Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tomography in-situ'
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Jailin, Clément. "Projection-based in-situ 4D mechanical testing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLN034/document.
Full textThe quantitative analysis of 3D volumes obtained from tomography allows models to be identified and validated. It consists of a sequence of three successive inverse problems: (i) volume reconstruction (ii) kinematic measurement from Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) and (iii) identification. The required very long acquisition times prevent fast phenomena from being captured.A measurement method, called Projection-based DVC (P-DVC), shortens the previous sequence and identifies the kinematics directly from the projections. The number of radiographs needed for tracking the time evolution of the test is thereby reduced from 500 to 1000 down to 2.This thesis extends this projection-based approach to further reduce the required data, letting faster phenomena be captured and pushing the limits of time resolution. Two main axes were developed:- On the one hand, the use of different spatial and temporal regularizations of the 4D fields (space/time) generalizes the P-DVC approach (with a known reference volume) to the exploitation of a single radiograph per loading step. Thus, the test can be carried out with no interruptions, in a few minutes instead of several days.- On the other hand, the measured motion can be used to correct the reconstructed volume itself. This observation leads to the proposition of a novel procedure for the joint determination of the volume and its kinematics (without prior knowledge) opening up new perspectives for material and medical imaging where sometimes motion cannot be interrupted.end{itemize}The development of these two axes opens up new ways of performing tests, faster and driven to the identification of key quantities of interest. These methods are compatible with the recent ``hardware" developments of fast tomography, both at synchrotron beamlines or laboratory and save several orders of magnitude in acquisition time and radiation dose
Arnold, Klaus, Astrid Ziemann, and Armin Raabe. "Acoustic tomography in comparision to in-situ temperature and wind measurements." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-216523.
Full textDie Akustische Laufzeittomographie wird als ein experimentelles Verfahren zur Sondierung meteorologischer Parameter, wie z.B. der Lufttemperatur und der horizontalen Windgeschwindigkeit, vorgestellt. Dieses bodengebundene Fernerkundungsverfahren nutzt die horizontale Ausbreitung von Schallwellen in der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. Hier wird das Verfahren der Laufzeittomographie angewendet, d.h. bei bekannter Weglänge wird die Ausbreitungszeit von ausgesendeten Schallsignalen zwischen mehreren Schallquellen und Empfängern gemessen. Die resultierenden Schallgeschwindigkeitsinformationen werden genutzt, um daraus die entsprechenden meteorologischen Parameter abzuleiten. Auf dem Gelände des Meteorologischen Observatoriums Lindenberg (DWD) wurde eine Messkampagne durchgeführt, um die akustischen Sondierungen mit konventionellen Systemen zu vergleichen. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass einerseits die Genauigkeit der Akustischen Tomographie vergleichbar mit den konventionellen in-situ Messungen ist und andererseits, dass die Lufttemperatur aufgrund des Strahlungseinflusses bei Messungen mit den üblichen Sensoren zum Teil erheblich überschätzt wird
Arnold, Klaus, Astrid Ziemann, and Armin Raabe. "Acoustic tomography in comparision to in-situ temperature and wind measurements." Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Leipziger Instituts für Meteorologie ; 22 = Meteorologische Arbeiten aus Leipzig ; 6 (2001), S. 60-68, 2001. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15201.
Full textDie Akustische Laufzeittomographie wird als ein experimentelles Verfahren zur Sondierung meteorologischer Parameter, wie z.B. der Lufttemperatur und der horizontalen Windgeschwindigkeit, vorgestellt. Dieses bodengebundene Fernerkundungsverfahren nutzt die horizontale Ausbreitung von Schallwellen in der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. Hier wird das Verfahren der Laufzeittomographie angewendet, d.h. bei bekannter Weglänge wird die Ausbreitungszeit von ausgesendeten Schallsignalen zwischen mehreren Schallquellen und Empfängern gemessen. Die resultierenden Schallgeschwindigkeitsinformationen werden genutzt, um daraus die entsprechenden meteorologischen Parameter abzuleiten. Auf dem Gelände des Meteorologischen Observatoriums Lindenberg (DWD) wurde eine Messkampagne durchgeführt, um die akustischen Sondierungen mit konventionellen Systemen zu vergleichen. Die Auswertungen zeigen, dass einerseits die Genauigkeit der Akustischen Tomographie vergleichbar mit den konventionellen in-situ Messungen ist und andererseits, dass die Lufttemperatur aufgrund des Strahlungseinflusses bei Messungen mit den üblichen Sensoren zum Teil erheblich überschätzt wird.
Kareh, Kristina Maria. "In situ synchrotron tomography of granular deformation in semi-solid Al-Cu alloys." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29367.
Full textAndo, Edward. "Experimental investigation of microstructural changes in deforming granular media using x-ray tomography." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI097/document.
Full textThis doctoral thesis presents an experimental investigation into the mechanics of granular media.The novelty that this work brings is that the specimens of sand tested in this work are systematicallyand non-destructively imaged using x-ray tomography. Sample size is considerably reducedfrom standard (specimens measure approximately 22 mm height by 11 mm diameter), allowingentire specimens to be scanned at a sufficiently high resolution to identify all the grains (morethan fifty thousand) in each specimen.A campaign of triaxial compression tests has been run on a series of three different naturalsands with different grain shapes (Hostun sand, Ottawa sand and Caicos ooids – all prepared atrelatively dense initial states), and tested at 100 or 300 kPa cell pressure. In each test around 15x-ray scans are performed. In the 3D images resulting from the reconstruction of the x-ray scansperformed, grains are identified each state using a standard watershed algorithm. Starting fromthese discretised data, techniques are developed in order characterise grain-to-grain contacts,as well as to measure the kinematics of all the identified grains between imaged states. Grainkinematics are measured with two specifically-developed tools: “ID-Track” to track grains yieldingtheir displacements, and a discrete image correlation technique to measure grain rotations.Grain-scale measurements are reported in detail for one test, and are then compared to testsin different conditions, in order to highlight the micro-mechanisms responsible for the observedmacroscopic behaviour. This comparison highlights some important micro-scale mechanisms suchas the increasing rotational frustration of more angular grains when the sample’s deformation isconcentrated in a fully developed shear band; this is used to explain to some extent the highervalue of their residual stress for these materials. Signs of localised deformation are seen to occurwell before the peak in many samples, and complex patterns of rotating grains (which match alocal, grain-based measurement of strain) are noticed around the peak of each sample’s response
Philippe, Julien. "Développement d'une presse portative pour les études in et ex situ sous conditions extrêmes de pression, température et déformation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066008.
Full textHigh pressures are essential in several scientific field. This will be the case in this thesis with the development of a new device enabling new possibilities tomography and deformation under high pressure and high temperature. It brings the possibility of further scientific studies in the various disciplines that are Earth science, mechanical chemistry, physics of materials and liquids physics
Renner, Axel, Uwe Marschner, and Wolf-Joachim Fischer. "A new imaging approach for in situ and ex situ inspections of conductive fiber–reinforced composites by magnetic induction tomography." Sage, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35619.
Full textTireira, Aly. "Endommagement dans les alliages AlSi12 pour moteurs automobiles : Observations in situ et modélisation micromécanique." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0780/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the mechanisms of deformation and damage in cast aluminum alloysfor automotive industry. Studies were carried on a model alloy containing 12% silicon and added element like iron and nickel. The material was prepared by squeeze-casting process at the Vienna University of Technology in Austria with which this thesis was held in collaboration. In situ tensile test with X-rays tomographic observations as well as with Scanning Electron Microscope observations were performed. They allowed following microstructure evolution under mechanical loading. Particular attention was paid to the mechanisms of initiation and propagation of damage. Furthermore the technic of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) developed to be applied to SEM images was used to visualize 2D strain localization mechanisms at second phases particles scale. DIC were also applied on tomographic images and allowed to measure accurately in 3D damage evolution under loading. Experimental data obtained from DIC were used to identify parameters of a Gurson Tvergaard Needleman model and allow to simulate by Finite Element Modeling the damage evolution. At last stages micro mechanical studies were performed by FEM using microstructure obtained from tomographic images. Algorithms were developed to measure and identify statistics parameters of the microstructure. In consideration of the mechanism of deformations and second phase particles morphology, generatedmicrostructures are proposed to simulate the behavior of the material. This approach aims to simplify the FEM models by reducing the number of degree of Freedom and, then reduce computation time. It also enables to insert complex mechanisms in the model to be as close as possible the actual behavior of the material
Ren, Wenyuan. "In-situ X-ray computed tomography characterisation and mesoscale image based fracture modelling of concrete." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/insitu-xray-computed-tomography-characterisation-and-mesoscale-image-based-fracture-modelling-of-concrete(3307ca0b-b492-4bfc-91f7-61c092b21707).html.
Full textCai, Biao. "In situ synchrotron tomographic quantification of semi-solid properties of aluminum-copper alloys." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/in-situ-synchrotron-tomographic-quantification-of-semisolid-properties-of-aluminumcopper-alloys(60c222d0-7e70-4a1e-9ed4-75b8f559d5de).html.
Full textBouterf, Amine. "Comportement mécanique de la plaque de plâtre étudié par tomographie et essais mécaniques in-situ." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0010/document.
Full textLightweight plasterboard is a product composed of a "plaster foam" core whose porosity can reach 75% lined with two sheets of paper. To optimize the compromise between thermal resistance and mechanical strength, it is important to understand and characterize the mechanical behavior of the plasterboard. In the present work, specific methodologies for digital image correlation and identification of the mechanical behavior in highly nonlinear regimes (damage, collapse of porosity, macroscopic cracking ...) have been developed and implemented. A first set of mechanical properties, crucial for handling and placarding, concerns the bending strength. Three and four points bending tests were performed until failure. Digital image correlation was used to follow the kinematic of the test. The behavior of the plasterboard has been identified through a homogenized continuum description based on plate kinematic where the progressive degradation of bending stiffness is described through a damage law. A specific procedure for identification is presented where experimental imperfections and symmetry breakdown are tolerated and accounted for. The analysis shows that the mechanical behavior of the plasterbaord in bending test is controlled primarily by the mechanical properties of the paper lining and the quality of gypsum / paper interface. The failure mechanism in bending test was also identified through in-situ tests performed inside the tomograph. A second category of mechanical properties relates to a normative test “Nail pull test”. Through tests conducted inside the tomograph and the analysis of the kinematics by digital volume correlation, the different key stages of the failure mechanism have been identified. The compaction of the core by the collapse of porosity in compression has been recognized as the limiting factor. In order to better understand the compaction mechanism in-situ spherical indentation tests were performed on foamed samples prepared from the board core. The results from the in-situ experiment show that a compacted zone develops under the indenter, displaying a very sharp boundary with the undamaged material that behaves elastically. To meet the need for estimating accurately the state of multiaxial strain that characterizes this transition, a new methodology is presented. It is an integrated digital volume correlation based on a library of fields adapted to the spherical indentation test and computed from commercial finite element software. Coupling in-situ mechanical tests, digital volume correlation and numerical simulations on the one hand, and integration a priori known information in the identification process on the other hand allowed us to identify a local failure criterion. The behavior of porous plaster was also characterized via homogeneous triaxial tests, by following different loading paths. The triaxial behavior of foamed plaster has been identified. The results are in agreement with those obtained via the identification procedure conducted on the spherical indentation tests
Jackson, Jarom Silver. "In Situ Magnetic Field Characterization with the Directional Hanle Effect." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5982.
Full textLalechos, Antonios V. "Evaluation of X-ray CT tomography as a means for investigating in-situ electrical contact interfaces." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536365.
Full textMelinte, Georgian. "Advanced 3D and in-situ TEM approaches applied to carbon-based and zeolitic nanomaterials." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE009/document.
Full textIn this thesis, advanced Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques are used to characterize and fabricate new nanomaterials with applications in nanoelectronics and catalysis. Three types of functionalized materials are investigated: nanopatterned few-layer graphene (FLG), carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and mesoporous zeolites. The nanopatterning process of FLG flakes by iron nanoparticles (NPs) is studied using an approach combining electron tomography (ET) and environmental TEM. The role of the nanoparticle faceting and of the FLG topographic parameters has been quantitatively determined leading to the first determination of the operating mechanism of the patterning process. The mass transfer of metallic-based NPs between two carbon nanostructures was studied as well in real-time by using a TEMSTMholder. The protocol of controlling the mass transfer, the chemical and structural transformations of the NPs, the growth mechanism of the new NPs and other related phenomena were carefully investigated.The last part deals with the low-dose ET investigation of the porosity induced in two classes of zeolites,ZSM-5 and zeolite Y, by an innovative fluoride-based chemical treatment
Qsymah, Ansam. "In-situ X-ray computed tomography tests and numerical modelling of ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/insitu-xray-computed-tomography-tests-and-numerical-modelling-of-ultra-high-performance-fibre-reinforced-concrete(7c27ef36-afc8-4ea7-8c72-7d92eba924f9).html.
Full textChen, Yang. "Damage mechanisms in SiC/SiC composite tubes : three-dimensional analysis coupling tomography imaging and numerical simulation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1056/document.
Full textBecause of their outstanding physical and chemical properties at high temperature, in comparison with metals, silicon carbide (SiC) composite materials are studied as possible nuclear fuel cladding materials either for future advanced fission/fusion reactors, or more recently, for the currently existing light water reactors. 2D-braided SiC/SiC composite tubes, manufactured by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), exhibit an anisotropic, hardly deformable (~1%) mechanical behavior. Understanding the relations between the microstructure, the damage mechanisms and the macroscopic behavior is essential to optimize the structural design of this material for the considered applications. One important manufacturing parameter is the braiding angle, i.e. the angle between the fiber tows and the tube axis. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the damage-microstructure relations, in particular of the effects of the braiding angle on the damage mechanisms. For this purpose, an investigation combining experimental observations at macro and micro-scale and numerical simulations is developed. The composite tubes are first studied through in situ tensile testing under X-ray computed tomography. Experiments were carried out on the PSICHE beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL using a pink polychromatic beam. The recorded 3D images are processed using the digital volume correlation (DVC) technique, extended by a series of advanced image processing algorithms specifically developed in order to analyze the 3D microstructures, to measure the deformations through the tube thickness, and to detect and quantitatively characterize the network of micro-cracks created by the mechanical loading. In addition, numerical simulations are performed on the real microstructures as observed in the high-resolution images recorded during the in situ tests. Stress fields are calculated at the microstructural scale in the elastic regime using a numerical tool based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). They help to better understand crack initiation and interpret the experimental observations within one-to-one comparisons. Both the experimental and numerical approaches are applied to three tubes with different braiding angles (30°, 45° and 60°). The effect of the braiding angle on the initiation and evolution of damage in the bulk of the composite materials can thus be highlighted
Messager, Alexandre. "Étude de l'amorçage et de la propagation de fissures de fatigue internes courtes en régime gigacyclique dans un alliage d'aluminium de fonderie." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE032.
Full textCasting allows the mass production of parts with complex geometry at a low cost. However, defectsinherent to the manufacturing process (pores, shrinkages, etc.) are natural stress concentrators and act as amajor cause of fatigue crack initiation. The defect position from the part surface influences its harmfulnessand the fatigue strength of the component. Initiation and propagation mechanisms of internal fatiguecracks are currently less studied than those emanating from surface defects. The purpose of this work is tocharacterize short internal fatigue crack initiation and propagation mechanisms and kinetics in the A357-T6 cast aluminium alloy. An experimental testing device allowing the observation of internal fatigue crackinitiation and propagation by in-situ synchrotron tomography and infrared thermography was developed.The propagation kinetics of internal cracks were quantif ied through tomographic data processing. Stressintensity factor ranges were calculated by f inite element analysis along the crack fronts assuminghomogeneous material. In addition, the microstructure of the specimens was characterized by diffractioncontrast tomography (DCT) which allowed polycrystalline aggregates simulation in order to betterunderstand the interactions between cracks and microstructure. Finally, thanks to f inite elementthermomechanical simulations, the surface temperature increases of the specimens, measured by infraredthermography, were correlated to the 3D evolution of the crack fronts observed by tomography
Matai, Caio Vinicius Bardi [UNESP]. "Estudo in vitro para avaliação e validação de medidas lineares na tomografia computadorizada 3D cone beam comparadas às medidas do crânio in situ." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98013.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
As tomografias computadorizadas (TC) tridimensionais (3D) solucionaram em grande parte as inconveniências da sobreposição de acidentes anatômicos laterais comuns (dependendo da direção de incidência dos raios X) nas radiografias realizadas com o indivíduo em perfil. Também eliminou-se a sobreposição de imagens comuns a métodos radiográficos 2D. O propósito neste trabalho foi comparar a precisão das mensurações 3D na identificação de estruturas craniofaciais e ampliar o conhecimento da classe odontológica sobre o uso da Tomografia computadorizada 3D cone beam’ (TCCB) como ferramenta de auxílio no diagnóstico das estruturas faciais. Foram utilizados cinco crânios secos, pertencentes à Disciplina de Anatomia da Faculdade de Odontologia de São José dos Campos – UNESP. Os crânios foram fixados em relação central dos côndilos com máxima intercuspidação dos dentes. Todos os crânios apresentaram seus pontos cefalométricos demarcados com identificadores metálicos e escaneados no tomógrafo cone beam Newtom, sendo que todas as medidas lineares foram comparadas com as medidas in situ mensuradas com o auxílio do paquímetro digital. Após validação do erro do operador, os dados obtidos foram comparados e submetidos a estatística descritiva e à análise de Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostraram que 40% das medidas tiveram uma diferença menor que 0,16mm, 85% apresentaram acurácia abaixo do valor de 0,58mm e que menos de 3% das medidas tiveram diferença de valores acima de 1mm. O teste de Wilcoxon não encontrou nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os métodos. Concluímos que a TCCB é um método preciso para obtenção de medidas linear de estruturas do crânio quando comparada as mesmas mensurações realizadas in situ(AU)
The three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) overcame many of the hassles of overlapping anatomical accidents common in lateral radiographs taken with the individual in profile. Also eliminated the overlap of images common to 2D radiographic methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of 3D measurements in the identification of craniofacial structures and expanding the knowledge of the class on the use of dental computed tomography 3D cone beam (CBCT) as a tool to aid in the diagnosis of facial structures. The tests were in situ, on a five dry skulls, belonging to the Discipline of Anatomy, São José dos Campos Dental School- UNESP. The skulls were fixed on the central condyle with maximum intercuspation teeth. All of than had their skulls cephalometric points marked with metal identifiers and scanned with Newtom cone beam tomography. Linear measurements were compared with measures in situ measured using the digital caliper. After validation of operator error, the data were compared and subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of Wilcoxon. The results showed that 40% have had a difference of less than 0.16 mm, 85% were below the accuracy of 0.58 mm and less than 3% of the difference in values were over 1 mm. The test of Wilcoxon found no statistically significant difference between the methods. We conclude that CBCT is a precise method for identifying and measuring the linear skull’s structures when compared the same measurements performed with digital caliper in situ(AU)
Zhao, Yunqin. "SPECTRAL CALIBRATION FOR SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY BASED ON B-SCAN DOPPLER SHIFT WITH IN SITU. TISSUE IMAGES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1562594660964602.
Full textMatai, Caio Vinicius Bardi. "Estudo in vitro para avaliação e validação de medidas lineares na tomografia computadorizada 3D cone beam comparadas às medidas do crânio in situ /." São José dos campos :, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98013.
Full textBanca: Jefferson Luis OshiroTanaka
Banca: Horácio Faig Leite
Resumo: As tomografias computadorizadas (TC) tridimensionais (3D) solucionaram em grande parte as inconveniências da sobreposição de acidentes anatômicos laterais comuns (dependendo da direção de incidência dos raios X) nas radiografias realizadas com o indivíduo em perfil. Também eliminou-se a sobreposição de imagens comuns a métodos radiográficos 2D. O propósito neste trabalho foi comparar a precisão das mensurações 3D na identificação de estruturas craniofaciais e ampliar o conhecimento da classe odontológica sobre o uso da Tomografia computadorizada 3D "cone beam' (TCCB) como ferramenta de auxílio no diagnóstico das estruturas faciais. Foram utilizados cinco crânios secos, pertencentes à Disciplina de Anatomia da Faculdade de Odontologia de São José dos Campos - UNESP. Os crânios foram fixados em relação central dos côndilos com máxima intercuspidação dos dentes. Todos os crânios apresentaram seus pontos cefalométricos demarcados com identificadores metálicos e escaneados no tomógrafo cone beam Newtom, sendo que todas as medidas lineares foram comparadas com as medidas in situ mensuradas com o auxílio do paquímetro digital. Após validação do erro do operador, os dados obtidos foram comparados e submetidos a estatística descritiva e à análise de Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostraram que 40% das medidas tiveram uma diferença menor que 0,16mm, 85% apresentaram acurácia abaixo do valor de 0,58mm e que menos de 3% das medidas tiveram diferença de valores acima de 1mm. O teste de Wilcoxon não encontrou nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os métodos. Concluímos que a TCCB é um método preciso para obtenção de medidas linear de estruturas do crânio quando comparada as mesmas mensurações realizadas in situ(AU)
Abstract: The three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) overcame many of the hassles of overlapping anatomical accidents common in lateral radiographs taken with the individual in profile. Also eliminated the overlap of images common to 2D radiographic methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of 3D measurements in the identification of craniofacial structures and expanding the knowledge of the class on the use of dental computed tomography 3D cone beam (CBCT) as a tool to aid in the diagnosis of facial structures. The tests were in situ, on a five dry skulls, belonging to the Discipline of Anatomy, São José dos Campos Dental School- UNESP. The skulls were fixed on the central condyle with maximum intercuspation teeth. All of than had their skulls cephalometric points marked with metal identifiers and scanned with Newtom cone beam tomography. Linear measurements were compared with measures in situ measured using the digital caliper. After validation of operator error, the data were compared and subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of Wilcoxon. The results showed that 40% have had a difference of less than 0.16 mm, 85% were below the accuracy of 0.58 mm and less than 3% of the difference in values were over 1 mm. The test of Wilcoxon found no statistically significant difference between the methods. We conclude that CBCT is a precise method for identifying and measuring the linear skull's structures when compared the same measurements performed with digital caliper in situ(AU)
Mestre
Lázaro, Roche Ignacio. "Design, réalisation et test in situ d’une caméra muon pour des applications en sciences de la terre et en génie civil." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4074/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated towards the creation of a new direction-sensitive tool for muon flux measurement based on a thin time projection chamber with a Micromegas readout, to achieve a compact detector with an angular resolution compatible with civil engineering and geophysics imagery and monitoring applications. The main motivation is to develop a detector capable to fill the technological gap for applications with compactness and transportability constraints. The dissertation provides a review of the different existing muon detection technologies and their diverse fields of application. Two muon imaging techniques are introduced: transmission and scattering muography. Transmission muography, more suitable for big targets, is based on the attenuation of the natural-occurring cosmic-muon flux due to the opacity of the material they traverse. This non-destructive, passive technique provides original information that can be used for imaging purposes. The work covers the methodology used towards the characterization of the incidental muon flux both on the surface and in underground conditions. A detailed description of the physical processes triggered by the passage of a muon through the detector is provided. Results of the simulations of the signal formation processes are presented and discussed to justify the design choices of the key components so as to meet performance requirements in term of temporal, spatial and angular resolution. The influence of operational or external parameters such as the gain, temperature or presence of contaminants is covered as well. The thesis describes in detail the principal phases of design and assembly of the MUST2 detector, including: (i) the design of the Micromegas readout layout, (ii) the choice of gas, (iii) the conception of an electric field homogenizer, (iv) the choice of the electronics instrumentation and its trigger signal, and (v) the creation of an auxiliary system to manage the gas. The versatility of MUST2 has been proved with the successful use of different trigger options and electronics. The data is acquired by means of software developed for the CERN’s Scalable Readout System electronics and subsequently analyzed with a muon trajectory reconstruction algorithm, which retrieves the: time of passage, 2D position, zenith and azimuth angles of the muons traversing the detector. The characteristics, performance and limitations of the data acquisition chain are presented and evaluated, a series of guidelines towards the improvement of its efficiency of are provided. A series of characterization tests has been carried out in different environments: controlled muon beam, open sky, at the bottom of a valley and in underground conditions. These tests have enabled a better understanding of the performance of the detector and allowed to tune up its operational parameters. Despite the weak statistics of the test runs, the measured muon flux has shown a good correlation with the surrounding target volumes. A campaign of measurements in real field conditions has been carried out at the Saint-Saturnin-les-Apt (Vaucluse, France) dam. The experimental results obtained are in consonance with the values anticipated by the digital model, the field transportability and the capability to perform long-term out-of-lab measurements have been demonstrated. On the downside, the impact of the external temperature on the data acquisition should be balanced out to get a steady acquisition and monitor the temporal evolution of the muon flux. In conclusion, the successful proof-of-concept trial allows to validate the MUST2 camera for transmission muography purposes
Kämmerer, Sahradha [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Baumeister, Martin [Gutachter] Zacharias, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Baumeister. "Prospects for Visual Proteomics using in situ cryo-electron tomography / Sahradha Kämmerer ; Gutachter: Martin Zacharias, Wolfgang Baumeister ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Baumeister." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1195140738/34.
Full textJonsson, Åsa, and Grim Skarsgård. "Synchrotron tomography of pressboard during in-situ compression loading : Construction of compression rig, image acquisition procedure and methods for image processing." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad mekanik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257276.
Full textChew, Hooi Pin. "Novel assessments of early enamel erosion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-assessments-of-early-enamel-erosion(3d27373c-adf3-4254-9789-66b587b22d92).html.
Full textLemarié, Quentin. "Développement et caractérisation in situ d'électrodes positives pour batteries Lithium/soufre." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI041.
Full textEven though the Li-ion technology is dominating nowadays battery market, it is suffering from the high cost and toxicity of some of its materials as well as struggling to reach the performance goals set by always more demanding hybrid and electric vehicles. Facing the need for a new battery generation, the lithium/sulfur (Li/S) technology stands as a promising candidate for a medium term industrialization and commercialization. Based on an abundant and low-cost active material, elemental sulfur, it enables practical energy densities two to three times higher than current Li-ion batteries. However, the intermediate electrochemical reactions of this system imply many dissolutions/depositions of the active material, causing important morphological variations at the positive electrode which have a major impact on the capacity and cycling performance of the batteries. Hence a better comprehension of those degradation mechanisms is required in order to develop new and innovating electrode materials enabling an optimization of the performance of the system. Therefore, the first goal of the thesis was to employ innovative in situ characterization techniques in order to develop tools allowing to link the properties of the different electrode materials to the performance of the batteries. To do so, three techniques were used: acoustic emission, X-ray tomography and dilatometry. Then, the conclusions drawn from the observations made from the characterization tools enabled us to focus the conception of the electrodes on using a new binder based on a polyelectrolyte material. In this work, we were in particular able to demonstrate a relationship between the measured acoustic activity during the first charge/discharge cycles of different electrode formulations to their mechanical properties. Then, coupling in situ X-ray tomography and diffraction enabled us to shed light on new phenomena linked to the dissolution and deposition of sulfur during the 1st cycle. Finally, the combination of the study of thickness variation via dilatometry, of the monitoring of the acoustic activity and of tomographic observations was the key to prove the better mechanical properties of the polyelectrolyte binder. Together with its properties of regulation of the sulfur species, our conclusions strengthen the certain interest in the family of materials as a binder of positive electrodes for Li/S batteries
Muhammad, Rashed D. B. "Assessment of new real-time in-situ optical coherence tomography instrumentation and techniques for diagnosing and monitoring oral and cutaneous lesions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471556/.
Full textKoneti, Siddardha. "In situ and 3D environmental transmission electron microscopy of Pd-Al2O3 nano catalysts : Fast tomography with applications to other catalytic systems in operando conditions and to electron beam sensitive nanomaterials." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI123/document.
Full textIn the beginning of the XXIst century, Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy has become one of the reliable characterization techniques of nanomaterials in conditions mimicking their real life. ETEM is now able to follow the dynamic evolution of nanomaterials under various conditions like high temperature, liquid or various gas pressures. Among various fields of research, catalysis can benefit significantly from Environmental Microscopy. This contribution starts with the study of the Palladium-Alumina catalytic system. Pd nanoparticles supported by α-Al2O3 and δ-Al2O3 are of an important physicochemical and environmental interest, particularly in the field of selective hydrogenation in petrochemistry, for the synthesis of polymers or CO2 hydrogenation for methane production. We first performed 2D analyses at different steps of the synthesis process, then the same synthesis steps were performed under in situ conditions. The motivation of this approach was to compare post mortem treatments with ETEM observations. In general, 2D data provide limited insights on, for example, the morphology and position of supported nanoparticles. We have then developed a new fast acquisition approach to collect tomographic tilt series in very short times, enabling to reconstruct nano-systems in 3D during their dynamical evolution. Taking advantage of this approach, we have determined the activation energy for soot combustion on YSZ oxidation catalysts for diesel motors from volumetric data extracted from in situ experiments. Fast electron tomography was also applied to electron beam sensitive materials, like polymer nanocomposites and biological materials, showing the wide spectrum of possible applications for rapid 3D characterization of nanomaterials
Lontoc-Roy, Melinda. "Three-dimensional visualization in situ and complexity analysis of crop root systems using CT scan data : a primer." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82282.
Full textNaime, João de Mendonça. "Um novo método para estudos dinâmicos, in situ, da infiltração da água na região não-saturada do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-13092001-091113/.
Full textAgriculture is the human activity that most affects the environment. Huge amounts of chemicals are applied on the soil. Pesticides percolation and runoff degrades water resources. Thus, soil hydraulic properties must be known due to their influence on solute transport. The measurement of these properties and the modelling of related parameters are often difficult, if not impossible, due to the involved time, money, instrumentation, and scale. Traditional methodologies infer hydraulic properties in samples that are in equilibrium, through invasive techniques and under some special constraints. This thesis contributes with environmental science, via soil science, as it proposes a new method to study the infiltration in the unsaturated zone of soil, by means of CT. The scanner was developed and constructed in this work. The proposed methodology uses profiling CT to measure the water content (theta) during the water flow, and by means of numerical solution of Richards equation and Rossi-Nimmo model water retention, sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity k(theta), and diffusivity D(theta) are obtained. Qualitative results, as 2D and 3D images, are presented and the quantitative results of water retention show good correlation of the proposed method with the conventional tensiometers method. Structured soil column samples are analyzed in the field and in laboratory.
Mazars, Vincent. "Étude des endommagements sur CMC par une approche de modélisation micro-méso alimentée par des essais in situ." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0251/document.
Full textSiC/SiC composites display excellent thermomechanical properties at high temperatures. They appear as promising candidates to replace metallic alloys in hot parts of aircraft engines to reduce their environmental impact. Thus, to understand and to predict the onset of damage in such materials is critical. An integrated multi-scale approach is developed to construct numerical models that integrate the specificities of the material at the di↵erent relevant scales. This work is twofold : an experimental characterization of the damage, and finite element modeling at the microscopic and mesoscopic scales. In situ tensile tests are carried out under microscopes and X-ray micro-tomography (μCT). Images are analyzed to visualize and quantify the damage mechanisms at scales consistent with the numerical models. Based on these observations, damage calculations are performed at the microscopic scale to simulate the transverse yarns cracking. Virtual tests are then used to identify damage laws at the upper scale and to simulate the first cracks in 3D woven composites at the mesoscopic scale. Through these simulations, we highlight the links between the organization of the material at di↵erent scales and the initiation of the damages. Comparisons between experiments and calculations are finally performed. In particular, the predicted damage events are compared to those obtained experimentally on the same specimen during in situ μCT tensile tests
Engelberg, Dirk Lars. "Grain boundary engineering for intergranular stress corrosion resistance in austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:207805.
Full textPrzybilla, Thomas [Verfasser], Erdmann [Akademischer Betreuer] Spiecker, and Erdmann [Gutachter] Spiecker. "Studying the structure and mechanical properties of nanoporous materials by advanced tomography and in situ mechanical testing / Thomas Przybilla ; Gutachter: Erdmann Spiecker ; Betreuer: Erdmann Spiecker." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201161452/34.
Full textVanpeene, Victor. "Étude par tomographie RX d'anodes à base de silicium pour batteries Li-ion." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI023/document.
Full textBecause of its theoretical specific capacity ten times higher than that of graphite currently used as active anode material for Li-ion batteries, silicon can play an important role in increasing the energy density of these systems. However, the alloying reaction set up during its lithiation results in a high volume expansion of silicon (~300% compared with only ~10% for graphite) leading to the structural degradation of the electrode, which is significantly affecting its cycling behavior. Understanding in detail these phenomena of degradation and developing strategies to limit their impact on the functioning of the electrode are of undeniable interest for the scientific community of the field. The objective of this thesis work was first to develop a characterization technique adapted to the observation of these degradation phenomena and to draw the necessary information to optimize the formulation of silicon-based anodes. In this context, we have used X-ray tomography which has the advantage of being a non-destructive analytical technique allowing in situ and 3D monitoring of the morphological variations occurring within the electrode during its operation. This technique has been adapted to the case study of silicon by adjusting the analyzed electrode volumes, the spatial resolution and the temporal resolution to the phenomena to be observed. Appropriate image processing procedures were applied to extract from these tomographic analyzes as much qualitative and quantitative information as possible on their morphological variation. In addition, this technique could be coupled to X-ray diffraction to complete the understanding of these phenomena. We have shown that the use of a carbon paper structuring 3D current collector makes it possible to attenuate the morphological deformations of an Si anode and to increase their reversibility in comparison with a conventional copper current collector of plane geometry. We have also shown that the use of graphene nanoplatelets as a conductive additive to replace carbon black can form a conductive network more able to withstand the large volume variations of silicon. Finally, the X-ray tomography allowed studying dynamically and quantitatively the cracking and delamination of an Si electrode deposited on a copper collector. We have thus demonstrated the significant impact of a process of "maturation" of the electrode to minimize these deleterious phenomena of cracking-delamination of the electrode
Arif, Muhamad Fatikul. "Mécanismes d’endommagement du polyamide-66 renforcé par des fibres de verre courtes, soumis à un chargement monotone et en fatigue : Influence de l’humidité relative et de la microstructure induite par le moulage par injection." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0008/document.
Full textThe current work focuses on extensive experimental approaches to identify quasi-static and fatigue damage behavior of PA66/GF30 considering various effects such as relative humidity and injection process induced microstructure. By using in situ SEM tests, it was observed that relative humidity conditions strongly impact the damage mechanisms in terms of their initiation, level and chronology. The X-ray micro-tomography analysis on fatigue loaded samples demonstrated that the damage continuously increases during fatigue loading, but the evolution occurs more significantly in the second half of the fatigue life. From the results of damage investigation under quasi-static and fatigue loading, it was established that both loading types exhibit the same damage mechanisms, with fiber/matrix interfacial debonding as the principal damage mechanisms. General damage chronologies were proposed as the damage initiates at fiber ends and more generally at locations where fibers are relatively close to each other due to the generation of local stress concentrations. Afterwards, interfacial decohesions further propagate along the fiber/matrix interface. At high relative flexural stress, matrix microcracks can develop and propagate, leading to the damage accumulation and then the final failure. The experimental findings are important to provide a physically based damage mechanisms scenarios that can be integrated into multiscale damage models. These models will contribute towards reliable predictions of damage in reinforced thermoplastics for lightweight automotive applications
Pushkareva, Marina. "Study of Void Growth in Commercially Pure Titanium." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35667.
Full textLarippe, Laure. "Étude du comportement en fatigue des câbles d'acier sous environnement et chargement variables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPAST121.
Full textHeavy duty tyres are reinforced with steel cords to take up the stresses generated by the inflation pressure and the weight of the vehicle. The cable is an assembly of drawn wires helically wound in several layers. The mechanical behaviour of a cable is a function of its architecture as well as the material-processing possibilities available at the wire scale. In service, the cable is subjected to a complex combination of cyclic mechanical and chemical stresses leading to fatigue damage. To reduce the environmental impact, these cables are targeted by a lightweighting strategy, viable only at similar or better performance. A prerequisite for the introduction of new materials in a tyre is therefore the development of reliable models predicting the fatigue life of the cords, which implies an understanding of the fatigue mechanisms. For simplicity, the study was carried out at the unit wire scale (180 µm diameter).Different types of wires were produced by the manufacturer, varying the parameters that have an influence on fatigue. A tensile-tensile fatigue test under a controlled environment representative of the stress in service was developed. The material-process-environment parameters involved in crack initiation and propagation are identified by constructing Wöhler curves. In-situ crack propagation monitoring tests within the wire were performed in a controlled environment under synchrotron radiation for positive load ratios. The Paris laws and the parameters impacting them were obtained.All the experiments made it possible to identify the physical mechanisms involved and the corresponding parameters. A predictive model was developed at the wire scale. Based on the propagation of a distribution of surface defects, it estimates the life of the wire for a given mechanical and chemical stress
Sencu, Razvan. "Multiscale stochastic fracture mechanics of composites informed by in-situ X-ray CT tests." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multiscale-stochastic-fracture-mechanics-of-composites-informed-by-insitu-xray-ct-tests(85a0be40-9e7a-4df3-a366-69ac6ce02e35).html.
Full textWang, Long. "Etude de l’influence de la microstructure sur les mécanismes d’endommagement dans des alliages Al-Si de fonderie par des analyses in-situ 2D et 3D." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0004/document.
Full textAn experimental protocol was developed in this thesis in order to study the influence of casting microstructure on the fatigue behavior in Lost Foam Casting Al-Si alloys in tension and in Low Cycle Fatigue at room temperature. First of all, the microstructures of studied alloys were thoroughly characterized both in 2D and in 3D. The most suitable and representative specimens and Region of Interest (ROIs) where the in-situ monitoring was performed were selected through a preliminary characterization using X-ray tomography, which is also necessary to understand damage mechanisms after failure. In-situ observations performed on surface using Questar long distance microscope and in volume using X-ray tomography allow following cracks initiations and their propagations and thus allow identifying the relation between damage mechanisms and casting microstructure. 2D/3D displacement and strain fields measured using Digital Image Correlation and Digital Volume Correlation allows analyzing the relation between measured fields and damage mechanisms. Postmortem analysis and FEM simulation gave more information for the damage mechanisms. Large pores favor crack initiation as they strongly increase local stress level. Hard inclusions (Si phase, iron intermetallics and copper containing phases) also play an important role in crack initiation and propagation due to strain localizations at these inclusions
Ihiawakrim, Dris. "Etude par les techniques avancées de microscopie électronique en transmission de matériaux fragiles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE005/document.
Full textThe present manuscript shows the importance of methodological and technical development to identify and to unblock locks preventing the analysis of hybrid and complex materials that undergo degradation under electron beam irradiation. We have shown that beam-induced damage to the sample only appears above some specific threshold of current density. Such a threshold depends on the nature of the material and on its morphological and structural characteristics. These developments in synergy with the use of Cryo-EM, allowed us to expose the architecture of carbon-based hybrid materials, measure the variation of the lamellar distance in a perovskite according to the molecular spacer and to the positioning of the metal, identify the interactions at the interface between two molecular crystals, and the 3D quantification of the functionalization within a MOF. Lastly, we brought to light the processes of nucleation and growth of iron oxide by in-situ liquid phase TEM
Liu, Yuanyuan. "Inkjet printed drops and three-dimensional ceramic structures." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inkjet-printed-drops-and-threedimensional-ceramic-structures(36785d3d-cca6-4903-8e5b-043fd2198e0f).html.
Full textPetit, Anélia. "Processus physico-chimiques et impacts des fuites de CO₂ sur les hydrosystèmes proches surface lors d’un stockage géologique : approches expérimentales in-situ et en laboratoire." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30032.
Full textCO₂ is one of the main greenhouse gases that actively contributes to the global warming. The carbon capture and geological storage can limit the impacts of increases in CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. The main quality of a storage site is to present a minimum probability of leakage. Therefore, it is essential to develop monitoring tools in order to assess their importance and plan corrective actions. The objective of this thesis is to study the physicochemical processes and the impacts of a CO₂ leak on near-surface hydrosystems (vadose zone (VZ) and aquifer) in a carbonate reservoir system of Oligocene age located within the Aquitaine basin. This study followed: i) an experimental approach at the Saint-Emilion pilot site (Gironde, France) where CO₂ injection took place into the aquifer from a borehole; ii) a core-scale laboratory approach to study the interactions of the CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ system. This work brings a new experimental approach by coupling geochemical and geophysical methods on the two scales of investigation. The baseline, carried out through the VZ the year before the injection experiment, studied the natural evolution of CO₂ during a hydrogeological cycle. After injection into the aquifer and according to our results, the electrical conductivity (σ), the pH, the concentrations of Ca²⁺, HCO₃- and CO₂ turned out to be good indicators, sufficiently sensitive and reactive, which can be used on a CO₂ storage site to monitor any physicochemical disturbances. Numerical simulations have made it possible to better understand the reaction and transport processes. Core-scale experiments quantified the influence of CO₂ effects on the electrical behavior of carbonate rock. Better definition of the relationship between the concentrations of CO₂, σ and pH makes it possible to pass from the core scale to the pilot site scale and vice versa. All the results of this thesis work highlight the importance of characterizing the petrophysical heterogeneity of the reservoir. It is also essential to establish a baseline, making it possible to distinguish natural variations in CO₂ from those induced by a leak. Coupling field observations and laboratory demonstrations increases the chances of detecting a CO₂ leak at a geological storage site
Andersen, Ingrid Marie. "2D and 3D quantitative TEM mapping of CoNi nanowires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30205.
Full textCylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs) are currently subjects of high interest due to fast domain wall velocities and interaction with spin-waves, which are considered interesting qualities for developing future spintronic devices. This thesis aims to provide a wholesome quantitative and qualitative analysis of the local magnetic configuration in cylindrical Co-rich CoNi NWs with perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy using state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopy (TEM) magnetic imaging techniques, mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electron holography (EH). A correlative study between the NW's texture, modulation in composition, and magnetic configuration has been conducted. Further, the complex 3D nature of the domain and domain wall configurations have been analyzed using holographic vector field electron tomography (VFET) to retrieve all three components of the magnetic induction. Finally, I have successfully manipulated the magnetic configuration observed by Lorentz microscopy in Fresnel mode by the in situ injection of a current pulse. A TEM study comparing the magnetic configuration to the local NW structure was performed on single NWs. The crystal phase analysis was done by precession electron diffraction assisted automated crystal orientation mapping in the TEM combined with compositional analysis by scanning-TEM (STEM) electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for a detailed correlation with the sample's magnetic configuration. The results reveal a coexistence of fcc grains and hcp phase with its c-axis oriented close to perpendicular to the wire axis in the same NW, which is identified as the origin of drastic local changes in the magnetic configuration. Two main configurations are observed in the NW region: a chain of transversal vortex-like states and a longitudinal curling state. The chain or vortices are linked to the hcp grain with the perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy, as confirmed by micromagnetic simulations. The 3D magnetic structure of the domains and domain walls observed in the hcp grain of the NWs has been studied for two different remnant states: after the application of a saturation field perpendicular (i) and parallel (ii) to the NW axis. The measurements were done using state-of-the-art holographic VFET to extract all three components of the magnetic induction in the sample, as well as a 3D reconstruction of the volume from the measured electric potentials, giving insight into the local morphology of the NW. The results show a stabilization of a vortex chain in the case of perpendicular saturation, but longitudinal curling states separated by transversal domain walls after applying a parallel external field. Finally, preliminary Lorentz microscopy results are presented, documenting the manipulation of magnetic domain walls by the in situ injection of electrical pulses on a single cylindrical CoNi nanowire contacted by focused ion beam induced deposition. This is believed to be the forerunner for quantitative electrical measurements and in situ observations of domain wall dynamics using EH at the CEMES. A detailed protocol focusing on the crucial steps and challenges ahead for such a delicate experiment is presented, together with suggestions for future work to continue the developments
Devillard, Julie. "Lien entre microstructure et résistance à la compression du gypse moussé." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI043.
Full textThis study focuses on the microstructural and mechanical characterization of foamed gypsum, the core material of lightweight gypsum boards, with a high (75%) multi-scale porosity. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of the microstructure of foamed gypsum on the hardness measured in spherical indentation and to analyze the damage mechanisms for different microstructures. Spherical indentation tests were conducted on samples showing variations in microstructural features of foamed gypsum. The results of these tests show that density has a first-order influence on hardness and that the dispersion of hardness measurements in spherical indentation can be related to heterogeneity in macroporosity. In situ indentation tests were also carried out, with X-ray tomography and digital volume correlation (DVC) analysis, in order to accurately study the damage mechanisms. Two different modes of damage were determined according to the densities considered (variable macropore fraction). The results of these tests were used to feed an analytical model, based on an energy criterion that links the indentation force to the damaged area under the indenter. This provides the prediction of the indentation force-displacement curve specific to a microstructure with a scan of the initial microstructure as the only input data. Numerical modelling was also carried out using the finite element method with consideration of the actual microstructure, at two scales. The densified areas were properly predicted by different behaviour models based on plasticity criteria
Fosso, Philippe. "Etude in-situ de l'endommagement des matériaux composites à matrice organique par tomographie à rayons X." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0250.
Full textStamati, Olga. "Effet des hétérogénéités sur le comportement mécanique du béton à l'échelle mésoscopique : apports de la micro-tomographie à rayons-x in-situ combinée à une modélisation E-FEM." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI023.
Full textThis doctoral thesis investigates the impact of the meso-scale heterogeneities of concrete (aggregates and macro-pores) on its macroscopic mechanical response. A combined numerical and experimental approach is adopted to study the progressive evolution of the 3D fracturing processes of micro-concrete specimens under uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression and triaxial compression. Part of the originality of this work lies in the exploration of multiple loading paths on concrete samples of realistic composition (including cement, sand, aggregates and water) and in the in-situ nature of the experiments conducted. The experimental campaign is performed inside an x-ray scanner, which allows the internal structure of the material to be non-destructively captured and its evolution from the intact (before loading) until the damaged (after unloading) state to be followed and quantified. The 3D images coming from the x-ray scans are first analysed in order to quantitatively describe the morphology of the meso-structure (aggregates, mortar matrix and macro-pores). A timeseries analysis of the set of 3D images coming from each in-situ test follows, in order to measure the 3D kinematic fields (displacement and strain fields) throughout the experiments. On the numerical side, the identified morphologies coming from the intact x-rays scans are given as an input to a FE meso-model with enhanced discontinuities. The originality of the numerical simulations comes from their 3D nature and the consideration of the actual meso-structure of the micro-concrete specimens, based on the segmentation of the three phases of the material. After a calibration of the model in uniaxial tension, its predictive ability is challenged under different stress paths in compression. An extensive comparison is presented between experimental and numerical observations, in terms of macroscopic responses, displacement fields, fracturing processes and failure patterns. The typical asymmetric behaviour of concrete in tension and compression, as well as the increase of strength and ductility with the increase of confinement are sufficiently captured numerically. Starting from an x-ray scan, it is shown that the model is able to satisfactorily reproduce some of the basic characteristic features of the failure modes observed experimentally for the different loading paths studied. While validating the numerical results and through a combination of numerical and experimental observations, the significant impact of the meso-scale heterogeneities on the local failure mechanisms is revealed. It is shown that, for the studied material, the shape and location of the largest aggregates and macro-pores are essentially driving the fracture patterns under simple tension, simple compression and triaxial compression. The predictive ability of the model strongly suggests that the explicit representation of these heterogeneities is the key feature that allows this predictive power. A further insight into the impact of the meso-structure is obtained by investigating virtual concrete morphologies, generated by modifying the real meso-structures coming from the x-ray scans
Navon, Maxime. "Hétérogénéité sédimentaire et micro-habitats benthiques : approches in situ et expérimentale." Caen, 2016. https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01922479.
Full textThe eastern Bay of Seine is characterized by complex sediment structures with high spatial and vertical heterogeneities. Its variability involves complexes animal-sediment relationships still unclear. A new approach based on the individual scale combines in situ sampling with experiments. The macrofauna vertical distribution and quantification of biogenics structures have shown the main concentration of the fauna in the first 10 cm depth, such as 98 % of the total abundance. Two abundance pics have been observed, the first close to the surface between 0 and 2 cm depth and the other one between 5 to 7 cm depth, mainly due to two species, Kurtiella bidentata and Chaetozone spp. , which represent almost 80 % of the abundance from 5 to 7cm. Their presence within this depth is still unknown. Experiments have shown the great sediment reworking skill of the worm Lagis koreni and its ability to destroy the sediment structure, which can be linked to the in situ samples. This preliminary work has shown the interest of the technics used and makes us going further
Latrive, Anne. "Tomographie de cohérence optique plein champ pour l'endoscopie : microscopie in situ et in vivo des tissus biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00782552.
Full textChouinard, Julie. "Suivi in situ de cultures tridimensionnelles en bioréacteur à perfusion grâce à la tomographie d'émission par positrons." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6642.
Full textZaragoci, Jean-François. "Simulation numérique directe multiphasique de la déformation d’un alliage Al-Cu à l’état pâteux – Comparaison avec des observations par tomographie aux rayons X in situ en temps réel." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0088/document.
Full textHot tearing is a major defect arising during solidification of aluminium alloys. This defect is associated with the inability of liquid to feed areas where voids have started to appear, not allowing to heal small defects before they grow bigger. To understand hot tearing, it is mandatory to develop a good knowledge of the semi-solid mechanical behaviour. It is thus very useful to carry out X-ray microtomographies experiments and mechanical simulations on representative elementary volumes. In this work, we couple the both approaches by initialising a finite element simulation with the help of microtomography data obtained during an isothermal tensile testing of an aluminium-copper alloy in the mushy state. This innovative approach gives a direct access to the experimental reality and allows comparisons of numerical and experimental evolutions of the sample. We explain in a first time how to get the numerical representation thanks to a marching cubes algorithm and the immersed volume method. Then, we present our numerical model for which we solve the Stokes equations in a monolithic way. Once the velocity computed in all the solid, liquid and gaseous phases, we use a level set method in a Eulerian formalism to obtain the morphological evolution of our numerical sample. Despite the model simplicity, numerical and experimental results show a reasonable agreement concerning the air propagation inside the sample
Arai, Shigeo, Shunsuke Muto, Takayoshi Tanji, Katuhiro Sasaki, Yahachi Saito, Michiko Kusunoki, Jiro Usukura, and Nobuo Tanaka. "Development of an environmental high-voltage electron microscope for reaction science." Oxford University Press, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20833.
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