Journal articles: 'Tomographic technique'

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Takiguchi, Takashi. "Ultrasonic Tomographic Technique and Its Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9051005.

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X-ray tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are excellent techniques for non-destructive or non-invasive inspections, however, they have shotcomings including the expensive cost in both the devices themselves and their protection facilities, the harmful side effects of the X-rays to human bodies and to the environment. In view of this argument, it is necessary to develop new, inexpensive, safe and reliable tomographic techniques, especially in medical imaging and non-destructive inspections. There are new tomographic techniques under development such as optical tomography, photo-acoustic tomography, ultrasonic tomography and so on, from which we take ultrasonic tomography as the topic in this paper. We introduce a review of the known ultrasonic tomographic techniques and discuss their future development.

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Lassen, N. A. "CBF by tomographic technique." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 93 (July 1996): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00529.x.

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Lenthe, William C., McLean P. Echlin, Andreas Trenkle, Melanie Syha, Peter Gumbsch, and Tresa M. Pollock. "Quantitative voxel-to-voxel comparison of TriBeam and DCT strontium titanate three-dimensional data sets." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 4 (June 27, 2015): 1034–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715009231.

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Recently, techniques for the acquisition of three-dimensional tomographic and four-dimensional time-resolved data sets have emerged, allowing for the analysis of mm3volumes of material with nm-scale resolution. The ability to merge multi-modal data sets acquiredviamultiple techniques for the quantitative analysis of structure, chemistry and phase information is still a significant challenge. Large three-dimensional data sets have been acquired by time-resolved diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) and a new TriBeam tomography technique with high spatial resolution to address grain growth in strontium titanate. A methodology for combining three-dimensional tomographic data has been developed. Algorithms for the alignment of orientation reference frames, unification of sampling grids and automated grain matching have been integrated, and the resulting merged data set permits the simultaneous analysis of all tomographic data on a voxel-by-voxel and grain-by-grain basis. Quantitative analysis of merged data sets collected using DCT and TriBeam tomography shows that the spatial resolution of the DCT technique is limited near grain boundaries and the sample edge, resolving grains down to 10 µm diameter for the reconstruction method used. While the TriBeam technique allows for higher-resolution analysis of boundary plane location, it is a destructive tomography approach and can only be employed at the conclusion of a four-dimensional experiment.

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Bleuet, P., G. Audoit, J. P. Barnes, J. Bertheau, Y. Dabin, H. Dansas, J. M. Fabbri, et al. "Specifications for Hard Condensed Matter Specimens for Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Tomographies." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 3 (April 10, 2013): 726–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613000330.

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AbstractTomography is a standard and invaluable technique that covers a large range of length scales. It gives access to the inner morphology of specimens and to the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of physical quantities such as elemental composition, crystalline phases, oxidation state, or strain. These data are necessary to determine the effective properties of investigated heterogeneous media. However, each tomographic technique relies on severe sampling conditions and physical principles that require the sample to be adequately shaped. For that purpose, a wide range of sample preparation techniques is used, including mechanical machining, polishing, sawing, ion milling, or chemical techniques. Here, we focus on the basics of tomography that justify such advanced sample preparation, before reviewing and illustrating the main techniques. Performances and limits are highlighted, and we identify the best preparation technique for a particular tomographic scale and application. The targeted tomography techniques include hard X-ray micro- and nanotomography, electron nanotomography, and atom probe tomography. The article mainly focuses on hard condensed matter, including porous materials, alloys, and microelectronics applications, but also includes, to a lesser extent, biological considerations.

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Quan, Bao, and Jiang Nan. "A Simplified 3D Reconstruction Technique for Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 2184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.2184.

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Tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) is a newly developed technique for three-component three-dimensional (3C-3D) velocity measurement based on the tomographic reconstruction of a 3D volume light intensity field from multiple two-dimensional projections. A simplification of 3D tomographic reconstruction model, which reduced from a 3D volume with 2D images to a 2D slice with 1D lines, simplify this 3D reconstruction into a problem of 2D plane reconstruction by means of optical tomography, is applied in this paper . The principles and details of the tomographic algorithm are discussed, as well as the study of ART and MART reconstruction algorithm is carried out by means of computer-simulated image reconstruction procedure. The three-dimensional volume particle field is reconstructed by MART reconstruction algorithm base on the simplified 3D reconstruction model which made a high reconstruction quality Q=81.37% prove that the way of simplification by MART reconstruction is feasible, so it could be applied in reconstruction of 3D particle field in tomographic particle image velocimetry system.

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Cederlund, A., M. Kalke, and U. Welander. "Volumetric tomography – a new tomographic technique for panoramic units." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 38, no. 2 (February 2009): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/16577933.

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Bagnuolo, W. G., and D. R. Gies. "Tomographic Separation of Composite Spectra of O-Type Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 135 (1992): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100006230.

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AbstractWe have analyzed UV photospheric lines of three O-type binaries (AO Cas, Plaskett’s Star, and 29 UW CMa) by means of tomographic and cross-correlation analyses, with the goal of estimating the physical properties of the individual stars. The tomographic techniques allowed us to estimate Teff and log g the luminosity ratio, and rotational velocities. The mass ratios were obtained from a cross-correlation technique, applied to spectral regions in which preliminary tomography shows the secondary has strong photospheric line features.

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Abdulkareem, L. A. "Identification of Oil-Gas Two Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe using Advanced Measurement Techniques." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 6165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3679.

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The characteristics of flow configuration in pipes are very important in the oil industry due to its role in governing equipment design. In vertical risers, many flow configurations could be observed such as bubbly, slug, churn, and annular flow. In this project, two tomographic techniques have been applied simultaneously to the flow in a vertical riser: the Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) technique and the Capacitance Wire Mesh Sensor (WMS) technique. The employed pipe diameter was 50mm and the superficial studied velocities were 0.06-3.0m/s for gas and 0.06-0.4m/s for oil. Several techniques have been used to analyze the output data of the two tomography techniques such as time series of cross-sectional averaged void fraction, Probability Density Function (PDF), image reconstruction, and liquid hold-up profile. The averaged void fractions were calculated from the output signal of the two measurement techniques and plotted as functions of the superficial velocity of the gas. The flow patterns were identified from the PDF of the averaged void fraction. In addition, it was found that both tomographic techniques are reliable in identifying the flow regimes in pipes.

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Kim, H., M. Lee, H. Choi, C. Min, and H. Choi. "Tomographic image reconstruction techniques for accurate spent fuel assembly verification." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01032.

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Abstract Non-proliferation and the security of nuclear materials are essential. The international atomic energy agency (IAEA) considers a tomographic image acquisition technique of spent fuel assemblies a promising technique to accurately verify the rod-by-rod spent fuel conditions stored in a water pool. Researchers at Yonsei University in Korea developed the bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator-based Yonsei Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography (YSECT). Previous research validated the YSECT system experimentally to quickly evaluate the radioactivity distribution of test fuel rods in the Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and Control (KINAC). Quick verification of the fuel assembly requires the development of a high-quality image reconstruction algorithm that enables image acquisition within a short time. This study examined various tomographic image reconstruction techniques to identify patterns of missing fuel rods accurately. Rotational projection image data sets were obtained for 15 patterns of test fuel rods for 900 seconds using the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system installed at KINAC. The projection images were acquired every 5° while four 64-channel detectors rotated 90°. The acquired images were reconstructed using the following methods: filtered back-projection, simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique, order-subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique, maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), and Fast-Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding algorithm (FISTA). Among the reconstruction algorithms used in this study, the image quality of MLEM showed the best performance, and the image contrast of FISTA showed the highest result. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the tomographic image was improved using the image reconstruction technique optimized for the YSECT system to verify the patterns of fuel rods. Hence, even for the low-quality measured data with the short-time scan of the SPECT system, this advanced technique is expected to show better discriminability of the patterns of fuel rods in the assembly.

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Welander, U., G. Li, WD McDavid, and G. Tronje. "Transtomography: a new tomographic scanning technique." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 33, no. 3 (May 2004): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/55001955.

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Jiang, Nan, Quan Bao, and Shaoqiong Yang. "3D Reconstruction technique for tomographic PIV." Transactions of Tianjin University 21, no. 6 (December 2015): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-015-2285-3.

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Deconihout, B., A. Menand, and D. Blavette. "Recent developments of the tomographic atom probe." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 830–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171882.

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Today material science requires the use of increasingly powerful tools in materials analysis. The last twenty years have witnessed the development of a number of analytical techniques. However, though the arsenal of these techniques is large today, only a few instruments allow both observation and analysis of materials at the nanometer level. One can mention secondary ions mass spectrometry technique (SIMS), scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy loss spectrometry (STEM-EELS) and atomprobe techniques. In the SIMS technique, only in-depth spatial resolution can reach one nanometer since lateral spatial resolution is related to the incident ions beam diameter namelya few tenth of micrometers. On the contrary, in the STEM-EELS technique, the lateral spatial resolution can be as good as one nanometer while the in-depth spatial resolution is rather poor ; this last resolution is determined by the specimen thickness and therefore strongly depends on samples preparation.Atom-probe techniques makes it possible to investigate a material with both a high lateral and in-depth spatial resolution. Indeed, the spatial resolution reached with the atom-probe can be lower than one nanometer at the sample surface while being strictly equal to an atomic layer in-depth.

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Stewart, Andrew. "Combing electron diffraction techniques for structure solution." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096302.

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The last few years have seen a revolution in the field of 3D electron diffraction or diffraction tomography. We have moved from only acquiring a few low index zone axis patterns to full tomographic data sets recording all accessible areas of reciprocal space. These new larger data sets have made it easier for structure solution techniques such as direct methods from the x-ray world to be applied to the electron diffraction data for structure solution. While structure solution with tomographic electron diffraction is non trivial when compared to the x-ray case it is significantly easier than it was a few years ago. Mugnaioli et al. We are now in a situation where the most difficult and time consuming step can be the assignment of the space group to a data set. Electron diffraction has many advantages over the x-ray case in terms of the manner in which we can manipulate the electron beam. This allows the collection to convergent beam diffraction (CBD) or large angle convergent beam diffraction (LACBED) patterns, via the recently developed technique by Beanland et al. These techniques can make the assignment of space group significantly easier affair, and the path to structure solution a lot smoother. We will present the combination of data from tomographic, selected area (SA) and nano-beam (NBD) datasets, with diffraction from tomographic LACBED experiments where using the strengths of each technique can be leveraged for a much quicker route to structure solution.

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Shtivelman, Vladimir. "Kinematic inversion of first arrivals of refracted waves—A combined approach." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 2 (March 1996): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443977.

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The inversion of first‐arrival times of refracted waves in media with laterally varying parameters can be performed using the refraction tomography technique. Tomographic inversion implemented as a linearized, constrained, least‐squares, iterative scheme requires some a priori information on either refractor depth or velocity above the refractor; however, such information may be unavailable. On the other hand, in many cases a reasonable estimate of the average velocity distribution above the refractor can be obtained by a nontomographic technique such as the generalized reciprocal method (GRM). I propose a combined approach to the inversion problem that uses the advantages of both the refraction tomography and GRM techniques and which does not require additional information not contained in first arrival times. The approach is based upon two assumptions (which prove to be true in most situations). The first is that a reasonable local estimate of refractor velocity can be obtained by tomographic inversion independently of other model parameters, and the second is that the derivative of the velocity analysis function as defined by the GRM, gives a good local approximation of the refractor slowness. The proposed combined inversion scheme can be described as a three‐step procedure. In the first step, the laterally varying refractor velocity is estimated by tomographic inversion. In the second step, local estimation of laterally varying average velocity above the refractor is performed by the GRM on the basis of the previously estimated refractor velocity. In the third step, the estimated values of the average velocity are used as the corresponding constrained initial parameters for tomographic inversion.

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Naitoh, Munetaka, Akitoshi Katsumata, Yukinobu Kubota, Shinji Okumura, Hisashi Hayashi, and Eiichiro Ariji. "The Role of Objective Plane Angulation on the Mandibular Image Using Cross-Sectional Tomography." Journal of Oral Implantology 32, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/803.1.

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Abstract Cross-sectional jaw images in the buccolingual direction obtained by conventional or computerized tomography are used in the image diagnosis of dental implant treatment. This study was performed to clarify the subjective image quality of the mandibular depiction by shifting the angles of the tomographic objective plane. A panoramic machine with a linear tomographic function was used to obtain cross-sectional tomographic images on bilateral first molar regions of 10 dried human mandibles. The angles of tomographic objective planes were shifted horizontally within a range of ±20° at intervals of 5° from the tomographic objective plane, which was automatically determined. The image qualities of 4 anatomical structures—alveolar crest, buccal and lingual cortical bone, and mandibular canal—were subjectively scored on a 5-point scale method. As a result, the permitted tomographic objective angles were from −1.7° to 2.5°, a range of 4.2° for all 4 anatomical structures. When this result was compared with a previous geometric result, the permitted range of the angles was quite narrow. The tomographic objective angles should be manually set in accordance with an optimal tomographic plane for individual patients by using the positioning technique in linear tomography.

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Zhang, Shuang, Chengcai Leng, Hongbo Liu, Kun Wang, and Jie Tian. "Fast in vivo bioluminescence tomography using a novel pure optical imaging technique." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10, no. 03 (April 4, 2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545817500031.

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Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is a novel optical molecular imaging technique that advanced the conventional planar bioluminescence imaging (BLI) into a quantifiable three-dimensional (3D) approach in preclinical living animal studies in oncology. In order to solve the inverse problem and reconstruct tumor lesions inside animal body accurately, the prior structural information is commonly obtained from X-ray computed tomography (CT). This strategy requires a complicated hybrid imaging system, extensive post imaging analysis and involvement of ionizing radiation. Moreover, the overall robustness highly depends on the fusion accuracy between the optical and structural information. Here, we present a pure optical bioluminescence tomographic (POBT) system and a novel BLT workflow based on multi-view projection acquisition and 3D surface reconstruction. This method can reconstruct the 3D surface of an imaging subject based on a sparse set of planar white-light and bioluminescent images, so that the prior structural information can be offered for 3D tumor lesion reconstruction without the involvement of CT. The performance of this novel technique was evaluated through the comparison with a conventional dual-modality tomographic (DMT) system and a commercialized optical imaging system (IVIS Spectrum) using three breast cancer xenografts. The results revealed that the new technique offered comparable in vivo tomographic accuracy with the DMT system ([Formula: see text]) in much shorter data analysis time. It also offered significantly better accuracy comparing with the IVIS system ([Formula: see text]) without sacrificing too much time.

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Zhang, Hai Yan, Jian Bo Yu, and Xian Hua Chen. "Guided Waves Tomography and Image Fusion for Damage Identification in Pipes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1585.

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The detection of localized defects such as cracks and corrosion in pipes using guided waves has been shown to be an effective nondestructive evaluation technique for structural health monitoring (SHM). Cross borehole tomography in seismology is introduced into the guided wave inspection of a pipe when the pipe is considered as an unwrapped plate. Guided waves propagating in pipe with a crack defect are simulated using the finite element model and the arrival times for the fastest modes are extracted and sent to the tomographic algorithm. The tomographic reconstruction is based on the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). For some cylindrical shell geometries such as stacked storage tanks, access to the entire circumference of the structure could be impractical or even impossible, three different image fusion techniques are used to enhance the image equality reconstructed from the incomplete datasets. The results show that the defect is more pronounced after imaging fusion.

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Ray, Charles, and John Kaufman. "Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA): Overview of Technique." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 15, no. 02 (June 1998): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1057041.

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Gan, Woon S. "Diffraction tomographic interferometry, a new imaging technique." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, S1 (November 1989): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027617.

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Witte, M. W., J. D. Hovanesian, and J. A. Hovanesian. "A TOMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING CONTACT STRESS." Experimental Techniques 19, no. 4 (July 1995): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1995.tb00863.x.

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Akiyama, Iwaki. "Tomographic reconstruction technique for pulsed-echo imaging." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 8, no. 5 (1997): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1098(1997)8:5<432::aid-ima3>3.0.co;2-b.

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Kübel, Christian, Dirk Niemeyer, Robert Cieslinski, and Steve Rozeveld. "Electron Tomography of Nanostructured Materials – Towards a Quantitative 3D Analysis with Nanometer Resolution." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2517.

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Electron tomography has developed into a powerful technique to image the 3D structure of complex materials with nanometer resolution. Both, TEM and HAADF-STEM tomography exhibit tremendous possibilities to visualize nanostructured materials for a wide range of applications. Electron tomography is not only a qualitative tool to visualize nano¬structures, but recently electron tomographic results are also exploited to obtain quantitative measurements in 3D. We evaluated the reconstruction and segmentation process for a heterogeneous catalyst and, in particular, tried to assess the reliability and accuracy of the quantification process. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of electron tomographic results was compared to macroscopic measurements.

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Chen, Biyan, and Zhizhao Liu. "Assessing the performance of troposphere tomographic modeling using multi-source water vapor data during Hong Kong's rainy season from May to October 2013." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 10 (October 28, 2016): 5249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5249-2016.

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Abstract. Acquiring accurate atmospheric water vapor spatial information remains one of the most challenging tasks in meteorology. The tomographic technique is a powerful tool for modeling atmospheric water vapor and monitoring the water vapor spatial and temporal distribution/variation information. This paper presents a study on the monitoring of water vapor variations using tomographic techniques based on multi-source water vapor data, including GPS (Global Positioning System), radiosonde, WVR (water vapor radiometer), NWP (numerical weather prediction), AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sun photometer and synoptic station measurements. An extensive investigation has been carried out using multi-source data collected from May to October 2013 in Hong Kong. With the use of radiosonde observed profiles, five different vertical a priori information schemes were designed and examined. Analysis results revealed that the best vertical constraint is to employ the average radiosonde profiles over the 3 days prior to the tomographic time and that the assimilation of multi-source data can increase the tomography modeling accuracy. Based on the best vertical a priori information scheme, comparisons of slant wet delay (SWD) measurements between GPS data and multi-observational tomography showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) of their differences is 10.85 mm. Multi-observational tomography achieved an accuracy of 7.13 mm km−1 when compared with radiosonde wet refractivity observations. The vertical layer tomographic modeling accuracy was also assessed using radiosonde water vapor profiles. An accuracy of 11.44 mm km−1 at the lowest layer (0–0.4 km) and an RMSE of 3.30 mm km−1 at the uppermost layer (7.5–8.5 km) were yielded. At last, a test of the tomographic modeling in a torrential storm occurring on 21–22 May 2013 in Hong Kong demonstrated that the tomographic modeling is very robust, even during severe precipitation conditions.

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Rapsomanikis, A. N., E. Gombou, A. Eleftheriou, M. Mikeli, M. Zioga, and E. Stiliaris. "Simulating a Time-Resolved Optical Tomographic Modality." HNPS Proceedings 21 (March 8, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2012.

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The Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) using γ-radiotracers has been established as a standard technique in the physiological and functional Nuclear Imaging. However, anatomical in- formation of the surrounding tissue structure is basically limited by this modality. Therefore, additional techniques, possibly non-ionizing, must be utilized in order to gain such knowledge. SPECT can be alter- natively supported by adding a Time-Resolved Optical Tomographic (TROT) modality. The current work focuses on the feasibility of such a free-off ionizing, compact and low cost optical system. The architecture and the functionality of a time resolving optical construction, by means of a Monte-Carlo optical simulation, is presented in this study. An appropriate geometrical phantom is examined and a total of 24 projections covering the full angle region (0o −360o) are obtained with this optical system. The planar information was further analyzed to reconstruct the tomographic images using Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART). Obtained results from the simulation are presented and the system’s efficiency, regarding spatial and time resolution, is discussed.

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Xiong, Zhaohui, Bao Zhang, and Yibin Yao. "Comparisons between the WRF data assimilation and the GNSS tomography technique in retrieving 3-D wet refractivity fields in Hong Kong." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-25-2019.

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Abstract. Water vapor plays an important role in various scales of weather processes. However, there are limited means to accurately describe its three-dimensional (3-D) dynamical changes. The data assimilation technique and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tomography technique are two of the limited means. Here, we conduct an interesting comparison between the GNSS tomography technique and the Weather Research and Forecasting Data Assimilation (WRFDA) model (a representative of the data assimilation models) in retrieving wet refractivity (WR) in the Hong Kong area during a wet period and a dry period. The GNSS tomography technique is used to retrieve WR from the GNSS slant wet delays. The WRFDA is used to assimilate the zenith tropospheric delay to improve the background data. The radiosonde data are used to validate the WR derived from the GNSS tomography, the WRFDA output, and the background data. The root mean square (rms) of the WR derived from the tomography results, the WRFDA output, and the background data are 6.50, 4.31, and 4.15 mm km−1 in the wet period. The rms becomes 7.02, 7.26, and 6.35 mm km−1 in the dry period. The lower accuracy in the dry period is mainly due to the sharp variation of WR in the vertical direction. The results also show that assimilating GNSS ZTD into the WRFDA only slightly improves the accuracy of the WR and that the WRFDA WR is better than the tomographic WR in most cases. However, in a special experimental period when the water vapor is highly concentrated in the lower troposphere, the tomographic WR outperforms the WRFDA WR in the lower troposphere. When we assimilate the tomographic WR in the lower troposphere into the WRFDA, the retrieved WR is improved.

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Martone, M. E., S. Peltier, S. Lamont, A. Gupta, B. Ludaescher, S. Khetani, T. Molina, and M. H. Ellisman. "Increasing Access to Tomographic Resources: Web-based Telemicroscopy and Database." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026532.

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The application of electron tomography to cell biology has led to important insights into the 3D fine structure of subcellular processes and organelles. Tomography has been particularly useful for studying relatively large, multi-component structures such as the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and synaptic complexes. When combined with very powerful high voltage electron microscopes, tomography has also provided high resolution quantitative views of extended structures such as neuronal dendrites in very thick sections (4 μm) at electron microscopic resolution. The utility of tomography is twofold: first, it provides 3D examination of subcellular structure without the need for serial section analysis; second, because the computed slices through the tomographic volumes can be much thinner than is possible to produce by physical sectioning, it reveals structural detail in the range of 5-30 nm that tends to be obscured in conventional thin sections. Tomographic analysis has forced re-assessment of long-standing views of organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus and as the technique advances, additional insights are likely forthcoming.Electron tomography is an expensive technique, both in terms of the instruments used and the computational resources required. The three major high voltage electron microscope resources in the United States, San Diego, Boulder and Albany, all are actively engaged in tomographic research and offer this important technology to the scientific community at large.

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Balasubramaniam, Krishnan, B. V. Soma Sekhar, J. Vishnu Vardan, and C. V. Krishnamurthy. "Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Guided Lamb Waves." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.759.

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Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of aircrafts is of great relevance in the present age aircraft industry. The present study demonstrates three techniques that have the potential for the SHM of multi-layered composite structures. The first technique is based on multi-transmitter-multireceiver (MTMR) technique with tomographic methods used for data reconstruction. In the MTMR, the possibility of SHM using algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) for tomographic imaging with Lamb wave data measured in realistic materials is examined. Defects (through holes and low velocity impact delaminations) were synthetic and have been chosen to simulate impact damage in composite plates. The second technique is a single-transmitter-multi-receiver (STMR) technique that is more compact and uses reconstruction techniques that are analogous to synthetic aperture techniques. The reconstruction algorithm uses summation of the phase shifted signals to image the location of defects, portions of the plate edges, and any reflectors from inherent structural features of the component. The third technique involves a linear array of sensors across a stiffener for the detection of disbanded regions.

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Chen, Biyan, Wujiao Dai, Pengfei Xia, Minsi Ao, and Jingshu Tan. "Reconstruction of Wet Refractivity Field Using an Improved Parameterized Tropospheric Tomographic Technique." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 3034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183034.

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In most previous studies of tropospheric tomography, water vapor is assumed to have a homogeneous distribution within each voxel. The parameterization of voxels can mitigate the negative effects of the improper assumption to the tomographic solution. An improved parameterized algorithm is proposed for determining the water vapor distribution by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tomography. Within a voxel, a generic point is determined via horizontal inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation and vertical exponential interpolation from the wet refractivities at the eight surrounding voxel nodes. The parameters involved in exponential and IDW interpolation are dynamically estimated for each tomography by using the refractivity field of the last process. By considering the quasi-exponential behavior of the wet refractivity profile, an optimal algorithm is proposed to discretize the vertical layers of the tomographic model. The improved parameterization algorithm is validated with the observational data collected over a 1-month period from 124 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations of Hunan Province, China. Assessments by GPS, radiosonde, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) data, demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the traditional nonparametric model and the parameterized model using trilinear interpolation. In the assessment by GPS data, the improved model performs better than the traditional model and the trilinear parameterized model by 54% and 10%, respectively. Such improvements are 31% and 10% in the validation by radiosonde profiles. In comparison with the ERA5 reanalysis, the improved model yields a minimum overall root mean square (RMS) error of 8.94 mm/km, while those of the traditional and trilinear parametrized models are 10.79 and 9.73 mm/km, respectively. The RMS errors vertically decrease from ~20 mm/km at the bottom to ~5 mm/km at the top layer.

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McDade, Ian C., and Edward J. Llewellyn. "Inversion techniques for recovering two-dimensional distributions of auroral emission rates from tomographic rocket photometer measurements." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1991): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-164.

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In this paper we demonstrate how the spatial distribution of optical emission rates within an auroral arc may be recovered from rocket photometer measurements made in a tomographic spin scan mode. We describe the tomographic inversion procedures required to recover this information and the implementation of two inversion algorithms that are particularly well suited for dealing with the problem of noise in the observational data. These algorithms are based upon the algebraic reconstruction technique and utilize "least-squares" and "maximum-probability" iterative relaxation methods. The performance of the inversion algorithms and the limitations of the rocket tomography technique are assessed using various sets of simulated rocket measurements that were generated from "known" auroral emission-rate distributions. The simulations are used to investigate how the quality of the tomographic recovery may be influenced by various factors such as noise in the data, rocket penetration of the auroral form, background sources of emission, smearing due to the photometer field of view, and temporal variations in the auroral form.

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David, Marcelo, Omer Amran, Ron Simhi, and Franco Simini. "Time-Domain Electrical Impedance Tomography by Numerical Analysis of the Step Response." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2008, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2008/1/012019.

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Abstract This work describes the theoretical basis of an electrical impedance tomography imaging system based on numerical analysis of the step response. Its novelty relies on the use of time domain for rendering the tomographic images. Following the injection of a Heaviside-step current through two electrodes, the voltage-response is measured on all couple of electrodes according to the neighbouring strategy; this process is repeated on every pair of consecutive electrodes. Based on the measurements, a tomographic image is reconstructed using the Gauss-Newton-Raphson algorithm. We tested the technique by simulating two representative circuits: one symmetrical pseudo-isotropic and one pseudo-anisotropic in AC, while both pseudo-isotropic at DC. The time-domain reconstructed images show the second network’s pseudo-anisotropy while allowing the system to show its tendency to pseudo-isotropy when the time elapses towards DC-steady-state. This novel technique for reconstructing electrical impedance tomographic images may shed new light on sensing slight differences in tissues while being fast and low-cost.

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Hirano, Tohru, Tsunehiko Saikawa, Yoshimi Katagiri, Michio Bandoh, Motomichi Sakata, and Yoshihiro Odawara. "196. Spiral Computed Tomographic Technique of the Thorax." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 49, no. 8 (1993): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003324784.

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SUZUKI, Yasuhiro, Shishir PUROHIT, Satoshi OHDACHI, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, and Kazunobu NAGASAKI. "New tomographic reconstruction technique based on Laplacian eigenfunction." Plasma Science and Technology 22, no. 10 (August 20, 2020): 102002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/aba185.

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Liu, Lou, Zhang, Huang, Zhou, and Zhang. "On the Study of Influences of Different Factors on the Rapid Tropospheric Tomography." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131545.

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A rapid tropospheric tomography system was developed by using algebraicreconstruction technique. Influences of different factors on the tomographic results, including theground meteorological data, the multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, theground station distribution and the tomographic horizontal resolution, were systematicallyinvestigated. In order to exclude the impacts from discrepancies of water vapor informationbetween input observations and references on the tomographic results, the latest reanalysisproducts, ERA5, which were taken as references for result evaluations, were used to simulate slantwet delay (SWD) observations at GNSS stations. Besides, the slant delays derived from GNSSprocessing were also used to evaluate the reliability of simulated observations. Tomography resultsshow that the input both SWD and ground meteorological data could improve the tomographicresults where SWD mainly improve the results at middle layers (500 to 5000m, namely 2 to 16 layer)and ground meteorological data could improve the humidity fields at bottom layers further (0 to500m, namely 0 to 2 layer). Compared to the usage of Global Positioning System (GPS) only SWD,the inclusion of multi-GNSS SWD does not significantly improve the tomographic results at alllayers due to the almost unchanged dispersion of puncture points of GNSS signals. However,increases in the ground GNSS stations can benefit the tomography, with improvements of morethan 10% at bottom and middle layers. Higher tomographic horizontal resolution can furtherslightly improve the tomographic results (about 3-6% from 0.5 to 0.25 degrees), which, however,will also increase the computational burden at the same time.

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de Almeida Santos, Igor, and Ana Carolina B. de C. F. Pinto. "Computed tomography perfusion: technical presentation and possible applications in veterinary and human medicine." Clínica Veterinária XXII, no. 131 (November 1, 2017): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2017.xxii.n.131.p.74-86.

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Perfusion computed tomography (PCT) is a diagnostic imaging technique that combines the morphological analysis of conventional computed tomographic exams and the functional evaluation of tissues, thus allowing study of the behavior of normal and diseased tissues. The examination provides numerical values and pseudo-colored tomographic imagens that allow quantitative and qualitative analyses of the tissue perfusion. PTC is considered a fast and sensitive method in stroke evaluation and has a wide spectrum of clinical applications in oncology, such as the differentiation of inflammatory and neoplastic tissues, in the characterization of hidden malignant lesions and in the evaluation of tumor response to therapy. The aim of this review is to describe the PCT technique and its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its main indications.

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Karim, Aftab, Debi Mukherjee, Jorge Gonzalez-Cruz, Alan Ogden, Donald Smith, and Anil Nanda. "Accuracy of Pedicle Screw Placement for Lumbar Fusion using Anatomic Landmarks versus Open Laminectomy: A Comparison of Two Surgical Techniques in Cadaveric Specimens." Operative Neurosurgery 59, suppl_1 (July 1, 2006): ONS—13—ONS—19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000219942.12160.5c.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: We determined whether the accuracy of lumbar pedicle screw placement is optimized by performing a laminectomy before screw placement with screw entry point and trajectory being guided by pedicle visualization and palpation (Technique 1). This technique was compared with a technique using anatomic landmarks for pedicle screw placement (Technique 2). The biomechanical stability of the instrumented constructs, in the absence and presence of a laminectomy, was also compared. METHODS: Twelve L1–L3 specimens were harvested from fresh cadavers. The intact laminectomy and instrumented spines were biomechanically tested in flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Laminectomies were performed in six of the 12 specimens before pedicle screw placement using Technique 1. The remaining six specimens underwent pedicle screw and rod fixation using Technique 2. Computed tomographic images were obtained for all instrumented specimens. Deviation of the screws from the ideal entry point or trajectory was analyzed to quantitatively compare the two techniques. RESULTS: Computed tomographic analysis of the specimens showed that all screw placements were within the pedicles. Scatter plot analysis demonstrated that screws placed using Technique 2 were more likely to have the combination of entry points and trajectories medial to the ideal entry point and trajectory. Laminectomy did not weaken the final pedicle screw and rod-fixated constructs. CONCLUSION: All screw placements were grossly within the confines of the pedicles, regardless of technique, as evidenced by computed tomographic analysis. Furthermore, the anatomic landmark technique and the open laminectomy technique yielded biomechanically equivalent pedicle screw and rod-fixated constructs.

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Hendriksen, Allard A., Daniël M. Pelt, Willem Jan Palenstijn, Sophia B. Coban, and Kees Joost Batenburg. "On-the-Fly Machine Learning for Improving Image Resolution in Tomography." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122445.

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In tomography, the resolution of the reconstructed 3D volume is inherently limited by the pixel resolution of the detector and optical phenomena. Machine learning has demonstrated powerful capabilities for super-resolution in several imaging applications. Such methods typically rely on the availability of high-quality training data for a series of similar objects. In many applications of tomography, existing machine learning methods cannot be used because scanning such a series of similar objects is either impossible or infeasible. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for improving the resolution of tomographic volumes that is based on the assumption that the local structure is similar throughout the object. Therefore, our approach does not require a training set of similar objects. The technique combines a specially designed scanning procedure with a machine learning method for super-resolution imaging. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using both simulated and experimental data. The results show that the proposed method is able to significantly improve resolution of tomographic reconstructions.

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Bagni, T., H. Haldi, D. Mauro, and C. Senatore. "Tomography analysis tool: an application for image analysis based on unsupervised machine learning." IOP SciNotes 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 015201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2633-1357/ac54bf.

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Abstract We developed a graphical user interface (GUI) to analyse tomographic images of superconducting Nb3Sn wires designed for the next generation accelerator magnets. The Tomography Analysis Tool (TAT) relies on the k-means algorithm, an unsupervised machine learning technique which is widely used to partition images into separated clusters. The GUI is compatible with both Linux and Windows operating systems. The software reliability was tested by optical inspecting the tomographic images superimposed on the clustered image obtained by the k-means algorithm. TAT was proven to correctly segment the various components of the Nb3Sn superconducting wires with single pixel precision. Finally, this software can be a useful tool for the scientific community to segment and analyse quickly and reproducibly tomographic images.

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Rammah, Khader, Mostafa Ismail, Jesse Costa, and Mario Riccio Filho. "A new seismic tomography system for geotechnical centrifuges." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): e2023000922. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.000922.

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Seismic tomography has been extensively used in geophysics for different purposes, including geological mapping, characterisation of inner earth structure and prospecting for oil and gas. In geophysics, seismic or electromagnetic waves are commonly used to provide tomographic information. In the geotechnical area, seismic tomography is emerging as a promising technique that can be used to determine the spatial variability of shear wave velocities and hence the small strain stiffness of geomaterials, especially when used in the centrifuge where in-situ stress conditions can be mimicked closely. This paper describes the development of a seismic tomography technique in the centrifuge. This technology can be used to image variations of soil stiffness under various mechanical, chemical and physical conditions. The paper describes the various components of the system, which includes arrays of small-size bender elements, hardware and software used to transmit, receive and acquire the shear wave signals during a centrifuge test. The paper illustrates the performance of the system at both 1g and in the centrifuge. Results of tomographic inversion performed on travel-time data obtained from these tests are discussed.

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Gu, R. J., J. D. Hovanesian, and Y. Y. Hung. "Calculations of Strains and Internal Displacement Fields Using Computerized Tomography." Journal of Applied Mechanics 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897159.

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A novel treatment of computerized tomography is developed to calculate strains and displacements at internal nodes from known boundary displacements. The formulation is blended with finite element numerical scheme. Numerical simulations are performed to verify accuracy of this new technique using several plane problems whose solutions exist in closed form. Excellent agreement shows the potential of developing the tomographic technique into a hybrid numerical-experimental method for solving mechanics problems.

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Jankov, S., P. Vakili, A. Domiciano de Souza, and E. Janot-Pacheco. "Interferometric-Doppler Imaging of Nonradial Stellar Pulsations." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 185 (2002): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100015931.

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AbstractWe present the imaging potential of a tomographic technique which combines time-resolved spectroscopy and long baseline interferometry, providing information that cannot be obtained otherwise with each of these techniques separately.

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Ye, Shirong, Pengfei Xia, and Changsheng Cai. "Optimization of GPS water vapor tomography technique with radiosonde and COSMIC historical data." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 9 (September 20, 2016): 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-789-2016.

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Abstract. The near-real-time high spatial resolution of atmospheric water vapor distribution is vital in numerical weather prediction. GPS tomography technique has been proved effectively for three-dimensional water vapor reconstruction. In this study, the tomography processing is optimized in a few aspects by the aid of radiosonde and COSMIC historical data. Firstly, regional tropospheric zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) models are improved and thus the zenith wet delay (ZWD) can be obtained at a higher accuracy. Secondly, the regional conversion factor of converting the ZWD to the precipitable water vapor (PWV) is refined. Next, we develop a new method for dividing the tomography grid with an uneven voxel height and a varied water vapor layer top. Finally, we propose a Gaussian exponential vertical interpolation method which can better reflect the vertical variation characteristic of water vapor. GPS datasets collected in Hong Kong in February 2014 are employed to evaluate the optimized tomographic method by contrast with the conventional method. The radiosonde-derived and COSMIC-derived water vapor densities are utilized as references to evaluate the tomographic results. Using radiosonde products as references, the test results obtained from our optimized method indicate that the water vapor density accuracy is improved by 15 and 12 % compared to those derived from the conventional method below the height of 3.75 km and above the height of 3.75 km, respectively. Using the COSMIC products as references, the results indicate that the water vapor density accuracy is improved by 15 and 19 % below 3.75 km and above 3.75 km, respectively.

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Jin, Shuanggen, J. U. Park, J. L. Wang, B. K. Choi, and P. H. Park. "Electron Density Profiles Derived From Ground-Based GPS Observations." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 3 (August 23, 2006): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463306003821.

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Nowadays GPS is widely used to monitor the ionosphere. However, the current results from ground-based GPS observations only provide some information on the horizontal structure of the ionosphere, and are extremely restricted in mapping its vertical structure. In this paper, tomography reconstruction technique was used to image 3D ionospheric structure with ground-based GPS. The first result of the 3D images of the ionospheric electron density distribution in South Korea has been generated from the permanent Korean GPS Network (KGN) data. Compared with the profiles obtained by independent ionosondes at or near the GPS receiver stations, the electron density profiles obtained by the GPS tomographic construction method are in better agreement, showing the validity of the GPS ionospheric tomographic reconstruction. It has also indicated that GPS-based 3D ionospheric mapping has the potential to complement other expensive observing techniques in ionospheric mapping, such as ionosondes and radar.

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Sparling, Chris, and Dave Townsend. "Tomographic reconstruction techniques optimized for velocity-map imaging applications." Journal of Chemical Physics 157, no. 11 (September 21, 2022): 114201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101789.

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Examples of extracting meaningful information from image projection data using tomographic reconstruction techniques can be found in many areas of science. Within the photochemical dynamics community, tomography allows for complete three-dimensional (3D) charged particle momentum distributions to be reconstructed following a photodissociation or photoionization event. This permits highly differential velocity- and angle-resolved measurements to be made simultaneously. However, the generalized tomographic reconstruction strategies typically adopted for use with photochemical imaging—based around the Fourier-slice theorem and filtered back-projection algorithms—are not optimized for these specific types of problems. Here, we discuss pre-existing alternative strategies—namely, the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique and Hankel Transform Reconstruction (HTR)—and introduce them in the context of velocity-map imaging applications. We demonstrate the clear advantages they afford, and how they can perform considerably better than approaches commonly adopted at present. Most notably, with HTR we can set a bound on the minimum number of projections required to reliably reconstruct 3D photoproduct distributions. This bound is significantly lower than what is currently accepted and will help make tomographic imaging far more accessible and efficient for many experimentalists working in the field of photochemical dynamics.

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OHDACHI, Satoshi, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Yasuhiro SUZUKI, Shishir PUROHIT, and Naofumi IWAMA. "Tomographic Inversion Technique Using Orthogonal Basis Patterns." Plasma and Fusion Research 14 (June 3, 2019): 3402087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.14.3402087.

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Hanai, Kouzou, Tetsuya Horiuchi, Junko Sekiguchi, Yoshihisa Muramatsu, Ryutaro Kakinuma, Noriyuki Moriyama, Ryosuke Tuchiiya, and Noboru Niki. "Computer-Simulation Technique for Low Dose Computed Tomographic Screening." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 30, no. 6 (November 2006): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rct.0000230011.16468.0e.

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Yesiltas, Mehmet, Steven Jaret, Jordan Young, Shawn P. Wright, and Timothy D. Glotch. "Three-Dimensional Raman Tomographic Microspectroscopy: A Novel Imaging Technique." Earth and Space Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ea000369.

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Simonov, N., and S. ‐H Son. "Focused microwave thermotherapy technique based on microwave tomographic imaging." Electronics Letters 55, no. 11 (May 2019): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2019.1004.

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Sanders, Toby. "Discrete Iterative Partial Segmentation Technique (DIPS) for Tomographic Reconstruction." IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging 2, no. 1 (March 2016): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tci.2016.2521340.

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Isernia, T., V. Pascazio, and R. Pierri. "On the local minima in a tomographic imaging technique." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39, no. 7 (July 2001): 1596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.934091.

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Solomon, Albert, Moshe Michowitz, Joseph Papo, and Israel Yust. "Computed tomographic air enema technique to demonstrate colonic neoplasms." Gastrointestinal Radiology 11, no. 1 (January 1986): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02035068.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tomographic technique'

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