Journal articles on the topic 'Tomato shoot'
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1
Bhowmik, Prasanta C., and Krishna N. Reddy. "Effects of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Status of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Weed Science 36, no. 6 (November 1988): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075810.
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Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of various barnyardgrass populations on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted “Jetstar’ tomato. Barnyardgrass densities at 16, 32, and 64 plants/m tomato row were tested in 1982 and 1983. Barnyardgrass shoot fresh weights/unit area increased as density increased. Fresh weight of barnyardgrass shoots ranged from 17 100 kg/ha at 16 plants/m of row to 35 500 kg/ha at 64 plants/m of row. At the vegetative stage, tomato shoot dry weight was unaffected by barnyardgrass. As crop growth progressed, tomato shoot dry weight decreased at all barnyardgrass densities. Season-long interference of barnyardgrass reduced marketable tomato fruit number and fruit weight at all densities compared to weed-free plots. Reductions in marketable fruit weight ranged from 26% to 16 plants/m row to 84% at 64 plants/m row. In 1982, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in tomato shoots were unaffected by season-long interference of barnyardgrass at all densities. However, in 1983, concentrations of N and K decreased and concentration of P increased in tomato leaves as the density of barnyardgrass increased. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in tomato leaves were unaltered by barnyardgrass density.
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Schneider, Michael, Lucia Vedder, Benedict Chijioke Oyiga, Boby Mathew, Heiko Schoof, Jens Léon, and Ali Ahmad Naz. "Transcriptome profiling of barley and tomato shoot and root meristems unravels physiological variations underlying photoperiodic sensitivity." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): e0265981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265981.
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The average sowing date of crops in temperate climate zones has been shifted forwards by several days, resulting in a changed photoperiod regime at the emergence stage. In the present study, we performed a global transcriptome profiling of plant development genes in the seedling stage of root and shoot apical meristems of a photoperiod-sensitive species (barley) and a photoperiod insensitive species (tomato) in short-day conditions (8h). Variant expression indicated differences in physiological development under this short day-length regime between species and tissues. The barley tissue transcriptome revealed reduced differentiation compared to tomato. In addition, decreased photosynthetic activity was observed in barley transcriptome and leaf chlorophyll content under 8h conditions, indicating a slower physiological development of shoot meristems than in tomatoes. The photomorphogenesis controlling cryptochrome gene cry1, with an effect on physiological differentiation, showed an underexpression in barley compared to tomato shoot meristems. This might lead to a cascade of suspended sink-source activities, which ultimately delay organ development and differentiation in barley shoot meristems under short photoperiods.
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Eguchi, Tomomi, and Chieri Kubota. "Cotyledonary Axillary Shoot Control by Fatty Alcohol Application for Grafting Tomato." HortTechnology 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.569.
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In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), grafting position is recommended to be below rootstock cotyledons to avoid undesirable axillary shoots growing out from the cotyledons. In contrast, grafting above the rootstock cotyledons is desired to assure adequate distance between grafted union and soil line, only if there is no potential grow-out of axillary shoots from rootstock cotyledons. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine fatty alcohol application on cotyledonary axils of tomato seedlings to control undesirable axillary shoot extension from rootstock in tomato grafting. Solution containing various concentrations of a commercial fatty alcohol compound was applied to different growing stages of cotyledonary axillary shoots (nonextended buds or extended shoots) of tomato seedlings grown in a greenhouse. When fatty alcohol was applied directly to cotyledonary axillary buds, the seedlings were then pinched to force-induce the axillary shoot extension to assure the efficacy of the fatty alcohol treatment. High concentrations (10% and 15%) of fatty alcohol suppressed incidence of axillary shoot extension to less than 7% by killing buds. However, when applied to extended axillary shoots, application with 2% or higher concentrations of fatty alcohol caused plant collapse because excess fatty alcohol flowed down the stem and presumably damaged the root system. Therefore, we concluded that application of fatty alcohol to control cotyledonary axillary shoots of tomato rootstock could be possible only if fatty alcohol at effective concentration (10% to 15%) is applied exclusively to the target buds.
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Lee, Myoung Hui, Jiyoung Lee, Eun Yee Jie, Seung Hee Choi, Lingmin Jiang, Woo Seok Ahn, Cha Young Kim, and Suk Weon Kim. "Temporal and Spatial Expression Analysis of Shoot-Regeneration Regulatory Genes during the Adventitious Shoot Formation in Hypocotyl and Cotyledon Explants of Tomato (CV. Micro-Tom)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 26, 2020): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155309.
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Enhancing the competence for plant regeneration in tissue culture studies is an important issue not only for efficient genetic transformation of commercial crops but also for the reproducibility of scientific reports. In this study, we investigated optimization of several tissue culture conditions including plant growth regulators, types and ages of explants, culture densities, and plant position in order to improve the competence of adventitious shoot formation of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). In addition, we examined the differential expression of D-type cyclin (CYCD3-1) and several shoot regeneration regulatory genes from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of tomato during shoot organogenesis. A treatment of 1 mg L−1 Zeatin and 0.1 mg L−1 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3% sucrose was optimal for adventitious shoot formation from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. The younger explants exhibited more shoot formation regardless of explant types. Additionally, those closest to the shoot apical meristem produced more shoots compared to the other regions in the hypocotyl and the cotyledon explants. Gene expression of CYCD3-1, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), and cytokinin dependent WUSCHEL (WUS) was significantly higher in younger explants than in older ones. Furthermore, an increase in CYCD3-1, STM, and WUS expression was evident at the distal part of hypocotyls and the proximal part of cotyledons compared to other regions. These differential gene expression profiles exhibited good agreement with the results of shoot formation obtained from diverse explants of tomato. These results suggest that temporal and spatial gene expression of shoot regeneration regulatory genes plays an important role in enhancing the competence and the reproducibility of adventitious shoot formation from tomato explants.
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MASSON, JEAN, ANDRÉ GOSSELIN, and NICOLAS TREMBLAY. "EFFETS DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTÉE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE TRANSPLANTS DE TOMATE ET DE LAITUE CULTIVÉS EN PLATEAUX MULTICELLULAIRES AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-148.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Springset’) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ’Ithaca’) transplants were grown under natural and supplemental light (100 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) and fertilized with four nitrogen doses (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L−1 N). Supplemental light increased tomato shoot dry weight, shoot percent dry matter, leaf area, root dry weight, and root-to-shoot ratio. Lettuce transplants showed increased shoot and root dry weight as well as leaf area when supplemental light was present. For both species, nitrogen increased shoot dry weight and leaf area, but decreased shoot percent dry matter and root-to-shoot ratio. High nitrogen doses increased tomato and lettuce shoot dry weight and leaf area chiefly under supplemental light.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, Lactuca sativa, pretransplanting nutritional conditioning, seedling
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Bangarwa, Sanjeev K., Jason K. Norsworthy, and Edward E. Gbur. "Effect of Turnip Soil Amendment and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Tuber Densities on Interference in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato." Weed Technology 26, no. 2 (June 2012): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00110.1.
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Yellow nutsedge is a problematic weed in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide is the most effective method of controlling nutsedges, but because of ozone depletion, the phase-out of methyl bromide has complicated nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched tomato and other vegetable crops. Plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family produce glucosinolates, which upon tissue decomposition generate biocidal isothiocyanates and therefore can be used as a biological alternative for yellow nutsedge control. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to study the influence of soil amendment with ‘Seventop’ turnip cover crop on the interference of yellow nutsedge planted at 0, 50, and 100 tubers m−2in raised-bed polyethylene-mulched tomato production. There was no advantage of soil amendment with Seventop on reducing yellow nutsedge interference in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Regardless of soil amendment, increasing initial tuber density from 50 to 100 tubers m−2increased yellow nutsedge shoot density, shoot dry weight, and tuber production at least 1.7, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively. As a result, tomato canopy width, shoot dry weight, and marketable yield decreased with increasing initial tuber densities. However, increased tuber density had minimal impact on tomato height. Relative to weed-free plots, interference of yellow nutsedge at 50 and 100 tubers m−2reduced marketable yield of tomato up to 32 and 49%, respectively. Shading of the middle and lower portion of tomato plants by yellow nutsedge shoots could be the major factor for reducing tomato growth and yield in weedy plots. It is concluded that soil amendment with Seventop turnip is not a viable option for reducing yellow nutsedge interference at 50 and 100 tuber m−2in polyethylene-mulched tomato.
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Morales-Payan, Jose P., Bielinski M. Santos, William M. Stall, and Thomas A. Bewick. "Effects of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Vegetative Growth and Fruit Yield." Weed Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043232.
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Additive series experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effect of season-long interference of different initial population densities of purple nutsedge on the shoot dry weight and fruit yield of tomato and bell pepper. Purple nutsedge densities up to 200 plants/m2linearly reduced shoot dry weight at flowering and fruit yield of both crops as weed density increased. Both variables were directly correlated, and for each percentage unit of tomato shoot dry weight loss at flowering, fruit yield was reduced 1.24 units, whereas for bell pepper this relationship was 1 to 2.01. Total shoot and tuber biomass of purple nutsedge increased as density increased. The presence of either crop caused a decline in the total shoot dry weight accumulation of purple nutsedge, with tomato producing a higher degree of loss than bell pepper to the weed. Fruit yield losses due to purple nutsedge interference reached 44% for tomato and 32% for bell pepper.
8
Evans, Michael R. "Processed Poultry Feather Fiber as an Alternative to Peat in Greenhouse Crops Substrates." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0176.
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Plant growth was evaluated in substrates containing varying proportions of processed poultry feather fiber (feather fiber). `Cooler Blush' vinca (Catharanthus roseus) and `Orbit Cardinal' geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) dry shoot and dry root weights were not significantly different among plants grown in sphagnum-peat-based and perlite-based substrates containing 0% to 30% feather fiber. `Pineapple Queen' coleus (Coleus blumei) dry shoot weights were not significantly different among plants grown in substrates containing 0% to 50% feather fiber. Coleus dry root weights were not significantly different among the substrates containing 0% to 40% feather fiber. `Better Boy' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) dry shoot weights were not significantly different among the substrates containing 0% to 30% feather fiber. Tomato dry root weights were not significantly different among the substrates containing 0% to 30% feather fiber, but tomato grown in substrates containing 40% to 60% feather fiber had significantly lower dry root weights than tomato grown in substrates containing 0% to 30% feather fiber. `Salad Bush' cucumber (Cucumis sativus) dry shoot and dry root weights were not significantly different between plants grown in 0% to 50% feather fiber, but those gown in substrates containing 60% feather fiber had significantly lower dry shoot weights than those grown in substrates containing 0% feather fiber. Dry shoot and root weights of coleus and tomato grown in SB-300 substrate amended with 20% or 30% feather fiber were not significantly different from coleus and tomato grown in SB-300 without feather fiber. Dry shoot and dry root weights of coleus and tomato were significantly lower for plants grown in SB-300 amended with 40% feather fiber than for plants grown in SB-300 without feather fiber. For all species tested, plants grown in substrates containing up to 30% feather fiber were not significantly different from those grown in substrates containing 0% feather fiber and were of marketable qualities.
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Vallad, Gary E., and Bielinski M. Santos. "Influence of Shoot Pruning on Bacterial Spot Infestation on Tomato Cultivars." HortTechnology 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.5.847.
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Field studies were conducted in Florida to determine the effect of early shoot pruning on the severity of bacterial spot, and on the growth and yield of different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars. Two tomato cultivars, two inoculation regimes of bacterial spot pathogen (Xanthomonas perforans), and three shoot pruning programs were arranged in a split-split plot design. The tomato cultivars were Tygress and Security-28; shoot pruning included none, light, and heavy; and X. perforans treatments consisted of non-inoculated plots and plots inoculated with a suspension of the pathogen. Tomato plant height was not influenced by any of the three factors or their interactions, whereas the disease severity was higher in inoculated plots versus non-inoculated plants. Early extra-large fruit weight was affected by tomato cultivars and the inoculation with the bacterial spot pathogen, but not by pruning programs or the interaction among factors. Tomato plants inoculated with X. perforans reduced their extra-large fruit weight by 31% in comparison with non-inoculated plants. There were no differences on early marketable fruit weight among the combinations of each cultivar and the three pruning programs. All three factors individually influenced the seasonal marketable fruit weight of tomato, with no difference between light-pruned plants and the non-pruned control for seasonal marketable fruit weight, regardless of tomato cultivars. However, heavy pruning did reduce seasonal yields by 10% in comparison with the non-pruned control. These results indicated that light shoot pruning, which is the standard grower practice in Florida, did not improve bacterial spot control or tomato yields of total and extra-large marketable fruit, which might save up to $50/acre in reduced labor costs for Florida tomato growers.
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Tezuka, Takahiro, Masashi Harada, Masahumi Johkan, Satoshi Yamasaki, Hideyuki Tanaka, and Masayuki Oda. "Effects of Auxin and Cytokinin on In Vivo Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Decapitated Tomato Plants." HortScience 46, no. 12 (December 2011): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1661.
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Adventitious shoots can be regenerated from the cut surface of the primary shoot and lateral branches in decapitated plants in vivo. This inherent regenerative ability of plants is useful for mass propagation. In the present study, we conducted histological observations of shoot regeneration and applied auxin and cytokinin to decapitated seedlings in four tomato cultivars. The cultivars produced different numbers of adventitious shoots after decapitation; ‘Petit’ produced the largest number of adventitious shoots (78.5 ± 10.2) and ‘Momotaro’ produced the fewest (12.1 ± 3.3). Histological observation of ‘Petit’ revealed that adventitious shoots regenerated from calli formed at the cut surface of stems. Adventitious shoot formation was inhibited by the presence of lateral branches. Shoot regeneration was prevented by application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to ‘Petit’. Application of 6-benzyladenine promoted shoot regeneration in ‘Momotaro’. These results suggest auxin synthesized de novo from the lateral branches inhibited shoot regeneration after decapitation and endogenous cytokinin might stimulate shoot regeneration. Chemical names: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzyladenine (BA)
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Masson, Jean, Nicolas Tremblay, and André Gosselin. "Nitrogen Fertilization and HPS Supplementary Lighting Influence Vegetable Transplant Production. I. Transplant Growth." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 4 (July 1991): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.4.594.
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This experiment was initiated to determine the effects of supplementary lighting of 100 μmol·s-1·m-2 (PAR) in combination with four N rates (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg N/liter) on growth of celery (Apium graveolens L.), lettuce (Luctuca sativa L.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants in multicellular trays. Supplementary lighting, as compared with natural light alone, increased shoot dry weight of celery, lettuce, broccoli, and tomato transplants by 22%, 40%, 19%, and 24%, and root dry weight by 97%, 42%, 38%, and 21%, respectively. It also increased the percentage of shoot dry matter of broccoli and tomato, leaf area of lettuce and broccoli, and root: shoot dry weight ratio (RSDWR) of celery and broccoli. Compared with 100 mg N/liter, a N rate of 400 mg·liter-1 increased the shoot dry weight of celery, lettuce, broccoli, and tomato transplants by 37%, 38%, 61%, and 38%, respectively. High N fertilization accelerated shoot growth at the expense of root growth, except for tomato where a 16% increase of root dry weight was observed. High N also reduced percentage of shoot dry matter. Supplementary lighting appears to be a promising technique when used in combination with high N rates to improve the production of high quality transplants, particularly those sown early.
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Leskovar, Daniel I., and Daniel J. Cantliffe. "Tomato Transplant Morphology Affected by Handling and Storage." HortScience 26, no. 11 (November 1991): 1377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1377.
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Shoot and root growth changes in response to handling and storage time in `Sunny' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants were investigated. Transplants, 45 days old, were stored either in trays (nonpulled) or packed in boxes (pulled) for 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 days at 5 and 15C. Also, 35-day-old nonpulled and pulled transplants were kept in darkness at 20/28C for 0, 1, 2, or 3 days. At SC, pulled transplants had longer and heavier stems, a higher shoot: root ratio, higher ethylene evolution, and lower root dry weight than nonpulled transplants. At 15C, pulled transplants had more shoot growth than nonpulled transplants. Nonpulled, initially 35-day-old transplants had heavier shoots and roots and higher (7.0 t·ha-1) yields of extra-large fruit than pulled transplants (4.1 t·ha-1), but there were no differences in the total yields of marketable fruits.
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Gubiš, J., Z. Lajchová, and L. Klčová. "The effect of carbon source on plant regeneration in tomato." Horticultural Science 32, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3759-hortsci.
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The effect of different tomato cultivars and different sugar types (sucrose, glucose and maltose) and concentrations (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) on shoot regeneration from aseptically grown hypocotyl and cotyledon explants were studied. Among sugar types, sucrose at a concentration of 3.0% induced the highest number of shoots from both types of explants. In hypocotyl explants, cv. Premium showed the best regeneration capacity (0.23 shoots per explant), and in cotyledon explants, cv. Hana produced the maximal number of shoots (0.43 or 0.37 for media with 2.0% or 3.0% sucrose, respectively).
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Siddiky, MA, MS Khan, Md Mostafizur Rahman, and M. Khabir Uddin. "Performance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) germplasm to salinity stress." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 2 (October 13, 2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i2.38507.
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A solution culture experiment was conducted to screen out 16 Bangladeshi tomato germplasm for salinity tolerance with respect to severity of leaf symptoms, shoot and root dry matter production, fruit yield, shoot Na+, K+, Ca2+ accumulation and their respective ratios by exposing up to 120 mM NaCl. The salinity tolerance scale ranged from 1.0 (most tolerant) to 3.5 (most sensitive). Based on the severity of leaf symptoms, “BT14 (BARI Tomato 14)” and “BHT5 (BARI Hybrid Tomato 5)” were found to be most tolerant germplasm to salinity with score 1.0. Reduction of dry weight was found to be 19% (shoot) and 15% (root) in BT14 and BHT5, 30 - 76% (shoot) and 27 - 83% (root) in other germplasm. Higher correlation was found between salinity tolerance scale classes and the reduction of shoot/root dry weight, Na+ concentration, K+/Na+, and Ca2+/Na+ ratios in BT14 and BHT5 germplasm. The fruit yield of BT14 and BHT5 germplasm was less and decreases with high salinity. Thus, “BT14” and “BHT5” can be regarded as a breeding material for development of new tomato varieties resistant to salinity.
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Danial, Gharbia H., and Diaa A. Ibrahim. "New protocol of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in vitro propagation." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.459.
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Introduction: A successful in vitro propagation system was developed for Sandra and Rocky cultivars of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) commonly grown in Kurdistan Region of Iraq by in vitro culture of shoot tips and node explants. Methods: Shoot tip and node explants were excised and cultured on basal MS medium containing several concentrations of BAP and Zeatin. Results: Multiple shoots formation of up to 2 shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl-1 Zeatin in node and shoot explants for the two cultivars. Microshoots were tested for root initiation on full MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA, NAA and IAA. The best root formation was observed on a medium containing 1.0 mgl-1 IAA in Sandra cultivar and 0.5 mgl-1 of NAA in rocky cultivar. Conclusion: The regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized and transplanted to the open field conditions.
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Korol, V. G. "Growth of internodes and branching of a tomato plant." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2022-2-15-19.
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Relevance. A significant influence on the use of the volume of greenhouses by a tomato plant is its height, which consists of the length of the internodes of monopodial and sympodial shoots. The use of the volume of greenhouses in the cultivation of tomato crops is a relevant and important topic. Currently, tomatoes are grown in greenhouses of various heights and designs. Greenhouses of different sizes, heights and types of cover are used in a farmer's market. And here the height of tomato plants is of decisive importance. Mostly indeterminate plants are grown, limiting their growth to a certain number of inflorescences, less often determinant plants. When grown in modern industrial greenhouses and the vegetation period is 1012 months a year, preference is given to tall indeterminate tomato hybrids that have almost continuous growth due to the formation of more and more sympodial shoots and high yield potential.Methods. The studies were carried out in a winter glazed greenhouse. The tomato culture was grown in an extended rotation (from January to November) on a coconut substrate with drip irrigation. Tomato hybrids of domestic and foreign selection with determinant and indeterminate types of growth were grown. Phytocenosis density is 2.8 plants/m2, from April to September it thickened up to 3.4 plants/m2 due to the formation of additional shoots. All observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. The variety grown in protected ground depends on the growing conditions. A pattern was established for the length of the internodes of sympodial shoots in indeterminate tomato hybrids, the third internode is longer than the first two. The correlation coefficient between the length of the sympodial shoot and the length of the third internode is 0.85 points. The enhanced growth of the last internode is caused by the growth of the shoot of the next order. In this case, the removal of the leaf above the inflorescence is 2-5 cm. The correlation coefficient between the length of the third internode and the removal of the leaf above the inflorescence is 0.71 points. A pattern was established for the length of the leaves and the development of stepchildren in the sympodial shoot.
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Compton, Michael E., and Richard E. Veilleux. "Variation for genetic recombination among tomato plants regenerated from three tissue culture systems." Genome 34, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-125.
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Shoot morphogenesis was compared among two tomato inbred lines, two mutant lines, and their eight reciprocal F1 hybrids in three tissue culture systems. The number of shoots per explant was greatest on tomato pedicel explants, intermediate on cotyledon calli, and poor on micropropagated shoot tips. Genetic recombination rates of F1 hybrid plants regenerated from three tissue culture systems were analyzed by backcrossing the regenerated plants with mutant parents and comparing the observed crossover frequencies with those expected based on control plants raised from seed. Increased recombination rates and map distance were observed among plants from micropropagated shoot tips (18.8%), cotyledon calli (17.3%), and pedicel explants (13.5%) between the markers sunny (sy) and baby leaf syndrome (bls), which flank the centromere on chromosome 3. Conversely, decreased recombination rates and map distance were observed between bls and the locus solanifolia (sf), which is more distal to the centromere on the same arm of chromosome 3 as bls. Increased recombination rates and map distance among plants from micropropagated shoot tips, cotyledon calli, and pedicel explants were also observed between the loci white virescence (wv) and anthocyanin reduced (are) on chromosome 2.Key words: genetic recombination, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, pedicel explants, micropropagation, callus culture, plant regeneration.
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Gubiš, J., Z. Lajchová, J. Faragó, and Z. Jureková. "Effect of Genotype and Explant Type on Shoot Regeneration in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in vitro." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 39, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3715-cjgpb.
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The regeneration capacity of six types of explants (segments from hypocotyl, cotyledons, epicotyl, leaf, internodes and petiole) was compared in 13 cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Explants were cultured on a regeneration medium containing 1 mg/l zeatin and 0.1 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid. The number of shoot primordia and shoots with 1 or more fully developed leaves was evaluated after 6 weeks. The regeneration capacity was significantly influenced by cultivars and explant types. The total number of shoot primordia produced in all types of explants was highest in the cultivars Hana and Premium and lowest in UC 82 and Money Marker. Cv. Hana also produced the highest number of shoots. The most responsive explants in most cultivars were hypocotyls and epicotyls with up to 100% regeneration and mean production of 6.3 and 6.5 shoot primordia per explant, respectively.
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Kang, Min-Sung, Yong Jun Kim, Jung Heo, Sujeevan Rajendran, Xingang Wang, Jong Hyang Bae, Zachary Lippman, and Soon Ju Park. "Newly Discovered Alleles of the Tomato Antiflorigen Gene SELF PRUNING Provide a Range of Plant Compactness and Yield." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 7149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137149.
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In tomato cultivation, a rare natural mutation in the flowering repressor antiflorigen gene SELF-PRUNING (sp-classic) induces precocious shoot termination and is the foundation in determinate tomato breeding for open field production. Heterozygous single flower truss (sft) mutants in the florigen SFT gene in the background of sp-classic provide a heterosis-like effect by delaying shoot termination, suggesting the subtle suppression of determinacy by genetic modification of the florigen–antiflorigen balance could improve yield. Here, we isolated three new sp alleles from the tomato germplasm that show modified determinate growth compared to sp-classic, including one allele that mimics the effect of sft heterozygosity. Two deletion alleles eliminated functional transcripts and showed similar shoot termination, determinate growth, and yields as sp-classic. In contrast, amino acid substitution allele sp-5732 showed semi-determinate growth with more leaves and sympodial shoots on all shoots. This translated to greater yield compared to the other stronger alleles by up to 42%. Transcriptome profiling of axillary (sympodial) shoot meristems (SYM) from sp-classic and wild type plants revealed six mis-regulated genes related to the floral transition, which were used as biomarkers to show that the maturation of SYMs in the weaker sp-5732 genotype is delayed compared to sp-classic, consistent with delayed shoot termination and semi-determinate growth. Assessing sp allele frequencies from over 500 accessions indicated that one of the strong sp alleles (sp-2798) arose in early breeding cultivars but was not selected. The newly discovered sp alleles are potentially valuable resources to quantitatively manipulate shoot growth and yield in determinate breeding programs, with sp-5732 providing an opportunity to develop semi-determinate field varieties with higher yields.
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Trevizan Chiomento, José Luís, Gabriela Oliveira Cavalli, Thomas Dos Santos Trentin, and Alana Grando Dornelles. "Quality of tomato seedlings produced in substrates." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 26, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.2020261319-331.
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A difficulty in the production of tomato seedlings in containers is to assure the production of shoot biomass with limited portion of roots, restricted to a small volume of substrate. Therefore, we investigated if substrates associated with tomato cultivars interfere in the seedling quality. In this study, the treatments used were two tomato cultivars and three substrates. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a two-factorial scheme (2 x 3), with four replications. We carried out the physical and chemical characterization of the substrates and evaluated the attributes of the shoot and the root system of tomato seedlings. The results showed that the substrate with the highest water retention was Horta 2® and the lightest material was TN Gold®. Still, seedlings produced on the substrate with greater water retention capacity had higher performance in relation to the shoot morphology and the root system morphology. We conclude that the seedling quality of tomato cultivars is not associated with the studied substrates and that seedlings produced in substrate with greater water retention have better quality.
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Naseem, Zainab, Muhammad Naveed, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, and Mansoor Hameed. "Metal Resistant Enterobacter cloacae ZA14 Enhanced Seedling Vigor and Metal Tolerance through Improved Growth, Physiology and Antioxidants in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Irrigated with Textile Effluents." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013619.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of toxic heavy metals and dyes in textile wastewater is a serious problem contaminating vegetables by irrigation. This contaminated food upon consumption undermines human health and is lethal for human life. The endophytic bacteria have the ability to degrade textile dyes and remediate heavy metals. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate useful concentration levels of textile wastewater (TWW) for irrigation in combination with the endophytic bacterium Enterobacter cloacae ZA14 to remediate heavy metals for improving growth of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. The tomato seedlings showed inhibited germination (52%); suppressed root length (55%) and shoot length (53%); declined RWC (47%); lowest CSI (34%); reduced MSI (32%); increased accumulation of heavy metals Cr, Pb, and Cd in roots and shoots; with decreased metal tolerance index; and rise in production of total thiols (57%) at use of 100% TWW without bacterial application. On the contrary, the supplementation of endophytic bacterium ZA14 showed improved germination (100%), a decline of 3 and 5% in root and shoot length respectively, increased CSI (13%), decrease in MSI (6%), reduced bioaccumulation of Cr (root 30 and shoot 56%), Pb (root 58 and shoot 65%), and Cd (root 21 and shoot 58%), total thiols (76%), when irrigated with 25% TWW. Hence, it is concluded that the irrigation with 25% TWW, along with the application of Enterobacter cloacae ZA14, may improve the growth of tomato by mitigating the phytotoxicity of dyes and heavy metals from textile wastewater.
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Pnueli, L., L. Carmel-Goren, D. Hareven, T. Gutfinger, J. Alvarez, M. Ganal, D. Zamir, and E. Lifschitz. "The SELF-PRUNING gene of tomato regulates vegetative to reproductive switching of sympodial meristems and is the ortholog of CEN and TFL1." Development 125, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 1979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.11.1979.
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Vegetative and reproductive phases alternate regularly during sympodial growth in tomato. In wild-type ‘indeterminate’ plants, inflorescences are separated by three vegetative nodes. In ‘determinate’ plants homozygous for the recessive allele of the SELF-PRUNING (SP) gene, sympodial segments develop progressively fewer nodes until the shoot is terminated by two consecutive inflorescences. We show here that the SP gene is the tomato ortholog of CENTRORADIALIS and TERMINAL FLOWER1, genes which maintain the indeterminate state of inflorescence meristems in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis respectively. The sp mutation results in a single amino acid change (P76L), and the mutant phenotype is mimicked by overexpressing the SP antisense RNA. Ectopic and overexpression of the SP and CEN transgenes in tomato rescues the ‘indeterminate’ phenotype, conditions the replacement of flowers by leaves in the inflorescence and suppresses the transition of the vegetative apex to a reproductive shoot. The SELF-PRUNING gene is expressed in shoot apices and leaves from very early stages, and later in inflorescence and floral primordia as well. This expression pattern is similar to that displayed by the tomato ortholog LEAFY and FLORICAULA. Comparison of the sympodial, day-neutral shoot system of tomato and the monopodial, photoperiod-sensitive systems of Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum suggests that flowering genes that are required for the processing of floral induction signals in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum are required in tomato to regulate the alternation between vegetative and reproductive cycles in sympodial meristems.
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Billah, M., TA Banu, M. Islam, NA Banu, S. Khan, S. Akter, and A. Habib. "In vitro regeneration and molecular characterization of some varieties of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v54i2.41667.
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An efficient regeneration protocol was established for two varieties (BARI tomato-9 and BARI tomato-15) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) using three explants namely cotyledonary node, cotyledonary leaf and hypocotyls. Among the three explants, maximum number of shoots was produced from cotyledonary leaf explants of BARI tomato-15 on MS with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA. In this combination of BAP and IAA 86%, on an average, cotyledonary leaf explants showed regeneration response 14.12 shoots/explants. Explants from hypocotyl showed best results in MS medium with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l IAA in both the varieties. In case of cotyledonary node, BARI tomato-15 showed 6.0 shoot/explant on MS with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA. Molecular characterization of total ten varieties of tomato in Bangladesh was done by using six arbitrary oligonucleotide RAPD primers. A total of 140 bands were produced where the highest genetic distance (0.6769) was found between BARI tomato-3 and Mintoo tomato and lowest distance (0.1035) was observed between BARI tomato-7 and BARI tomato-8. This result will be useful for designing future breeding programs.
Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 117-124, 2019
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Savic, Sladjana, Radmila Stikic, Zorica Jovanovic, Ljiljana Prokic, and Milena Paukovic. "Partial root drying irrigation technique: Practical application of drought stress signaling mechanism in plants." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 2 (2009): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0902285s.
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Partial root-zone drying (PRD) technique, a novel approach to watering crops, was developed on the basis of knowledge of root-to-shoot signaling in drying soil. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the effects of the PRD treatment on tomato growth and the water regime. The obtained PRD results showed significant reduction in shoot but not fruit growth in the absence of any changes in shoot water status, indicating the involvement of chemical root-to-shoot signals. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) results mean that the PRD technique can be used to reduce irrigation water without significant reduction of tomato yield.
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ARYANINGSIH, NI NYOMAN, NI NYOMAN ARI MAYADEWI, and I. PUTU DHARMA. "Aplikasi Asam Giberelin (GA) Alami dari Ekstrak Rebung untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2021.v11.i01.p04.
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The Application of Natural Gibberellic Acid (GA) from Bamboo Shoot Extract to Increase Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill). Tomato is a horticultural plant that has a lot of benefits. To increase the quality and productivity of tomatoes can be done by giving plant growth substances. This research aimed to find out the effect of natural gibberellic acid (GA) from bamboo shoot on the quality of tomatoes and to get the best natural gibberellic acid concentration from bamboo shoot to increase the quality and productivity of tomatoes. This research was designed using Randomized Block Design which consisted of 1 factor that is natural hormone concentration from bamboo shoot, with 5 treatments. Every treatment was repeated for 5 times. The standard of the treatment consisted of K0 as a control, K1 which was sprayed by 25% of bamboo shoot extract concentration, K2 which was squirted by sprayed by 50% of bamboo shoot extract concentration, K3 which was squirted by 75% of bamboo shoot extract concentration, and K4 which was sprayed by 100% of bamboo shoot extract concentration. The bamboo shoot was sprayed before the tomatoes’ flower blossomed. This research found that the application of bamboo shoot extract affected the quality of the tomatoes itself and reduced the number of seeds of tomato itself. In conclusion, the best concentration that can reduce the number of tomatoe’s seeds is the concentration of 75% (K3) compared to control one with 77%.
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Wahle, Elizabeth A., and John B. Masiunas. "Population Density and Nitrogen Fertility Effects on Tomato Growth and Yield." HortScience 38, no. 3 (June 2003): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.3.367.
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Greenhouse hydroponics and field experiments were conducted to determine how nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments affect tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth, yield, and partitioning of N in an effort to develop more sustainable fertilization strategies. In a hydroponics study, after 4 weeks in nitrate treatments, shoot dry weight was five times greater at 10.0 than at 0.2 mm nitrate. An exponential growth model was strongly correlated with tomato root growth at all but 0.2 mm nitrate and shoot growth in 10 mm nitrate. Root dry weight was only 15% of shoot biomass. In field studies with different population densities and N rates, height in the 4.2 plants/m2 was similar, but shoot weight was less than in the 3.2 plants/m2. At 12 weeks after planting, shoot fresh weight averaged 3.59 and 2.67 kg/plant in treatments with 3.2 and 4.2 plants/m2, respectively. In 1998, final tomato yield did not respond to N rate. In 1999, there was a substantial increase in fruit yield when plants were fertilized with 168 kg·ha-1 N but little change in yield with additional N. Nitrogen content of the leaves and the portion of N from applied fertilizer decreased as the plants grew, and as N was remobilized for fruit production. Both studies indicate that decreasing N as a way to reduce N loss to the environment would also reduce tomato growth.
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Lee, Myoung Hui, Jiyoung Lee, Seung Hee Choi, Eun Yee Jie, Jae Cheol Jeong, Cha Young Kim, and Suk Weon Kim. "The Effect of Sodium Butyrate on Adventitious Shoot Formation Varies among the Plant Species and the Explant Types." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 8451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228451.
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Histone acetylation plays an important role in plant growth and development. Here, we investigated the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on adventitious shoot formation from protoplast-derived calli and cotyledon explants of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The frequency of adventitious shoot formation from protoplast-derived calli was higher in shoot induction medium (SIM) containing NaB than in the control. However, the frequency of adventitious shoot formation from cotyledon explants of tobacco under the 0.1 mM NaB treatment was similar to that in the control, but it decreased with increasing NaB concentration. Unlike in tobacco, NaB decreased adventitious shoot formation in tomato explants in a concentration-dependent manner, but it did not have any effect on adventitious shoot formation in calli. NaB inhibited or delayed the expression of D-type cyclin (CYCD3-1) and shoot-regeneration regulatory gene WUSCHEL (WUS) in cotyledon explants of tobacco and tomato. However, compared to that in control SIM, the expression of WUS was promoted more rapidly in tobacco calli cultured in NaB-containing SIM, but the expression of CYCD3-1 was inhibited. In conclusion, the effect of NaB on adventitious shoot formation and expression of CYCD3-1 and WUS genes depended on the plant species and whether the effects were tested on explants or protoplast-derived calli.
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Pertuit, A. J., Jerry B. Dudley, and Joe E. Toler. "Leonardite and Fertilizer Levels Influence Tomato Seedling Growth." HortScience 36, no. 5 (August 2001): 913–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.5.913.
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New Mexico-mined raw leonardite was characterized by comparing it with the International Humic Substances Society's Standard Leonardite. In the first experiment, adding as little as 1/64 leonardite (v/v) to a sand medium increased tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. `Mountain Pride'] root and shoot growth compared with plants produced with fertilizer alone. Growth increased linearly with increasing leonardite levels, from 0% to 25%; however, 50% leonardite inhibited growth. In a second experiment, leonardite alone had no effect on plant height, shoot or root fresh and dry weight, or total leaf area, but stimulated growth when combined with a complete fertilizer. Adding 1/3 leonardite (v/v) (the highest level) and a complete fertilizer increased plant height 40%, total leaf area 160%, shoot fresh weight 134%, root fresh weight 82%, shoot dry weight 133%, and root dry weight 400%.
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Liptay, A., and P. Sikkema. "Varying Fertigation Volume Modifies Growth of Processing Tomato Transplants Produced in the Greenhouse and Affects Leaching from Plug Trays." HortTechnology 8, no. 3 (July 1998): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.3.378.
Full textAbstract:
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seedlings given 0.3 to 0.4 L/tray per day of a mineral solution containing (in mg·L-1) 150N-47P-216K-64Ca-40Mg maintained optimal height at 10 to 13 cm for Ontario processing tomato transplants. Seedlings given greater fertigation volumes were too tall and spindly to use as transplants. Transplants given 0.2 L of water per tray per day were very short (6 cm) compared to those receiving 0.3 to 0.4 L. As fertigation volume was increased from 0.2 to 0.7 L, shoot N remained constant while root N increased. Shoots had about a 3-fold higher level of N, P, and K than the roots. Calcium and magnesium were similar in roots and shoots. Mineral leaching from the trays was 1% of the total volume applied for the 0.4-L and 4% for the 0.7-L treatment.
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Szareski, Vinícius Jardel, Géri Eduardo Meneghello, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Gustavo Henrique Demari, Simone Morgan Dellagostin, Tiago Corazza da Rosa, João Roberto Pimentel, Ítala Thaísa Padilha Dubal, Felipe Koch, and Lilian Tunes. "Production of tomato seedlings Santa Cruz cv. Kadain using different substrates." 2019 13, (03) 2019 (March 20, 2019): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.03.p916.
Full textAbstract:
The tomato crop is considered of great socio-economic importance in the world, feeding millions of people daily. This crop is considered strategic because its production is diverse in the world, being produced by large agro-industries, moving a rich productive chain. This work aimed to evaluate the production of tomato seedlings as function of different substrates, and to comprehend the interrelation of characteristics through linear associations. The experimental design was randomized blocks, using one tomato cultivar, Santa Cruz Kada, in 32 repetitions for each treatment. The treatments consisted of several substrates such as carbonized rice husk, grape husk (S10), coconut fiber, and commercial substrate (Bioplant®). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using pots. The characters measured 25 days after sowing were: stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length, root length, green mass of root, green mass of shoot, dry mass of shoot, and dry mass of root. The analysis of variance was performed and the characters that presented significance were compared by the Duncan test at 5% of probability. Subsequently, Pearson’s linear correlation was individually performed for each substrate. The results showed that commercial (Bioplant®) and grape skin substrates were the most suitable for production of tomato seedlings cv. Santa Cruz Kada. The characters of stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length, green mass of root and green mass of shoot revealed significant correlations; however they differently behaved in the substrates.
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Yesmin, Sabina, Sanjida Rahman Mollika, Md Nazrul Islam, and Shamima Nasrin. "In vitro Regeneration of two BINA Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties of Bangladesh." Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 32, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v32i1.60471.
Full textAbstract:
Cotyledonary leaf from 12 days old aseptically grown seedlings were used as explant. Cotyledonary leaf explants of two BINA varieties of tomato were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP, Kn and IAA for multiple shoot formation via organogenesis. 100% shoot induction was observed when the explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP, Kn and IAA. Earliest shoot induction was observed within four weeks. The MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l Kn + 0.2 mg/l IAA found to be the best medium with regards to number of days required for the initiation of regeneration, no. of multiple shoot formation and regeneration frequency in case of both the varieties. Shoot elongation was obtained in the same regeneration medium. The elongated shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium supplanted with 0.2 mg/l IBA. The in vitro rooted plantlets were successfully established in soil with 97% survival rate. Subsequently, the plantlets were transferred to large earthen pot for acclimatization and finally, transferred to the open field for further growth and development. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 32(1): 43-51, 2022 (June)
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Salem, Nidá M., Luma S. Albanna, Amany O. Abdeen, Qusay I. Ibrahim, and Akl M. Awwad. "Sulfur Nanoparticles Improves Root and Shoot Growth of Tomato." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 4 (March 11, 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n4p179.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The objective of this research work is to synthesize sulfur nanoparticles by green route and to investigate the beneficial effect on root and shoot growth of tomato. Sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) synthesized using aqueous extract of <em>Ailanthus altissima</em> leaves at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) inspections indicated that nanoparticles are spherical and polydispersed with diameters ranging between 5 and 80 nm. The potential of sulfur nanoparticles for enhancing tomato’s growth, increasing the concentration of sulfur nanoparticles from 100 ppm to 300 ppm cause an increase in root and shoot lengths, while higher concentration 400 ppm and 600 ppm induced an inhibitory effect. Results of this study reveal that SNPs have the potential to enhance root and shoot growth of tomato and the effect is concentration dependent.</p>
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Sandhu, Ravneet K., Nathan S. Boyd, Lincoln Zotarelli, Shinsuke Agehara, and Natalia Peres. "Effect of Planting Density on the Yield and Growth of Intercropped Tomatoes and Peppers in Florida." HortScience 56, no. 2 (February 2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15567-20.
Full textAbstract:
Florida vegetable growers are facing high production costs due to high input costs, lower profitability, and competition from foreign markets. Multi/intercropping allows growers to increase the yields and profits per unit area by producing multiple crops on the same beds. Experiments determining the effects of intercropping and plant spacing was conducted in Fall 2018 and 2019 at Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Balm. Tomato and bell pepper were intercropped at low and high planting density on plastic-covered beds. Bell pepper shoot biomass was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced when intercropped with tomato, compared with monocropped bell pepper. However, tomato shoot biomass was significantly reduced when tomato plant density increased, but it was unaffected by bell pepper intercropping. Biomass of both crops was unaffected by relay cropping. Bell pepper yields when intercropped with tomato at low density (60 cm tomato-tomato and 38 cm pepper-pepper) had similar yields to bell pepper planted alone in low and high planting density. We concluded that bell pepper plants were more sensitive to interspecific competition, whereas tomato plants were more sensitive to intraspecific competition. Intercropping may be a viable option for growers at recommended plant densities used for monocrops. However, high plant density is not recommended.
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Li, Yuqi, and Neil S. Mattson. "Effects of Seaweed Extract Application Rate and Method on Post-production Life of Petunia and Tomato Transplants." HortTechnology 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.505.
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Seaweed extracts are widely used as plant growth regulators in agriculture and horticulture for improvement of plant growth and development. This study investigated the effects of rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract application method (foliar spray or substrate drench) and rate on growth and postharvest drought tolerance of petunia (Petunia hybrida) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) transplants grown in a commercial peat/perlite substrate. Foliar sprays significantly affected growth of petunia and tomato, but did not improve drought tolerance of petunia and tomato. Whereas, substrate drenches significantly improved drought tolerance of petunia and tomato compared with the control. Shoot fresh weight (FW), shoot dry weight (DW), root index (RI), and chlorophyll index (SPAD) of petunia and tomato increased significantly with increasing concentration of foliar spray rate up to 5 mL·L−1, but did not change significantly with further higher foliar spray rates. Weekly substrate drenches at 20 mL·L−1 significantly decreased FW, DW, RI, and SPAD values of petunia and tomato. In this study, substrate drench at 5–10 mL·L−1 significantly increased flower number of petunia and tomato. The results of this study suggested that substrate drenches at 5–10 mL·L−1 are appropriate for the improvement of postharvest life of petunia and tomato transplants, and that foliar applications can increase plant growth.
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Rajendran, Sujeevan, Jung Heo, Yong Jun Kim, Dae Heon Kim, Kisung Ko, Young Koung Lee, Seok Kwi Oh, Chul Min Kim, Jong Hyang Bae, and Soon Ju Park. "Optimization of Tomato Productivity Using Flowering Time Variants." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020285.
Full textAbstract:
The control of flowering time is a major contributing factor to the improvement of crop yield by optimizing plant growth in a crop cycle. Genetic variants that determine flowering time can provide insights into optimizing flowering time for higher yields and other beneficial traits in tomato crops. Here, we examined a collection of flowering time variants to assess their effects on biomass and total tomato yields. Five late flowering (lf), thirteen large plant (lp), and seven floral homeotic (fh) mutants were identified as flowering time variants that could be rearranged according to leaf production in the primary shoot meristem (PSM). A flowering time continuum of mutants was translated into a positive continuum of biomass yield with more leaves, branches, and floral organs. The flowering time continuum showed an optimal curve of fruit yield, indicating a certain late flowering time as optimal for fruit yield, with the yield gradually decreasing in both directions with earlier or later flowering times. We isolated lf1, lf10, lp22, and fh13 as high-yielding genotypes with optimal flowering time, showing a new balance between the vegetative and flowering phases of tomato. Additionally, lp8, fh8, and fh15 produced extremely high biomass in leaves, axillary shoots, and floral organs due to late flowering in shoot apices with additional production of floral organs and lateral shoot. Our new late-flowering variants provide new genetic resources that can be used to optimize crop yield by fine-tuning flowering time, and future molecular studies could be conducted by revisiting our yield model.
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Chaudhari, Sushila, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, and Frank J. Louws. "Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Halosulfuron in Grafted Eggplant and Tomato." Weed Technology 31, no. 6 (September 27, 2017): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.65.
Full textAbstract:
Grafted plants are a combination of two different interspecific or intraspecific scion and rootstock. Determination of herbicidal selectivity of the grafted plant is critical given their increased use in vegetable production. Differential absorption, translocation, and metabolism play an important role in herbicide selectivity of plant species because these processes affect the herbicide amount delivered to the site of action. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron in grafted and non-grafted tomato and eggplant. Transplant type included non-grafted tomato cultivar Amelia, non-grafted eggplant cultivar Santana, Amelia scion grafted onto Maxifort tomato rootstock (A-Maxifort) and Santana scion grafted onto Maxifort rootstock (S-Maxifort). Plants were treated POST with commercially formulated halosulfuron at 39 g ai ha-1followed by14C-halosulfuron under controlled laboratory conditions. Amount of14C-halosufuron was quantified in leaf wash, treated leaf, scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment (HAT) using liquid scintillation spectrometry. No differences were observed between transplant types with regard to absorption and translocation of14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of14C-halosulfuron increased with time, reaching 10 and 74% of applied at 6 and 96 HAT, respectively. Translocation of14C-halosulfuron was limited to the treated leaf, which reached maximum (66% of applied) at 96 HAT, whereas minimal (<4% of applied) translocation occurred in scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root. Tomato plants metabolized halosulfuron faster compared to eggplant regardless of grafting. Of the total amount of14C-halosulfuron absorbed into the plant, 9 to 14% remained in the form of the parent compound in tomato compared with 25 to 26% in eggplant at 48 HAT. These results indicate that grafting did not affect absorption, translocation, and metabolism of POST halosulfuron in tomato and eggplant.
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Li, Huixia, Zhujun Chen, Ting Zhou, Yan Liu, Sajjad Raza, and Jianbin Zhou. "Effects of High Potassium and Low Temperature on the Growth and Magnesium Nutrition of Different Tomato Cultivars." HortScience 53, no. 5 (May 2018): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12983-18.
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The interaction between potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) in plants has been intensively studied. However, the responses of different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars to high K levels at low temperatures remained unclear. Herein, a complete randomized hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature (25 °C day/18 °C night vs. 15 °C day/8 °C night) and K concentrations (156 mg·L−1 vs. 468 mg·L−1) on the growth and Mg nutrition of tomato cultivars Gailiangmaofen (MF) and Jinpeng No. 1 (JP). Compared with the control temperature (25 °C day/18 °C night), the low temperature decreased total biomass, shoot biomass, and Mg uptake in shoot by 17.3%, 24.1%, and 11.8%, respectively; however, the root/shoot ratio was increased. High K had no significant effect on plant growth or biomass compared with the control K concentration (156 mg·L−1); however, Mg concentrations and uptake in shoot were significantly lower under high-K treatment. Significant difference was observed for K uptake, but not for Mg uptake, between the two cultivars. There was no significant interaction between temperature and high K on Mg uptake of tomato, so a combined stress of low temperature and high K further inhibited Mg uptake and transport. Low temperature and high K increased the risk of Mg deficiency in tomato.
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Soundari, M., T. Vaithiyanathan, and P. Sundaramoorthy. "Cadmium Induced Changes in Growth and Biochemical Contents of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 45 (August 2015): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.45.63.
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The effects of different concentrations (10,20,30,40 and 50 ppm) of cadmium chloride on seed germination, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and peroxidase activity in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.). Higher concentration of Cadmium were reported specially at 40 and 50 μm reduced germination significantly. Leaf chlorosis, wilting and leaf abscission were observed in plants with cadmium. Protein content and sugar content were reduced in higher concentrations of cadmium. However, lower concentrations of CdCl2 resulted in higher peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of tomato.
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Soundari, M., T. Vaithiyanathan, and P. Sundaramoorthy. "Cadmium Induced Changes in Growth and Biochemical Contents of Tomato <i>(Lycopersicon esculentum </i>L<i>.)</i>." International Letters of Natural Sciences 45 (August 28, 2015): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-dtv633.
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The effects of different concentrations (10,20,30,40 and 50 ppm) of cadmium chloride on seed germination, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and peroxidase activity in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.). Higher concentration of Cadmium were reported specially at 40 and 50 μm reduced germination significantly. Leaf chlorosis, wilting and leaf abscission were observed in plants with cadmium. Protein content and sugar content were reduced in higher concentrations of cadmium. However, lower concentrations of CdCl2 resulted in higher peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of tomato.
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Goyette, Garrett, and Wallace Pill. "MINERAL ORE CO-PRODUCT (IRON OXIDE) AS A GROWTH MEDIUM COMPONENT." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1158b—1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1158b.
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The utility of Ironrich (IR), a tertiary mineral co-product from TiO2 production, as a growth medium component was investigated. All complementary bulking components (10 to 50% volume) gave reduced shoot fresh weights of tomato, impatiens or perennial ryegrass relative to Fairgrow (FG, co-composted solid waste and sewage sludge). Shoot fresh weights of impatiens and tomato grown in 50% IR with FG were similar to those grown in commercial peat-lites. When provided 200 mg N litre-1 daily, chard shoot fresh weights, beet root fresh weights, and tomato fruit fresh weights from plants grown in 50% IR plus 50% FG were not significantly different from those grown in 50% silt loam plus 50% FG. Tissue Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb concentrations from plants grown in 50% combinations of FG with IR or silt loam were below the limits of detection. IR plus FG with N-P-K fertilization provided a satisfactory greenhouse growth medium. We project that IR + FG will constitute a satisfactory synthetic topsoil.
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Razak, Nisreen J., and Mohammed H. Abass. "First Report of Alternaria arborescens Causing Early Blight on Tomato in Iraq." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 34, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.20.
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In this paper, the isolation of the fungal species Alternaria arborescens was done from symptomatic tomato leaves and diagnosed morphologically and molecularly using ITS primers. Subsequently, pathogenicity determination was achieved for the diagnosed fungal species on tomato plant. It’s noteworthy, this work on A. arborescens was not previously recorded as a potential pathogen on the shoot system of tomato in Iraq.
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BOIVIN, CLAIRE, MARC-J. TRUDEL, and ANDRÉ GOSSELIN. "INFLUENCE DU NIVEAU D’IRRADIANCE D’APPOINT (HPS) EN PEPINIERE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LA PRODUCTIVITE D’UNE CULTURE DE TOMATE DE SERRE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-118.
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Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’) were seeded at three different dates between 23 Jan. and 17 Feb. 1984. Young tomato plants received the following supplementary lighting treatments: natural light only, and natural irradiance supplemented by 10, 20 or 30 W m−2 (PAR) for a photoperiod of 17 h. Twenty-nine days after the first seeding date, shoot dry weight of plants grown under 10, 20 or 30 W m−2 was, respectively, 311, 378 and 458% of the control. Shoot dry weight of the third seeding was 159, 181 and 207% of the control for the 10-, 20- or 30-W m−2 treatments, respectively. Early yields were increased by 19,4, 31,2 and 42% when tomato transplants received 10, 20 or 30 W m−2. Total yields were not significantly affected by supplementary lighting provided in the nursery period.Key words: Tomato, supplementary light, growth, productivity, HPS, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
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Vallejo, Roger L., and Jane E. Polston. "248 COMPARISON OF MEDIUM, TISSUE TYPE AND GENOTYPE ON IN VITRO PLANT REGENERATION OF TOMATO." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 465b—465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.465b.
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Cultured cotyledon and leaf pieces of five cultivars of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. were tested in six culture media for their ability to produce shoots for transformation studies. The no. of tissue pieces with callus/total tissue pieces, quality of callus (size and vigor), no. of tissue pieces with shoots/total tissue pieces, and shoot quality (size and vigor) were measured. Cultivars tested were `Campbell 28', `Flora-Dade', `UC82b', and two breeding lines, Fla.7171 and Fla.7324. The six media used were Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with six combinations of indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins: A) 1 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l kinetin, B) 0.5 mg/l IAA + 2 mg/l kinetin, C) 0.02 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l zeatin, D) 0.2 mg/l IAA + 2 mg/l zestin, E) 1 mg/l IAA + 2.5 mg/l BAP (6-benzyl amino purine), and F) 0.2 mg/l IAA + 1 mg/l BAP. Standard procedures were followed for culturing 4 - 5 mm pieces of cotyledon and leaves. Callus and shoot regeneration were greater, less variable and faster, in cotyledon than in leaf pieces. Media C and F gave the highest rates of callus and shoot production, respectively, in cotyledon tissue. Medium E gave the highest rate for both callus and shoot production in leaf discs. The best rates of shoot production were achieved with cotyledon tissue from cultivar UC82b cultured on media C (85.3%) and F (77.2%).
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Varlamova, Nataliya V., Yuliya I. Dolgikh, Andrey O. Blinkov, Ekaterina N. Baranova, and Marat R. Khaliluev. "Effects of Different β-Lactam Antibiotics on Indirect Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Shoot Organogenesis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens Growth Inhibition In Vitro." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060660.
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A β-lactams that act by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis are one of the most common classes of antibiotics applied to suppress the growth of latent bacterial infection associated with the plant tissue culture, as well as in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation techniques. Plant sensitivity to antibiotics usually is species-, genotype-, or even tissue-specific and mainly depends on concentrations, growth conditions, and culture system. In the presented article, we estimated a comparative effect of four β-lactam antibiotics (Claforan®, timentin, amoxicillin, and Amoxiclav®) at different concentrations in an agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with 5 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on in vitro callus induction and shoot organogenesis from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants of two tomato cultivars (Rekordsmen, Moryana). The role of clavulanic acid in combination with amoxicillin (Amoxiclav®) in the shoot organogenesis frequency and number of shoots per explant has been demonstrated. Additionally, the growth inhibition of Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL0 strain according to agar disk-diffusion assay was studied. As a result, both stimulatory (timentin, amoxicillin, and Amoxiclav®) and inhibitory (Claforan®) effects of β-lactam antibiotics on in vitro morphogenetic responses of tomato were noted. It was found that clavulanic acid, which is part of the commercial antibiotic Amoxiclav®, significantly increased the shoot regeneration frequency from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of Rekordsmen tomato cultivar. Possible reasons for the stimulating effect of clavulanic acid on the induction of shoot organogenesis are discussed. According to agar disk-diffusion assay, the maximum diameter of growth inhibition zones (43.9 mm) was identified using 200 mg L−1 timentin. The in vitro antibacterial activity of tested β-lactam antibiotics was arranged in the following order: timentin > Claforan® > amoxicillin ≥ Amoxiclav®. Thus, to suppress the growth of internal and latent bacterial infection of tomato plant tissue culture, as well as for transformation of Moryana and Rekordsmen cultivars by A. tumefaciens strain AGL0, we recommend adding of 100–200 mg L−1 timentin or 400–800 mg L−1 Amoxiclav® to the shoot induction medium.
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Bashtan, Natalia, Nadiia Shevchenko, Tetiana Miroshnichenko, Anna Mozgovska, Galyna Kovalenko, and Tetiana Ivchenko. "Cryopreservation of Viral Tomato (solanum Lycopersicum L.) Shoot Tips." Cryobiology 103 (December 2021): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.162.
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Kim, Sung Eun, Jae Eun Lee, Sang Youn Sim, Moon Haeng Lee, and Young Shik Kim. "Optimum management of tomato side shoot removal in winter." Protected Horticulture and Plant Factory 23, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2014.23.4.309.
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El-Enany, A. E. "Shoot regeneration and protein synthesis in tomato tissue cultures." Biologia plantarum 39, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1000692218731.
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Sekhar, K. N. Chandra, and V. K. Sawhney. "ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SHOOT APEX OF TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM)." American Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (November 1985): 1813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08453.x.
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Compton, Michael E., and Richard E. Veilleux. "Shoot, root and flower morphogenesis on tomato inflorescence explants." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 24, no. 3 (March 1991): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00033481.
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Johkan, Masafumi, Genjirou Mori, Kazuhiko Mitsukuri, Keiichirou Mishiba, Toshinobu Morikawa, and Masayuki Oda. "In Vivo Shoot Regeneration Promoted by Shading the Cut Surface of the Stem in Tomato Plants." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.220.
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The aim of this study was to establish an alternative method to produce clones of tomato plants by modification of the complete decapitation method, which regenerates multiple shoots from the cut surfaces of the main and lateral stems of plants grown in vivo. Shading the stems of tomato plants drastically increased the number of regenerated shoots from 2.4 in controls with unshaded stems to 36.2 in shaded stems. In shaded stems, the concentrations of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds were stable for 3 weeks after cutting, whereas these amounts increased in unshaded stems. Inhibiting the production of phenolic compounds in the shaded stem tissues was associated with an acceleration of shoot formation in vivo.