Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tomography and anisotropy'
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Zhang, Qie Sandvol Eric Alan. "Seismic tomography and anisotropy: studies of intraplate seismic zones." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6855.
Full textSegovia-Martinez, Manuel. "Texture anisotropy analysis of brain scans." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844053/.
Full textHammond, William Charles. "Dynamics, flow and melt content of the Southern East Pacific Rise upper mantle from teleseismic tomography /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9998033.
Full textTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-151). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Huang, Hui Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Ambient noise tomography for wavespeed and anisotropy in the crust of southwestern China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87518.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The primary objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the crustal structure and deformation in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions using surface wave tomography. Green's functions for Rayleigh and Love waves are extracted from ambient noise interferometry. Using the Green's functions, we first conduct traditional traveltime tomography for the two shear wavespeeds Vsv and Vsh Their differences are measured as radial anisotropy. We then conduct Eikonal tomography to study azimuthal anisotropy in the crust. Our tomography results are well consistent with geology in the study region. In the Sichuan Basin, low wavespeed and positive radial anisotropy (Vsh> Vsv) in the upper crust reflect thick sedimentary layers at surface; high wavespeed and small radial anisotropy in the middle and lower crust reflect a cold and rigid basin root. Little azimuthal anisotropy is observed in the Basin, indicating small internal deformation. In the Tibetan Plateau, we observe widespread low wavespeed zones with positive anisotropy in the middle and lower crust, which may reflect combined effects of weakened rock mechanism and horizontal flow in the deep crust of southeastern Tibet. The northern part of the Central Yunnan block, which geographically coincides with the inner zone of the Emeishan flood basalt, reveals relatively higher wavespeeds than the surrounding regions and little radial anisotropy throughout the entire crust. We speculate that the high wavespeeds and small radial anisotropy are due to combined effects of the remnants of intruded material from mantle with sub-vertical structures and channel flow with sub-horizontal structures. In general, the azimuthal anisotropy in our study region is consistent with a clockwise rotation around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. Careful examination reveals large angular differences between the azimuthal anisotropy in the upper and lower crust, suggesting different deformation patterns at the surface and in depth. Therefore, our tomography results support models with ductile flow in the deep crust of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau; however, the large lateral variation of both wavespeeds and anisotropy indicates that the flow also varies greatly in intensity and pattern in different geological units.
by Hui Huang.
Ph. D.
Bui, Truong Son. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l’endommagement des géomatériaux par méthode ultrasonore." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2018/document.
Full textThis research is devoted to study the damage of geomaterials using the nondestructive method like ultrasound. To this aim, we develop in the first step a modern and innovative system of ultrasound which, in combining with a mechanical system, can characterize the process of damage in material during the tests such as uniaxial/triaxial compression. More specifically, our ultrasonic system comprises 96 channels and can be able to measure continuously the three types of waves thanks to the specific piezoelectric sensors.The application of the developped system for characterization of the damage of a cement-based géomatériaux showed the efficacy of this approach. Under uniaxial loading, the evolution of the ultrasonic velocities and the attenuation of three types of wave have been detected as a result of damage within the material.We are interested in the second step the application of the ultrasonic system on the tomography (such as the velocities and attenuation) of damage during loading of materials. The study on some mortar specimens give good agreement between the obtained results and the observations, especially at failure , although the resolution is fairly coarse. The last part of this research is to model the damage of material by using a so-called up-scaling approach. A conceptual model is proposed for this type of material that allows to take into account two main damage mechanisms: crack in the cement matrix and debonding effect between the matrix and inclusions. Via a scheme of homogenization in two steps, the impact of such mechanisms on the evolution of velocities of the ultrasonic waves has been elucidated. The comparison of numerical predictions with experimental results allows validating the model
Salaun, Gwénaëlle. "Structure et déformation du manteau supérieur de la région Egée-Anatolie par tomographie en ondes de Rayleigh." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU025/document.
Full textThe last ~40 M.y. tectonics of the Aegean-Anatolia region has shaped a natural laboratory ideal to study the continental deformation processes. The detailed analysis of the mantle structure and deformation of this non-mature continental collision zone constitutes an essential step to investigate the contribution of mantle dynamics to surface kinematics. The upper mantle structure is investigated over the entire region through a new 3-D S-wave velocity model from surface-wave tomography. The model reveals remarkable vertical correlations between geometries of the Hellenic slab tears and geometries of shear zones which accommodate the rapid SW movement of the Aegean bloc. The Cyprus slab is clearly identified in the 3-D model as fold and torn in tree segments beneath Anatolia. The observed azimuthal anisotropy from Rayleigh-wave array analysis suggests the existence of two anisotropic layers in the upper mantle. The lateral variations of anisotropy beneath the region are interpreted as the indication of toroidal mantle flows at different scales governing the slabs deformation and the surface kinematics
Paridis, Kyriakos Costas. "The inverse conductivity problem : anisotropy, finite elements and resistor networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-inverse-conductivity-problem-anisotropy-finite-elements-and-resistor-networks(db58b164-9b6e-45f3-b4b9-4f5935c40e48).html.
Full textBurr, Alexis. "Investigation of pore closure during polar firn densification." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI089/document.
Full textDensification from firn to ice is an essential phenomenon to understand for the interpretation of the climate record. A good knowledge of this mechanism enables the precise dating of the air embedded in the ice. The step at which the air becomes entrapped is the pore closure (or close-off). Because of gas flow in the firn column, the ice is older than the entrapped air. The difference between ice and gas is generally defined as Δage.Snow densification consists of grain rearrangements, sintering and viscoplastic deformation. Although the viscoplastic behaviour of the ice crystal is strongly anisotropic, densification models do not take into account this anisotropy. Firn also bears some granular characteristics that may affect its densification. The interactions between pore closure and microstructural mechanisms in the firn are still misunderstood.The aim of this PhD thesis is to incorporate both the granular aspect of firn and its anisotropy into an innovating approach of firn densification modelling. The mutual indentation of viscoplastic monocrystalline ice cylinders was experimentally carried out to propose a contact law that is based on indentation theory and that takes into account the preferential viscoplastic deformation on the basal plane. We have integrated this contact law into a DEM (Discrete Element Method) code for the prediction of firn densification.3D X-ray micro-tomography was performed on polar firn at different stages of the densification (ρ= 0.55-0.88 g/cm3) and depths (~23 to 130m). A thorough investigation of pore closure and of different morphological and physical parameters was achieved for the Dome C and the newly drilled Lock In polar sites. In addition to these ex situ analyses, in situ X-ray micro-mechanical experiments were carried out on firn extracted from Dome C in order to model its densification. Ex situ and in situ microstructural observations indicate significant differences that can be explained by the relatively large strain-rates imposed to the firn during in situ tests. These large strain rates allow for a decoupling of the effects of diffusion kinetics and of viscoplastic deformation. Their relative weights on the morphology of pores and on their closure are discussed. To measure pore closure, we propose a connectivity index, which is the ratio of the largest pore volume over the total pore volume. We show that this index is better suited for X-ray tomography analysis than the classic closed porosity ratio to predict the close-off density
Estève, Clément. "Evolution and Tectonics of the Lithosphere in Northwestern Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41097.
Full textVanderBeek, Brandon. "New Perspectives on Mid-Ocean Ridge Magmatic Systems and Deformation in the Uppermost Oceanic Mantle from Active- and Passive-Source Seismic Imaging in Cascadia." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24205.
Full textBiryol, Cemal Berk. "COMPLEX RUPTURE PROCESSES OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKE AND SUBDUCTION CONTROLLED UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE BENEATH ANATOLIA." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194681.
Full textAlder, Chloé. "Etude de la déformation de la croûte et du manteau terrestres à partir de l'anisotropie sismique des modèles tomographiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN021.
Full textSeismic anisotropy is often used as a proxy for rock deformation. It arises from the preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals. For instance, olivine in mantellic peridotites align according to mantle flow. However, anisotropy in tomographic models can be the result of small scale heterogeneities unresolved by long period seismic waves. It is thus considered as artificial. Theories and methodological developments do not allow to distinguish the relative contributions of real and artificial anisotropy in seismic signals. In this thesis, we used simple models of the Earth’s mantle to analytically and numerically study the link between unresolved heterogeneities and the level of artificial radial anisotropy. We concluded that anisotropy is proportional to the square of heterogeneities and that 10% of velocity contrast can be responsible for 3% of anisotropy, which is non negligible compared to the observed anisotropy in tomography. A 3-D anisotropic model of Europe, focusing on the Alps and Apennines, was constructed from surface waves data. The dispersion measurements were made from noise correlation and allow to image the crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic structure of the model shows particularly well the Adriatic plate subducting under the Apennines, as well as a slab break-off in the Southern part of the chain. The method used for the depth inversion takes into account the trade-off between layering and anisotropy. Our model is therefore the first 3-D model of radial anisotropy built at shallow depths in Europe. Our results suggest that the lower crust has a horizontal organization in the Apennines, probably related to the extensive regime observed in the area
Brath, Alexander J. "Advanced techniques for ultrasonic imaging in the presence of material and geometrical complexity." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1510053440115292.
Full textOlsson, Sverker. "Analyses of Seismic Wave Conversion in the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the Baltic Shield." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7930.
Full textTeleseismic data recorded by broad-band seismic stations in the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) have been used in a suite of studies of seismic wave conversion in order to assess the structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Baltic Shield. Signals of seismic waves converted between P and S at seismic discontinuities within the Earth carry information on the velocity contrast at the converting interface, on the depth of conversion and on P and S velocities above this depth.
The conversion from P to S at the crust-mantle boundary (the Moho) provides a robust tool to constrain crustal thicknesses. Results of such analysis for the Baltic Shield show considerable variation of Moho depths and significantly improve the Moho depth map. Analysis of waves converted from S to P in the upper mantle reveals a layered lithosphere with alternating high and low velocity bodies. It also detects clear signals of a sharp velocity contrast at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at depths around 200 km.
Delay times of P410s, the conversion from P to S at the upper mantle discontinuity at 410 km depth, were used in a tomographic inversion to simultaneously determine P and S velocities in the upper mantle. The polarisation of P410s was also used to study anisotropy of the upper mantle. Results of these analyses are found to be in close agreement with independently derived results from arrival time tomography and shear-wave splitting analysis of SKS.
The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the ability of converted wave analysis as a tool to detect and image geological boundaries that involve sharp contrasts in seismic properties. The results also show that this analysis can provide means of studying aspects of Earth’s structure that are conventionally studied using other types of seismic data.
Eken, Tuna. "Isotropic and Anisotropic P and S Velocities of the Baltic Shield Mantle : Results from Analyses of Teleseismic Body Waves." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-102501.
Full textSharifi, Brojerdi Fatemeh. "Analysis of Seismic Data Acquired at the Forsmark Site for Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Central Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-251621.
Full textLiu, Yu. "Simulation study on PEM fuel cell gas diffusion layers using X-ray tomography based Lattice Boltzmann method." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9254.
Full textLinde, Niklas. "Characterization of Hydrogeological Media Using Electromagnetic Geophysics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5912.
Full textFavier, Noémie. "Tomographie anisotrope haute résolution d'une frontière de plaque transformante : application à la Californie du Sud." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30101.
Full textShear wave splitting observations are often used to constrain upper-mantle anisotropy. In this thesis, the effects of transverse isotropic perturbations of the elastic parameters on shear-wave splitting are investigated taking the finite-frequency content of the shear wave field into account. The theory, based on the first-order Born approximation, allows the analytical derivation of three-dimensional sensitivity kernels for a new seismic observable called splitting intensity. We investigate the influence of near-field terms of the Green's tensor on the sensitivity kernels for splitting intensity. As a result, near-field terms must be used in tomographic studies of the lithosphere that rely on long period body waves. In California, splitting intensity measurements at the surface show small-scale lateral variations for both the fast axis direction and the delay time. We present three-dimensional high resolution anisotropic tomography of Southern California. To our knowledge, this is the first high resolution regional study of anisotropy using sensitivity kernels for shear wave splitting. The anisotropic structure is determined from the analysis of shear wave splitting and takes into account the finite frequency content of SKS waves
Kaderali, Ayiaz. "Investigating anisotropy and inhomogeneity using tomographic inversion of VSP traveltimes: validation of analytic expressions for linearly inhomogeneous elliptically anisotropic models /." Internet access available to MUN users only. Search for this title in:, 2009.
Find full textMaudet, Florian. "Couches nanostructurées par dépôt en incidence oblique : corrélations microstructure et propriétés optiques pour application aux traitements antireflets hautes performances dans le visible étendu et l'infrarouge." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2295/document.
Full textAnti-reflective (AR) coatings are widely used to improve the transmission of optical systems composed of window, lenses, separating filters,... In this thesis, the spectral ranges targeted are the extended visible [400-1800nm] and the mid infrared [3.7-4.8µm]. Thin film deposition nanostructuring method using oblique angle deposition (oblique angle deposition) PVD technique was chosen because it allows high performance AR to be considered over a wide wavelength range, by an industrial process. The introduction of porosity with the control of deposition angle is used to nanostructure the architecture of each layer and stack; a method for modifying and optimizing the optical properties of the constituent layers for optimal complete design. A mapping of the effective indices accessible by OAD has been identified for the three materials deposited (TiO2, SiO2 and Ge). However optical properties of these nanostructured layers differ greatly from those of dense layers due to the presence of anisotropy, index gradient, diffusion and absorption. Based on advanced microstructural, chemical and optical characterizations (AFM, SEM, TEM, FIB tomography, TEM tomography, EDX, EELS, spectrophotometry and generalized ellipsometry) a more complex analytical optical model coupled with finite element analyses (FDTD) is presented. All the work has enabled OAD to develop simple two-layer anti-reflective coatings that already demonstrate high levels of transmission, superior to existing (interferential) or work in progress (Moth-eyes) AR treatments
Wheaton, Chad J. "Tomographic traveltime inversion for linear inhomogeneity and elliptical anisotropy /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2004. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,69654.
Full textCherrett, Adam John. "Travel time and polarisation tomography in 3-D anisotropic media." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621341.
Full textGriot, Daphné-Anne. "Tomographie anisotrope de l'Asie centrale à partir d'ondes de surface." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077035.
Full textGrésillaud, Alain. "Prise en compte de l'anisotropie sismique dans les tomographies lithosphériques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13015.
Full textÖrsvuran, Rıdvan. "Vers des modèles anisotropes et anélastiques de la Terre globale : Observables et la paramétrisation de l'inversion des formes d'ondes complètes." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4015.
Full textSeismic waves are our primary tools to see the Earth’s interior and draw inferences on its structural, thermal and chemical properties. Seismic tomography, similar to medical tomography, is a powerful technique to obtain 3D computed tomography scan (CT scan) images of the Earth’s interior using seismic waves generated by seismic sources such as earthquakes, ambient noise or controlled explosions. It is crucial to improve the resolution of tomographic images to better understand the internal dynamics of our planet driven by the mantle convection, that directly control surface processes, such as plate tectonics. To this end, at the current resolution of seismic tomography, full physics of (an)elastic wave propagation must be taken into account.The adjoint method is an efficient full-waveform inversion (FWI) technique to take 3D seismic wave propagation into account in tomography to construct high-resolution seismic images. In this thesis, I develop and demonstrate new measurements for global-scale adjoint inversions such as the implementation of double-difference traveltime and waveform misfits. Furthermore, I investigate different parameterizations to better capture Earth’s physics in the inverse problem, such as addressing the azimuthal anisotropy and anelasticity in the Earth’s mantle.My results suggest that double-difference misfits applied to dense seismic networks speed up the convergence of FWI and help increase the resolution underneath station clusters. I further observe that double-difference measurements can also help reduce the bias in data coverage towards the cluster of stations.Earth’s lithosphere and upper mantle show significant evidence of anisotropy as a result of its composition and deformation. Starting from the recent global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M25, which is the successor of GLAD-M15 and transversely isotropic in the upper mantle, my goal is to construct an azimuthally anisotropic global model of the upper mantle. I performed 10 iterations using the multitaper traveltimes combined with double difference measurements made on paired stations of minor- and major-arc surface waves. The results after 10 iterations, in general, show the global anisotropic pattern consistent with plate motions and achieve higher resolution in areas with dense seismic coverage such as in North America and Europe.Attenuation is also another key parameter for determining the partial melt, water content and thermal variations in the mantle. In the last chapter, I investigate anelastic adjoint inversions to ultimately construct a global attenuation mantle model by the simultaneous inversion of elastic and anelastic parameters assimilating both the phase and amplitude information, which will lead to exact FWI at the global scale. I investigate the trade-off between elastic and anelastic parameters based on 2D synthetic tests to define a strategy for 3D global FWIs. I also explore the effect of different measurements for simultaneously and sequentially inverted elastic and anelastic parameters. The 2D test results suggest that the envelope misfit performs best at earlier iterations by reducing the nonlinearity of the FWI. After analyzing the effect of different radially-symmetric attenuation models on seismic waveforms by performing forward simulations in various 1D and 3D elastic/anelastic models, the results suggest the necessity of simultaneous elastic/anelastic inversions to also improve the elastic structure as attenuation cause not only amplitude anomalies but also significant physical dispersion, particularly on surface waves. I performed one global simultaneous iteration of elastic and anelastic parameters using GLAD-M25 and its 1D anelastic model QRF12 as the starting models with a dataset of 253 earthquakes. The preliminary results are promising depicting, for instance, the high and low attenuation in the West and East coasts of North America
Beres, Jan. "Caractérisation de l'anisotropie d'une plate-forme carbonatée karsifiée : approche méthodologique conjointe sismique et électrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880759.
Full textLouërat, Mathilde. "Modélisation par la méthode Lattice Boltzmann de la diffusion de chaleur et d’humidité dans des matériaux biosourcés à partir de leur morphologie 3D." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC006/document.
Full textAs thermal performance of buildings is increasing, the simulation codes used during design require more accurate construction material data. Moreover, the use of bio-based materials which are hygroscopic (their moisture content balances with the ambient moist air) is booming. Their thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity must therefore be accurately characterized. A key factor affecting these properties is the microstructure of the materials. This work is dedicated to the prediction of macroscopic properties of spruce and fibreboards (heterogeneous and anisotropic materials) from their real 3D morphology. This is obtained by synchrotron X-ray microtomography, a powerful and nondestructive technique to characterize the internal structure of materials. Image processing allows the segmentation of the solid and gaseous phases. To model heat and mass diffusion, we choose the Lattice Boltzmann method because of its simple numerical development, suitability for parallel computing and easy processing of complex morphologies. The equivalent thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity are calculated in three orthogonal directions for each material. The results highlight the influence of the internal structure and the strong anisotropy of the materials studied (ratio of 2 between tangential and longitudinal directions of wood for heat diffusion and of 30 for mass diffusion). The transverse thermal conductivity of the lightweight board is about 0,04 W m−1 K−1
Montagner, Jean-Paul. "Etude de la structure profonde de la terre a partir des ondes de surface de longue periode." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066188.
Full textAndersen, Ingrid Marie. "2D and 3D quantitative TEM mapping of CoNi nanowires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30205.
Full textCylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs) are currently subjects of high interest due to fast domain wall velocities and interaction with spin-waves, which are considered interesting qualities for developing future spintronic devices. This thesis aims to provide a wholesome quantitative and qualitative analysis of the local magnetic configuration in cylindrical Co-rich CoNi NWs with perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy using state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopy (TEM) magnetic imaging techniques, mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electron holography (EH). A correlative study between the NW's texture, modulation in composition, and magnetic configuration has been conducted. Further, the complex 3D nature of the domain and domain wall configurations have been analyzed using holographic vector field electron tomography (VFET) to retrieve all three components of the magnetic induction. Finally, I have successfully manipulated the magnetic configuration observed by Lorentz microscopy in Fresnel mode by the in situ injection of a current pulse. A TEM study comparing the magnetic configuration to the local NW structure was performed on single NWs. The crystal phase analysis was done by precession electron diffraction assisted automated crystal orientation mapping in the TEM combined with compositional analysis by scanning-TEM (STEM) electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for a detailed correlation with the sample's magnetic configuration. The results reveal a coexistence of fcc grains and hcp phase with its c-axis oriented close to perpendicular to the wire axis in the same NW, which is identified as the origin of drastic local changes in the magnetic configuration. Two main configurations are observed in the NW region: a chain of transversal vortex-like states and a longitudinal curling state. The chain or vortices are linked to the hcp grain with the perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy, as confirmed by micromagnetic simulations. The 3D magnetic structure of the domains and domain walls observed in the hcp grain of the NWs has been studied for two different remnant states: after the application of a saturation field perpendicular (i) and parallel (ii) to the NW axis. The measurements were done using state-of-the-art holographic VFET to extract all three components of the magnetic induction in the sample, as well as a 3D reconstruction of the volume from the measured electric potentials, giving insight into the local morphology of the NW. The results show a stabilization of a vortex chain in the case of perpendicular saturation, but longitudinal curling states separated by transversal domain walls after applying a parallel external field. Finally, preliminary Lorentz microscopy results are presented, documenting the manipulation of magnetic domain walls by the in situ injection of electrical pulses on a single cylindrical CoNi nanowire contacted by focused ion beam induced deposition. This is believed to be the forerunner for quantitative electrical measurements and in situ observations of domain wall dynamics using EH at the CEMES. A detailed protocol focusing on the crucial steps and challenges ahead for such a delicate experiment is presented, together with suggestions for future work to continue the developments
Degirmenci, Evren. "High Resolution Imaging Of Anisotropic Conductivity With Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (mr-eit)." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611982/index.pdf.
Full textEE MRI System and anisotropic conductivity images of test phantoms are reconstructed using all proposed algorithms.
Mensch, Thomas. "Cinématique de l'onde quasi P en milieux anisotropes : application à la tomographie." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066326.
Full textDehghan, Kaveh. "Prise en compte d'une anisotropie réaliste dans l'imagerie sismique des zones complexes." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0015.
Full textStopin, Alexandre. "Détermination de modèle de vitesse anisotrope par tomographie de réflexion des modes de compression et de cisaillement." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13203.
Full textWieczorek, Matthias [Verfasser], Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Lasser, Tobias [Gutachter] Lasser, Michel [Gutachter] Defrise, and Franz [Gutachter] Pfeiffer. "Anisotropic X-ray Dark-field Tomography / Matthias Wieczorek ; Gutachter: Tobias Lasser, Michel Defrise, Franz Pfeiffer ; Betreuer: Tobias Lasser." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1169304109/34.
Full textRobins, P. "The use of electric potential and magnetic measurements for in vivo electrical impedance tomography of anisotropic biological tissue." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390381.
Full textLebail, Hervé. "Caractérisations microscopiques et tomographiques de microstructures de matériaux composites et étude des relations aux propriétés élastiques associées." Lyon, INSA, 2001. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2001ISAL0073/these.pdf.
Full textThe modelling of the elastic macroscopic behaviour of heterogeneous materials with the help of homogenization methods are able to take quantitatively into account some descriptive information of their microstructures. These data are obtained more and more precisely thanks to recent resolution’s progress in microscopic (2D) and tomographic (3D) characterization techniques. From the morphological analysis of the microstructure, access is allowed to the modelling parameters. This is the subject matter of this thesis, either for specifically elaborated multiphase materials (“model materials” in the sense of their controlled morphology) and common-used industrial materials, for which one characterizes their structure at a proper scale and measures their overall elasticity properties by ultrasonic methods. The use of the concepts and methods of mathematical morphology provides s statistical description which is used in order to calculate from the model (bounds and estimates) the associated elastic behaviour. One analyses the relative effects of the microstructural parameters on the obtained results from this two approaches, experimental and theoretical, with the help, in particular, of numerical simulations and alternative homogenisation methods by fast Fourier transform calculation. This study deals with the notions of homogeneity / heterogeneity and isotropy / anisotropy of spatial phase repartition, in the case of 2-phase and multi-phase materials. From these analyses, the different homogenisation methods are questioned their respective limitation are discussed
Lebail, Hervé Franciosi Patrick. "Caractérisations microscopiques et tomographiques de microstructures de matériaux composites et étude des relations aux propriétés élastiques associées." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=lebail.
Full textSicilia, Deborah. "Tomographie anisotrope du manteau superieur sous la Corne de l'Afrique: Implications geodynamiques du point chaud de l'Afar." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003005.
Full text. En effet, il y a pres de 30Ma, l'arrivee en surface d'un panache mantellique provenant d'une profondeur encore
non determinee aurait initie l'extension dans la Corne de l'Afrique. Le but de cette these est de definir
le role du point chaud de l'Afar dans la geodynamique du Nord de l'Afrique. Une etude tomographique a partir du mode fondamental des ondes de surface a ete realisee dans cette intention. Les vitesses de phase moyennes le long des grands cercles reliant les epicentres aux stations sont calculees a partir d'un nouvel algorithme d'inversion non-lineaire. L'inversion simultanee des ondes de Rayleigh et des ondes de Love permet non seulem
ent de retrouver les perturbations de vitesses d'ondes SV et les directions d'axe rapide d'anisotropie azimutale
mais egalement d'acceder a l'information sur l'anisotropie radiale. La distribution des directions d'axe rapide d'anisotropie azimutale est tres perturbee au voisinage du point chaud et cette caracteristique est accentuee aux faibles profondeurs. Elles restent neanmoins en accord avec de precedentes etudes d'ondes SKS. Les
cratons affichent des vitesses rapides jusqu'a 250km coherentes avec des resultats anterieurs. On observe u
ne anomalie negative de forte amplitude sous le point chaud de l'Afar. La signature persiste clairement jusqu'a
350km. Un second point chaud situe sur le rift Est-Africain est aussi visible a grande profondeur (300km). Contrairement aux traces profondes du rift ethiopien et de la mer Rouge, le Golfe d'Aden met en evidence des vitesses
lentes jusqu'a seulement 150km. Les points chauds d'Afrique du Nord semblent egalement de nature superficielle
et pourraient s'averer etre une consequence de convection secondaire a petite echelle. La structure heterogene alternant entre un contraste positif et negatif selon l'orientation Est-Ouest vient appuyer cette idee.
Saur, Hugo. "Étude des microstructures par tomographie à rayons X : application aux roches clastiques à grain fin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3005.
Full textThe study of the microstructure of rocks is essential for our contemporary and future challenges in energy, engineering and construction. Furthermore, this study allows us to characterize the geological deformation processes that led to the current state of geological formations. Fine-grained clastic rocks, commonly called "shales", represent about two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks. 3D data concerning silt-sized grains or clasts embedded in the porous clay-rich matrix of this type of rock are relatively scarce despite the fact that these data are crucial to understand the anisotropic properties of these rocks at the macroscale but also to evaluate the deformation state of the rock matrix. A better understanding of the microstructure of these rocks would allow us to predict their mechanical or physical properties, which are essential for applications in the energy sector, among others. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive technique providing a 3D image of the microstructure of any object. A direct geometric characterization of the constituents of fine-grained clastic rocks is possible with this technique. Based on XCT images, this thesis aims first to develop methodological aspects to study the 3D shape fabric of silt particles and their spatial distribution. The moments of inertia of segmented grains from 3D digital images are used for this development. We then present applications on fine-grained rocks with a sedimentary fabric and on deformed fine-grained rocks with a tectonic fabric. The first application part of the thesis focuses on the same lithologic unit having experienced different amounts of deformation. Samples from the South Pyrenean Basin and samples from a historical outcrop in the Central Appalachians were collected. We provide new data on the evolution of the 3D shape of grains and pores at the micrometer scale and their arrangement in the rock matrix with respect to the deformation intensity. The obtained data allow discussing the deformation mechanisms at the grain scale of the different mineralogical phases. However, the limited size of the imaged samples by means of XCT (≤ 2 mm diameter) raises the question of the representativeness of these analyses. On the South Pyrenean site, some samples are studied in more detail to evaluate the homogeneity of the results. We show that the XCT data complement the indirect petrophysical measurements by providing access to localized sub-fabrics that are integrated in a bulk measurement of the rock fabric. The limits are reached when the characteristic length of the deformation structures are on the order of the sample size imaged by XCT. In the second application part, samples from turbiditic systems of the South Pyrenean basin are analyzed. These systems, when deformed in compressive tectonic settings, record the same amount of shortening differently expressed in the various siliciclastic matrices. The results obtained from the shape data of the clasts are compared to our bulk magnetic fabric measurements and show a good consistency. The methodology presented in this work can be extended to other types of porous and granular media for a better understanding of the influence of fabric anisotropy on their macroscopic properties and mechanical behavior
Shen, Chun. "The standard model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions and electromagnetic tomography." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405931790.
Full textSicilia, Deborah. "Tomographie anisotrope du manteau supérieur sous la Corne de l' Afrique : implications géodynamiques du point chaud de l' Afar." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GLOB0004.
Full textIn order to define the role of the Afar Hotspot in the North Africa geodynamics, a tomography was carried out using fundamental mode of surface waves. The mean phase velocities along each path are calculated using a new nonlinear inverse algorithm. The simultaneaous inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves enable us to retrieve the perturbations of velocities, the azimutal anisotropy and the radial anisotropy. The azimuthal anisotropy displays a complex pattern close to the Afar Hotspot and is in good agreement with studies of shear-wave splitting. The Gulf of Aden is associates with slow velocities down to 150km depth. We observe a negative anomaly of strong amplitude below the Afar Hotspot. A second plume located on the ethiopian rift is visible down to 300km. The hotspots of North Africa seem to have a superficial signature and could be a consequence of edge-driven convection
Bouville, Florian. "Self-assembly of anisotropic particles driven by ice growth : Mechanisms, applications and bioinspiration." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0155/document.
Full textSelf-assembly phenomena are of prime interest in materials science, because they fill the gap between assembly of macrostructure and processing of nanomaterials. Self-assembly is based on the spontaneous organization of individual small constituents into patterns and structures. Controlling the spatial arrangement can possibly improve materials properties by maximizing its response in a given direction. Furthermore, particular types of spatial arrangement, such as found in natural structures, can even induce new properties. During the past three years, we have used ice templating process to trigger the assembly of platelet-shaped particles to replicate the hierarchical structure of nacre. Control over this technique allowed structural customization at different length-scales: local orientation of the platelets, ice crystal long range order, and the control if the interfaces between the platelets. This hierarchical process has set the ground for the creation of a new fully mineral nacre-like alumina. The local platelet self-assembly triggered by ice growth was investigated by Discrete Element Modelling which provided new insight into the dynamic phenomenon responsible for the particles alignment. Synchrotron X-ray tomography was used to validated the model results. The different architecture observed in the final samples are not the result of a percolation threshold, as one could expect, but is instead a consequence of the delicate balance between pushing and engulfment at the solidification front. The local alignment of platelets can be beneficial for the functional and structural characteristics of composites and relevant aspects for two potential applications were investigated: the thermal properties of the hexagonal boron nitride/silicon rubber composites and the mechanical properties of macroporous alumina. Further adaptation of the process allowed for long range ordering of the ice crystals (up to the centimeter scale). Different tools have also been developed in order to characterize the response of composites as a function of the architecture at the level of the macropores and particle organisation. Once those two levels of alignment were achieved, the addition of a glassy phase and nanoparticles to the grain boundaries of the platelets introduces, just like in nacre, interfaces capable of deflect and even stopping crack propagation
Salaun, Gwenaelle. "Structure et déformation du manteau supérieur de la région Egée-Anatolie par tomographie en ondes de Rayleigh." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657416.
Full textKhelfa, Haithem. "Identification des propriétés d'élasticité et d'amortissement d'une fibre isolée anisotrope par ultrasons laser : ouverture au cas des fibres naturelles." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1016/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of elastic and damping properties of micrometric fibers that are used for the reinforcementof composite materials. Homogeneous and circular artificial fibers were studied experimentaly by the application of the laser ultrasonics (LU) technique, which was coupled to modal identification based on the simulation of the vibration modes using finite element modeling. In the case of plant fibers, the application of the LU method requires prior knowledge of the 3D geometry of the single fiber in the measurement area. In order to determine the geometry of the fiber, we have developed anin-situ optical projection micro-tomography (OPT) device using the digital holography technique. This PhD thesis is organized around four chapters. The first chapter provides a state of the art of the micrometric fibers and the most common methods used to characterize their mechanical properties. The second chapter is elevated to numerical methods of calculation of the propagation of guided acoustic waves in cylindrical structures (solid cylinder, pipes, arbitrary cross-section). In order to predict the propagation of guided acoustic waves in such structures, several methods are presented. The third chapter is devoted to the experimental study of elastic properties and vibrational behavior of micrometric fibers using laser ultrasonics technique (LU). The last chapter of the manuscript presents the principle of the OPT method based on digital holography microscopy, performed in situ on the LU measurement area of the fiber, which will be used tocollect the actual 3D shape of a single flax fiber
Dillard, Thierry Jean-Paul. "Caractérisation et simulation numérique du comportement mécanique des mousses de nickel : morphologie tridimensionnelle, réponse élastoplastique et rupture." Paris, ENMP, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007530.
Full textDeformation behaviour and failure of nickel foams are studied during loading by using X-ray microtomography. A detailed description of the 3D morphology is presented. Dimensions and orientation of each cell are determined. The geometrical aspect ratio is linked to the mechanical anisotropy of the foam. In tension, a uniaxial analytical model, based on elastoplastic strut bending, is developed. The whole stress-strain curve of the foam is predicted according to its specific weight and its anisotropy. The model is also extended to two-phase foams and the influence of the hollow struts is analysed. The two-phase foams model is finally applied to oxidized nickel foams and compared with experimental data. A phenomenological compressible continuum plasticity model is also proposed and identified in tension. The identification of the model is carried out using experimental strain maps obtained by a photomechanical technique. The multiaxial model is extended to a micromorphic one to incorporate non local features accounting for the size effects observed for small holes. The prediction of the model is evaluated in the case of subsequent fracture of the specimen through crack propagation
Guilbert, Jocelyn. "Caractérisation des structures lithosphériques sous le Nord Tibet et sous le Massif Central à partir des données sismologiques du programme Lithoscope." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721900.
Full textQuince, Zachery. "Optical coherence elastography for the measurement of anterior segment biomechanical properties." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/236255/2/Zachery%2BQuince%2BPhD%2BThesis%282%29.pdf.
Full textFalvard, Simon. "Application de la microtomographie par rayons X à l'étude des dépôts de tsunamis." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22686/document.
Full textThe study of tsunami deposits is a relatively young science, and even if substantial progress has been made (especially during the last three decades) the techniques available at present day do not allow exhaustive studies of the deposits, weither poor conservation of the deposits, which is a common problem, is to blame, or because of limitations of the techniques themselves. Their spatial resolution often appears to be insufficient for fine deposits (sand size fractions and finer) because of their working principle (lack of three dimensional visualisation of structures on thin sections for instance) or because of the sampling techniques they depend on. This work allowed exploring the applications of an analytic technique, X-ray computed microtomography, which had to this day never used before for the study of tsunami deposits. Three distinct case studies have been made: deposits from the 1755 Lisbon tsunami on the western coast of Spain (Andalusia), deposits from the 1996 tsunami triggered in Karymskoye Lake, and a potential mid-Holocene tsunami deposit at Ninety Mile Beach, western Australia. Problematic linked to sampling techniques and raw data processing and exploitation are addressed. Chosen solutions are exposed. The results are compared to those obtained using techniques whose relevance and usefulness have been proven in previous studies. This technique proves to be extremely useful for structural (deposits inner organisation), textural (grain size distribution, sedimentary fabrics and flow dynamics), and composition (bioclasts and heavy minerals abundances) analyses. Crossing structural and textural analysis of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami deposit unravels deposition modes which go against the usually admitted scenario and offers a new point of view on tsunami deposits
HEINTZ, Maggy. "Structure et deformation du manteau continental sud americain : apport de la tomographie en ondes de surface et de l'anisotropie sismique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006948.
Full textLa tomographie sismique anisotrope en ondes de surface donne une image de la structure en vitesse du manteau supérieur sous le continent et les océans environnants. Une bonne corrélation existe entre les grandes structures géologiques et les hétérogénéités de vitesse. L'anisotropie des ondes de Rayleigh suggère une absence de déformation à grande échelle au-delà de 200 km de profondeur, ce qui contraint verticalement la source de l'anisotropie mise en évidence au sud-est du Brésil. L'étude du déphasage des ondes de cisaillement y a révélé une orientation dominante du plan de polarisation de l'onde quasi-S rapide, parallèle aux chaînes péricratoniques. Un déphasage entre les ondes S rapide et lente supérieur à 2s a été mesuré à l'aplomb des décrochements majeurs. Une telle amplitude suggère que : 1) les décrochements traversent la lithosphère, 2) la lithosphère est caractérisée par une très forte anisotropie intrinsèque, 3) l'asthénosphère contribue au déphasage, par la présence de deux couches ou d'une fabrique tectonique cohérente entre lithosphère et asthénosphère, impliquant une absence de découplage depuis le Néoprotérozoïque.
Une modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle de la déformation lithosphérique a permis d'étudier le couplage mécanique entre la croûte et le manteau supérieur, ainsi que la localisation de la déformation en termes de développement de zones de cisaillement.