parties to take various ways to restore the economic, social, and cultural conditions, one of which is by cultivating Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) which also functions to increase the body immunity and utilizing yard land that has not been managed optimally. The activities are socialization about TOGA, cultivation techniques, cultivation practices, mentoring, and evaluation. This activity was carried out during the new normal at RT.03 RW. 05, Limbungan Rumbai was attended by 15 partners. Partners are enthusiastic about cultivating TOGA and have increased knowledge after the implementation of the extension. The practice of planting the 45 TOGA seeds given, 100% succeeded in growing well. The success of growing seedlings include quality seeds, correct planting techniques and giving fertilizer at the right dose.
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Putri Arini, Ida Ayu Made. "PENGGUNAAN MEDIA CETAK DAN MEDIA GAMBAR DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU DAN BUDI PEKERTI DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DI SD NEGERI 2 TONJA DENPASAR." Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/jpah.v1i2.225.
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<p><em>Teaching aid in the learning activity has been known as something useful for the teacher to teach. There are many kinds of teaching aid that could be used in many conditions, times, financial issues, and the topics that are taught in the learning activity. Each teaching aid has its own characteristics and abilities to transfer information. The various kind of teaching aids make the teacher could choose it depends on the topic so it could give stimulus to the students in the learning activity. One of the teaching aids that could be used is printed picture.</em></p><em>The research showed that as follows: (1) Before the use of printed pictures in teaching Hindu Religion and moral science, the result of students evalution was very low. It could be seen from the score average that was 62.29 with 8 students passed the passing grade or 33.33%. (2) After the use of printed pictures in teaching Hindu Religion and moral science, the result of students evaluation in the first cycle could be seen from the average of spiritual and social skill that was 65.20 with 11 students passed the passing grade 45.80%, the average of knowledge skill that was 71.45 with 13 students passed the passing grade or 54.16% and the average of creativity skill that was 65.79 with 11 students passed the passing grade or 45.83%. In addition, the result has improved in the second cycle. It could be seen from the average of spiritual and social skill that was 78.25 with 21 students passed the passing grade or 88%, knowledge skill that was 79.58 with 19 students passed the passing grade or 79.16%, creativity skill that was 78.75 with 20 students passed the passing grade or 83.33%.</em>
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Islam, Md Safikul, Kazi Safiqul Halim, Kazi Fardana Mostary, Atiya Tasnim Muna, Bushra E. Zannat Khan, Aklima Sadek Nupur, and Md Istiaque Hossain Saon. "Physical and Mental Health Status of Adolescents of Government Juvenile Development Centers in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Journal 47, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v47i2.43526.
Full textAbstract:
Gradual rising of crime among adolescents is now a social and public health concern worldwide. A total of 1.9 million children getting incarcerated worldwide yearly where in Bangladesh, 1.3 million of children engaged in hazardous job most of them involved in crime. Again, physical and mental well-being is the legal and constitutional rights of the every adolescent including detained adolescent of Juvenile Development Centers. This is a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the physical and mental health status as well as socio-demographic status of adolescents of two Government Juvenile Development Center, Tongi and Konabari, Gazipur from January to December 2017. 191 adolescents were selected purposively (male: female=1.41:1). Data were collected by face to face interview and record review and height and weight of the respondents were measured. The mental health status was measured by WHO-5 Well-being Scale. The age range was from 13 to 17 years. Age of the respondents were significantly correlated with score of the WHO-5 well-being scale (p=0.028). The study observed higher score among respondents who had detained here for more than 2 months which was highly significant (p<0.001). Most of the respondents (75.9%) belong to poor family. The mean score of the WHO-5 well-being scale of the respondent was 52.20±10.0, where 35.1% had good and 64.9% had poor psychological well-being status and higher among male respondents (52.92±10.40) than the female respondents (51.29±9.45). The respondents who were employee prior to this institution had significantly high score (p=0.024). A significant relationship was observed between type of crime and the score of WHO-5 well-being scale (p=0.003). The mean body mass index was 20.26±1.27 kg/m2. Almost every respondent (92.7%) belongs to normal nutritional category. Well-being score of the respondents was significantly increased with the body mass index (p=0.005). This study revealed score of WHO-5 well-being scale was significantly associated with duration of stay of the respondents (p<0.001, R=0.540). Thus this study provides prevalence of mental health status and nutritional status as well as socio-demographic condition of adolescents of Government Juvenile Development Centre in Bangladesh which may provide the Government, sociologists and psychologists valid and reliable data for making plans and policies for improving or updating the living conditions of detainee of Juvenile development Centre.
Bangladesh Med J. 2018 May; 47 (2): 7-11
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Mogensen, Hanne Overgaard. "SOCIAL RESPONS PÅ URBANISERINGENS EPIDEMIER: Aids-oplysning i det sydlige Zambia." Tidsskriftet Antropologi, no. 34 (December 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ta.v0i34.115303.
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Hanne Overgaard Mogensen: A Social
Response to the Epidemics of Urbanization.
AIDS Information in Southern
Zambia
In Southern Zambia, Tonga people associate
AIDS with a locally defined disease called
kahungo which is said to be caused by
contact with symbolically polluted biood.
Before the arrival of AIDS, kahungo was
associated with TB and sexually transmitted
diseases. In Africa, epidemics of TB and
STDs were often related to colonization and
urbanization. Similar to AIDS, they spread
more rapidly than what was known in
Europe, and the colonial administration tried
to explain this with “problems of behaviour”,
thereby ignoring the miserable
conditions under which people lived. The
Tongas’ association of these diseases with
kahungo should be seen as a social response
to new epidemics. While the Europeans
talked about individual problems of adaptation
to modem life, kahungo concems the
collective responsibility to maintain order.
Kahungo, a disease of disorderly biood, has
become the symbol of the disorder of
urbanization and modemization.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tonga Social conditions"
1
Mlotshwa, Khanyile Joseph. "An interrogation of the representation of the San and Tonga ethnic ‘minorities’ in the Zimbabwean state-owned Chronicle, and the privately owned Newsday Southern Edition/Southern Eye newspapers during 2013." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018546.
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This study critically interrogates representations of the San and Tonga in the Chronicle and the NewsDay Southern Edition/Southern Eye newspapers in 2013. It makes sense of how these representations and the journalistic practices that underwrite them position the ethnic groups as ‘minorities’ - in relation to other ethnic groups - within the discourses of Zimbabwean nationalism. Underpinned by a constructionist approach (Hall, 1997), the study makes sense of the San and Tonga identities otherwise silenced by the “bi-modal” (Ndlovu- Gatsheni, 2012: 536; Masunungure, 2006) Shona/Ndebele approach to Zimbabwean nationalism. In socio-historic terms, the study is located within the re-emergence of ‘ethnicity’ to contest Zimbabwean nationalism(s) during debates for the New Constitution leading to a Referendum in March 2013. The thesis draws on social theories that offer explanatory power in studying media representations, which include postcolonial (Bhabha, 1990, 1994; Spivak, 1995), hegemony (Gramsci, 1971), and discourse (Foucault, 1970, 1972; Laclau and Mouffe, 1985) theories. These theories speak to the ways in which discourses about identity, belonging, citizenship and democracy are constructed in situations in which unequal social power is contested. The thesis links journalism practice with the politics of representation drawing on normative theories of journalism (Christians et al, 2009), the professional ideology of journalism (Tuchman, 1972; Golding and Elliot, 1996; Hall et al., 1996), and the concept of journalists as an ‘interpretive community’ (Zelizer, 1993). These theories allow us to unmask the role of journalism’s social power in representation, and map ways in which the agency of the journalists has to be considered in relation to the structural features of the media industry in particular, and society in general. The study is qualitative and proceeds by way of combining a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 1992; Richardson, 2007) and ideological analysis (Thompson, 1990) of eight news texts taken from the two newspapers and in-depth interviews with 13 journalists from the two newspapers. This way we account for the media representations journalists produced: sometimes reproducing stereotypes, at other times, resisting them. Journalists not only regard themselves as belonging to the dominant ethnic groups of Shona or Ndebele, but as part of the middle class; they take Zimbabwean nationalism for granted, reproducing it as common-sense through sourcing patterns dominated by elites. This silences the San and Tonga constructing them as a ‘minority’ through a double play of invisibility and hyper visibility, where they either don’t appear in the news texts or are overly stereotyped.
2
Yeung, Chon Fai. "The social impact of long overdue urban redevelopment : a case study of Yue Man Square." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1199.
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Faka'osi, Sione Lanivia. "Land tenure system : changes and constraints in Tongan society." Master's thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/122887.
Full textAbstract:
As far as most social analysts and observers of contemporary
Tongan society are concerned, Tonga has undergone major social and
economic changes in the last three decades. Through these radical changes
arose many unforeseen problems facing the country today. Some of these
problems are centred on Tonga's unique land tenure system. The
underlying principles of the present land tenure system, as outlined in
the land law, have existed relatively unchanged for more than a century.
This has created a separation between what is said in the land law and
! what is happening in reality in the sense that the land legislation is
unable to accommodate on-going change.
This thesis examines development and change in the system of
land tenure in relation to transformation in Tongan society. It adopts a
'social-historical' approach where it attempts to discuss the change and
continuity between the pre-existing form of society and the present. This
approach enables a broader understanding of how the land tenure system
originated and evolved through the years.
Part I covers the period from the initial settlement of Tonga, c. 1200
B.C. to contact with the Europeans, c. 1770. This lengthy period of time
shows that major changes in society - whether social, economic, or
political - have often led to major changes in the system of holding land.
The shift from coastal settlement to permanent settlement in the inland
area of Tongatapu perhaps laid the foundation for the emergence of the
first land tenure system, that is, the association of land with titles and
specific duties. The rise of 'Aho'eitu in 950 AD marked the beginning of a
centralised political system in Tonga. This political event further prepared
the framework for the emergence of the 'feudal land tenure system' where the relationship between the hou ' e i k i (chiefs) and the t u ’a
(commoners) was based on fatongia (obligation) centred on land. This
feudal relation on land continued until the contact with Europeans in the
18th century which led to major revolutionary changes in the social and
political structure of Tonga society.
Part II (1770 - present) continues to support the main argument in
the thesis that changes in the wider society are reflected in the land tenure
system. Contact with Europeans, especially the Christian missionaries,
was followed by the transition from traditional, feudal social formation to
a modern, capitalist Tongan society. T2ufa'ahau's political revolution in
the last century (between 1845 and 1893), under the advise of Reverend
Shirley Baker led, to the creation of an unique land tenure system which
gave every male Tongan, sixteen years of age and over, the right to own a
tax allotment and a town allotment. This continued to work quite well
during the reign of Täufa’ahau Tupou II (1893-1918) and Queen Salote
Tupou III (1918-1965). The rise of the present King Täufa'ähau Tupou IV
to the throne in 1965 saw the opening up of Tonga to the outside world.
This has increased the pace of social and economic change in Tonga while
the fundamental legal principles of the land tenure system have
remained relatively unchanged. The ideology of equality illustrated in the
unique land tenure system over the years is beginning to show the effects
of the international capitalist system which has increased the gap between
the privileged and the underprivileged in Tonga. In summary, the thesis
examines the changes in the rights of people to own, allocate and use land
as a consequence of the transformation in Tongan society over the years,
and it further explores how the new system of land tenure affects the
course of social, economic and political change in society.
4
Morgan, Robert Christopher. "Competing circuits in the Vava'u social economy." Phd thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/116830.
Full textAbstract:
The social economy of the Vava'u Islands in northern Tonga combines an older gift circuit of
production and distribution with a strengthening commodity circuit. Asymmetrical transfer of gifts
is an integral part of the Tongan system of stratification by Estate where lords, churches and
people possess different jural rights. The commodity economy requires greater use of the net
product to create and sustain production. This thesis examines the relationship between gift and
commodity, systems of stratification, and production and distribution in the specific local and
historical conditions of Pangai village and the Vava'u Group. The conservative economy of 1938 is
described in the Beaglehole ethnography of Pangai and is the baseline for analysis of changes up to
1983 when the author concluded his field work.
Lords possess estates of land by rights of conquest and inheritance. Gifts by tenants to solicit
land recognise the realities of fieflord possession and are premised on reciprocity for provision
of smallholdings. As lords attempt to use fief rights to gain convertible assets, money has
replaced valuables as solicitary gifts. Generalized rights to use the land of friends and kin
overcame inequalities in landholding among tenants during the pre-war period. As land takes on
new values, use-right narrows to agnates and affines. This demise of use-right can create a truly
landless category in Vava'u villages. Yet full capitalist-proletariat class structure has not
developed in the villages. Diversity of labour and income is the norm and people move into alternative niches created by
commodity circulation.
The village economy is experiencing stress as people try to
participate in the commoditization process. However,
presentations of valuables continue to support ritual exchanges
at visits and life-cycle ceremonies centred around the seat of
the monarch. These transactions reinforce status and identity
and reveal a logic of reciprocity between strata and of
reproduction through gift exchange.
5
Ewins, Alistair Roderick (Rory). "Tradition, politics, and change in contemporary Fiji and Tonga." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109584.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of 'the politics of tradition' has attracted increasing attention in Pacific
islands studies over recent years, particularly from historians and anthropologists. The
contemporary politics of Fiji and Tonga are considered to be particularly significant in
this regard: Fiji has experienced the reinforcement of chiefly politics since its 1987 coup;
and in Tonga, calls for democracy have presented a challenge to traditional authority for
over a decade. This study draws on interviews conducted in 1993 with sixty people
involved in government and politics in Fiji and Tonga (among them Ratu Sir Kamisese
Mara, Bishop Patelesio Finau, and 'Akilisi Pohiva) to compare the issues tradition raises
for politics in both countries, and thereby to demonstrate the importance of considering
matters of tradition within political science.
The study examines the concept of tradition, its interaction with the contemporary
politics of Fijians and Tongans, and the forces for change affecting tradition and politics.
It is argued that debates about 'the invention of tradition' and questions of authenticity in
tradition, while useful, have diverted attention from the need for theories about how
tradition works. The theories of the mind of neurobiologist Gerald Edelman are then
used to advance one such theory: that tradition should be seen as a system of group
knowledge subject to evolutionary change - change driven by a selectionary process
involving individuals' thought-processes. Further discussion explains how this process
gives rise to political conflict and hence is of importance to political science.
The role of tradition in contemporary government and other political processes in
Fiji and Tonga is then examined. Two major social forces, it is argued, are currently
influencing and changing Fijians' and Tongans' traditions and politics: education and
money. A third force, the media, is becoming increasingly influential. These forces and
others are examined, along with the sites for change in which they are at work. Land,
indigenous rights, language, ceremony, provincialism, urban/rural divisions, race
relations, religion and the family are all discussed within this framework.
Finally, the study notes the useful parallels of this discussion of tradition and
politics with discussions of postmodernism, particularly those of Walter Truett Anderson
and pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty, and how some Fijians and Tongans could be
said to have embraced a postmodern worldview. It outlines other matters of interest to
political scientists which might be better understood in the context of tradition, and notes
how Edmund Burke viewed the politics of his day in this light two centuries ago.
Books on the topic "Tonga Social conditions"
1
Ofa, Luseane. Tonga: Gender impact study on trade 2003. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.
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2
Asian Development Bank. South Pacific Subregional Office. Tonga participatory assessment of hardship: Presented to the Second National Workshop on Hardship and Poverty in Tonga, 30 October 2003. [Suva, Fiji: South Pacific Subregional Office, Asian Development Bank], 2003.
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3
Ofa, Luseane. Tonga: Gender impact study on economic reform, 2003. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.
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4
Tongilava, Sione L. Traditional practices and their implications for sustainable development in Tonga. Apia, Western Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 1994.
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5
Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, ed. Kingdom of Tonga: Status of women 2003. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.
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6
Final report as presented to government: Tonga : hardship and poverty status discussion paper. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2003.
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Schoormann, Matthias. Sozialer und religiöser Wandel in Africa: Die Tonga in Zimbabwe. Münster: Lit, 2005.
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2nd national millennium development goals report: Tonga : status and progress between 1990-2010. Tonga: Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2010.
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Bataille-Benguigui, Marie-Claire. Le côté de la mer: Quotidien et imaginaire aux Îles Tonga, Polynésie occidentale. Bordeaux-Talence: Centre de recherche des espaces tropicaux de l'Université Michel de Montaigne (Bordeaux III), 1994.
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Islanders of the south: Production, kinship, and ideology in the Polynesian kingdom of Tonga. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1993.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Tonga Social conditions"
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Pui-Yuk King, Alex, and Kin Wai Michael Siu. "Ethnographic Study of Living Alone Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Hong Kong: A Pilot Study." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002048.
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1. IntroductionA report by the United Nations has revealed the number of older adults in the world is projected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030, and this number is expected to increase to 2.1 billion by 2050. This development will place enormous pressure on current healthcare and social protection systems. If life expectancy continues to rise while fertility constantly declines over many years. the ageing of the population will continue to throughout the world. The gigantic numbers of elderly people will place significant pressure on current systems of social protection and global health care. By 2024, it is expected to have nearly 400,000 people over the age of 80 in Hong Kong —a 24.8% increase over the figure recorded in 2014. 2. Problem StatementLike in other Asian cities, the population of Hong Kong exhibits a continuous ageing trend.The change in the population structure will need an improved housing policy and health care system and infrastructure in order to tackle these resulting social problems. The more older adults are living in the city, the greater the numbers of people who are living with dementia. 3. Older Adults Living with Mild Cognitive ImpairmentDementia is characterised by the loss of mental abilities,and by further degeneration over time.This condition is not inevitable, as the hallmark symptoms of cognitive deterioration are not considered to be a normal part of ageing. It is a typical biomedical disease that might appear when the brain is affected by some specific diseases, such as a series of small strokes damage the brain and cause confusion, speech problems and progressive loss of memory and cognition. This gradual decline in cognitive functions causes people to need extra support for daily living. A person who is having slightly problems with planning, reasoning and also remembering may be classified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). 4. Universal DesignUD (universal design) is classified as the practice of making things in ways that involve almost no extra cost, but offer attractive yet functional styles that are fulfilling all people, regardless of each individual’s ability or disability. UD addresses the complete span of functionality through making each element and space accessible to its deepest extent by careful planning at all different stages of a project. 5. Participant Observation An interpretive approach is adopted as a research paradigm for understanding the meanings that human beings attach to their experiences. For this study, a centre manager of the well-established Yan Oi Tong Elderly Community Centre recruited three older adults to participate for nine months. These people were living with MCI in a rural district. Prior to this study, these three elders engaged in a participative design workshop that was organised by the same researcher. The workshop had two sessions, and explored the participants’ latent needs concerning home decoration and product design for public housing.Observational visits were conducted with each participant every two weeks for a nine-month period. The participants are referred to as CH, CP and SK, and they were aged between 79 and 85 years old.6. DiscussionTheme 1: Fear of being alone.The participants described their experiences of facing loneliness. Although they felt that their memories were getting worse, they could still express how loneliness was one of the most difficult challenges that they had to face day-by-day. SK said that ‘I want to do my preferred activities,and don’t want to stay at home all the time!’ Theme 2: Recognition of incompetence.The older persons suffering from MCI believed that they were, to varying degrees, incompetent in dealing with day-to-day activities. As CP explained, ‘I have become useless and cannot remember things recently…’ Theme 3: Lack of neighbourhood spirit. For older people living alone in public housing, neighbours become the most reliable people after their families. Older participants reported that they commonly displaced their house keys due to their gradual memory loss. They had to make duplicate front door keys, and gave them to neighbours who they trusted.To deal with such problems, a product design or system could be pre-installed in housing facilities that would enable better communication or connection between neighbours, and allow older residents to become closer to others.7. ConclusionThis ethnographic study has investigated the latent, unfulfilled needs of older persons living with MCI. Building rapport with these older participants was an important step at the beginning of the study.This finding of “Fear of being alone”, “Lack of neighbourhood spirit”also revealed that regular visits by community centre staff and local social workers should be organised to provide older community members and stakeholders with more attention regarding their day-to-day activities and their relations to society as a whole in order to eliminate “Recognition of incompetence”.
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Zdrilić, Ivica, Ivan Župan, and Fiona Dadić. "Utjecaj oznaka izvornosti na povećanje kvalitete i prepoznatljivosti lokalnih proizvoda." In Kvaliteta-jučer, danas, sutra (Quality-yesterday, today, tomorrow), edited by Miroslav Drljača. Croatian Quality Managers Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52730/jsbs5369.
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Sažetak: Kvaliteta proizvoda jedan je od glavnih kriterija stjecanja kompetitivnih prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju. Pri tome oznake kvalitete mogu biti način komuniciranja između proizvoda i kupca. Više istraživanja provedenih među potencijalnim kupcima je pokazalo kako su ispitanici spremni platiti više za proizvod koji im nudi veću kvalitetu. Uvođenjem oznaka zemljopisnog podrijetla potiče se ruralno gospodarstvo te tako pridonosi povećanju prihoda poljoprivrednika te zadržavanju stanovništva u udaljenim područjima i područjima s otežanim uvjetima gospodarenja. Na taj se način povećava i tržišna vrijednost proizvoda gospodarskih subjekata jer se jamči njihova posebnost u odnosu na druge slične proizvode ili prehrambene proizvode. Osim toga, zahvaljujući uvođenju oznake zemljopisnog podrijetla kupci mogu donositi odluku o kupnji na temelju jasnih informacija o posebnim svojstvima proizvoda koje kupuju. Na razini Europske unije razlikuju se tri oznake: „zaštićena oznaka izvornosti“, „zaštićena oznake zemljopisnog podrijetla“ i „zajamčeno tradicionalni specijaliteti“.Oznaka izvornosti ili kvalitete je alat marketinškog pristupa jer su kupci spremni platiti nešto više za proizvod koji im jamči kvalitetu, ali i alat za ruralni razvoj zbog činjenice da se oznaka zemljopisnog podrijetla ne može premjestiti na drugo područje pa daje dodatnu vrijednost ruralnom području zbog kojeg je proizvod zaštićen. U empirijskom dijelu ovog rada autori su proveli istraživanje tržišne prepoznatljivosti „Novigradske dagnje“ na uzorku od 574 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja, korišteni su za slijedeći korak definiranja strateškog pozicioniranja proizvoda „Novigradske dagnje“ u cilju postizanja ekonomskih i ostalih pozitivnih učinaka. Stoga se povezanost marikulture, poljoprivredne proizvodnje i turizma nameće kao slijedeći korak kroz održivi turizam. Održivi turizam je u prvom redu usmjeren na povećanje zadovoljstva turista te društveno-ekonomske koristi, očuvanje prirodne i kulturne baštine i snižavanje negativnih utjecaja turizma na lokalnu zajednicu u cjelini. Abstract: Product quality is one of the main criteria for gaining competitive advantage over the competition. In doing so, quality labels can be a way of communication between the product and the customer. Several researches conducted among potential customers has demonstrated that respondents are willing to pay more for a product that offers them higher quality. The introduction of geographical origin indications encourages the rural economy and thus contributes to increase of the farmers’ income of and retention of the population in remote areas and areas with difficult conditions of economy. In this way, the market value of the products of economic operators is increased because their uniqueness in relation to other similar products or food products is guaranteed. In addition, thanks to the introduction of the geographical origin indication, customers can make a purchase decision based on clear information about the specific characteristics of the products they buy. Three designations are discerned at the level of European Union: “Protected Designation of Origin” (PDO), “Protected Geographical Indication” (PGI) and “Traditional Specialties Guaranteed” (TSG). Label of origin or quality is a tool of marketing approach because customers are willing to pay more for a product that guarantees quality to them, but also a tool for rural development due to the fact that the geographical origin indication cannot be transferred to another area and provides added value to rural areas which makes the product protected. The authors have conducted in the empirical part of this paper a study of market recognition of “Novigrad mussels” on a sample of 574 respondents. The results of the research were used for the next step of defining the strategic positioning of the product “Novigrad mussels” in order to achieve economic and other positive effects. Therefore, the connection between mariculture, agricultural production and tourism is imposed as the next step through sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is primarily aimed at increasing tourist satisfaction and socio-economic benefits, preserving natural and cultural heritage and reducing the negative impacts of tourism on the local community as a whole.