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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Demakopoulou, K., and S. Aulsebrook. "THE GOLD AND SILVER VESSELS AND OTHER PRECIOUS FINDS FROM THE THOLOS TOMB AT KOKLA IN THE ARGOLID." Annual of the British School at Athens 113 (November 2018): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245418000084.

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The Late Helladic IIB–IIIA1 tholos in the Kokla necropolis is a particularly important and intriguing tomb that can provide us with interesting insights into the wider social landscape of the Argolid just prior to the emergence of the Mycenaean palaces. Architecturally, the tomb itself is a unique mix of features derived from tholoi and chamber tombs; its entrance is adorned with what must be one of the earliest-surviving Mycenaean frescoes. This tholos tomb had not been looted, a rare phenomenon for such tombs, and the precious finds, that is to say the gold, silver and ivory objects, are presented here in detail. These artworks include both Minoan and Mycenaean influences. The group of metal vessels is significant as it is one of the largest assemblages of metalware found from the post-Shaft Grave period on the Mycenaean Greek mainland. It appears that some of these objects were used for funerary ritual activity in conjunction with the bench in the tholos, whereas other objects seem to have been part of an assemblage of grave-goods. As no human remains were discovered, it is difficult to piece together the sequence of use for the tomb. Nevertheless, the publication of this material from the Kokla tholos is an important contribution to our knowledge of the Argolid during this period.

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2

Galanakis, Yannis. "The Construction of the Aegisthus Tholos Tomb at Mycenae and the ‘Helladic Heresy’." Annual of the British School at Athens 102 (November 2007): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021481.

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The article examines the importance of the Aegisthus tholos tomb in the formation of the tripartite chronological scheme of the Mycenae tholos tombs by A. J. B. Wace. The scheme is assessed in the light of the epistemological debate between Wace and Evans concerning the nature and extent of Minoan influence on mainland Greece in the early Late Bronze Age. It is here suggested that the two-phase construction identified by Wace in the Aegisthus tholos contributed significantly to the establishment of the structural development of the Mycenae tholoi, an important point against Evans's views on the subject. The two-phase construction is re-visited with a view to highlight its importance in Wace's scheme but more significantly to shed light on the planning and execution of the Aegisthus tomb. While the two-phase construction cannot altogether be dismissed, it is suggested that the ashlar façade of the Aegisthus tomb was not an afterthought, as is largely maintained, but a preplanned action and part of the tomb's original design.

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3

Jones, Olivia A. "Demography and burial exclusion in Mycenaean Achaia, Greece." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.523.

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The Late Bronze Age period in Greece, known as the Mycenaean period (Figure 1), has been an influential research topic in Greek archaeology since the excavations at Mycenae (Figure 2) by Heinrich Schliemann in the late 19th century. The mortuary record in particular, with exceptional contexts such as the Shaft Graves filled with golden funerary masks, and the elaborately constructed beehive stone-built tholos tombs (pl. tholoi), have encouraged discussions of conspicuous consumption and shifts of power in early Mycenaean (MH III-LH I) Greece.

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4

Déderix, Sylviane. "Patterns of Visibility, Intervisibility and Invisibility at Bronze Age Apesokari (Crete)." Open Archaeology 5, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2019-0014.

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AbstractTholos A at Apesokari (south-central Crete, Greece) was constructed on a sloping ledge of bedrock, overlooking the Mesara Plain below. Such an inconvenient topographic setting makes Tholos A an unusual example in the corpus of Minoan circular tombs, which were more commonly built on flatter ground. The builders seem to have cared greatly about placing Tholos A precisely at this location, even at the risk of jeopardizing the stability of its circular chamber. Furthermore, due to limited space availability, the annex rooms of Tholos A had to be built at a higher level on the bedrock, resulting in an architectural configuration unparalleled in other circular tombs. This paper addresses the question of why this particular location was chosen for the construction of Tholos A. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to examine the possibility that concerns related to visibility, intervisibility or invisibility may have played a role in the decision to build Tholos A at this particular spot. Five potential scenarios are formulated and tested to assess whether the tomb may have been placed with the intention of maximizing its visibility and ensuring (or, to the contrary, preventing) intervisibility with specific features in the local landscape.

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5

Petrakis, Vassilis P. "Late Minoan III and Early Iron Age Cretan Cylindrical Terracotta Models: A Reconsideration." Annual of the British School at Athens 101 (November 2006): 183–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021316.

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The present study explores the possible interpretation of the terracotta cylindrical models found in Late Minoan to Early Iron Age contexts (generally known as “(circular) hut models”) as reduced-scale models of tholos tombs. Theoretical issues concerning the relationship of an ‘architectural model’ with the archaeological context in which it is found are examined in order to support the above-mentioned suggestion. Archaeological data concerning the morphology, chronology, distribution, use and significance of the Late Minoan and Early Iron Age tholos tombs are explored in order to contribute to the discussion. The possible connection between the presence of the LM III tomb models in domestic contexts and the absence of contemporary intramural burials allows us to expand on the possible significance of these artefacts for our knowledge of LM mortuary practices and beliefs, especially those concerning the possible practice of ‘ancestor worship’. The presence of terracotta figurines of the ‘Minoan Goddess with Upraised Arms’ type attached in the interior of two examples (from SM Knossos and PG B Archanes) is considered as a late development within the tradition of these models and linked with the practice of placing MGUA figures in Early Iron Age tholos tombs (Rhotasi, Kourtes).

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6

Bevan, Andrew, Evangelia Kiriatz, Carl Knappett, Evangelia Kappa, and Sophia Papachristou. "Excavation of Neopalatial deposits at Tholos (Kastri), Kythera." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 55–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017342.

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Several rock-cut features, exposed on the surface of a trackway in the Tholos area of Kastri, Kythera, were excavated in July–August 2000 as a synergasia between Kythera Island Project and 2nd Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Although the surviving deposits were extremely shallow, they produced large quantities of conical cups and other pottery of Late Minoan I date. Further comparative analysis of the features themselves and their finds suggests that these are the remains of tomb chambers similar to those excavated in the area in the 1960s. These tombs and their assemblages show extremely strong cultural connections with Crete, but also idiosyncrasies that probably reflect the particular mortuary customs of the island.

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7

Aranda Jiménez, Gonzalo, Águeda Lozano Medina, Marta Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, Margarita Sánchez Romero, and Javier Escudero Carrillo. "Cultural Continuity and Social Resistance: The Chronology of Megalithic Funerary Practices in Southern Iberia." European Journal of Archaeology 21, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 192–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.42.

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Inspired by the biographical approach to the study of material culture, a radiocarbon dating programme was undertaken to explore the chronology and temporality of the megalithic monuments in south-eastern Iberia. Instead of one or two dates per tomb, the normal way of approaching this complex issue, we carried out a complete radiocarbon dating series of single tombs based on human remains. We focused our attention on four tholos-type tombs in the cemetery of El Barranquete (Almería, Spain). According to the new radiocarbon series modelled in a Bayesian framework, four main conclusions can be drawn: that the cemetery shows a very long period of funerary activity, which began in the late fourth millennium and ended in the last centuries of the second millennium calbc; that continuity of ritual practices attained an unexpected importance during the Bronze Age; that interments, which fall into cultural periods that would be unthinkable if only the typological properties of the grave goods were considered, occurred; and that each tomb had a complex and very different biography.

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8

Lozano Medina, Águeda, and Gonzalo Aranda Jiménez. "La temporalidad de las sepulturas megalíticas tipo tholos del sur de la península ibérica." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 26 (2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2017i26.01.

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9

Breniquet, Catherine. "A propos du vase halafien de la Tombe G2 de Tell Arpachiyah." Iraq 54 (1992): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002503.

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En 1976, Ismaïl Hijara reprenait le chantier préhistorique de Tell Arpachiyah, dans la banlieue de Mosul, pour une ultime campagne. Ce site avait été exploré dans les années 30 par Max Mallowan et avait livré les premiers niveaux stratifiés de l'époque de Halaf. Cinquante ans après la fouille, ces résultats servaient encore de référence pour la périodisation halafienne, mais ne pouvaient donner de réponse à de nombreuses questions. La principale concernait la chronologie et le développement de la phase “Halaf ancien”. C'est en souhaitant y répondre qu'I. Hijara relança la fouille du site en ouvrant trois tranchées sur la butte principale. Une succession de niveaux architecturaux fut mise en évidence. Au cours de leur dégagement, plusieurs tombes apparurent dont trois, localisées aux abords de la tholos TT 8, firent l'objet d'une publication séparée. Un vase trouvé dans l'une de ces tombes nous retiendra plus particulièrement.Il s'agit d'une céramique provenant de la tombe G2. Celle-ci est décrite comme une inhumation collective appartenant au niveau VII (Halaf ancien ou moyen). Quatre crânes y étaient placés séparément dans des céramiques (trois dans des vases ouverts, le quatrième dans une jarre). Une série de six autres céramiques et un vase en pierre accompagnaient ces inhumations. Un de ces vases porte un décor peint iconographié que nous reproduisons Fig. 1 tel qu'il a été publié. On ignore toutefois si ce vase contenait un des crânes ou s'il faisait partie du dépôt funéraire.

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10

Preston, Laura, and Rebecca Gowland. "The Kephala Tholos at Knossos: a study in the reuse of the past." Annual of the British School at Athens 100 (November 2005): 61–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400021158.

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This paper publishes the results of excavations of the Kephala Tholos tomb and its immediate vicinity, north of the palace of Knossos, carried out by R. W. Hutchinson in 1938–9. It presents the ceramic and osteological data from the excavations and an architectural study of the tomb structure. The analysis addresses the contentious issue of the dating of the construction of the Tholos, arguing for an LM II date on the basis of the material evidence. It also discusses the equally interesting subsequent history of reuse of the tomb, during phases of LM III and as late as the Protogeometric period, and sets this within the broader context of changing burial practices at Knossos. It considers especially possible motivations for periodic reuse of the Kephala site in terms of strategic appeals to the past, within different political and cultural contexts, from LM II onwards.

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11

Sakellaraki Sapouna, Efi, Maurizio Del Freo, Jean-Pierre Olivier, and Julien Zurbach. "Une épingle minoenne en argent avec inscription en linéaire A de la tombe à tholos B d’Arkhanès." Kadmos 57, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kadmos-2018-0003.

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Abstract Cet article presente l’edition princeps d’une epingle en argent avec in scription en lineaire A provenant de la tholos B de Phourni (Arkhanes). La presentation du contexte et de la datation de l’objet est suivie d’une discussion des aspects epigraphiques et paleographiques de l’inscription.

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12

Hatłas, Jerzy. "Grobowce kopułowe w Tracji (V—III w.p.n.e.)." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 13 (November 1, 2018): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2005.13.14.

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The article is aimed at presentation of the most important views on genesis and distribution of tholos tombs in ancient Thrace. There have been 34 such monuments discovered to date. They were not only the last-resting place for local aristocracy but played also a significant sacral role in the light of religious, mythological and eschatological beliefs of ancient Thracs.

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13

Papadimitriou, Nikolas. "THE FORMATION AND USE OF DROMOI IN EARLY MYCENAEAN TOMBS." Annual of the British School at Athens 110 (November 2015): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245415000052.

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The paper examines how the dromos emerged as an architectural feature in Mycenaean tombs and why it became the standard type of access device. It focuses on collective tombs with lateral entrances of LH I and transitional LH I/IIA date in mainland Greece, but considers also a number of MH tombs with side entrances. The first part discusses the architectural evidence. The second part examines permanent installations and evidence of possible ritual activities from dromoi. The third part explores the symbolic and performative aspects of dromoi. It is argued that the dromos was not an integral part of Mycenaean funerary architecture from the very beginning, but came about gradually out of a long process of experimentation, which originated in MH tumuli and was completed in late LH I or LH I/IIA tholoi and chamber tombs. This process merged different building traditions and combined practical considerations with new ritual needs arising at a period of intense social and cultural change.

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14

Maravelia, Amanda-Alice. "The Orientations of the Nine Tholos Tombs at Mycenae." Journal for the History of Astronomy 33, no. 27 (February 2002): S63—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860203302705.

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15

Santillo Frizell, Barbro. "Giants or Geniuses? Monumental Building at Mycenae." Current Swedish Archaeology 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1998.13.

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ln this paper I will focus on some aspects of the history of building technology, a neglected field in archaeology. The related subject is the monumental tholos tombs of Bronze Age Mycenae, and I will argue that a fuller understanding of the building procedure is necessary to interpret the monuments in their historical context. A new interpretation of their function and role in the royal propaganda is proposed.

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16

KONTORLI-PAPADOPOULOU, LITSA. "MYCENAEAN THOLOS TOMBS: SOME THOUGHTS ON BURIAL CUSTOMS AND RITES." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 40, Supplement_63 (January 1, 1995): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1995.tb02101.x.

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17

Staikou, Vivian. "Middle Helladic Tombs at Nydri Plain, Lefkas Island. An Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Study." Journal of Greek Archaeology 6 (2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781789698886-4.

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The prehistoric record of Lefkas and the smaller neighboring islands is fairly extensive. The oldest archaeological material dates back to the Middle Palaeolithic period. The Neolithic period is also attested by archaeological finds in five caves. Even though Early (EH) and Middle Helladic (MH) periods have been known since the 1920s due to Dőrpfeld’s excavations, the archaeological data from the Late Bronze Age are scarce. A small Mycenaean tholos tomb has been excavated at Agios Nikitas, while several LH tumuli have been unearthed at the neighboring Meganissi Island.

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18

Pelon, Olivier. "Les tombes circulaires dans l'Égée de l'âge du Bronze : état des recherches sur les tombes à Tholos." Topoi 8, no. 1 (1998): 95–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/topoi.1998.1127.

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19

Hoskin, Michael, Elizabeth Allan, and Renate Gralewski. "Studies in Iberian Archaeoastronomy: (2) Orientations of the Tholos Tombs of Almeria." Journal for the History of Astronomy 26, no. 20 (February 1995): S29—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869502602003.

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20

Santos-Assunçao, S., K. Dimitriadis, Y. Konstantakis, V. Perez-Gracia, E. Anagnostopoulou, and R. Gonzalez-Drigo. "Ground-penetrating radar evaluation of the ancient Mycenaean monument Tholos Acharnon tomb." Near Surface Geophysics 14, no. 2 (April 2016): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2015030.

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21

Hamilakis, Yannis. "Tombs for the livingYiannis Papadatos with Sevi Triantaphyllou Tholos Tomb Gamma: A Prepalatial Tholos Tomb at Phourni, Archanes (Institute of Aegean Prehistory Monograph 17). xviii+158 pages, 29 figures, 22 plates, 19 tables. 2005. Philadelphia (PA): INSTAP Academic Press; 1-931534-17-9 hardback £35." Antiquity 81, no. 314 (December 2007): 1090–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00096198.

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22

Hoskin, Michael, José Manuel Quintā Ventura, Luis Tirapicos, J. Carlos Vera Rodríguez, Martí Mas Cornellá, R. Cruz-Auñón Briones, L. García Sanjuá, et al. "Studies in Iberian Archaeoastronomy: (8) Orientations of Megalithic and Tholos Tombs of Portugal and Southwest Spain." Journal for the History of Astronomy 32, no. 26 (February 2001): S45—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860103202603.

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23

Somma, Roberta, Laura Bonfiglio, Gabriella Mangano, Roberto Micciche, Gabriella Pavia, Luca Sineo, and Gabriella Tigano. "The discovery of a Mycenaean-type tholos tomb in the Bronze Age necropolis on the Gazzi buried floodplain (Messina, southern Italy): new geological and anthropological data." Stratigraphy 16, no. 4 (December 2019): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.16.4.249-263.

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24

Flouda, Georgia, Aggelos Philippidis, Antonios Mikallou, and Demetrios Anglos. "Materials analyses of stone artifacts from the EBA to MBA Minoan Tholos tomb P at Porti, Greece (Crete), by means of Raman spectroscopy: Results and a critical assessment of the method." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 32 (August 2020): 102436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102436.

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25

Маркелов, Андрей Юрьевич. "ИЗ ИСТОРИИ РАСКОПОК МАВЗОЛЕЯ АВГУСТА." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.5.151.158.

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В статье рассматривается история раскопок крупнейшей римской гробницы, а именно мавзолея императора Цезаря Августа. Основное внимание уделяется результатам недавних археологических работ и тому, как они повлияли на представление о памятнике. Гробница первого римского императора в пост-античную эпоху претерпела различные трансформации и неоднократные грабежи, в результате которых сильно пострадала. Памятнику находили практическое применение вплоть до 1930-х гг. За многовековую историю мавзолей использовали как каменоломню, крепость, которую не раз разрушали, виноградник, сад, амфитеатр для корриды, театр и концертный зал. Первые археологические работы на территории памятника проводились уже в XVI в. Именно с них начинается история исследования монумента и результаты, полученные тогда, до сих пор имеют большое значение для науки. На протяжении длительного времени после эпохи Ренессанса объект изучался только периодически, в связи с какими-либо строительными работами, проводившимися на его территории. Работы на памятнике активизируются с начала XX в. Масштабные раскопки состоялись в 1920-30-е гг. Их проведение диктовалось не научными целями: Бенито Муссолини стремился использовать римское наследие в своей пропаганде. Тем не менее, в результате проведенных работ мавзолей был не только освобожден от пост-античных наслоений, но полученные тогда результаты заложили современное представление о памятнике. Интерес к мавзолею возобновляется только через семьдесят лет. Непосредственным толчком было решение реконструировать мавзолей и площадь вокруг него. В результате раскопок, проведенных департаментом культурного наследия столицы Рима, были получены археологические данные, изменяющие взгляд на внешний облик монумента и позволяющие поставить точку в дискуссии по данному вопросу. 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Politics, Urbanism, and Archaeology in "Roma capitale": A Troubled Past and a Controversial Future // The American Journal of Archaeology. 1989. № 93. P. 137-141. Reeder J.C. Typology and Ideology in the Mausoleum of Augustus: Tumulus and Tholos // Classical Antiquity. 1992. № 11. P. 265–307. Riccomini A.M. La Ruina di si bela cosa. Vicende e transformationi del Mausoleo di Augusto. Milano: Electa, 1996. 202 p. Sovraintendenzaroma.it. URL: http://www.sovraintendenzaroma.it/i_luoghi/roma_antica/monumenti/mausoleo_di_augusto. Дата обращения 01.06.2020 Tittoni M.E. Introduzione // Il Mausoleo di Augusto. Metamorfosi di un monument Mausoleo di Augusto. Demolizioni e scavi. Fotografi e 1928/1941 / Ed. F. Betti. Milano: Electa, 2011. P. 11−14. Urbanistica.comune.roma.it. URL: http://www.urbanistica.comune.roma.it/citta-storica-mausoleoaugusto.html. Дата обращения 25.05.2020. Vögtle S. »ubi saepe sedebat Octavianus« Das Augustusmausoleum – Innen und Aussen eines imperialen Grabbaus // Das Marsfeld in Rom : Beiträge der Berner Tagung vom 23./24. November 2007 / Ed. J. Albers. Bern: Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 2008. P. 63-78.

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Aranda Jiménez, Gonzalo, María Dolores Camalich Massieu, Dimas Martín Socas, Marta Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, Derek Hamilton, and Lara Milesi. "New Insights into the Radiocarbon Chronology of Iberian Megalithic Societies: The tholos-type Tombs of Mojácar (Almería, Spain)." European Journal of Archaeology, September 14, 2020, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2020.41.

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In 2012, the authors undertook a radiocarbon dating programme to explore the chronology of southern Iberian megalithic societies. Thirty new radiocarbon dates were obtained for two tholos-type tombs, Loma de Belmonte and Loma del Campo 2, and analysed within a Bayesian framework. Results are discussed in the context of the prehistoric societies of the region and four main conclusions were reached: i) in both tombs, mortuary activity started in the last century of the fourth millennium although with significant differences in their timespan; ii) funerary rituals ended in Loma de Belmonte at least five centuries later than in Loma del Campo 2; iii) the tholoi can be considered the most recent type of tomb compared to other megalithic monuments with mortuary activity beginning in the first centuries of the fourth millennium; iv) the largest and most prominent settlement of the region, Las Pilas, was closely associated with this funerary and sacred landscape.

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Loy, Michael, Sharon R. Stocker, and Jack L. Davis. "From Archive to GIS: Recovering Spatial Information for Tholos IV at the Palace of Nestor from the Notebooks of Lord William Taylour." Internet Archaeology, April 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.56.5.

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This article is a case study in doing new things with old data. In 1953 Lord William Taylour directed the excavation of a monumental vaulted tholos tomb known as 'Tholos IV' at the site of ancient Pylos, Messenia, Greece. The excavation was conducted over two months, during which detailed notes were recorded in three notebooks now kept in the Archives of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The formal publication of Tholos IV, however, contains only a basic narrative of the excavation, offering neither precise detail on stratigraphy, object find spots, nor even a complete inventory of small finds. The present study goes back to the original notebooks kept by Taylour and combines the data contained in them with a new digital survey of Tholos IV to produce a comprehensive and accurate 3D GIS model for the excavation. Furthermore, the GIS has been produced in such a way that its dataset is compatible with new excavation data currently generated in the ongoing Palace of Nestor Excavations (PONEX) project, bringing together two excavation campaigns conducted under very different circumstances, methodologies, and recording protocols. Discussion follows on how the production of this GIS deepens our understanding not just of the legacy excavation, but also of the site and its wider landscape.

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